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� The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - EUR15 is a scientificreference document. Version 2 was adopted by the Habitats Committee on4. October 1999.

Interpretation Manual - EUR15 Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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he "Habitats" Directive 1 is a Community legislative instrument in the field of nature conservation thatestablishes a common framework for the conservation of wild animal and plant species and naturalhabitats of Community importance; it provides for the creation of a network of special areas of

conservation, called Natura 2000, to "maintain and restore, at favourable conservation status, naturalhabitats and species of wild fauna and flora of Community interest".

nimal and plant species names are clearly presented in the Directive and, despite minor misspellings oruse of synonyms, no major additional work needs to be done to allow a correct interpretation of Annex II.In contrast, the development of a common agreed definition appeared to be essential for the different

habitat types of Annex I.

nnex I lists today 198 (originally 1642) European natural habitat types, including 65 (originally 46)priority (i.e. habitat types in danger of disappearance and whose natural range mainly falls within theterritory of the European Union). Annex I is based on the hierarchical classification of European habitats

developed by the CORINE Biotopes project 3 since that was the only existing classification at European level.A draft list of habitat types for Annex I was therefore drawn up on the basis of this classification by ProfessorA. Noirfalise and submitted to the national experts preparing the Directive as a working document in August1989. Numerous discussions with the national experts then took place between 1989 and 1991, culminating inthe version of Annex I published in the Official Journal in May 1992.

n December 1991, while the Directive was being adopted, a thorough revision of the CORINE classificationwas published 4. This revision introduced numerous changes within codes and habitat types, in particularinvolving the division of the latter into sub-types. Definitions had been prepared for the various categories.

Consequently, the Annex I codes no longer corresponded fully to the codes and descriptive content of thevarious categories of CORINE, resulting in considerable ambiguities in the interpretation of Annex I on thebasis of the CORINE classification. The Task Force/European Environment Agency thus produced a paperestablishing the correspondence between the habitat codes of Annex I and those of the 1991 version of theCORINE classification 5. This paper also included the description proposed in the 1991 CORINE version forthe various habitat types of Annex I.

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aving in mind all these difficulties of classification, the Scientific Working Group, set up by the HabitatsCommittee (established by Directive 92/43/EEC), expressed in May 1992 the need to prepare a manualfor the interpretation of Annex I. Following a call for proposals the Commission charged Professor

Thanghe from the Université Libre de Bruxelles to prepare a draft manual 6.

ollowing several meetings of the Scientific Working Group, the Commission agreed the two followingpoints with the national experts:(1) The interpretation work on Annex I should primarily focus on the priority habitat types.

(2) The CORINE classification (1991 version) provides a basis for a description of the Annex I habitattypes; where the experts feel that it is not suitable, an operational scientific description should beproduced from the contributions of the national experts.

n September 1993 the Université Libre de Bruxelles finalised the study relating to the interpretation ofAnnex I priority habitat types. This study focused on the drafting of an eight field descriptive sheet drawnup on the basis of written and oral scientific contributions from the national experts. Each sheet gathers the

information on national and regional particularities, as well as types of associated habitats. The manual for theinterpretation of Annex I priority habitat types of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC was compiled by theCommission (DG XI), based on the study of the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the contributions of the nationalexperts, and the CORINE classification (1991 version); this document was approved by the HabitatsCommittee in February 1994 (Doc. HABITATS 94/3 FINAL 7).

ollowing the adoption of the priority habitats manual, the experts identified a set of 36 non priority habitattypes also causing interpretation problems. An interpretation document was drafted by the Université Librede Bruxelles, discussed in a meeting of the Scientific Working Group (December 1994) and revised

accordingly 8.

n April 1995 the Habitats Committee approved the EUR12 version of the ‘Interpretation Manual ofEuropean Union Habitats’9, which incorporated:

i) the descriptive sheets for priority habitats 10, which establish clear, operationalscientific definitions of habitat types, using pragmatic descriptive elements (e.g.characteristic plants), and taking into consideration regional variation;

ii) the descriptive sheets of 36 non priority habitats similar to those used for priorityhabitats;

iii) the CORINE Biotopes definitions ³ for the remaining non priority habitats; thesedefinitions should be considered 'a minimal interpretation', not exclusive; someCORINE definitions do not take account of sub-types, regional varieties and/or donot cover all the geographical range of an habitat type - this fact should berecognised, thus allowing a certain flexibility in the interpretation of these Annex Ihabitat types.

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he contents of the manual did not take into account the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden whichhas resulted in the inclusion of a new biogeographical region (the Boreal region) in the Directive. Thesenew Member States have asked for the introduction in Annex I of several priority habitat types that are

restricted or only apply to them. In order not to delay the distribution of the manual, the Commission hasdecided to publish that first version (EUR12) and envisaged the preparation of a second version (EUR15) inorder to incorporate new information (mainly on distribution and regional sub-types).

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he prime objective of the EUR15 version is to update the old EUR12 version. Descriptive sheets wereadded for the 11 priority types attached to Annex I when Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the Union11;it further incorporates comments for other Annex I habitats occurring in those Member States, and

corrects, or adds, newly acquired information.

he 1991 classification (Habitats of the European Community) was extended in 1993 to the wholePalaearctic region12, namely with the inclusion of the Nordic vegetation classification; this classificationwas supplemented in 1995 with text descriptions, phytosociological units and references; a computer

database tool (PHYSIS13) is being developed to support this work. The EUR15 version updates the definitionsof those habitat types for which the CORINE 1991 has been used, on the basis of the information contained inthe PHYSIS database. Accordingly, the CORINE codes are also replaced by the ’Palaearctic codes’. Insituations where ambiguities exist between the definitions contained in this manual and those of the Palaearctichabitats classification or PHYSIS data base, it is intended that the definitions of this manual should takeprecedence.

he fact that many of the habitat types of Annex I are qualified by biogeographical terms such asMediterranean, Alpine, Medio-European, etc., meaning that they have their main occurrence in a givenbiogeographical region, does not exclude the possibility of finding the same habitat types in other

biogeographical regions. In fact, these often isolated occurrences have a major scientific and conservationvalue. The users of the manual will need to employ a certain flexibility of interpretation, particularly in thoseareas where the habitat types are very fragmentary and influenced by human activities.

he information concerning Annex I habitat types provided by national experts since 1992 was ofparamount importance for the preparation of this manual; it also constitutes an important additional sourceof information for understanding the habitat types listed in the Directive.

This 2nd edition includes the amendments for the Boreal biogeographical region to the Annex I14. This workwas adopted by the Habitats Committee on 13.9.1996.

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HOLARCTIC EMPIRE

1 EURO-SIBERIAN REGION

1.1 Boreal province16 = �%RUHDO�UHJLRQ �

1.2 Atlantic province = �$WODQWLF�UHJLRQ �

1.3 Coastal province

1.4 Middle-European province = �&RQWLQHQWDO�UHJLRQ �

1.5 High mountain province = �$OSLQH�UHJLRQ � (subalpine and alpine levels)

2 MEDITERRANEAN REGION = �0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�UHJLRQ �

3 MACARONESIAN REGION = �0DFDURQHVLDQ�UHJLRQ �

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9HJHWDWLRQ�OHYHOV�IRU�WKH�(XUR�6LEHULDQ�UHJLRQ��- marine and coastal level- hill level (white oak, sessile oak, common oak, beech, Scots pine, etc.)- montane level (beech, fir, spruce, Scots pine)- subalpine level (fir, spruce, mountain pine, larch, arolla pine)- alpine level (not forested by definition)- snow level

9HJHWDWLRQ�OHYHOV�IRU�WKH�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�UHJLRQ�Five basic vegetation levels are distinguished which are (in order of increasing altitude):

- thermo-Mediterranean level (thermophile conifer forests, olive, carob and mastic formationsin association with oaks)

- meso-Mediterranean level (forests dominated by sclerophyllous oaks)- supra-Mediterranean level (deciduous oak forests)- montane-Mediterranean level (montane conifer forests: cedar, black pine, etc.)- oro-Mediterranean level (occupied at least in part by sparse, high-altitude juniper forests)

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�� /DJRRQVNATURA 2000 code : �� PAL.CLASS. : 21

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�� Expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and watervolume, separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, lessfrequently, by rocks. Salinity may vary from brackish water tohypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and the addition of freshsea water from storms or from temporary flooding by the sea in winter.With or without vegetation from 5XSSLHWHD� PDULWLPDH�� 3RWDPHWHD�=RVWHUHWHD�or &KDUHWHD (corine 91: 23.21 and 23.22).

�� Plants: &DOOLWULFKH� spp., &KDUD� FDQHVFHQV�� &�� EDOWLFD�� &�� FRQQLYHQV�(OHRFKDULV� SDUYXOD�� /DPSURWKDPQLRQ� SDSXORVXP�� 3RWDPRJHWRQ

SHFWLQDWXV�� 5DQXQFXOXV� EDXGRWLL�� 5XSSLD� PDULWLPD�� 7RO\SHOOD� Q�

QLGLILFD.Animals: cnidaria - $UPDQGLD� FLUUKRVD�� (GZDUGVLD� LYHOOL�� 9LFWRUHOODSDYLGD; rotifera - %UDFKLRQXV� sp.; molluscs - $EUD� sp., 0XUH[� sp.;crustaceans - Artema sp.; fishes - &\SULQXV�sp.,�0XOOXV�EDUEDWXV; reptiles- 7HVWXGR�sp.; amphibians - +\OD�sp.

�� Geographical distribution: coasts of the European Union, especially inthe Mediterranean basin. Salt basins and salt ponds may also beconsidered as lagoons, providing they had their origin on a transformednatural old lagoon or on a saltmarsh, and are characterised by a minorimpact from exploitation.

�� Groupings of saltmarshes making up part of the complex.

�� BAMBER et al. (1992). On the ecology of brackish lagoons in GreatBritain. Aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems, 2,1-30.BARNES, R.S.K. (1988). The faunas of landlocked lagoons: chancedifferences and problems of dispersal. Estuarine and Coastal ShelfScience, 26, 309 - 18.PALMER, M.A., BELL, S.L., BUTTERFIELD, I. (in press). A botanicalclassification of standing waters in Britain: applications for conservationand monitoring. Aquatic conservation: marine and freshwaterecosystems.

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Bibliographical references, othersthan those mentioned in the

"PHYSIS" database

Habitat types generally associated inthe field (phytodynamic successions,

zonations or mosaics)

Geographical distribution, sub-types,regional varieties, correspondence with

other classification systems,typical sites

Name of the habitat type aspublished in the OfficialJournal; an asterisk ( )

indicates a priority habitat

Code given in Annex I aspublished in the Official Journal,

based on CORINE 1989

Natura 2000 code; this is the four digitcode given in the Natura 200 standard

data-entry form (Appendix B)

Code(s) based on"A classification ofPalaearctic habitats"

1995 version

Explicit name of the habitat type

Definition - general description ofthe vegetation, syntaxa, abiotic

features, origin

Characteristic species - animal and plant keyspecies including details of their occurrence

on Annexes II and IV* = priority; # = non-priority from Annex II

and IV; + = Annex IV only


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PAL.CLASS.: 11.125, 11.22, 11.31

�� Sublittoral sandbanks, permanently submerged. Water depth is seldom more than 20 m below ChartDatum. Non-vegetated sandbanks or sandbanks with vegetation belonging to the =RVWHUHWXP�PDULQDHand &\PRGRFHLRQ�QRGRVDH.

�� Plants: =RVWHUD� PDULQD, free living species of the &RUDOOLQDFHDH family. In the Baltic Sea also3RWDPRJHWRQ� SHFWLQDWXV, 5XSSLD� FLUUKRVD and 7RO\SHOOD� QLGLILFD. Around Tenerife, +DORSKLODGHFLSLHQV�communitiesAnimals: Important wintering habitat for many bird species, in particular 0HODQLWWD� QLJUD but also*DYLD� VWHOODWD and *DYLD� DUFWLFD. Resting places for seals. Invertebrate communities of sandysublittoral (e.g. polychaetes).

�� Corresponding categories :German classification : "040202a Sandbank der Ostsee (ständing wasserbedeckt)", "030202a Sandbank

der Nordsee (ständing wasserbedeckt)".Nordic classification : "4411 =RVWHUD�PDULQD-typ", "4412 5XSSLD�PDULWLPD-typ".

�� These sandbanks can be found in association with mudflats and sandflats (1140).

�� (ULFVRQ��/��:DOOHQWLQXV��+��*�� Sea-shore vegetation around the Gulf of Bothnia. Guidefor the International Society for Vegetation Science, July-August 1977. :DKOHQEHUJLD 5:1-142./DSSDODLQHQ��$��+lOOIRUV��*��.DQJDV��3�� /LWWRUDO�EHQWKRV�RI�WKH�QRUWKHUQ�%DOWLF�6HD�IV. Pattern and dynamics of macrobenthos in a sandy bottom Zostera marina community inTvärminne.

�� 3RVLGRQLD�EHGV��3RVLGRQLRQ�RFHDQLFDH�PAL.CLASS.: 11.34

�� Beds of 3RVLGRQLD� RFHDQLFD (Linnaeus) Delile characteristic of the infralittoral zone of theMediterranean (depth: ranging from a few dozen centimetres to 30 - 40 metres). On hard or softsubstrate, these beds constitute one of the main climax communities. They can withstand relativelylarge variations in temperature and water movement, but are sensitive to desalination, generallyrequiring a salinity of between 36 and 39‰.

�� Plants: 3RVLGRQLD�RFHDQLFD.Animals: Molluscs- #3LQQD� QRELOLV; Echinoderms- $VWHULQD� SDQFHULL�� 3DUDFHQWURWXV� OLYLGXV; Fish-(SLQHSKHOXV�JXD]D, +LSSRFDPSXV�UDPXORVXV.

�� %HOVKHU��7��HW�DO�� /LYUH�URXJH�GHV�HVSqFHV�PHQDFpHV�GH�)UDQFH��WRPH��HVSqFHV�PDULQHV�HWOLWWRUDOHV�PHQDFpHV, Ed. F. de Beaufort. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle - Paris.


�� (VWXDULHVPAL.CLASS.: 13.2, 11.2

�� Downstream part of a river valley, subject to the tide and extending from the limit of brackish waters.River estuaries are coastal inlets where, unlike ’large shallow inlets and bays’ there is generally asubstantial freshwater influence. The mixing of freshwater and sea water and the reduced current flowsin the shelter of the estuary lead to deposition of fine sediments, often forming extensive intertidal sandand mud flats. Where the tidal currents are faster than flood tides, most sediments deposit to form adelta at the mouth of the estuary.Baltic river mouths, considered as an estuary subtype, have brackish water and no tide, with largewetland vegetation (helophytic) and luxurious aquatic vegetation in shallow water areas.

�� Plants: Benthic algal communities, =RVWHUD beds e.g. =RVWHUD� QROWLL (=RVWHUHWHD) or vegetation ofbrackish water: 5XSSLD� PDULWLPD (= 5�� URVWHOODWD (5XSSLHWHD)); 6SDUWLQD� PDULWLPD (6SDUWLQHWHD);6DUFRFRUQLD�SHUHQQLV ($UWKURFQHPHWHD). Both species of fresh water and brackish water can be foundin Baltic river mouths (&DUH[ spp., 0\ULRSK\OOXP spp., 3KUDJPLWHV� DXVWUDOLV, 3RWDPRJHWRQ spp.,6FLUSXV spp.).Animals: Invertebrate benthic communities; important feeding areas for many birds.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "D2a Ästuare (Fließgewässermündungen mit Brackwassereinfluß u./od.

Tidenhub eingeschlossen werden", "050105 Brackwasserwatt des Ästuare an der Nordsee","050106 Süßwasserwatt im Tideeinfluß des Nordsee".

�� An estuary forms an ecological unit with the surrounding terrestrial coastal habitat types. In terms ofnature conservation, these different habitat types should not be separated, and this reality must be takeninto account during the selection of sites.

�� %UXQHW��5��HW�DO� /HV�PRWV�GH�OD�JpRJUDSKLH�GLFWLRQQDLUH�FULWLTXH. Ed. Reclus.*LOOQHU�� :�� Vegetations- und Standortsuntersuchungen in den Strandwiesen derschwedischen Westküste. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 43:1-198.

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PAL.CLASS.: 14

�� Sands and muds of the coasts of the oceans, their connected seas and associated lagoons, notcovered by sea water at low tide, devoid of vascular plants, usually coated by blue algae anddiatoms. They are of particular importance as feeding grounds for wildfowl and waders. The diverseintertidal communities of invertebrates and algae that occupy them can be used to definesubdivisions of 11.27, eelgrass communities that may be exposed for a few hours in the course ofevery tide have been listed under 11.3, brackish water vegetation of permanent pools by use of thoseof 11.4.Note: Eelgrass communities (11.3) are included in this habitat type.


�� &RDVWDO�ODJRRQVPAL.CLASS.: 21

�� Lagoons are expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water volume, wholly orpartially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Salinity mayvary from brackish water to hypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and through the additionof fresh seawater from storms, temporary flooding of the sea in winter or tidal exchange. With orwithout vegetation from 5XSSLHWHD�PDULWLPDH��3RWDPHWHD��=RVWHUHWHD�or &KDUHWHD (CORINE 91: 23.21or 23.22).- Flads and gloes, considered a Baltic variety of lagoons, are small, usually shallow, more or less

delimited water bodies still connected to the sea or have been cut off from the sea very recently byland upheaval. Characterised by well-developed reedbeds and luxuriant submerged vegetation andhaving several morphological and botanical development stages in the process whereby seabecomes land.

- Salt basins and salt ponds may also be considered as lagoons, providing they had their origin on atransformed natural old lagoon or on a saltmarsh, and are characterised by a minor impact fromexploitation.

�� Plants: &DOOLWULFKH� spp., &KDUD� FDQHVFHQV�� &�� EDOWLFD�� &�� FRQQLYHQV�� (OHRFKDULV� SDUYXOD�/DPSURWKDPQLRQ� SDSXORVXP�� 3RWDPRJHWRQ� SHFWLQDWXV�� 5DQXQFXOXV� EDXGRWLL�� 5XSSLD� PDULWLPD�7RO\SHOOD�Q��QLGLILFD. In flads and gloes also &KDUD ssp.(&KDUD� WRPHQWRVD), /HPQD� WULVXOFD, 1DMDVPDULQD, 3KUDJPLWHV�DXVWUDOLV, 3RWDPRJHWRQ ssp., 6WUDWLRWHV�DORLGHV, 7\SKD spp.Animals: Cnidaria- (GZDUGVLD� LYHOOL�� Polychaeta-� $UPDQGLD� FLUUKRVD; Bryozoa-� 9LFWRUHOOD� SDYLGD;Rotifera - %UDFKLRQXV�sp.; Molluscs- $EUD�sp., 0XUH[�sp.; Crustaceans- $UWHPD sp.; Fish- &\SULQXV�sp.,0XOOXV�EDUEDWXV; Reptiles- 7HVWXGR�sp.; Amphibians- +\OD�sp.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "0906 Strandsee", "240601 Brackwassersee im Ostseeküstenbereich".

�� Saltmarshes form part of this complex.

�� %DPEHU�HW�DO�� On the ecology of brackish lagoons in Great Britain. $TXDWLF�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�PDULQH�DQG�IUHVKZDWHU�HFRV\VWHPV, 2, 65-94.%DUQHV��5�6�.�� The faunas of landlocked lagoons: chance differences and problems ofdispersal. (VWXDULQH�DQG�&RDVWDO�6KHOI�6FLHQFH, 26, 309 - 18.0XQVWHUKMHOP��5�� The aquatic macrophyte vegetation of flads and gloes, S coast ofFinland. $FWD�%RW��)HQQLFD (in print).3DOPHU��0�$��%HOO��6�/��%XWWHUILHOG��,�� A botanical classification of standing waters:Applications for conservation and monitoring. $TXDWLF�FRQVHUYDWLRQ��PDULQH�DQG�IUHVKZDWHUHFRV\VWHPV, 2, 125-143.

�� /DUJH�VKDOORZ�LQOHWV�DQG�ED\VPAL.CLASS.: 12

�� Large indentations of the coast where, in contrast to estuaries, the influence of freshwater is generallylimited. These shallow 19 indentations are generally sheltered from wave action and contain a greatdiversity of sediments and substrates with a well developed zonation of benthic communities. Thesecommunities have generally a high biodiversity. The limit of shallow water is sometimes defined by thedistribution of the =RVWHUHWHD and 3RWDPHWHD associations.

19 1DWLRQDO�H[SHUWV�FRQVLGHU�LQDSSURSULDWH�WR�IL[�D�PD[LPXP�ZDWHU�GHSWK��VLQFH�WKH�WHUP�VKDOORZ�PD\�KDYH�GLIIHUHQW

HFRORJLFDO�LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�SK\VLRJUDSKLF�W\SH�FRQVLGHUHG�DQG�JHRJUDSKLFDO�ORFDWLRQ�


Several physiographic types may be included under this category providing the water is shallow over amajor part of the area: embayments, fjards, rias and voes.

�� Plants: =RVWHUD spp., 5XSSLD�PDULWLPD, 3RWDPRJHWRQ spp. (e.g. 3��SHFWLQDWXV, 3��SUDHORQJXV), benthicalgae.Animals: Benthic invertebrate communities.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "B31 naturnaher Boddengewässerkomplex", "B32 Boddengewässerkomplex,

geringe Belastung", "A2a Flachwasserzonen der Nordsee (Meeresarme u. -buchten, incl.Seegraswiesen)".

�� /XWKHU�� Verbreitung und Ökologie der höheren Wasserpflanzen im Brackwasser derEkenäs-Gegend in Süd-Finnland. I. Allgemeiner Teil. ABF 49, 1-232. II Spezieller Teill. ABF 50, 1-370.

�� 5HHIVPAL.CLASS.: 11.24, 11.25

�� Submarine, or exposed at low tide, rocky substrates and biogenic concretions, which arise from the seafloor in the sublittoral zone but may extend into the littoral zone where there is an uninterruptedzonation of plant and animal communities. These reefs generally support a zonation of benthiccommunities of algae and animals species including concretions, encrustations and corallogenicconcretions.- In northern Baltic areas, the upper shallow water filamentous algal-zone with great annual

succession is normally well developed on gently sloping shores. )XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV is submerged atdepth of 0.5-6 m in the sublittoral zone. A red algae zone occurs below the )XFXV zone at depths ofabout 5 to 10 m.

�� Plants: Brown algae (species of the )XFXV, /DPLQDULD and &\VWRVHLUD genus, 3LOD\HOOD�OLWWRUDOLV), redalgae (e.g. species of the &RUDOOLQDFHDH� &HUDPLFHDH and 5KRGRPHODFHDH�families), green algae. Otherplant species: 'LFW\RWD�GLFKRWRPD, 3DGLQD�SDYRQLFD, +DORSWHULV�VFRSDULD, /DXUHQFLD�REWXVD, +\SQHDPXVFLIRUPLV, 'DV\FODGXV�FODYHIRUPLV, $FHWDEXODULD�PHGLWHUUDQHD.Animals: Mussel beds (on rocky substrates), invertebrate specialists of hard marine substrates(sponges, %U\R]RD and cirripedian &UXVWDFHD for example).

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : 010204a Riffe der Nordsee (Benthal mit Hartsybstrat, ohne Muschelbänke u.

Sabellaria)", "020204a Riffe der Ostsee (Benthal mit Hartsybstrat)", "030207Miesmuschelbank des Sublitorals der Nordsee", "030208 Austernbank des Sublitorals derNordsee", "030209 Sabellaria-Riff des Sublitorals der Nordsee".

�� Where an uninterrupted zonation of sublittoral and littoral communities exist, the integrity ofecological unit should be respected in the selection of sites.

�� .DXWVN\��1�� Quantitative investigations of the red algae belt in the Askö area, NorthernBaltic proper. &RQWULE��$VN|�/DE��8QLY��6WRFNKROP 3:1-29.5DYDQNR��2�� Macroscopic green, brown and red algae in the south-western archipelago ofFinland. $FWD�%RW��)HQQLFD 79:1-50.


�� 6XEPDULQH�VWUXFWXUHV�PDGH�E\�OHDNLQJ�JDVHVPAL.CLASS.: 11.24

�� Spectacular submarine complex structures, consisting of rocks, pavements and pillars up to 4 m high.These formations are due to the aggregation of sandstone by a carbonate cement resulting frommicrobial oxidation of gas emmissions, mainly methane. The methane most likely originated from themicrobial decomposition of fossil plant materials. The formations are interspersed with gas vents thatintermittently release gas. These formations shelter a highly diversified ecosystem with brightlycoloured species.

�� Animals: Porifera- &OLRQD�FHODWD; Anthozoa - 0HWULGLXP� VHQLOH, 7HDOLD� IHOLQD, $OF\RQLXP�GLJLWDWXP;Polychaeta- 3RPDWRFHURV� WULTXHWHU, 'RGRFDFHULD� FRQFKDUXP; Gastropoda- &LQJXOD� � VWULDWD, $OYDQLDSXQFWXUD, 5LVVRD� DOEHOOD, 5�� SDUYD; Decapoda- 3RUFHOODQD� ORQJLFRUQLV, &DQFHU� SDJXUXV;Echinodermata- 2SKLRWUL[�IUDJLOLV.

�� -HQVHQ��3��HW�DO�� - "Bubbling reef" in the Kattegat: submarine landscapes of carbonate-cementedrocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps. 0DU��(FRO��3URJ��6HU�� vol. 83:103-112.

6HD�FOLIIV�DQG�VKLQJOH�RU�VWRQ\�EHDFKHV

�� $QQXDO�YHJHWDWLRQ�RI�GULIW�OLQHVPAL.CLASS.: 17.2

�� Formations of annuals or representatives of annuals and perennials, occupying accumulations ofdrift material and gravel rich in nitrogenous organic matter (&DNLOHWHD�PDULWLPDH p.).

�� Plants: &DNLOH�PDULWLPD, 6DOVROD�NDOL, $WULSOH[ spp. (particularly $��JODEULXVFXOD), 3RO\JRQXP spp.,(XSKRUELD� SHSOLV, 0HUWHQVLD� PDULWLPD, (O\PXV� UHSHQV�� 3RWHQWLOOD� DQVHULQD, and, particularly inMediterranean formations, *ODXFLXP� IODYXP, 0DWWKLROD� VLQXDWD�� 0�� WULFXVSLGDWD�� (XSKRUELDSDUDOLDV��(U\QJLXP�PDULWLPXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom Classification: "SD2 +RQNHQ\D� SHSORLGHV�&DNLOH� PDULWLPD strandline community"

and "SD3 0DWULFDULD�PDULWLPD�*DOLXP�DSDULQH shingle beach community".Nordic classification : "4213 (O\WULJLD� UHSHQV-typ", "4214 $WULSOH[ spp.-3RO\JRQXP�DYLFXODUH-typ"

and "4215 &DNLOH�PDULWLPD-typ".In Azores , the corresponding association is &DOLNHWXP�HGHQWXODH Conrad.

�� 2OVVRQ��+�� Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation��$FWD�SK\WRJHRJU��VXHF. 60.

�� 3HUHQQLDO�YHJHWDWLRQ�RI�VWRQ\�EDQNVPAL.CLASS.: 17.3


�� Perennial vegetation of the upper beaches of great shingle banks, formed by &UDPEH� PDULWLPD�+RQNHQ\D�SHSORLGHV and other perennial species. A wide range of vegetation types may be found onlarge shingle structures inland of the upper beach. On more mature, stable, shingle coastal forms ofgrassland, heath and scrub vegetation may develop. Some areas of unusual vegetation dominated bylichens and bryophytes are found on more mature shingle.Sub-types

17.31 - Baltic sea kale communities: (O\PR�&UDPEHWXP17.32 - Channel sea kale communities: /DWK\UR�&UDPEHWXP17.33 - Atlantic sea kale communities: &ULWKPR�&UDPEHWXP

�� Plants:� &UDPEH� PDULWLPD�� +RQNHQ\D� SHSORLGHV�� /H\PXV� DUHQDULXV (17.31), /DWK\UXV� MDSRQLFXV(17.32), &ULWKPXP�PDULWLPXP (17.33).

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 17.31 - "4112 &UDPEH� PDULWLPD-(O\WULJLD� UHSHQV-typ", "4113 $FKLOOHD

PLOOHIROLXP-$QJHOLFD�DUFKDQJHOLFD-typ".United Kingdom classification: 17.32 -" SD1 5XPH[� FULVSXV�*ODXFLXP� IODYXP shingle beach

community".

�� &UDPHU��:�� Dry coastal ecosystems of the northern Baltic sea. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)(FRV\VWHPV�RI�WKH�ZRUOG��$��'U\�FRDVWDO�HFRV\VWHPV��SRODU�UHJLRQV�DQG�(XURSH. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 95-107.6QHGGRQ��3��5DQGDOO��5�(�� &RDVWDO�YHJHWDWHG�VKLQJOH�VWUXFWXUHV�RI�*UHDW�%ULWDLQ��PDLQUHSRUW. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

�� 9HJHWDWHG�VHD�FOLIIV�RI�WKH�$WODQWLF�DQG�%DOWLF�FRDVWVPAL.CLASS.: 18.21

�� Vegetated cliffs exhibit a complex pattern of variation reflecting the degree of maritime exposure,geology and geomorphology, biogeographical provenance and pattern of human management.Typically, on the most exposed cliffs there is a zonation from crevice and ledge communities of thesteepest slopes beside the sea (&ULWKPR�$UPHULHWDOLD, Géhu 1964) through to closed maritimegrasslands on upper cliff slopes, cliff tops and cliff ledges where there is deeper accumulation ofsoils (6LOHQLRQ�PDULWLPDH, Malloch 1973). Further inland and on more sheltered cliffs, these gradeinto a complex assemblage of maritime and paramaritime types of heath, calcareous grassland, acidgrassland, therophyte, tall herb, scrub and wind-pruned woodland vegetation, each enriched byfloristic elements characteristic of coastal habitats. On soft coasts with much active movement,complex assemblages of maritime and non-maritime vegetation occur.

�� Plants: &ULWKPXP� PDULWLPXP, $UPHULD� PDULWLPD, /LPRQLXP spp., %UDVVLFD� ROHUDFHD, 6LOHQHPDULWLPD, &RFKOHDULD� RIILFLQDOLV, 3ODQWDJR� PDULWLPD, )HVWXFD� UXEUD ssp. SUXLQRVD, 'DXFXV spp.,0DWULFDULD� PDULWLPD, $VSOHQLXP� PDULQXP, 6SHUJXODULD� UXSLFROD, ,QXOD� FULWKPRLGHV, 6HGXPDQJOLFXP, 5KRGLROD�URVHD, /DYDWHUD�DUERUHD��6FLOOD�YHUQD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom Classification: " MC1 &ULWKPXP� PDULWLPXP�6SHUJXODULD� UXSLFROD maritime rock

crevice", "MC2 $UPHULD�PDULWLPD�/LJXVWLFXP� VFRWLFXP maritime rock crevice community","MC3 5KRGLROD� URVHD�$UPHULD� PDULWLPD maritime cliff ledge community", "MC4 %UDVVLFDROHUDFHD maritime cliff ledge", "MC5 $UPHULD� PDULWLPD�&HUDVWLXP� GLIIXVXP maritimetherophyte community", "MC6� $WULSOH[� KDVWDWD�%HWD� YXOJDULV ssp. PDULWLPD seabird cliffcommunity", "MC7 6WHOODULD�PHGLD�5XPH[�DFHWRVD seabird cliff community", "MC8 )HVWXFD


UXEUD�$UPHULD�PDULWLPD maritime grassland", "MC9 )HVWXFD�UXEUD�+ROFXV� ODQDWXV maritimegrassland", "MC10 )HVWXFD� UXEUD�3ODQWDJR spp. maritime grassland", "M11 )HVWXFD� UXEUD�'DXFXV�FDURWD� ssp. JXPPLIHU maritime grassland", "M12 )HVWXFD�UXEUD�+\DFLQWKRLGHV�QRQ�VFULSWD maritime grassland", "H6 (ULFD�YDJDQV�8OH[�HXURSDHXV heath", "H7 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�6FLOOD�YHUQD heath", "H8 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�8OH[�JDOOLL heath".

Nordic classification : "4111 0DWULFDULD�PDULWLPD-6LOHQH�XQLIORUD-typ".

�� (QJOXQG�� %�� Die Pflanzenverteilung auf den Meeresufern von Gotland. $FWD� %RW�� )HQQ�32:1-282.

�� 9HJHWDWHG�VHD�FOLIIV�RI�WKH�0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRDVWV�ZLWKHQGHPLF�/LPRQLXP�VSS�

PAL.CLASS.: 18.22

�� Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, of the Mediterraneo-temperate easternAtlantic (south-western Iberia) and of the Black Sea. &ULWKPR�/LPRQLHWDOLD

�� Plants: &ULWKPXP�PDULWLPXP, 3ODQWDJR�VXEXODWD, 6LOHQH�VHGRLGHV, 6HGXP�OLWRUHXP, /LPRQLXP spp.,$UPHULD spp., (XSKRUELD spp., 'DXFXV spp., $VWHULVFXV� PDULWLPXV. Many /LPRQLXP species, inparticular, are endemics of extremely local occurrence.

�� 9HJHWDWHG�VHD�FOLIIV�ZLWK�HQGHPLF�IORUD�RI�WKH0DFDURQHVLDQ�FRDVWV

PAL.CLASS.: 18.23 and 18.24

�� Aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira ()UDQNHQLR�$VWLGDPLHWDOLDODWLIROLDH); communities of the sea-cliffs of the Azores ()HVWXFLRQ� SHWUDHDH) dominated by theendemic )HVWXFD�SHWUDHD.

�� Plants: 18.23 - &ULWKPXP�PDULWLPXP, $VW\GDPLD�ODWLIROLD, 6FKL]RJ\QD�VHULFHD, $QGU\DOD�JOXWLQRVD,3ODQWDJR� FRURQRSXV, 7ROSLV� IUXWLFRVD, $L]RRQ� FDQDULHQVH, &DPS\ODQWKXV� VDOVRORLGHV, /LPRQLXPSHFWLQDWXP, )UDQNHQLD� HULFLIROLD, 5HLFKDUGLD� OLJXODWD, $UJ\UDQWKHPXP� IUXWHVFHQV, /RWXV spp.,$VSOHQLXP� PDULQXP. 18.24 - )HVWXFD� SHWUDHD�� 3ODQWDJR� FRURQRSXV�� 'DXFXV� FDURWD ssp�� D]RULFD�$]RULQD�YLGDOLL��(XSKRUELD�D]RULFD��/RWXV�VXEELIORUXV��3RO\SRJRQ�PDULWLPXV��$VSOHQLXP�PDULQXP�)UDQNHQLD spp.

$WODQWLF�DQG�FRQWLQHQWDO�VDOW�PDUVKHV�DQG�VDOW�PHDGRZV

�� 6DOLFRUQLD�DQG�RWKHU�DQQXDOV�FRORQLVLQJ�PXG�DQG�VDQGPAL.CLASS.: 15.1

�� Formations composed mostly or predominantly of annuals, in particular Chenopodiaceae of thegenus 6DOLFRUQLD or grasses, colonising periodically inundated muds and sands of marine or interiorsalt marshes. 7KHUR�6DOLFRUQLHWHD, )UDQNHQLHWHD�SXOYHUXOHQWDH, 6DJLQHWHD�PDULWLPDH.


Sub-types15.11 - Glasswort swards (7KHUR�6DOLFRUQLHWDOLD): annual glasswort (6DOLFRUQLD spp.,0LFURFQHPXP� FRUDOORLGHV), seablite (6XDHGD� PDULWLPD), or sometimes salwort (6DOVROD spp.)formations colonising periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins.

15.12 - Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities ()UDQNHQLRQ� SXOYHUXOHQWDH):formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ()UDQNHQLD� SXOYHUXOHQWD, 6XDHGD� VSOHQGHQV, 6DOVRODVRGD, &UHVVD FUHWLFD, 3DUDSKROLV� LQFXUYD, 3�� VWULJRVD, +RUGHXP� PDULQXP, 6SKHQRSXVGLYDULFDWXV) colonising salt muds of the Mediterranean region, susceptible to temporaryinundation and extreme drying;

15.13 - Atlantic sea-pearlwort communities (6DJLQLRQ�PDULWLPDH): formations of annual pioneersoccupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in dune systems andsaltmarshes. They are usually limited to small areas and best developed in the zone of contactbetween dune and saltmarsh.

�� Plants: 15.11 - 6DOLFRUQLD spp., 0LFURFQHPXP� FRUDOORLGHV�� 6XDHGD� PDULWLPD; 15.12 - )UDQNHQLDSXOYHUXOHQWD, 6XDHGD� VSOHQGHQV, 6DOVROD� VRGD, &UHVVD FUHWLFD, 3DUDSKROLV� LQFXUYD, 3�� VWULJRVD,+RUGHXP�PDULQXP, 6SKHQRSXV�GLYDULFDWXV; 15.13 - 6DJLQD�PDULWLPD, 6��QRGRVD��&RFKOHDULD�GDQLFD�*HQWLDQD�OLWWRUDOH��%XSOHXUXP�WHQXLVVLPXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM7 $UWKURFQHPXP� SHUHQQH stands", "SM8 Annual 6DOLFRUQLD

saltmarsh", "SM9 6XDHGD�PDULWLPD saltmarsh" and "SM27 Ephemeral saltmarsh vegetationwith 6DJLQD�PDULWLPD".

Nordic classification: 15.11 - "4233 6DOLFRUQLD� VWULFWLVVLPD-typ", "4252 6DOLFRUQLD� HXURSDHD-typ","4253 6SHUJXODULD�VDOLQD-typ".

�� (ULFVRQ��/��:DOOHQWLQXV��+��*�� Sea-shore vegetation around the Gulf of Bothnia. Guidefor the International Society for Vegetation Science, July-August 1977. :DKOHQEHUJLD 5:1-142.

�� 6SDUWLQD�VZDUGV��6SDUWLQLRQ�PDULWLPDH�PAL.CLASS.: 15.2

�� Perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds, formed by 6SDUWLQD or similar grasses. Whenselecting sites, preference should be given to those areas supporting rare or local 6SDUWLQD.Sub-types

15.21 - Flat-leaved cordgrass swards: perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds, dominatedby flat-leaved 6SDUWLQD�PDULWLPD��6��WRZQVHQGLL, 6��DQJOLFD, 6��DOWHUQLIORUD�

15.22 - Rush-leaved cordgrass swards: perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastal saltmuds, dominated by the junciform-leaved 6SDUWLQD�GHQVLIORUD.

�� Plants: 15.21 - 6SDUWLQD�PDULWLPD��6��DOWHUQLIORUD; 15.22 - 6SDUWLQD�GHQVLIORUD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM4 6SDUWLQD�PDULWLPD saltmarsh" and "SM5 6SDUWLQD�DOWHUQLIORUD

saltmarsh".

�� $WODQWLF�VDOW�PHDGRZV��*ODXFR�3XFFLQHOOLHWDOLDPDULWLPDH�

PAL.CLASS.: 15.3


�� Salt meadows of Baltic, North Sea, English Channel and Atlantic shores. $VWHU� WULSROLXP can bepresent or abundant in most subdivisions.

�� Plants: 15.31 - 3XFFLQHOOLD� PDULWLPD; 15.32 - +DOLPLRQH� SRUWXODFRLGHV, +DOLPLRQH� SHGXQFXODWD,$VWHU�WULSROLXP; 15.33 - $UPHULD PDULWLPD, *ODX[�PDULWLPD, 3ODQWDJR�PDULWLPD, )UDQNHQLD� ODHYLV,$UWHPLVLD�PDULWLPD, )HVWXFD�UXEUD, $JURVWLV� VWRORQLIHUD, -XQFXV�JHUDUGLL, &DUH[�H[WHQVD, %O\VPXVUXIXV��(OHRFKDULV spp�; 15.34 - 6SHUJXODULD�PDULQD, 3XFFLQHOOLD�GLVWDQV, 3��IDVFLFXODWD, 3��UHWURIOH[D�3�� PDULWLPD, 7ULJORFKLQ� PDULWLPD, 3RWHQWLOOD� DQVHULQD�� +DOLPLRQH� SRUWXODFRLGHV; 15.35 - (O\PXVS\FQDQWKXV (= $JURS\URQ� SXQJHQV) RU� (�� UHSHQV; 15.36 - $WULSOH[� OLWWRUDOLV, $�� KDVWDWD, %HWDPDULWLPD, 0DWULFDULD�PDULWLPD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM10 Transitional low-marsh vegetation", "SM11 $VWHU� WULSROLXP

var. GLVFRLGHV saltmarsh", "SM12 Rayed $VWHU� WULSROLXP saltmarsh", "SM13 3XFFLQHOOLDPDULWLPD�7ULJORFKLQ�PDULWLPD saltmarsh", "SM14 +DOLPLRQH�SRUWXODFRLGHV saltmarsh", "SM15-XQFXV� PDULWLPXV�7ULJORFKLP� PDULWLPD saltmarsh", "SM16 )HVWXFD� UXEUD saltmarshcommunity", "SM17 $UWHPLVLD�PDULWLPD community", "SM18 -XQFXV�PDULWLPXV�community","SM19 %O\VPXV�UXIXV saltmarsh community" and "SM20 (OHRFKDULV�XQLJOXPLV community".

Nordic classification : 15.32 - "4231 3XFFLQHOOLD�PDULWLPD-typ", 15.33 - "422 Övre landstrandensvegetation".

�� %XUG�� )�� 7KH� VDOWPDUVK� VXUYH\� RI� *UHDW� %ULWDLQ. Peterborough, Nature ConservancyCouncil. Research and survey in nature conservation, no. 17.-RKDQVVRQ��'��(NVWDP��8��)RUVKHG��1�� +DYVWUDQGlQJDU� LTs förslag, Stockholm, 96pp.

�� ,QODQG�VDOW�PHDGRZVPAL.CLASS.: 15.4

�� Non-coastal natural salt basins made up of different habitat types consisting of zones of seepage ofsaline water, running or stagnant saline water, with typical halophilous vegetation and of reed beds atthe edge of brackish waters.Artificial or partly artificial sites should only be considered here in specific cases where they harbour aspecies listed in Annex II of the Directive, or where there are no remaining natural (primary) examplesof the habitat at regional or national level.

�� Plants: $VWHU�WULSROLXP��$WULSOH[�KDVWDWD��(O\PXV�DWKHULFD (= (��SXQJHQV��(��S\FQDQWKXV), +DOLPLRQHSHGXQFXODWD�� -XQFXV� JHUDUGLL�� 3ODQWDJR� PDULWLPD�� 3XFFLQHOOLD� GLVWDQV�� 6DOLFRUQLD spp., 6SHUJXODULDVDOLQD��6XDHGD�PDULWLPD��7ULJORFKLQ�PDULWLPD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM23 6SHUJXODULD�PDULQD�3XFFLQHOOLHWDOLD�GLVWDQV community".German classification : "350301 naturnahe Salzrasen des Binnenlandes", "2206 Salz- oder Solquelle",

"230405 Salzbach", "230602 salzhaltiges stehendes Gewässer (Binnenlandsalzstellen)".

�� Brackish-water reed beds, salt springs, 6DOLFRUQLD�swards and, less frequently, small salt water courses.

0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�WKHUPR�$WODQWLF�VDOWPDUVKHV�DQG�VDOWPHDGRZV


�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�VDOW�PHDGRZV��-XQFHWDOLD�PDULWLPL�PAL.CLASS.: 15.5

�� Various mediterranean communities of the -XQFHWDOLD� PDULWLPL. The different associations aredescribed under point 2) with their characteristic plant species.Sub-types :15.51 - tall rush saltmarshes dominated by -XQFXV�PDULWLPXV and/or -��DFXWXV15.52 - short rush, sedge and clover saltmarshes (-XQFLRQ�PDULWLPL) and humid meadows behind the

littoral, rich in annual plant species and in )DEDFHD (7ULIROLRQ�VTXDPRVL)15.53 - mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows��3ODQWDJLQLRQ�FUDVVLIROLDH�15.54 - Iberian salt meadows (3XFFLQHOOLRQ�IDVFLFXODWDH�15.55 - halophilous marshes along the coast and the coastal lagoons (3XFFLQHOOLRQ�IHVWXFLIRUPLV�15.57 - humid halophilous moors with the shrubby stratum dominated by $UWHPLVLD� FRHUXOHVFHQV

($JURS\UR�$UWHPLVLRQ�FRHUXOHVFHQWLV��

�� Plants : -XQFXV�PDULWLPXV, -�� DFXWXV�� &DUH[� H[WHQVD, $VWHU� WULSROLXP, 3ODQWDJR� FRUQXWL, 6FRU]RQHUDSDUYLIORUD� �15.51�; +RUGHXP� QRGRVXP, +�� PDULWLPXP� 7ULIROLXP� VTXDPRVXP, 7�� PLFKHOLDQXP,$ORSHFXUXV� EXOERVXV, &DUH[� GLYLVD, 5DQXQFXOXV� RSKLRJORVVLIROLXV, */LQXP� PDULWLPXP� �15.52);3ODQWDJR� FUDVVLIROLD, %ODFNVWRQLD� LPSHUIROLDWD, &HQWDXULXP� WHQXLIORUXP, 2UFKLV� FRULRSKRUD ssp.IUDJDQV� �15.53�; 3XFFLQHOOLD� IDVFLFXODWD, $HOXURSXV� OLWWRUDOLV, -XQFXV� JHUDUGLL� �15.54); 3XFFLQHOOLDIHVWXFLIRUPLV��15.55�; $UWHPLVLD�FRHUXOHVFHQV (15.57).

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM15 --XQFXV�PDULWLPXV-7ULJORFKLQ�PDULWLPD saltmarsh" and "SM18

-XQFXV�PDULWLPXV saltmarsh".

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�WKHUPR�$WODQWLF�KDORSKLORXV�VFUXEV�6DUFRFRUQHWHD�IUXWLFRVL�

PAL.CLASS.: 15.6

�� Perennial vegetation of marine saline muds (schorre) mainly composed of scrub, essentially with aMediterranean-Atlantic distribution (6DOLFRUQLD, /LPRQLXP�YXOJDUH, 6XDHGD and $WULSOH[ communities)and belonging to the 6DUFRFRUQHWHD�IUXWLFRVL class.

�� Plants: +DOLPLRQH�SRUWXODFRLGHV, ,QXOD�FULWPRLGHV, 6XDHGD�YHUD and shrubby 6DUFRFRUQLD.Vegetation of lower topographic level (6DUFRFRUQHWHD): 6DUFRFRUQLD�SHUHQQLV, 6��DOSLQL��6�� IUXWLFRVD,$UWKURFQHPXP�PDFURVWDFK\P (= $��JODXFXP), +DORFQHPXP�VWURELODFHXP.Vegetation of higher topographic level (/LPRQLHWDOLD� FRQIXVL): /LPRQLXP� YLUJDWXP, /�� GLIIXVXP, /�IHUXODFHXP, /��GHQVLVVLPXP, /��JLUDUGLDQXP,� /�� EHOOLGLIROLXP, /�� JPHOLQLL, $HOXURSXV� OLWRUDOLV, $VWHUWULSROXP, /LPRQLDVWUXP�PRQRSHWDOXP, $UWHPLVLD�JDOOLFD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM 21 6XDHGD� YHUD�/LPRQLXP� ELQHUYRVXP saltmarsh community",

"SM25 6XHGD�YHUD saltmarsh community" and "SM7 $UWKURFQHPXP�SHUHQQH stands".


�� +DOR�QLWURSKLORXV�VFUXEV��3HJDQR�6DOVROHWHD�PAL.CLASS.: 15.72

�� Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (matorrals) belonging to the 3HJDQR�6DOVROHWHD class, typical of dry soilsunder arid climates, sometimes including taller, denser bushes.

�� Plants: 3HJDQXP� KDUPDOD, $UWHPLVLD� KHUED�DOED, /\FLXP� LQWULFDWXP, &DSSDULV� RYDWD, 6DOVRODYHUPLFXODWD, 6�� JHQLVWRLGHV, 6�� RSSRVLWLIROLD, 6XDHGD� SUXLQRVD, $WULSOH[� KDOLPXV, $�� JODXFD,&DPSKRURVPD�PRQVSHOLDFD, +DOR[\OXP�DUWLFXODWXP.

6DOW�DQG�J\SVXP�LQODQG�VWHSSHV

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�VDOW�VWHSSHV��/LPRQLHWDOLD�PAL.CLASS.: 15.8

�� Associations rich in perennial, rosette-forming (/LPRQLXP� spp.) or esparto grass (/\JHXP� VSDUWXP),occupying, along Mediterranean coasts and on the fringes of Iberian salt basins, soils temporarilypermeated (though not inundated) by saline water and subject to extreme summer drying, withformation of salt efflorescence. Characteristic syntaxa are /LPRQLHWDOLD�� $UWKURFQHPHWDOLD�7KHUR�6DOLFRUQLHWDOLD and 6DJLQHWDOLD�PDULWLPDH.- The following syntaxa correspond to regional varieties of this habitat type; $UWKURFQHPHWDOLD:6XDHGLRQ� EUDXQEODQTXHWLL (continental Iberian peninsula), $UWKURFQHPLRQ� JODXFL. /LPRQLHWDOLD:/LPRQLRQ� FDWDODXQLFR�YLFLRVRL (Aragon), /\JHR�/LPRQLRQ� IXUIXUDFHL (SE Iberian peninsula),/\JHR�/HSLGLRQ�FDUGDPLQHV (Castilla-La-Mancha). 7KHUR�6DOLFRUQLHWDOLD: 0LFURFQHPLRQ�FRUDOORLGLV(continental Iberian peninsula), 6DOLFRUQLRQ� SDWXODH. 6DJLQHWDOLD� PDULWLPDH: )UDQNHQLRQSXOYHUXOHQWDH��7KHUR�6XDHGLRQ.

�� Plants: +DORSHSOLV� DPSOH[LFDXOLV�� +\PHQROREXV� SURFXPEHQV�� /LPRQLXP� VSS�� /\JHXP� VSDUWXP�0LFURFQHPLRQ�FRUDOORLGHV��6DOLFRUQLD�SDWXOD��6HQHFLR�DXULFXOD��6SKHQRSXV�GLYDULFDWXV.

�� 5LYDV�0DUWtQH]�� 6�� Sintaxonomia de la classe 7KHUR�6DOLFRUQLHWHD en Europa occidental.(FRO�0HGLW� (Marseille) 16: 359 - 364.

�� ,EHULDQ�J\SVXP�VWHSSHV��*\SVRSKLOHWDOLD�PAL.CLASS.: 15.9

�� Garrigues occupying gypsum-rich soils of the Iberian peninsula, usually very open and floristicallycharacterised by the presence of numerous gypsophilous species. Characteristic syntaxa are /HSLGLRQVXEXODWL��*\SVRSKLOLRQ�KLVSDQLFDH and 7K\PR�7HXFULRQ�YHUWLFLOODWL.

�� Plants:� &HQWDXUHD� K\VVRSLIROLD�� *\SVRSKLOD� KLVSDQLFD�� *�� VWUXWKLXP�� +HOLDQWKHPXP� VTXDPDWXP�+HUQLDULD�IUXWLFRVD��/HSLGLXP�VXEXODWXP��2QRQLV�WULGHQWDWD��5HVHGD�VWULFWD��7HXFULXP�OLEDQLWLV. Theyare often rich in thymes (7K\PXV), germanders (7HXFULXP), rockroses (+HOLDQWKHPXP) and composites(&HQWDXUHD��-XULQHD��6DQWROLQD��)UDQNHQLD).


�� 3DQQRQLF�VDOW�VWHSSHV�DQG�VDOW�PDUVKHVPAL.CLASS.: 15.A1

�� Salt steppes, salt pans, salt marshes and shallow salt lakes, which are highly influenced by a pannonicclimate with extreme temperatures and aridity in summer. The enrichment of salt in the soil is due tohigh evaporation of ground water during summer. These habitat types are partly of natural origin andpartly under a distinct influence of cattle grazing.The halophytic vegetation consists of plant communities on dry saltpans and steppes, humid saltmeadows and annual plant communities of periodically flooded salt lakes with typical zonation.

�� Plants: $UWHPLVLD�VDQWRQLFXP, 6XDHGD�FRUQLFXODWD, 6��SDQQRQLFD, /HSLGLXP�FUDVVLIROLXP, 3XFFLQHOOLDSHLVRQLV, $VWHU� WULSROLXP, 6DOLFRUQLD� SURVWDWD, &DPSKRURVPD� DQQXD, 3ODQWDJR� WHQXLIORUD, -XQFXVJHUDUGLL, 3ODQWDJR�PDULWLPD��&\SHUXV�SDQQRQLFXV, 3KROLXUXV�SDQQRQLFXV.Animals: Molluscs- *+HOLFRSVLV� VWULDWD�DXVWULDFD; Insects- *&DOOLPRUSKD�TXDGULSXQFWDULD, #/\FDHQDGLVSDU; Mammals- +0LFURWXV�RHFRQRPXV�PHKHO\L, #6SHUPRSKLOXV�FLWHOOXV; Birds- %RWDXUXV�VWHOODWXV,3ODWDOHD�OHXFRURGLD, 3RU]DQD�SDUYD, ,[REU\FKXV�PLQXWXV, $FURFHSKDOXV�PHODQRSRJRQ, $\WK\D�Q\URFD,$UGHD�SXUSXUHD, 3DQXUXV�ELDUPLFXV.

�� 0XFLQD��/��*UDEKHUU��*��(OOPDXHU�7�� Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil 1.6RR��5�� Systematische Übersicht pannonischer Pflanzengesellschaften, $FWD� %RW�� $FDG�� 6FL�+XQJ��%XGDSHVW��3:317-373.:HQGHOEHUJHU�� *�� 6WHSSHQ�� 7URFNHQUDVHQ� XQG�:lOGHU� GHV� SDQQRQLVFKHQ� 5DXPHV� Angew.Pflanzensoziol., Wien, Festschrift Aichinger: 573-634.

%RUHDO�%DOWLF�DUFKLSHODJR��FRDVWDO�DQG�ODQGXSKHDYDO�DUHDV

�� %DOWLF�HVNHU�LVODQGV�ZLWK�VDQG\��URFN\�DQG�VKLQJOH�EHDFKYHJHWDWLRQ�DQG�VXEOLWWRUDO�YHJHWDWLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 11.22, 11.23, 11.27, 11.28, 11.29, 16.122, 16.13, 16.132, 16.133, 17.21, 17.31, 19, 42C51 (1997 version)

�� Glaciofluvial islands consisting mainly of relatively well sorted sand, gravel or less commonly oftill. May also have scattered stones and boulders. The vegetation of esker islands is influenced bythe brackish water environment and often by the ongoing land upheaval which causes a successionof different vegetation types. Several rare vegetation types (heaths, sands and gravel shores) andthreatened species occur.

�� Plants:� $UWHPLVLD� FDPSHVWULV�� &DNLOH� PDULWLPD�� &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�� (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP�� +RQNHQ\DSHSORLGHV�� -XQLSHUXV� FRPPXQLV�� /DWK\UXV� MDSRQLFXV� subsp�� PDULWLPXV�� /H\PXV� DUHQDULXV�� 3LQXVV\OYHVWULV�� 3RWDPRJHWRQ� ILOLIRUPLV�� 3RWDPRJHWRQ� SHFWLQDWXV, 3RWDPRJHWRQ� SHUIROLDWXV�0\ULRSK\OOXP�VLELULFXP� 6DOVROD� NDOL. Algae:�&HUDPLXP� WHQXLFRUQH��&KRUGD� ILOXP��&KDUD�DVSHUD�&ODGRSKRUD�JORPHUDWD��)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��3LOD\HOOD�OLWWRUDOLVAnimals: Insects- $WKHWLV� OHSLJRQH, 6LP\UD�DOERYHQRVD� $FWHELD�SUDHFR[��Molluscs-�&HUDVWRGHUPDJODXFXP��0\D�DUHQDULD�

�� These esker islands can be found in association with the following habitat types: Sandbanks whichare slightly covered by sea water all the time (1110), Annual vegetation of drift lines (1210),Perennial vegetation of stony banks (1220), Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts(1230) and Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation (1640).


�� (NOXQG��2�� Vegetationen på Vidskär och Jurmo (Ab Korpo). 0HGGHODQGHQ�DI�6RFLHWDV�SUR)DXQD�HW�)ORUD�)HQQLFD, 47:178-215.6\UMlQHQ�� .�� Meriotakilokki Korppoon Jurmossa.� 0HWVlKDOOLWXNVHQOXRQQRQVXRMHOXMXONDLVXMD. 6DUMD�$� 51: 1-49.

�� %RUHDO�EDOWLF�LVOHWV�DQG�VPDOO�LVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 11.23, 11.28, 11.29, 18.14, 18.2124, 19 (1997 version)

�� Groups of skerries, islets or single small islands, mainly in the outer archipelago or offshore areas.Composed of Precambrian, metamorphic bedrock, till or sediment. The vegetation of boreal Balticislets and small islands is influenced by the brackish water environment, the ongoing land upheaval(in areas with intense land upheaval) and the climatic conditions. The vegetation types areinfluenced by wind, dry weather, salt and many hours of sunlight. Land-upheaval causes asuccession of different vegetation types. Bare bedrock is common. A lot of small islands have notrees. The vegetation is usually very sparse and consists often of mosaic-like pioneer vegetationcommunities. On some islands the species diversity is increased by nitrogenous excrement frombirds. Many of the plants are xerophytic and lichens are common. Temporary or permanentrockpools are common and these are inhabited by�a variety of aquatic plant and animal species.Boreal Baltic islets and small islands are important nesting sites for birds and resting sites for seals.The surrounding sublittoral vegetation is also included in the type 1620.

�� Plants:� $JURVWLV� VWRORQLIHUD�� $OOLXP� VFKRHQRSUDVXP�� $QJHOLFD� DUFKDQJHOLFD� spp.� OLWRUDOLV�&RFKOHDULD� GDQLFD�� -XQLSHUXV� FRPPXQLV�� /HPQD�PLQRU�� 3XFFLQHOOLD� GLVWDQV� ssp.� ERUHDOLV�� 6HGXPDFUH��6HGXP�WHOHSKLXP��6LOHQH�YLVFRVD��9LROD�WULFRORU��Algae:�&HUDPLXP�WHQXLFRUQH��&KRUGD�ILOXP�&ODGRSKRUD�JORPHUDWD��&ODGRSKRUD�UXSHVWULV��)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��)XUFHOODULD�OXPEULFDOLV��3LOD\HOODOLWWRUDOLV�Animals:. Mammals- +DOLFKRHUXV� JU\SXV,� 3KRFD� KLVSLGD� Birds- $OFD� WRUGD�� $UHQDULD� LQWHUSUHV�&HSSKXV� JU\OOH, /DUXV� IXVFXV�� 6WHUFRUDULXV� SDUDVLWLFXV�� 6WHUQD� FDVSLD�� 8ULD� DDOJH��Crustaceans-%DODQXV�LPSURYLVXV��,GRWKHD�VS��Molluscs-�0\WLOXV�HGXOLV

�� Often associated with the habitat type: Reefs (1170) and Perennial vegetation of stony banks (1220).

�� (NOXQG��2�� -Über ursachen der Regionale Verteilung der Schärenflora Südwest-Finnlands.$FWD�%RWDQLFD�)HQQLFD 8: 5-133.+lOOIRUV��*�� The plant cover of some littoral biotopes at Krunnit (NE Bothnian Bay). $FWD8QLY��2XO��$��42: 87-95./XWKHU��+�� Veränderungen in der Gefässpflanzenflora der Meeresfelsen von Tvärminne.$FWD�%RWDQLFD�)HQQLFD, 62: 1-100.9DUWLDLQHQ��7�� Succession of island vegetation in the land uplift area of the northernmostGulf of Bothnia, Finland. $FWD�%RWDQLFD�)HQQLFD, 115: 1-105.:DHUQ��0�� Rocky-shore algae in the Öregrund archipelago. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU�6XHFLFD 30: 1-298.

�� %RUHDO�EDOWLF�FRDVWDO�PHDGRZVPAL.CLASS.: 15.33, 15.34 (1997 version)

�� Coastal meadows, mostly with low growing plant communities in the geolittoral zone, sometimesinterspersed with salt patches, salinity is low (brackish water), tide hardly exists but there can beinfluence from land upheaval. Most of the areas were traditionally used for mowing or grazing, thusenlarging the areas and keeping the vegetation low, rich in vascular plants and suitable for nesting


waders. Characteristically the vegetation occurs in distinct zones, with saline vegetation closest tothe sea.

�� Plants:�$JURVWLV�VWRORQLIHUD��%O\VPXV�UXIXV��%ROERVFKRHQXV�PDULWLPXV��&DODPDJURVWLV�VWULFWD��&DUH[QLJUD��&��SDOHDFHD��&HQWDXULXP�OLWWRUDOH��&��SXOFKHOOXP��(OHRFKDULV�XQLJOXPLV��(��SDUYXOD��)HVWXFDUXEUD�� -XQFXV� JHUDUGLL�� 2GRQWLWHV� OLWRUDOLV�� 2SKLRJORVVXP� YXOJDWXP, 3ODQWDJR� PDULWLPD�3XFFLQHOOLD�GLVWDQV subsp��ERUHDOLV,�6DOLFRUQLD�HXURSDHD��6SHUJXODULD�VDOLQD� 7ULJORFKLQ�PDULWLPD.Specially on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia some phytogeographically interesting arctic relictspecies occur e.g.� 3ULPXOD� VLELULFD and some endemic taxa (races). Boreal species:� $OLVPDZDKOHQEHUJLL�� $UFWRSKLOD� IXOYD�� &DUH[� JODUHRVD�� &�� KDORSKLOD�� &�� PDFNHQ]LHL�� &�� SDOHDFHD�'HVFKDPSVLD�ERWWQLFD��(XSKUDVLD�ERWWQLFD��+LSSXULV�WHWUDSK\OOD��2GRQWLWHV�OLWRUDOLV�subsp��IHQQLFD�3ULPXOD�QXWDQV��3XFFLQHOOLD�SKU\JDQRLGHV�Animals:. Birds- &DOLGULV�DOSLQD subsp. VFKLQ]LL��7ULQJD�WRWDQXV�

Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 4221 -XQFXV� JHUDUGLL�)HVWXFD� UXEUD -type , 4224 %O\VPXV� UXIXV�&DUH[

YLULGXOD�&HQWDXULXP�spp. -type , 4226 &DUH[�DTXDWLOLV�&DODPDJURVWLV�VWULFWD -type , 4241(OHRFKDULV� XQLJOXPLV�$JURVWLV� VWRORQLIHUD -type , 4251 $JURVWLV� VWRORQLIHUD�7ULJORFKLQSDOXVWUH -type , 4253 6SHUJXODULD� VDOLQD� -type , 4321 (OHRFKDULV� SDUYXOD -type , 4322(OHRFKDULV�DFLFXODULV -type

�� 6LLUD��-�� Studies in the ecology of the sea-shore meadows at the Bothnian Bay with specialreference to the Liminka area. $TXLOR�6HU��%RW� 9.6LLUD��M��The vegetation and ecology of the primary saline soils of the Bothnian Bay. $TXLOR6HU��%RW� 20.

�� %RUHDO�%DOWLF�VDQG\�EHDFKHV�ZLWK�SHUHQQLDO�YHJHWDWLRQPAL.CLASS.: 16.1222, 16.132, 16.133, 16.2133 (1997 version)

�� Sheltered to exposed, gently sloping sand beaches influenced by wave action, but less influenced bytides than on the Atlantic coast, giving a higher representation of perennial� plant� species. Sandbeaches along the Finnish and Swedish Baltic coast are relatively uncommon and usually small.Occasional stones or boulders may be scattered along the beach. The vegetation is often sparse andlarge areas of bare sand are common especially in the part closest to the shore. Sand-binding plantsare common. The insect fauna on sand beaches is conspicuous. Drift belts of organic matter areoften present

�� Plants:� $PPRSKLOD� DUHQDULD�� /DWK\UXV� MDSRQLFXV� ssp.� PDULWLPXV�� /H\PXV� DUHQDULXV�� $WULSOH[OLWWRUDOLV�� 6DOVROD� NDOL�� &UDPEH�PDULWLPD��+RQNHQ\D� SHSORLGHV��&DNLOH�PDULWLPD�� (O\WULJLD� MXQFHDVVS��ERUHRDWODQWLFD�Animals: Insects- 6SLQJRQRWXV� FRHUXODQV�&DWRSWULD� IXOJLGHOOD�&KRPRGHUXV� DIILQLV�� 3V\OORLGHVPDUFLGD��3WHURSKRUXV�WULGDFW\OXV��(X[RD FXUVRULD��3KRWHGHV�HO\PL��$SDPHD�RSKLRJUDPPD��$FWHELDSUDHFR[��6SKLQJRQRWXV�FRHUXODQV� Birds- &KDUDGULXV�KLDWLFXOD��&DOLGULV�WHPPLQFNLL�(in Sweden onlyin the northern part).

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 4131 $PPRSKLOD�DUHQDULD�/H\PXV�DUHQDULXV��W\SH, 4215 &DNLOH�PDULWLPD�±

W\SH


�� Associated with the following habitat types: Annual vegetation of drift lines (1210), Sandbankswhich are slightly covered by sea water all the time (1110), in some cases also Baltic esker islandswith sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral vegetation (1610).

�� 6N\WpQ�� 5�� - Sand- och dynsträndernas vegetations och dess nedslitning.1RUGHQVNL|OGVDPIXQGHWV�WLGVNULIW 38: 37-49.

�� %RUHDO�%DOWLF�QDUURZ�LQOHWVPAL.CLASS.: 12.51 (1997 version

�� Long and narrow bays in the Boreal Baltic sea area, which are partly separated from the open sea bya submerged sill. These inlets consist usually of soft mud. The salinity varies depending on thefreshwater contribution or the salinity value of the Baltic Sea. The low tidal range and low salinityof the Baltic Sea creates an ecology that is different from that of the North Atlantic coasts.

�� Plants:�&HUDWRSK\OOXP�GHPHUVXP��+LSSXULV�YXOJDULV��0\ULRSK\OOXP�VSLFDWXP� 3KUDJPLWHV�DXVWUDOLV�3RWDPRJHWRQ� SHUIROLDWXV�� 6DJLWWDULD� VDJLWWLIROLD�� 6FKRHQRSOHFWXV� ODFXVWULV�� 6FKRHQRSOHFWXVWDEHUQDHPRQWDQL��Algae�&ODGRSKRUD�DHJDJURSLOD��1LWHOORSVLV�REWXVDAnimals:. Birds- $QDV� FUHFFD�� $QDV� SODW\UK\QFKRV�� &LUFXV� DHUXJLQRVXV�� &\JQXV� RORU�� 3RGLFHSVFULVWDWXV��Insects-�&KLURQRPXV�SOXPRVXV�FROO�; Crustaceans- 0RQRSRUHLD�DIILQLV; Mollucs-�0DFRPDEDOWLFD��1XFXOD� WHQXLV��6\QGRVP\D�QLWLGD��7K\DVLUD� IOH[XRVD��Polychaeta-�0DOGDQH� VDUVL�Sponges:$[LQHOOD�UXJRVD��3KDNHOOLD�VSS��0\FDOH�OLQJXD��3RO\PDVWLFD�spp��9RVPHULD�spp.

�� A river discharge to the innermost end of the bay is common, resulting in a density stratification ofthe water column. Narrow inlets unaffected or almost unaffected by man are very rare.

�� /LQGKROP��7�� Från havsvik till insjö. 0LOM|I|UODJHW� Åbo, 160 pp./XWKHU�� +�� Verbreitung und ökologie der höheren Wasserpflanzen im Brackwasser derEkenäs-Gegend in Süd-Finnland. I. Allgemeiner Teil.�$FWD�%RW� )HQQLFL� 49:1-232. & II. SpeciellerTeil. $FWD�%RW��)HQQLFL� 50:1-370.0DWKLHVVHQ��+��0DWKLHVVHQ��/�� ).- Floristic aspects of one coastal inlet inre Verkviken,northern Åland. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHFLF�� 78: 101-110.1LHPL�� c�� Ecology of phytoplankton in the Tvärminne area, SW coast of Finland. III.Environmental conditions and primary production in Pojoviken in the 1970s. $FWD� %RW�� )HQQLFL�106:1-28.

&2$67$/�6$1'�'81(6�$1'�,1/$1'�'81(6

6HD�GXQHV�RI�WKH�$WODQWLF��1RUWK�6HD�DQG�%DOWLF�FRDVWV

�� (PEU\RQLF�VKLIWLQJ�GXQHVPAL.CLASS.: 16.211

�� Formations of the coast representing the first stages of dune construction, constituted by ripples orraised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes.


�� Plants: 16.2111 - (O\PXV� IDUFWXV ($JURS\URQ� MXQFHXP), /H\PXV� DUHQDULXV�� +RQNHQ\D� SHSORLGHV;16.2112 - 6SRUREROXV�SXQJHQV��(XSKRUELD�SHSOLV��2WDQWKXV�PDULWLPXV��0HGLFDJR�PDULQD��$QWKHPLVPDULWLPD��$��WRPHQWRVD��(U\QJLXP�PDULWLPXP��3DQFUDWLXP�PDULWLPXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SD4 (O\PXV�IDUFWXV�ssp.�ERUHDOL�DWODQWLFXV foredune community".Nordic classification : 16.2111 - "4121 (O\WULJLD�MXQFHD-typ".

�� 3HWWHUVVRQ��%�� Maritime sands. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 50:105-110.

�� 6KLIWLQJ�GXQHV�DORQJ�WKH�VKRUHOLQH�ZLWK�$PPRSKLODDUHQDULD��ZKLWH�GXQHV�

PAL.CLASS.: 16.212

�� Mobile dunes forming the seaward cordon or cordons of dune systems of the coasts (16.2121,16.2122 and 16.2123). $PPRSKLOLRQ�DUHQDULDH��=\JRSK\OOLRQ�IRQWDQHVLL.

�� Plants: 16.2121- $PPRSKLOD� DUHQDULD�� (U\QJLXP� PDULWLPXP, (XSKRUELD� SDUDOLDV, &DO\VWHJLDVROGDQHOOD, 2WDQWKXV�PDULWLPXV�� /H\PXV� DUHQDULXV; 16.2122 - $PPRSKLOD� DUHQDULD�� (FKLQRSKRUDVSLQRVD�� (U\QJLXP� PDULWLPXP�� (XSKRUELD� SDUDOLDV�� &XWDQGLD� PDULWLPD�� 0HGLFDJR� PDULQD�$QWKHPLV� PDULWLPD; 16.2123 - =\JRSK\OOXP� IRQWDQHVLL�� (XSKRUELD� SDUDOLDV�� 3RO\FDUSDHD� QLYHD�&\SHUXV� FDSLWDWXV�� 2QRQLV� QDWUL[�� &RQYROYXOXV� FDSXW�PHGXVDH�� 3RO\JRQXP� PDULWLPXP� $QGURF\PELXP�SVDPPRSKLOXP.

� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: " SD6 $PPRSKLOD�DUHQDULD mobile dune community".Nordic classification : 16.2121 - "4131 $PPRSKLOD�DUHQDULD-/H\PXV�DUHQDULXV-typ".

�� :LOOHUV��7�� Die Vegetation der finnischen Küstendünen��1RUGHQ 6:41-88.

�� )L[HG�FRDVWDO�GXQHV�ZLWK�KHUEDFHRXV�YHJHWDWLRQ��JUH\GXQHV�

PAL.CLASS.: 16.221 to 16.227

�� Fixed dunes, stabilised and colonised by more or less closed perennial grasslands and abundant carpetsof lichens and mosses, from the Atlantic coasts (and the English Channel) between the Straits ofGibraltar and Cap Blanc Nez, and the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic. In the case of thethermo-Atlantic coast, it is logical to include (XSKRUELR�+HOLFKU\VLRQ (code 16.222 - thermo Atlantic asfar as Brittany) and &UXFLDQHOOLRQ�PDULWLPDH (code 16.223 - Strait of Gibraltar as far as the southernAtlantic near Cape Prior in Galicia).Sub-types

16.221 - Northern grey dunes with grass communities and vegetation from *DOLR�.RHOHULRQDOEHVFHQWLV (.RHOHULRQ� DOEHVFHQWLV), &RU\QHSKRULRQ� FDQHVFHQWLV p.,� 6LOHQR� FRQLFDH�&HUDVWLRQVHPLGHFDQGUi.

16.222 - Biscay grey dunes ((XSKRUELR�+HOLFKU\VLRQ� VWRHFKDGLV): dunes on stabilised humus soilinfiltrated by dwarf bushes, with +HOLFKU\VXP� VWRHFKDV�� $UWHPLVLD� FDPSHVWULV and (SKHGUDGLVWDFK\D.

16.223 - Thermo-Atlantic grey dunes (&UXFLDQHOOLRQ�PDULWLPDH): suffrutescent communities on moreor less stabilised soils low in humus of the thermo-Atlantic coasts with &UXFLDQHOOD�PDULWLPD and3DQFUDWLXP�PDULWLPXP.


16.225 - Atlantic dune (0HVREURPLRQ) grasslands: various sandy coastal sites characterised byherbaceous vegetation in the form of calcicole mesoxerocline grasslands, poor in nitrogen,corresponding to the communities of 0HVREURPLRQ found by the sea (penetration of aero halinespecies); dunal grasslands composed of species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (34.32).

16.226 - Atlantic dune thermophile fringes: 7ULIROLR�*HUDQLHWHD�VDQJXLQHL: *DOLR�PDULWLPL�*HUDQLRQVDQJXLQHL��*HUDQLXP�VDQJXLQHXP formations (34.4) on neutro basic soils rich in calcium and poorin nitrogen.

16.227 - Dune fine-grass annual communities: sparse pioneer formations (35.2, 35.3) of fine grassesrich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic soils (nitrogen poor sand or verysuperficial soils, or on xerocline to xerophile rocks) (7KHUR�$LULRQ p.,� 1DUGR�*DOLRQ� VD[DWLOHp.,7XEHUDULRQ�JXWWDWDH p.)

The vegetation may be a closed cover of grassland, sparse annual grassland on sand or dominated bymosses and lichen; the content of limestone (Ca2+) may vary greatly and is generally diminishing withage and succession towards brown dune systems (dune heathland).

�� Plants: $LUD� spp., $QDFDPSWLV� S\UDPLGDOLV�� %URPXV� KRUGHDFHXV�� &DUH[� DUHQDULD�� &HUDVWLXP spp.,&RU\QHSKRUXV� FDQHVFHQV�� (URGLXP� JOXWLQRVXP�� (�� OHEHOLL�� *DOLXP� YHUXP�� *HQWLDQD� FDPSHVWULV�� *�FUXFLDWD��.RHOHULD spp., 0LOLXP�VFDEUXP��0\RVRWLV�UDPRVLVVLPD��2QRQLV�UHSHQV��3KOHXP�DUHQDULXP�3RO\JDOD�YXOJDULV var. GXQHQVLV��6LOHQH�FRQLFD��6��RWLWHV��7ULIROLXP�VFDEUXP��7XEHUDULD�JXWWDWD��9LRODFXUWLVLL��9��UXSHVWULV var. DUHQDULD; Mosses- 7RUWXOD�UXUDOLIRUPLV; Lichens- &ODGRQLD�spp.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: 16.221 -"SD12 &DUH[� DUHQDULD�)HVWXFD� RYLQD�$JURVWLV� FDSLOODULV

grassland", "SD8 )HVWXFD� UXEUD�*DOLXP� verum fixed dune grassland", "SD7 $PPRSKLODDUHQDULD�)HVWXFD�UXEUD semi-fixed dune community" and "SD11 &DUH[�DUHQDULD�&RUQLFXODULDDFXOHDWD dune community". 16.226 - "SD9b $PPRSKLOD�DUHQDULD�$UUKHQDWKHUXP�HODWLXV dunegrassland *HUDQLXP� VDQJXLQHXP sub-community". 16.227 - most likely, certainsub-communities of the type "SD7 $PPRSKLOD� DUHQDULD�)HVWXFD� UXEUD semi-fixed dunecommunity" and "SD11 &DUH[�DUHQDULD�&RUQLFXODULD�DFXOHDWD dune community".

German classification : "1003 Dünenrasen (Graudüne)", "1003a Dünenpionierrasen mit einjähr.Vegetation (Thero-Airion)", "1003b Dünenrasen mit geschlossener Narbe u. überwieg.ausdauernden Arten (Graudüne)".

Nordic classification : "4141 &RU\QHSKRUXV� FDQHVFHQV-typ" and "4142 )HVWXFD� UXEUD-+LHUDFLXPXPEHOODWXP-typ".

�� There is a transition towards communities of 0HVREURPLRQ� (34.31 - 34) in the following cases: oldmesophile grasslands of dune slacks and inner dunes ($QWK\OOLGR�7KHVLHWXP), frequently in mosaic withcommunities of 6DOL[�UHSHQV and particularly developed on the west face of the dunes; grasslands with+LPDQWRJORVVXP�KLUFLQXP of the dunes in the De Haan area.Dune scrubs (16.25) and humid dune slacks (16.3) with distinct vegetation form closely knit complexeswith grey dunes devoid of ligneous vegetation.

�� $QGHUVVRQ��'�� The Scanian sand vegetation - a survey. %RW��1RW. 1950:145-172.&XUWLV��7�*�)�� The flora and vegetation of sand dunes in Ireland. In: $�*XLGH� WR� WKH� 6DQG'XQHV� RI� ,UHODQG (M.B. Quigley, Ed.). 42-46. European Union for Dune Conservation and CoastalManagement.'DUJLH�� 7�&�'�� 6DQG� GXQH� YHJHWDWLRQ� VXUYH\� RI� *UHDW� %ULWDLQ. Part II Scotland. JNCC,Peterborough.'RRG\��-�3�� 6DQG�'XQH�,QYHQWRU\�RI�(XURSH. JNCC, Peterborough and EUCC.5LYDV�0DUWtQH]�� 6�� /RXVm��0�� 'tD]�� 7�(�� )HUQiQGH]�*RQ]iOH]�� )�� &RVWD�� -�&�� Lavegetación del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). ,WLQHUD�*HRERW. 3. 5 - 126.


�� 'HFDOFLILHG�IL[HG�GXQHV�ZLWK�(PSHWUXP�QLJUXPPAL.CLASS.: 16.23

�� Decalcified dunes colonised by (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP heaths of the coasts. Syntaxa associated to thishabitat type: (PSHWULRQ�QLJUL��&DOOXQR�*HQLVWLRQ�SLORVDH p., (ULFLRQ�WHWUDOLFLV p.- The term "fixed" should be taken to mean the opposite of "shifting". The psychrophilic coastal

association &DULFL�WULQHUYLV�&DOOXQHWXP�YXOJDULV de Foucault & Gehu 78 may be included here.

�� Plants: &DUH[�DUHQDULD��(PSHWUXP�QLJUXP��*HQLVWD�WLQFWRULD��3\UROD�URWXQGLIROLD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H11b &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�&DUH[�DUHQDULD heath community, (PSHWUXP

QLJUXP ssp. QLJUXP�sub-community".German classification : "100401 Krähenbeer-Heide der Küsten".In Germany highly endangered coastal

(PSHWUXP�QLJUXP heathland on the Geest are included.Nordic classification: "4143 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV-(PSHWUXP�QLJUXP-&DUH[�DUHQDULD-typ".

�� Humid dune slacks (16.3), grey dunes (16.22), wooded dunes (16.22, 16.25).

�� 0F�0DQXV�� '�� 3ODQW� FRPPXQLW\� G\QDPLFV� RQ� VDQG� GXQHV� DW� 0XUORXJK� 1DWLRQDO� 1DWXUH5HVHUYH��'XQGUXP��&R��'RZQ��1RUWKHUQ�,UHODQG. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Ulster.2OVVRQ�� +�� . Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)(FRV\VWHPV� RI� WKH� ZRUOG� �$�� 'U\� FRDVWDO� HFRV\VWHPV�� SRODU� UHJLRQV� DQG� (XURSH. Elsevier,Amsterdam. pp. 131-143.

�� $WODQWLF�GHFDOFLILHG�IL[HG�GXQHV��&DOOXQR�8OLFHWHD�PAL.CLASS.: 16.24

�� Decalcified dunes of France, Belgium and Britain, colonised by heaths of the alliances&DOOXQR�*HQLVWLRQ or 8OLFLRQ� PLQRULV, and of Iberia, colonised by heaths of the alliance (ULFLRQXPEHOODWDH.

�� Plants: &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV��&DUH[�DUHQDULD��&��WULQHUYLV��(ULFD�FLOLDULV��(��FLQHUHD��(��VFRSDULD��)HVWXFDYDVFRQFHQVLV��3VHXGRDUUKHQDWKHUXP�ORQJLIROLXP�($UUKHQDWKHUXP�WKRUHL),�8OH[�DXVWUDOLV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H11a &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�&DUH[� DUHQDULD heath-(ULFD� FLQHUHD

sub-community" and "H11c &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�&DUH[� DUHQDULD species poor sub-community"and "H1d &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�)HVWXFD�RYLQD heath &DUH[�DUHQDULD sub-community".

�� Pioneer phase of this habitat: decalcified fixed dunes colonised by &RU\QHSKRUXV� FDQHVFHQV and&ODGRQLD�spp. (64.1 x 35.2).

�� 'XQHV�ZLWK�+LSSRSKDH�UKDPQRLGHVPAL.CLASS.: 16.251

�� Sea-buckthorn formations of forest colonisation in both dry and humid dune depressions.

�� Plants: +LSSRSKDH�UKDPQRRLGHV.


�� 'XQHV�ZLWK�6DOL[�UHSHQV�VVS��DUJHQWHD��6DOLFLRQDUHQDULHD�

PAL.CLASS.: 16.26

�� 6DOL[�UHSHQV communities (6DOLFLRQ�DUHQDULDH), colonising wet dune slacks. Following the lowering ofthe ground water table or accumulation of drift sand, these communities may develop into mesophilouscommunities as the 3\UROR�6DOLFHWXP (with 3\UROD�URWXQGLIROLD, 9LROD�FDQLQD, 0RQRWURSD�K\SRSLW\V)or, into xerophilous 6DOL[ communities (with &DUOLQD�YXOJDULV, 7KDOLFWUXP�PLQXV) or into 6DOL[�UHSHQVcommunities with 0HVREURPLRQ elements.

�� Plant species: 6DOL[�UHSHQV ssp. DUJHQWHD (i.e. 6DOL[�DUHQDULD).

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "SD16 6DOL[�UHSHQV-+ROFXV�ODQDWXV dune slack".German classification : "1006b Kriechweiden-Teppiche der Dünen".

�� This habitat forms mosaics with other dune slack vegetation containing 6DOL[�DUHQDULD but which is richin bryophytes and referable to the &DULFLRQ� GDYDOOLDQDH (16.33), as well as mosaics with dunegrasslands and with thickets with 5RVD� SLPSLQHOOLIROLD. This habitat is often invaded by +LSSRSKDHUKDPQRLGHV and /LJXVWUXP�YXOJDUH.

�� $QRQ�� $�VWXG\�RI� WKH�5DYHQ� Co. Wexford. An Foras Forbartha/Forest and Wildlife Service,Dublin.&RWWRQ��-�� 3\UROD�URWXQGLIROLD L. in Co. Wexford (H12). Ir. Nat. J. 18, 44-46.2OVVRQ�� +�� Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)(FRV\VWHPV� RI� WKH� ZRUOG� �$�� 'U\� FRDVWDO� HFRV\VWHPV�� SRODU� UHJLRQV� DQG� (XURSH. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 131-143.

�� :RRGHG�GXQHV�RI�WKH�$WODQWLF��&RQWLQHQWDO�DQG�%RUHDOUHJLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 16.29

�� Natural or semi-natural forests (long established) of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region coastaldunes with a well developed woodland structure and an assemblage of characteristic woodland species.It corresponds to oak groves and beech-oak groves with birch (4XHUFLRQ�URERUL�SHWUDHDH) on acid soils,as well as forests of the 4XHUFHWDOLD�SXEHVFHQWL�SHWUDHDH order. Pioneer stages are open forests with%HWXOD spp. and &UDWDHJXV�PRQRJ\QD, mixed forests with )UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU, 4XHUFXV�UREXU, 8OPXVPLQRU and $FHU�SVHXGRSODWDQXV or, in wet dune slacks, pioneer forests with 6DOL[�DOED which developinto humid mixed forests or marsh forests. On southern atlantic coasts, it mainly corresponds to mixed3LQXV�SLQDVWHU�4XHUFXV�LOH[ forests, forests of 4XHUFXV�VXEHU and 4XHUFXV�UREXU or forest stage with4XHUFXV�UREXU or 4XHUFXV�SXEHVFHQV. On northern Baltic coasts also pioneer forests of $OQXV spp. or3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV.

�� Plant species are highly varied and depend on local site conditions

�� Corresponding categories


German classification: "430804 Buchenbuschwald (auf Ostseedünen)", "430801 Traubeneichen-Hainbuchenwald (küstennah, gischtbeeinflußt, F02)", "43080501 Eichen-Trockenwaldlalkarmer Standorte (küstennah, gischtbeeinflußt, F02)", "440202 trockener Sandkiefernwald(küstennah, gischtbeeinflußt, F02)".

�� This habitat type include semi-natural forests with a typical undergrowth, spontaneously developedfrom old plantations. These forests are generally associated with dune scrubs (preforest stages-16.25),dune moors, grey dunes (16.22) and wet dune slacks (16.3).

�� .LHOODQG�/XQG��-�� Zur Systematik der Kiefernwälder Fennoscandiensis. 0LWW��)ORU��6R]�$UEHLWVJHP�1�). 11/12:127-141.

�� +XPLG�GXQH�VODFNVPAL.CLASS.: 16.3 = 16.31 to 16.35

�� Humid depressions of dunal systems. Humid dune-slacks are extremely rich and specialised habitatsvery threatened by the lowering of water tables.Sub-types :

16.31 - Dune-slack pools (&KDUHWXP� WRPHQWRVDH��(ORGHHWXP� FDQDGHQVH��+LSSXULGHWXP� YXOJDULV�+RWWRQLHWXP� SDOXVWULV�� 3RWDPHWXP� SHFWLQDWL): fresh-water aquatic communities (cf. 22.4) ofpermanent dune-slack water bodies.

16.32 - Dune-slack pioneer swards (-XQFHQLRQ� EXIRQLL p.: *HQWLDQR�(U\WKUDHHWXP� OLWWRUDOLV�+\GURFRW\OR�%DOGHOOLRQ): pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes, on soils withlow salinity.

16.33 - Dune-slack fens: calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations (cf. 54.2, 54.4, inparticular 54.21, 54.2H, 54.49), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest parts ofdune-slacks.

16.34 - Dune-slack grasslands: humid grasslands and rushbeds (see 37.31, 37.4) of dune-slacks,also often with creeping willows (6DOL[�URVPDULQLIROLD, 6��DUHQDULD).

16.35 - Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds: reedbeds, tall-sedge communities andcanebeds (cf. 53.1, 53.2, 53.3) of dune-slacks.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SD13 6DOL[� UHSHQV�%U\XP� SVHXGRWULTXHWUXP dune slack

community", "SD14 6DOL[� UHSHQV�&DPS\OLXP� VWHOODWXP dune slack community", "SD156DOL[� UHSHQV�&DOOLHUJRQ� FXVSLGDWXP dune slack community", "SD16 6DOL[� UHSHQV�+ROFXVODQDWXV dune slack community" and "SD17 3RWHQWLOOD� DQVHULQD�&DUH[� QLJUD dune slackcommunity".

�� 2OVVRQ�� +�� Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)(FRV\VWHPV� RI� WKH� ZRUOG� �$�� 'U\� FRDVWDO� HFRV\VWHPV�� SRODU� UHJLRQV� DQG� (XURSH. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 131-143.

��$� 0DFKDLUV�� LQ�,UHODQG�PAL.CLASS.: 1A

�� Complex habitat comprised of a sandy coastal plain resulting partially from grazing and/or rotationalcultivation, in an oceanic location with a cool, moist climate. The wind blown sand has a significantpercentage of shell derived material, forming a lime rich soil with pH values normally greater than 7.Vegetation is herbaceous, with a low frequency of sand binding species.


�� Plants: &RFKOHDULD� VFRWLFD�� 'DFW\ORUKL]D� IXFKVLL ssp. KHEULGHQVLV�� (XSKUDVLD� PDUVKDOOLL�� )HVWXFDUXEUD��*DOLXP�YHUXP��/RWXV�FRUQLFXODWXV��3ODQWDJR�ODQFHRODWD��3RD�SUDWHQVLV��7ULIROLXP�UHSHQV.

�� Lakes (ponds and small lakes in Scotland) of widely varying salinity, pH and chemical composition,transitions to saltmarsh and blanket bog are associated habitats. In the United Kingdom, twelvedifferent types of vegetation under the National Vegetation Classification can be identified.

�� %DVVHWW��$��&XUWLV��7�*�)�� The nature and occurrence of sand-dune machair in Ireland.3URFHHGLQJV�RI�WKH�5R\DO�,ULVK�$FDGHP\. 85B: 1 - 20.&XUWLV��7�*�)�� The flora and vegetation of sand dunes in Ireland. In: $�*XLGH� WR� WKH� 6DQG'XQHV� RI� ,UHODQG (M.B. Quigley, Ed.). 42-46. European Union for Dune Conservation and CoastalManagement.5LWFKLH��:�� The meaning and definition of machair.�7UDQVDFWLRQV�RI�WKH�%RWDQLFDO�6RFLHW\�RI(GLQEXUJK, 42, 431-440.

6HD�GXQHV�RI�WKH�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�FRDVW

�� &UXFLDQHOOLRQ�PDULWLPDH�IL[HG�EHDFK�GXQHVPAL.CLASS.: 16.223

�� Fixed dunes of the western and central Mediterranean, of the Adriatic, of the Ionian Sea and NorthAfrica with &UXFLDQHOOD�PDULWLPD, 3DQFUDWLXP�PDULWLPXP.

�� Plants: &UXFLDQHOOD�PDULWLPD, 3DQFUDWLXP�PDULWLPXP.

�� 'XQHV�ZLWK�(XSKRUELD�WHUUDFLQDPAL.CLASS.: 16.224

�� Coastal dune grassland communities, with, among others, (XSKRUELD� WHUUDFLQD, 6LOHQH� QLFDHHQVLV�(SKHGUD�GLVWDFK\D and 6LOHQH�VXEFRQLFD.

�� Plants: (XSKRUELD�WHUUDFLQD, (SKHGUD�GLVWDFK\D� 6LOHQH�QLFDHHQVLV� 6��VXEFRQLFD.

�� 0DOFROPLHWDOLD�GXQH�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 16.228

�� Associations with many small annuals and often abundant ephemeral spring bloom, with 0DOFROPLDODFHUD, 0��UDPRVLVVLPD, (YD[�DVWHULFLIORUD, (��OXVLWDQLFD, $QWK\OOLV�KDPRVD, /LQDULD�SHGXQFXODWD, ofdeep sands in dry interdunal depressions of the coasts. They are dunal representatives of 35.4.

�� Plants: 0DOFROPLD� ODFHUD, 0�� UDPRVLVVLPD, (YD[� DVWHULFLIORUD, (�� OXVLWDQLFD, $QWK\OOLV� KDPRVD,/LQDULD�SHGXQFXODWD.


�� %UDFK\SRGLHWDOLD�GXQH�JUDVVODQGV�ZLWK�DQQXDOVPAL.CLASS.: 16.229

�� Dunal formations of 6220 - Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea:Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grass perennial grasslands rich intherophytes; therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich, often calcareous substrates.

�� Plants: %UDFK\SRGLXP spp.

�� &RDVWDO�GXQHV�ZLWK�-XQLSHUXV�VSS�PAL.CLASS.: 16.27 and 64.613

�� Juniper formations [-XQLSHUXV� WXUELQDWD ssp. WXUELQDWD (=-�� O\FLD�� -�� SKRHQLFHD� VVS�� O\FLD), -�PDFURFDUSD�� -�� QDYLFXODULV (=-�� WUDQVWDJDQD�� -�� R[\FHGUXV ssp. WUDQVWDJDQD), -�� FRPPXQLV] ofMediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal dune slacks and slopes (-XQLSHULRQ� O\FLDH�. JXQLSHUXVFRPPXQLV formations of calcareous dunes. This habitat type includes the communities of -��FRPPXQLVfrom the calcareous dunes of Jutland and the communities of -��SKRHQLFHD ssp. O\FLD�in Rièges woodsin the Camargue.

�� Plants: -XQLSHUXV�WXUELQDWD ssp. WXUELQDWD��-��PDFURFDUSD��-��QDYLFXODULV��-��FRPPXQLV��-��R[\FHGUXV.

�� In the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula this habitat type is associated withdune scrubs of &RUHPD� DOEXP (5XELR�&RUHPLRQ� DOEL) and substitution matorral of the +DOLPLXPKDOLPLIROLXP dune scrubs (6WDXUDFDQWKD�+DOLPLHWDOLD)

�� )UDQFR��$�-�� Juniperus L. In: )ORUD�,EHULFD 1: 181 - 188. Madrid5LYDV�0DUWtQH]�� 6�� /RXVm��0��'tD]�� 7�(�� )HUQiQGH]�*RQ]iOH]�� )��&RVWD�� -�&�� Lavegetación del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). ,WLQHUD�*HRERW. 3. 5 - 126.5LYDV�0DUWtQH]��6��:LOGSUHW��:��3pUH]�GH�3D]��3�/�� Datos sobre Juniperus phoeniceaaggr. (Cupressaceae). ,WLQHUD�*HRERW. 7: 509 - 512.

�� &LVWR�/DYHQGXOHWDOLD�GXQH�VFOHURSK\OORXV�VFUXEVPAL.CLASS.: 16.28

�� Sclerophyllous or lauriphyllus scrubs established on dunes of the Mediterranean and Warm-Temperate Humid regions. Codes of 32 may be used in addition to 16.28 to precise the habitat.

�� :RRGHG�GXQHV�ZLWK�3LQXV�SLQHD�DQG�RU�3LQXV�SLQDVWHUPAL.CLASS.: 16.29 x 42.8

�� Coastal dunes colonised by Mediterranean and Atlantic thermophilous pines, corresponding to thesubstitution facies or in some stations climax formations of evergreen oak of artificial origin(4XHUFHWDOLD�LOLFLV�or &HUDWRQLR�5KDPQHWDOLD)..


�� Plants: 3LQXV�SLQHD��3��SLQDVWHU��3��KDOHSHQVLV��-XQLSHUXV�PDFURFDUSD��-��WXUELQDWD ssp. WXUELQDWD.

� Long-established plantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with anundergrowth basically similar to that of paraclimacic formations, are included in this habitat type

,QODQG�GXQHV��ROG�DQG�GHFDOFLILHG

�� 'U\�VDQG�KHDWKV�ZLWK�&DOOXQD�DQG�*HQLVWDPAL.CLASS.: 64.1 x 31.223

�� Dunes of the North Sea and Baltic plains, formed of quartzic sands originating in redeposited andreworked glacial drift and outwash. They are highly siliceous in the Netherlands, northern Belgiumand north-western Germany, progressively slightly less oligotrophic and with a more continentalspecies assemblage in north-eastern Germany, Poland and the eastern Baltic plain. The dunesystems, particularly the large ones, harbour a unique ensemble of interacting communities andharbour many specialised and localised organisms. They have considerably regressed and theremaining examples are fragile and often threatened. Vegetation is dominated by heaths with&DOOXQD and *HQLVWD.

�� Plants: &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV, *HQLVWD�DQJOLFD� *��SLORVD.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "5114 *HQLVWD spp.-&DOOXQD YXOJDULV-typ", "5115 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV-typ".

�� 0DOPHU��1�� The south-western dwarf shrub heaths. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 50:123-130.

�� 'U\�VDQG�KHDWKV�ZLWK�&DOOXQD�DQG�(PSHWUXP�QLJUXPPAL.CLASS.: 64.1 x 31.227

�� Coastal non-dunal &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV and (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP heaths, formed on quartzic sandsoriginating in redeposited and reworked glacial drift and outwash.

�� Plants: &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV, (PSHWUXP�QLJUXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "4143 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV-(PSHWUXP�QLJUXP�&DUH[�DUHQDULD-typ".

�� 0DOPHU��1�� The south-western dwarf shrub heaths. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 50:123-130.

�� ,QODQG�GXQHV�ZLWK�RSHQ�&RU\QHSKRUXV�DQG�$JURVWLVJUDVVODQGV

PAL.CLASS.: (64.11 or 64.12) x 35.2

�� Open formations found on inland dunes with dry siliceous soils, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic andMediterraneo-montane distribution, often species-poor and with a strong representation of annuals.It includes formations of unstable Germano-Baltic fluvio-glacial inland sands with &RU\QHSKRUXV


FDQHVFHQV, &DUH[� DUHQDULD, 6SHUJXOD� PRULVRQLL, 7HHVGDOLD� QXGLFDXOLV and carpets of fruticoselichens (&ODGRQLD, &HWUDULD) (64.11) and other grasslands of more stabilised Germano-Baltic fluvio-glacial inland dune systems with $JURVWLV spp. and &RU\QHSKRUXV FDQHVFHQV or other acidophilousgrasses (64.12).

�� Plants: 64.11 - &RU\QHSKRUXV�FDQHVFHQV, &DUH[�DUHQDULD, 6SHUJXOD�PRULVRQLL, 7HHVGDOLD�QXGLFDXOLV�&ODGRQLD, &HWUDULD; 64.12 - $JURVWLV spp., &RU\QHSKRUXV FDQHVFHQV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "SD11 &DUH[�DUHQDULD�&RUQLFXODULD�DFXOHDWD dune community p.p."

and "SD12 &DUH[�DUHQDULD�)HVWXFD�RYLQD�$JURVWLV�FDSLOODULV grassland p.p.".Nordic classification : "4141 &RU\QHSKRUXV�FDQHVFHQV-typ".

�� 2OVVRQ��+�� Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 60:1-170.

�� 3DQQRQLF�LQODQG�GXQHVPAL.CLASS.: 64.71

�� Inland dunes of the Pannonic plain and of neighbouring basins. In former days widely distributed asa result of hay harvesting and grazing. Good examples exist in mosaics of different habitats withopen sand, dune lichen communities, pioneer swards with many therophytes, open and closedswards. Only these habitat complexes should be considered under this title. For steppes andmeadow-steppes on stabilised sand or sandy soils, not associated with dune complexes, see habitat6260 (34.A1).

�� Plants: &ODGRQLD�FRQYROXWD, &��IXUFDWD��&RU\QHSKRUXV�FDQHVFHQV, 7K\PXV�VHUS\OOXP��9LROD�WULFRORUssp. WULFRORU��&HUDVWLXP�VHPLGHFDQGUXP��6SHUJXODULD�PRULVRQLL��$O\VVXP�PRQWDQXP� ssp. JPHOLQLL�%DVVLD�ODQLIORUD��&\QRGRQ�GDFW\ORQ.

�� Corresponding categoriesAustrian syntaxa: 7K\PR�DQJXVWLIROLL�&RU\QHSKRUHWXP�FDQHVFHQWLV (fragmentary in disturbed sites).

�� Habitat complexes with a variety of particular plant communities and microsites.

�� 0XFLQD��/��*UDEKHUU��*��(OOPDXHU��7�� 'LH�3IODQ]HQJHVHOOVFKDIWHQ�gVWHUUHLFKV��7HLO� ��Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.

)5(6+:$7(5�+$%,7$76

6WDQGLQJ�ZDWHU

�� 2OLJRWURSKLF�ZDWHUV�FRQWDLQLQJ�YHU\�IHZ�PLQHUDOV�RIVDQG\�SODLQV��/LWWRUHOOHWDOLD�XQLIORUDH�

PAL.CLASS.: 22.11 x 22.31

�� Shallow oligotrophic waters with few minerals and base poor, with an aquatic to amphibious lowperennial vegetation belonging to the /LWWRUHOOHWDOLD�XQLIORUDH order, on oligotrophic soils of lake and


pond banks (sometimes on peaty soils). This vegetation consists of one or more zones, dominated by/LWWRUHOOD, /REHOLD GRUWPDQD or ,VRHWHV� although not all zones may not be found at a given site.

�� Plants: ,VRHWHV�ODFXVWULV, ,��HFKLQRVSRUD, /LWWRUHOOD�XQLIORUD, /REHOLD�GRUWPDQQD, 'HVFKDPSVLD�VHWDFHD,6XEXODULD� DTXDWLFD, -XQFXV� EXOERVXV, 3LOXODULD� JOREXOLIHUD, #/XURQLXP� QDWDQV, 3RWDPRJHWRQSRO\JRQLIROLXV; in the Boreal region also 0\ULRSK\OOXP� DOWHUQLIORUXP, 'UHSDQRFODGXV spp.,:DUQVWRUILD spp. and )RQWLQDOLV spp.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "24020201 kalkarmer, oligotropher See des Tief- und Hügellands", "24020301

kalkarmes, oligotrophes, sich selbst überlassenes Abbaugewässer".Nordic classification: "6413 /REHOLD�GRUWPDQQD-,VRHWHV spp.typ", "6414 /LWWRUHOOD�XQLIORUD-/REHOLD

GRUWPDQQD-typ". In the Boreal region this habitat is particularly found on glacio fluvial soiland with usually dense isoetid vegetation, sparse reedbeds, helophytic vegetation andcarpets of submerged bryophytes.

�� This habitat is found in association with heath (31.1) and 1DQRF\SHULRQ (22.32) communities.In France and Ireland this habitat occurs, in particular, in heathland of sandy plains on podzols, wherethe water table occurs at the surface

�� 0lNLULQWD��8�� 'LH�3IODQ]HQVR]LRORJLVFKH�*OLHGHUXQJ�GHU�:DVVHUYHJHWDWLRQ�LP�6HH�.XNNLD�6�GILQQODQG. Acta Univ. Ouluensis Ser. A. Scientiae Rerum Naturalium Nr. 75, biologica Nr.5.

7KXQPDUN��6�� Der See Fiolen und seine Vegetation. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHFLFD. II:1-198.

�� 2OLJRWURSKLF�ZDWHUV�FRQWDLQLQJ�YHU\�IHZ�PLQHUDOVJHQHUDOO\�RQ�VDQG\�VRLOV�RI�WKH�:HVW�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�ZLWK,VRHWHV�VSS�

PAL.CLASS.: 22.11 x 22.34

�� Dwarf amphibious vegetation of oligotrophic waters with few minerals, mostly on sandy soils of theMediterranean region and some irradiations in the thermo-Atlantic sector, and belonging to the ,VRHWR�1DQR�-XQFHWHD. Short grasslands of temporary ponds (the Annex I priority habitat type 3170) is aparticular subtype (temporary and very shallow waters).

�� Plant species: high level - ,VRHWHV�YHODWD, ,��VHWDFHD, 3LOXODULD�PLQXWD, #0DUVLOHD�VWULJRVD; low level -,VRHWHV�KLVWUL[,�,��GXULHXL, 6HUDSLDV spp. (6HUDSLRQ).

3) Correspondances

In the Azores the corresponding association is $QWKHPLGR�0HQWKHWXP�SXOHJLL Lüp., with $QWKHPLVQRELOLV��0HQWKD�SXOHJLXP��-XQFXV�EXOERVRV��+\SHULFXP�KXPLIXVXP��6FLUSXV�VHWDFHD��3HSOLV�SRUWXOD�,VRHWHV�D]RULFD

�� 2OLJRWURSKLF�WR�PHVRWURSKLF�VWDQGLQJ�ZDWHUV�ZLWKYHJHWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�/LWWRUHOOHWHD�XQLIORUDH��DQG�RU�,VRHWR�1DQRMXQFHWHD

PAL.CLASS.: 22.12 x (22.31 and 22.32)


�� 22.12 x 22.31 - aquatic to amphibious short perennial vegetation, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, of lake,pond and pool banks and water-land interfaces belonging to the /LWWRUHOOHWDOLD�XQLIORUDH order.22.12 x 22.32 - amphibious short annual vegetation, pioneer of land interface zones of lakes, pools andponds with nutrient poor soils, or which grows during periodic drying of these standing waters: ,VRHWR�1DQRMXQFHWHD class.These two units can grow together in close association or separately. Characteristic plant species aregenerally small ephemerophytes.

�� Plants: 22.12 x 22.31: /LWWRUHOOD� XQLIORUD, #/XURQLXP�QDWDQV, 3RWDPRJHWRQ� SRO\JRQLIROLXV, 3LOXODULDJOREXOLIHUD, -XQFXV�EXOERVXV ssp. EXOERVXV, (OHRFKDULV�DFLFXODULV, 6SDUJDQLXP�PLQLPXP.22.12 X 22.32 : #/LQGHUQLD� SURFXPEHQV, (ODWLQH spp., (OHRFKDULV� RYDWD, -XQFXV� WHQDJHLD, &\SHUXVIXVFXV, &�IODYHVFHQV, &�PLFKHOLDQXV, /LPRVHOOD� DTXDWLFD, 6FKRHQRSOHFWXV� VXSLQXV�� 6FLUSXV� VHWDFHXV,-XQFXV�EXIRQLXV, &HQWDXULXP�SXOFKHOOXP, &HQWXQFXOXV�PLQLPXV, &LFHQGLD�ILOLIRUPLV.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "240301 mesotropher See (Bleisee) (mit Zwergbinsenfluren -wechselnass-,

P143)", "240306 meso- bis eutrophes, sich selbst überlassenes Abbaugewässer (mitZwergbinsenfluren -wechselnass-, P143)".

Nordic classification : "6411 (OHRFKDULV� DFLFXODULV-typ", "6412 5DQXQFXOXV� UHSWDQV-6XEXODULDDTXDWLFD-typ".

in the Azores the corresponding association is ,VRHWHWXP�D]RULFD Lüp.

�� This habitat type could also develop in wet dune slacks (see 16.32 in 2190, included in Annex I).In the Atlantic region, such lakes can shelter glacial relict species, e.g. fish such as 6HOYHOLQXV�DOSLQXV.Areas with a variable hydrological system, periodically lacking vegetation due to trampling, should notbe included.

�� -HQVVHQ�� 6�� Classification of lakes in southern Sweden on the basis of their macrophytecomposition by means of multivariate methods. 9HJHWDWLR 39:129-146.

�� +DUG�ROLJR�PHVRWURSKLF�ZDWHUV�ZLWK�EHQWKLF�YHJHWDWLRQRI�&KDUD�VSS�

PAL.CLASS.: (22.12 or 22.15) x 22.44

�� Lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in dissolved bases (pH often 6-7) (21.12) or with mostly blueto greenish, very clear, waters poor (to moderate) in nutrients, base-rich (pH often >7.5) (21.15).The bottom of these unpolluted water bodies are covered with charophyte, &KDUD and 1LWHOOD, algalcarpets. In the Boreal region this habitat type includes small calcareous-rich oligo-mesotrophicgyttja pools with dense &KDUD (dominating species is &�� VWULJRVD) carpets, often surrounded byvarious eutrophic fens and pine bogs.

�� Plants: &KDUD spp., 1LWHOOD spp.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "633 Långskottsvegetation med kransalger", "6421 /LWWRUHOOD�XQLIORUD�&KDUD

spp. -typ"

�� /XQGK��$�� Studies on the vegetation and hydrochemistry of Scanian lakes. III. Distributionof macrophytes and some algal groups. %RW��1RW��6XSSO. 3(1):1-138.


5LQWDQHQ��7�� Botanical lake types in Finnish Lappland. $QQ��%RW��)HQQLFL 19:247-274.

�� 1DWXUDO�HXWURSKLF�ODNHV�ZLWK�0DJQRSRWDPLRQ�RU+\GURFKDULWLRQ��W\SH�YHJHWDWLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 22.13 x (22.41 or 22.421)

�� Lakes and ponds with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly richin dissolved bases (pH usually > 7), with free-floating surface communities of the +\GURFKDULWLRQor, in deep, open waters, with associations of large pondweeds (0DJQRSRWDPLRQ).

�� Plants: +\GURFKDULWLRQ� �� /HPQD� spp., 6SLURGHOD spp., :ROIILD spp., +\GURFKDULV� PRUVXV�UDQDH�6WUDWLRWHV� DORLGHV�� 8WULFXODULD� DXVWUDOLV�� 8�� YXOJDULV� #$OGURYDQGD� YHVLFXORVD�� Ferns ($]ROOD),Liverworts (5LFFLD spp., 5LFFLRFDUSXV spp.);�0DJQRSRWDPLRQ��3RWDPRJHWRQ�OXFHQV��3��SUDHORQJXV�3��]L]LL, 3��SHUIROLDWXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "632 3RWDPRJHWRQ spp.-huvudtyp", "6511 /HPQD�PLQRU-6SLURGHOD�SRO\UUKL]D-

typ".

�� 'DKO��(��.DOOLROD��5��0DUNHU��(��3HUVVRQ��c�� Nordisk vegetationsklassificering förkartläggning. In: ,%3�L�1RUGHQ�� Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 3-12.

�� 1DWXUDO�G\VWURSKLF�ODNHV�DQG�SRQGVPAL.CLASS.: 22.14

�� Natural lakes and ponds with brown tinted water due to peat and humic acids, generally on peaty soilsin bogs or in heaths with natural evolution toward bogs. pH is often low, 3 to 6. Plant communitiesbelong to the 8WULFXODULHWDOLD order.

�� Plants: 8WULFXODULD�PLQRU, 5K\QFKRVSRUD�DOED, 5��IXVFD, 6SDUJDQLXP�PLQLPXP, 6SKDJQXP species. Inthe Boreal region also 1XSKDU�OXWHD, 1��SXPLOD, &DUH[�ODVLRFDUSD, &��URVWUDWD, 1\PSKDHD�FDQGLGD,'UHSDQRFODGXV spp., :DUQVWRUILD�WULFKRSK\OOD, :��SURFHUD.Animals: Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "240101 natürliches, distrophes Gewässer (z. B. Kolk, Moorauge, Randlagg).Nordic classification : "6211 1XSKDU-typ", "652 Vattenmossvegetation".

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�WHPSRUDU\�SRQGVPAL.CLASS.: 22.34

�� Very shallow temporary ponds (a few centimetres deep) which exist only in winter or late spring, witha flora mainly composed of Mediterranean therophytic and geophytic species belonging to the alliances,VRHWLRQ�� 1DQRF\SHULRQ� IODYHVFHQWLV�� 3UHVOLRQ� FHUYLQDH�� $JURVWLRQ� VDOPDQWLFDH�� +HOHRFKORLRQ and/\WKULRQ�WULEUDFWHDWL�


�� Plants: $JURVWLV� SRXUUHWLL�� &HQWDXULXP� VSLFDWXP�� &KDHWRSRJRQ� IDVFLFXODWXV�� &LFHQGLD� ILOLIRUPLV�&U\SVLV� DFXOHDWD��&�� DORSHFXURLGHV��&�� VFKRHQRLGHV��&\SHUXV� IODYHVFHQV��&�� IXVFXV��&��PLFKHOLDQXV�'DPDVRQLXP�DOLVPD��(ODWLQH�PDFURSRGD��(U\QJLXP�FRUQLFXODWXP��(�� JDOLRLGHV��([DFXOXP�SXVLOOXP�)LPEULVW\OLV�ELVXPEHOODWD��*OLQXV�ORWRLGHV��*QDSKDOLXP�XOLJLQRVXP��,OOHFHEUXP�YHUWLFLOODWXP��,VRHWHVERU\DQD��,��GHOLOHL��,��GXULHL��,��KHOGUHLFKLL��,��KLVWUL[��,��PDOLQYHUQLDQD��,��YHODWD��-XQFXV�EXIIRQLXV��-�FDSLWDWXV��-��S\JPDHXV��-��WHQDJHLD��/\WKUXP�FDVWHOODQXP�� /��IOH[XRVXP��/��WULEUDFWHDWXP��0DUVLOHDEDWDUGDH��0��VWULJRVD��0HQWKD�FHUYLQD��5DQXQFXOXV�GLFKRWRPLIORUXV��5��ODWHULIORUXV��6HUDSLDV�OLQJXD�6��QHJOHFWD��6��YRPHUDFHD�

�� Corresponding categoriesIn the Azores the corresponding association is $QWKHPLGR�0HQWKHWXP� SXOHJLL Lüp., with $QWKHPLV

QRELOLV��0HQWKD� SXOHJLXP�� -XQFXV� EXOERVRV�� +\SHULFXP� KXPLIXVXP�� 6FLUSXV� VHWDFHD�� 3HSOLVSRUWXOD��,VRHWHV�D]RULFD�

�� 7XUORXJKVPAL.CLASS.: 22.5

�� Temporary lakes principally filled by subterranean waters and particular to karstic limestone areas.Most flood in the autumn and then dry up between April and July. However, some may flood at anytime of the year after heavy rainfall and dry out again in a few days; others, close to the sea, may beaffected by the tide in summer. These lakes fill and empty at particular places. The soils are quitevariable, including limestone bedrock, marls, peat, clay and humus, while aquatic conditions rangefrom ultra oligotrophic to eutrophic. The vegetation mainly belongs to the alliance /ROLR�3RWHQWLOOLRQDQVHULQDH Tx. 1947, but also to the &DULFLRQ�GDYDOOLDQDH Klika 1934.

�� Plants: &LQFOLGRWXV�IRQWLQDORLGHV��)RQWLQDOLV�DQWLS\UHWLFD (Bryophyta).Animals: 7DQ\PDVWL[� VWDJQDOLV (wet phase) and the beetles $JRQXP� OXJHQV, $�� OLYHQV�� %DGLVWHUPHULGLRQDOLV��%OHWKLVD�PXOWLSXQFWDWD and�3HORSKLOD�ERUHDOLV (dry phase) 20.

�� &R[RQ��&�(�� $�VWXG\�RI�WKH�K\GURORJ\�DQG�JHRPRUSKRORJ\�RI�WXUORXJKV. Ph.D. Thesis, TrinityCollege, Dublin.&R[RQ��&�(�� The spatial distribution of turloughs. ,ULVK�*HRJUDSK\. 20: 11 - 23.*RRGZLOOLH�� 5�� 7XUORXJKV� RYHU� �� KD�� YHJHWDWLRQ� VXUYH\� DQG� HYDOXDWLRQ. A report for theNational Parks and Wildlife Service of the Office of Public Works (unpublished).0DFJRZUDQ��%�� 3K\WRVRFLRORJLFDO�DQG�HFRORJLFDO�VWXGLHV�RQ�WXUORXJKV�LQ�WKH�ZHVW�RI�,UHODQG�Ph.D. Thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin.3UDHJHU��5�/�� The flora of turloughs: a preliminary note�� 3URFHHGLQJV� � RI� WKH� 5R\DO� ,ULVK$FDGHP\� 41B: 37 - 45.6\NRUD��.�9�� Lolio-Potentillion Communities in Ireland. $FWD�%RWDQLFD�1HHUODQGLFD. 31(3):185 - 199.

5XQQLQJ�ZDWHUSections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average andmajor beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration

20 7KH� DQLPDOV� OLVWHG� VKRXOG� QRW� EH� UHJDUGHG� DV� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� LQ� DQ\� VWULFW� VHQVH�� ERWK� IDXQD� DQG� IORUD� RI� WXUORXJKV� DUHFKDUDFWHULVWLF�RI�LQWHUPLWWHQWO\�IORRGHG�]RQHV.


�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�QDWXUDO�ULYHUV

PAL.CLASS.: -

�� Boreal and hemiboreal natural and near-natural river systems or parts of such systems containingnutrient-poor water. The water level shows great amplitude, up to 6 m during the year. Especiallyduring the spring, the water level is high. The water-dynamics can vary and contain waterfalls, rapidstreams, calm water, and small lakes adjacent to the river. The water erosion causes a higher amountof nutrients towards the river-mouth, where sedimentation starts. In higher levels the rivers arecharacterized by great, very cold water flows, coming from glaciers, deep snowbeds and large snow-covered areas in mire- and woodlands. In addition the water surface in placid river sections is frozento ice every winter. These circumstances create ecosystems unique to this part of Europe.

�� Plants�� 6DOL[� GDSKQRLGHV�� 0\ULFDULD� JHUPDQLFD�� 7DUD[DFXP� FURFRGHV�� &LQQD� ODWLIROLD�� 6DJLWWDULDQDWDQV� [� VDJLWWLIROLD�� 0DWWHXFFLD� VWUXWKLRSWHULV�� 6WHOODULD� QHPRUXP� ssp�� QHPRUXP�� 6SDUJDQLXPJORPHUDWXP��&DUH[�DTXDWLOLV��+\JURK\SQXP�RFKUDFHXPAnimals : Molluscs- �� 0DUJDULWLIHUD� PDUJDULWLIHUD. Insects-� 3OHFRSWHUD� spp�� %DHWLV� spp��&HQWURSWLOXP�spp.,�Fish- # 6DOPR�VDODU�� 6��VDODU�P��VHEDJR��6�� WUXWWD� WUXWWD��6�� WUXWWD� ODFXVWULV��3HWURP\]RQ� PDULQXV�� /DPSHWUD� IOXYLDWLOLV�� 7K\PDOOXV� WK\PDOOXV�� &RWWXV� JRELR� V�� ODW�� &�SRHFLOREXV��/HXFLVFXV�OHXFLVFXV��3KR[LQXV�DSK\D

�� (ULFVVRQ��6�� Älvens miljöer. In: ÄOYERNHQ . Fältbiologerna.1LOVVRQ��&K�� Vegetationens överlevnadsekologi på Gardikens regleringsstränder - enproblemorientering. 6YHQVN�%RW��7LGVNU., 72: 227.1LOVVRQ��&K�� - Floraförändringar vid kraftverksutbyggnad. ,ELG. 73: 266.1LOVVRQ��&K�� - Vegetationförhållanden i kraftverksälvar��,ELG� 73: 257.6M|UV��+�� - Om botaniska skyddsvärden vid älvarna. 5DSSRUW�WLOO�619�I|U�8WUHGQLQJHQU|UDQGH�YDWWHQNUDIWVXWE\JJQDGHU�L�V|GUD�1RUUODQG�RFK�QRUUD�6YHDODQG��9l[WELRO�LQVW�8SSVDOD.

�� $OSLQH�ULYHUV�DQG�WKH�KHUEDFHRXV�YHJHWDWLRQ�DORQJ�WKHLUEDQNV

PAL.CLASS.: 24.221 and 24.222

�� 24.221 - Open assemblages of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, rich in alpine species,colonising gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, formed in northernboreal and lower Arctic mountains, hills and sometimes lowlands, as well as in the alpine andsubalpine zones of higher, glaciated, mountains of more southern regions, sometimes with abyssalstations at lower altitudes ((SLORELRQ�IOHLVFKHUL p.).

24.222 - Open or closed assemblages of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonising,within the montane or sub-montane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flowregime, born in high mountains ((SLORELRQ�IOHLVFKHUL p., &DODPDJURVWLRQ�SVHXGRSKUDJPLWLV).

�� Plants:� 24.221 - $VWUDJDOXV� VHPSHUYLUHQV�� 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD�� (SLORELXP� IOHLVFKHUL, *\SVRSKLODUHSHQV, 5KDFRPLWULXP� FDQHVFHQV�� 5XPH[� FXWDWXV�� 6D[LIUDJD� DL]RLGHV, 6�� EU\RLGHV�� 6�� FDHUXOHD,7ULIROLXP� SDOHVFHQV; 24.222 - &KRQGULOOD� FKRQGULOORLGHV�� &DODPDJURVWLV� SVHXGRSKUDJPLWHV�(UXFDVWUXP�QDVWXUWLLIROLXP��*\SVRSKLOD�UHSHQV��'U\DV�RFWRSHWDOD��$HWKLRQHPD�VD[DWLOH��(SLORELXPGRGRQDHL�� (ULJHURQ� DFULV�� /HRQWRGRQ� EHULQLL�� %XSKWKDOPXP� VDOLFLIROLXP�� (XSKRUELD� F\SDULVVLDV�)XPDQD� SURFXPEHQV�� $JURVWLV� JLJDQWHD�� $QWK\OOLV� YXOQHUDULD� ssp.� DOSHVWULV�� &DPSDQXODFRFKOHDULLIROLD�� +LHUDFLXP� SLORVHOORLGHV�� &DODPDJURVWLV� SVHXGRSKUDJPLWHV�� &RQ\]D� FDQDGHQVLV�3ULW]HODJR� DOSLQD�� and seedlings of� 6DOL[� HODHDJQRV�� 6DOL[� SXUSXUHD�� 6DOL[� GDSKQRLGHV� and0\ULFDULD�JHUPDQLFD�

�� Corresponding categories


Nordic classification : "7211 &DODPDJURVWLV� VWULFWD-/RWXV� FRUQLFXODWXV-2[\ULD� GLJ\QD-typ", "72145DFRPLWULXP� FDQHVFHQV-2[\ULD� GLJ\QD -typ", "7222 (ULRSKRUXP� VFKHXFK]HUL -typ", "7223&DODPDJURVWLV�VWULFWD -typ" and "7224 &DUH[�DTXDWLOLV-(TXLVHWXP�IOXYLDWLOH -typ".

�� $OSLQH�ULYHUV�DQG�WKHLU�OLJQHRXV�YHJHWDWLRQ�ZLWK0\ULFDULD�JHUPDQLFD

PAL.CLASS.: 24.223 x 44.111

�� Communities of low shrubby pioneers invading the herbaceous formations of 24.221 and 24.222 ongravel deposits rich in fine silt, of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high,flow regime. 0\ULFDULD�JHUPDQLFD and 6DOL[ spp. are characteristic (6DOLFL�0\ULFDULHWXP).

�� Plants:� 0\ULFDULD�JHUPDQLFD� 6DOL[ HODHDJQRV, 6DOL[�SXUSXUHD ssp. JUDFLOLV, 6DOL[�GDSKQRLGHV, 6DOL[QLJULFDQV.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "7212 0\ULFDULD�JHUPDQLFD-typ".

�� $OSLQH�ULYHUV�DQG�WKHLU�OLJQHRXV�YHJHWDWLRQ�ZLWK�6DOL[�HODHDJQRV

PAL.CLASS.: 24.224 x 44.112

�� Thickets or woods of, among others, 6DOL[ spp., +LSSRSKDH�UKDPQRLGHV, $OQXV spp., %HWXOD spp., onstream gravels of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime.Formations of 6DOL[� HODHDJQRV, 6DOL[� SXUSXUHD ssp. JUDFLOLV, 6DOL[� GDSKQRLGHV, 6DOL[� QLJULFDQV and+LSSRSKDH�UKDPQRLGHV of higher gravel shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys.

�� Plants: 6DOL[�HODHDJQRV, 6DOL[�SXUSXUHD ssp. JUDFLOLV, 6DOL[�GDSKQRLGHV, 6DOL[�QLJULFDQV and +LSSRSKDHUKDPQRLGHV.

�� &RQVWDQWO\�IORZLQJ�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�ULYHUV�ZLWK�*ODXFLXPIODYXP

PAL.CLASS.: 24.225

�� Communities colonising gravel deposits of rivers with a Mediterranean, summer-low, flow regime,with formations of the *ODXFLRQ�IODYL.

�� Plants: 0\ULFDULD�JHUPDQLFD, (UXFDVWUXP�QDVWXUWLLIROLXP, *ODXFLXP�IODYXP, 2HQRWKHUD�ELHQQLV.

�� :DWHU�FRXUVHV�RI�SODLQ�WR�PRQWDQH�OHYHOV�ZLWK�WKH5DQXQFXOLRQ�IOXLWDQWLV�DQG�&DOOLWULFKR�%DWUDFKLRQYHJHWDWLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 24.4


�� Water courses of plain to montane levels, with submerged or floating vegetation of the 5DQXQFXOLRQIOXLWDQWLV and &DOOLWULFKR�%DWUDFKLRQ (low water level during summer) or aquatic mosses.

�� Plants: 5DQXQFXOXV� VDQLFXOLIROLXV, 5�� WULFKRSK\OOXV, 5�� IOXLWDQV, 5�� SHOWDWXV, 5�� SHQLFLOODWXV ssp.SHQLFLOODWXV, 5�� SHQLFLOODWXV ssp. SVHXGRIOXLWDQWLV, 5�� DTXDWLOLV, 0\ULRSK\OOXP spp., &DOOLWULFKH spp.,6LXP�HUHFWXP, =DQQLFKHOOLD�SDOXVWULV, 3RWDPRJHWRQ spp., )RQWLQDOLV�DQWLS\UHWLFD.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "23010101 naturnahes, kalkreiches Epi-/Metarhithral", "23010201 naturnahes,

kalkarmes Epi-/Metarhithral", "23010301 naturnahes, kalkreiches Hyporhithral", "23010401naturnahes, kalkarmes Hyporhithral", "23020101 naturnahes Epipotamal", "23010201naturnahes Metapotamal", "23010301 naturnahes Hypopotamal" (mit flutenden Macrophyten,P138).

Nordic classification : "6621 0\ULRSK\OOXP� DOWHUQLIORUXP-3RWDPRJHWRQ� DOSLQXV-)RQWLQDOLVDQWLS\UHWLFD-typ".

�� This habitat is sometimes associated with %XWRPXV�XPEHOODWXV bank communities. It is important totake this point into account in the process of site selection.

�� 6M|UV��+�� 1RUGLVN�Yl[WJHRJUDIL��XSSO. Svenska Bokförlaget Bonniers, Stockholm, 240 pp.

�� 5LYHUV�ZLWK�PXGG\�EDQNV�ZLWK�&KHQRSRGLRQ�UXEUL��S�S�DQG�%LGHQWLRQ�S�S��YHJHWDWLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 24.52

�� Muddy river banks of plain to submontane levels, with annual pioneer nitrophilous vegetation of the&KHQRSRGLRQ�UXEUL p.p. and the %LGHQWLRQ p.p. alliances. During the spring and at the beginning of thesummer, sites look like muddy banks without any vegetation (developes later in the year). If theconditions are not favourable, this vegetation has a weak development or could be completely absent.

�� Plants: &KHQRSRGLXP�UXEUXP, %LGHQV�IURQGRVD, ;DQWKLXP sp., 3RO\JRQXP�ODSDWKLIROLXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "230605 zeitweilig trockenfallende Schlammfläche an fließenden Gewässern

(krautreich, P026)", "230605 zeitweilig trockenfallende Schlammfläche an fließendenGewässern (krautreich, P026)".

�� This habitat is found in close association with dense populations of the genus�%LGHQV or of neophiticspecies. In order to support the conservation of these communities, with a late or irregular annualdevelopment, it is important to take into account bank widths of 50 to 100 m and even parts withoutvegetation (24.51).

�� &RQVWDQWO\�IORZLQJ�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�ULYHUV�ZLWK�3DVSDOR�$JURVWLGLRQ�VSHFLHV�DQG�KDQJLQJ�FXUWDLQV�RI�6DOL[�DQG3RSXOXV�DOED

PAL.CLASS.: 24.53


�� Nitrophilous annual and perennial grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks of largeMediterranean rivers, with 3DVSDOXP� SDVSDORLGHV, 3�� YDJLQDWXP, 3RO\SRJRQ� YLULGLV (= $JURVWLVVHPLYHUWLFLOODWD), &\SHUXV�IXVFXV, and hanging curtains of 6DOL[ spp and 3RSXOXV�DOED.

�� Plants: 3DVSDOXP� SDVSDORLGHV, 3�� YDJLQDWXP, 3RO\SRJRQ� YLULGLV (= $JURVWLV� VHPLYHUWLFLOODWD),&\SHUXV�IXVFXV, 6DOL[ spp., 3RSXOXV�DOED�

�� ,QWHUPLWWHQWO\�IORZLQJ�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�ULYHUV�RI�WKH3DVSDOR�$JURVWLGLRQ


�� Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers with 3DVSDOR�$JURVWLGLRQ communities. They correspondto the river type 24.53, but with the particularity of an interrupted flow and a dry bed during a part ofthe year. The bed of the river can be completely dry or left with some pools.

�� Plants: 3RO\JRQXP�DPSKLELXP, 5DQXQFXOXV�IOXLWDQV, 3RWDPRJHWRQ�QDWDQV, 3��QRGRVXV��3��SHFWLQDWXV.

7(03(5$7(�+($7+�$1'�6&58%

�� 1RUWKHUQ�$WODQWLF�ZHW�KHDWKV�ZLWK�(ULFD�WHWUDOL[PAL.CLASS.: 31.11

�� Humid, peaty or semi-peaty heaths, other than blanket bogs, of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domains.

�� Plants: (ULFD�WHWUDOL[.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M14 6FKRHQXV�QLJULFDQV�1DUWKHFLXP�RVVLIUDJXP heath p.p.", "M15

6FLUSXV�FHVSLWRVXV�1DUWKHFLXP�RVVLIUDJXP mire", "M16 (ULFD�WHWUDOL[�6SKDJQXP�FRPSDFWXPwet heath" and "H5 (ULFD�YDJDQV�6FKRHQXV�QLJULFDQV heath".

Nordic classification: "5121 (ULFD�WHWUDOL[-typ".

�� 7HPSHUDWH�$WODQWLF�ZHW�KHDWKV�ZLWK�(ULFD�FLOLDULV�DQG(ULFD�WHWUDOL[

PAL.CLASS.: 31.12

�� Hygrophilous heaths of areas with a temperate oceanic climate, on semi-peaty or dried-out soils, withsurface minerals in the case of peaty soils (hydromor), with vegetation of the alliances *HQLVWLRQPLFUDQWKR�DQJOLFDH and 8OLFLRQ� PLQRULV: 8OLFL� PLQRULV�(ULFHWXP� FLOLDULV�� 8OLFL� JDOOLL�(ULFHWXPPDFNDLDQDH�� 8OLFL� PLQRULV�(ULFHWXP� WHWUDOLFLV (Schwickerath 33 Tuxen 37), &LUVLRILOLSHQGXOL�(ULFHWXP�FLOLDULV.


�� Plants: &HQWDXUHD� XOLJLQRVD�� (ULFD� FLOLDULV�� (�� PDFNDLDQD�� (�� WHWUDOL[�� (XSKRUELD� � SRO\JDOLSK\OOD�*HQLVWD�DQJOLFD��*��FDUSHWDQD��*��PLFUDQWKD��6SKDJQXP spp., 8OH[�PLQRU var. OXVLWDQLFXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H3 8OH[�PLQRU�$JURVWLV heath", "H4 8OH[�JDOOL�$JURVWLV heath" and

"M16 (ULFD�WHWUDOL[�6SKDJQXP�FRPSDFWXP" where these contain (ULFD�FLOLDULV.

�� (XURSHDQ�GU\�KHDWKVPAL.CLASS.: 31.2

�� Mesophile or xerophile heaths on siliceous, podsolic soils in moist Atlantic and sub-Atlanticclimates of plains and low mountains of Western, Central and Northern Europe.Sub-types :

31.21 - Sub-montane 9DFFLQLXP�&DOOXQD heaths. &DOOXQR�*HQLVWLRQ� SLORVDH� S��9DFFLQLRQ� YLWLV�LGDHDH�S��9DFFLQLR�P\UWLOOL�&DOOXQHWXP�V�O��L�D�Heaths rich in 9DFFLQLXP spp., usually with &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV, of the northern and western BritishIsles, the Hercynian ranges and the lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees andthe Cordillera Cantabrica.

31.22 - Sub-Atlantic &DOOXQD�*HQLVWD heaths. &DOOXQR�*HQLVWLRQ�SLORVDH p.Low &DOOXQD heaths often rich in *HQLVWD, mostly of the Germano-Baltic lowlands. Similarformations occurring in British upland areas, montane zones of high mountains of the westernMediterranean basin and high rainfall Adriatic influenced areas are most conveniently listedhere.

31.23 - Atlantic (ULFD�8OH[ heaths. 8OLFHQLRQ� PLQRULV; 'DERHFHQLRQ� FDQWDEULFDH p.; 8OLFLRQPDULWLPDH p.Heaths rich in gorse (8OH[) of the Atlantic margins.

31.24 - Ibero-Atlantic (ULFD�8OH[�&LVWXV heaths. 'DERHFHQLRQ� FDQWDEULFDH p.; (ULFHQLRQXPEHOODWDH p., (ULFHQLRQ�DUDJRQHQVLV; 8OLFLRQ�PDULWLPDH p.; *HQLVWLRQ�PLFUDQWKR�DQJOLFDH p.Aquitanian heaths with rock-roses. Iberian heaths with numerous species of heathers (notably(ULFD XPEHOODWD, (��DUDJRQHQVLV) and brooms, rock-roses and often 'DERHFLD. When the rock-roses and other Mediterranean shrubs become dominant they should be classified undersclerophyllous scrubs (32).

31.25 - Boreo-Atlantic (ULFD�FLQHUHD heaths.

�� Plants: 31.21 - 9DFFLQLXP spp., &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV; 31.22 - &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV, *HQLVWD� DQJOLFD, *�JHUPDQLFD, *�� SLORVD, accompanied by (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP or 9DFFLQLXP spp.; 31.23 - 8OH[PDULWLPXV�� 8�� JDOOLL�� (ULFD� FLQHUHD�� (�� PDFNDLDQD�� (�� YDJDQV; 31.24 - (ULFD� XPEHOODWD, (�DUDJRQHQVLV��(��FLQHUHD��(��DQGHYDOHQVLV��&LVWXV�VDOYLIROLXV��&DOOXQD�YXOJDULV; 31.25 - (ULFD�FLQHUHD.

��Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H1 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�)HVWXFD�RYLQD heath", "H2 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�

8OH[� PLQRU heath", "H3 8OH[� PLQRU�$JURVWLV� FXUWLVLL heath", "H4 8OH[� JDOOLL�$JURVWLVFXUWLVLL heath", "H7 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�6FLOOD�YHUQD heath", "H8 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�8OH[�JDOOLLheath", "H9 &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD heath", "H10 &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�(ULFDFLQHUHD heath", "H12 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV heaths", "H16 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�$UFWRVWDSK\ORV�XYD�XUVL heath", " H18 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV��'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD heath"and "H21 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV��9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV�6SKDJQXP�FDSLOOLIROLXP heath".

Nordic classification : "5111 5KDFRPLWULXP� ODQXJLQRVXP�(PSHWUXP� KHUPDSKURGLWXP-typ", "5113&DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�(PSHWUXP�QLJUXP�9DFFLQLXP�YLWLV�LGHD-typ", "5115 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV-typ","5116 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV�� &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV-typ", "5117 &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�+LHUDFLXP


SLORVHOOD-typ", "5131 'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD�*DOLXP� VD[DWLOH-typ", "5132 $JURVWLVFDSLOODULV�*DOLXP�VD[DWLOH-typ".

�� 'U\�$WODQWLF�FRDVWDO�KHDWKV�ZLWK�(ULFD�YDJDQVPAL.CLASS.: 31.234

�� Coastal heaths of temperate areas with (ULFD�YDJDQV and 8OH[�HXURSDHXV on well-drained soil, otherthan prostrate maritime formations.

�� Plants: (ULFD�YDJDQV��8OH[�HXURSDHXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H6 (ULFD� YDJDQV�8OH[� HXURSDHXV heath". The presence of 8OH[

HXURSDHXV is not obligatory.

�� (QGHPLF�PDFDURQHVLDQ�KHDWKVPAL.CLASS.: 31.3

�� (ULFDFHRXV� formations (low and medium-tall stages). $QGU\DOR�(ULFHWDOLD: )D\R�(ULFLRQ� DUERUHDH�7HOLQR�$GHQRFDUSLRQ� IROLRORVDH (Canaries); &DOOXQR�8OLFHWDOLD: 'DERHFLRQ� D]RULFDH�� (ULFHWXPD]RULFDH��'DSKQR�(ULFHWXP�D]RULFDH (Azores).

�� Plants: $GHQRFDUSXV� IROLRORVXV��&DOOXQD�YXOJDULV��&KDPDHF\WLVXV�SUROLIHUXV ssp. SUROLIHUXV��&LVWXVFKLQDPDGHQVLV��&OHWXUD�DUERUHD��'DERHFLD�D]RULFD��(ULFD�DUERUHD��(��PDGHUHQVLV��(��SODW\FRGRQ��(�VFRSDULD ssp. D]RULFD�� ,OH[� FDQDULHQVLV�� -XQLSHUXV� EUHYLIROLD�� /DXUXV� D]RULFD�� /X]XOD� SXUSXUHR�VSOHQGHQV��/\VLPDFKLD�D]RULFD��0\ULFD�ID\D��3WHULGLXP�DTXLOLQXP��7HOLQH�FDQDULHQLV��7��VSOHQGHQV��7�VWHQRSHWDOD��7K\PXV�FDHVSLWLWLXV��9DFFLQLXP�FLOLQGUDFHXP.

�� Macaronesian Laurel forests (45.6) and Canarian heath forests (49.9) are tall forest-like formationsassociated with this habitat type.

�� 5LYDV�0DUWtQH]��6��:LOGSUHW��:��$UFR��0��5RGUtJXH]��2��3pUH]��GH�3D]��3�/��*DUFtD�*DOOR��$��$FHEHV��-�5��'tD]��7�(��)HUQiQGH]�*RQ]iOH]��)��). Las comunidades vegetales de la isla deTenerife (Islas Canarias). ,WLQHUD�*HRERW� 7: 169 - 374.

�� $OSLQH�DQG�%RUHDO�KHDWKVPAL.CLASS.: 31.4

�� Small, dwarf or prostrate shrub formations of the alpine and sub-alpine zones of the mountains ofEurasia dominated by ericaceous species, 'U\DV�RFWRSHWDOD, dwarf junipers, brooms or greenweeds;'U\DV heaths of the British Isles and Scandinavia. Sub-types :

31.41 - Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths. /RLVHOHXULR�9DFFLQLRQ�Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing azalea, /RLVHOHXULD�SURFXPEHQV, prostate 9DFFLQLXPspp. or other prostate ericoid shrublets, accompanied by lichen, of high windswept, mostlysnowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system.

31.42 - Acidocline alpenrose heaths. 5KRGRGHQGUR�9DFFLQLRQ.


5KRGRGHQGURQ spp.-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinarids, theCarpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Himalayan system, oftenwith 9DFFLQLXP spp., sometimes with dwarf pines.

31.43 - Mountain dwarf juniper scrub. -XQLSHULRQ�QDQDH, 3LQR�-XQLSHULRQ VDELQDH p., 3LQR�&\WLVLRQ�SXUJDQWLV p.Usually dense formations of prostrate junipers of the higher levels of southern Palaearcticmountains.

31.44 - High mountain (PSHWUXP�9DFFLQLXP heaths. (PSHWUR�9DFFLQLHWXP�XOLJLQRVL�Dwarf heaths dominated by (PSHWUXP� KHUPDSKURGLWXP, 9DFFLQLXP� XOLJLQRVXP, with$UFWRVWDSK\ORV� DOSLQD�� 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV�� 9DFFLQLXP� YLWLV�LGDHD and lycopodes (+XSHU]LDVHODJR, 'LSKDVLDVWUXP�DOSLQXP), mosses (%DUELORSKR]LD�O\FRSRGLRLGHV, +\ORFRPLXP�VSOHQGHQV,3OHXUR]LXP� VFKUHEHUL, 5K\WKLGLDGHOSKXV� WULTXHWUXV) and lichens (&HWUDULD� LVODQGLFD, &ODGRQLDDUEXVFXOD, &ODGRQLD� UDQJLIHULQD, &ODGRQLD� VWHOODULV, &ODGRQLD� JUDFLOLV, 3HOWLJHUD� DSKWKRVD) ofthe sub-alpine belt of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Central Massif, the Jura, theNorthern Apennines, characteristic of relatively windswept, snow-free stations, in frost-exposuresituations that are, however, less extreme than those prevailing where communities of 31.41dominate. Unlike the formations of 31.41, those of 31.44 are clearly two-layered.

31.45 - Boreo-alpine heathsAlpine heaths of the highlands and islands of Scotland, alpine and lowland boreal heaths ofIceland, alpine heaths of boreal mountains, in particular of the mountains of Scandinavia, of theUrals, of the mountains of Siberia, alpine heaths of Far Eastern mountains at, or just south of, thelimits of the boreal zone, with -XQLSHUXV� QDQD, /RLVHOHXULD� SURFXPEHQV, (PSHWUXPKHUPDSKURGLWXP, $UFWRVWDSK\ORV�XYD�XUVL, $UFWRVWDSK\ORV�DOSLQD and elements of Alpine flora.

31.46 - %UXFNHQWKDOLD heaths: only outside the European Union.31.47 - Alpide bearberry heaths. 0XJR�5KRGRUHWXP�KLUVXWL p., -XQLSHULRQ�QDQDH p., i.a.

Mats of $UFWRVWDSK\ORV�XYD�XUVL or $UFWRVWDSK\ORV�DOSLQD of the alpine, sub-alpine and locally,montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the northern and central Apennines, the Dinarids, theCarpathians, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, the Menikion,the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian mountains (includingAthos), the Pelagonides (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Tzena, Pinovon andKajmakchalan) and Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly on calcareous substrates.

31.48 - Hairy alpenrose-erica heaths. 0XJR�5KRGRUHWXP�KLUVXWL p.Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats of calcareous soilsin the Alps and the Dinarides, with 5KRGRGHQGURQ� KLUVXWXP, 5KRGRGHQGURQ� LQWHUPHGLXP,5KRGRWKDPQXV� FKDPDHFLVWXV and (ULFD� KHUEDFHD, often accompanied by &OHPDWLV� DOSLQD,'DSKQH� VWULDWD, 'DSKQH� PH]HUHXP, *OREXODULD� FRUGLIROLD, $UFWRVWDSK\ORV� XYD�XUVL.5KRGRGHQGURQ�KLUVXWXP and, mostly in the Austrian Alps, (ULFD�KHUEDFHD are the most frequentdominants; other shrubs can locally play that role. $UFWRVWDSK\ORV spp.-dominated facies have,however, been included in 31.47.

31.49 - Mountain avens matsDwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody 'U\DV�RFWRSHWDOD in high Palaearctic mountains, inboreal regions and in isolated Atlantic coastal outposts.

31.4A - High mountain dwarf bilberry heaths9DFFLQLXP-dominated dwarf heaths of the sub-alpine belt of southern mountains, in particular, ofthe northern and central Apennines, the Balkan Range, the Helenides, the Pontic Range and theCaucasus, with 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV, 9DFFLQLXP� XOLJLQRVXP s.l., 9DFFLQLXP� YLWLV�LGDHD and,locally, (PSHWUXP�QLJUXP. They are richer in grassland species than the communities of 31.44and often take the appearance of alpine grassland with dwarf shrubs. 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV alsoplays a much more dominant role, in lieu of 9DFFLQLXP� XOLJLQRVXP and (PSHWUXPKHUPDSKURGLWXP.

31.4B - High mountain greenweed heathsLow *HQLVWD spp. or &KDPDHF\WLVXV spp. heaths of the sub-alpine, low alpine or montane belts ofhigh southern nemoral mountains, in particular of the southern Alps, the Apennines, theDinarides, the southern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, thePelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Rhodopides, the Thessalian mountains.


�� Plants: 31.41 - /RLVHOHXULD�SURFXPEHQV, 9DFFLQLXP spp.; 31.42 - 5KRGRGHQGURQ�IHUUXJLQHXP; 31.44 -(PSHWUXP� KHUPDSKURGLWXP, 9DFFLQLXP� XOLJLQRVXP; 31.45 - -XQLSHUXV� QDQD, /RLVHOHXULDSURFXPEHQV, (PSHWUXP� KHUPDSKURGLWXP, $UFWRVWDSK\ORV� XYD�XUVL, $UFWRVWDSK\ORV� DOSLQD�� inFennoscandia also %HWXOD� QDQD, &DVVLRSH� WHWUDJRQD, &RUQXV� VXHFLFD, -XQLSHUXV� FRPPXQLV,3K\OORGRFH�FDHUXOHD, 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV and &ODGRQLD�DOSHVWULV; 31.47 - $UFWRVWDSK\ORV�XYD�XUVL�$UFWRVWDSK\ORV� DOSLQD; 31.48 - 5KRGRGHQGURQ� KLUVXWXP, 5KRGRGHQGURQ� LQWHUPHGLXP,5KRGRWKDPQXV� FKDPDHFLVWXV and (ULFD� KHUEDFHD; 31.49 - 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD; 31.4A - 9DFFLQLXPP\UWLOOXV, 9DFFLQLXP�XOLJLQRVXP s.l., 9DFFLQLXP�YLWLV�LGDHD; 31.4B - *HQLVWD�UDGLDWD��*��KRORSHWDOD�*��KDVVHUWLDQD��&KDPDHF\WLVXV�HULRFDUSXV��&��DEVLQWKLRLGHV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H13 &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�&ODGRQLD� DUEXVFXOD heath", "H14 &DOOXQD

YXOJDULV�5DFRPLWULXP�ODQXJLQRVXP heath", "H15 &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV�-XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV ssp.QDQD heath", "H17 &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV� $UFWRVWDSK\ORV� DOSLQXV heath", "H19 9DFFLQLXPP\UWLOOXV�&ODGRQLD�DUEXVFXOD heath", "H20 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV�5DFRPLWULXP�ODQXJLQRVXPheath" and "H22 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV�5XEXV�FKDPDHPRUXV�heath".

Nordic classification: "11 Snöfria vindhedar", "121 Hedvegetation på fattigt underlag", "122Hedvegetation på rikt/kalkrikt underlag", "1311 &DVVLRSH� K\SQRLGHV�6DOL[� KHUEDFHD typ","1321 6DOL[�SRODULV�typ".

�� +DDSDVDDUL�� 0�� The oligotrophic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia and itszonation. $FWD�%RW��)HQQLFD�135:1-219.2NVDQHQ��/��9LUWDQHQ��5�� Topographic, altitudinal and regional patterns in continentaland suboceanic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. $FWD�%RW��)HQQLFD 153:1-80.

�� %XVKHV�ZLWK�3LQXV�PXJR�DQG�5KRGRGHQGURQ�KLUVXWXP�0XJR�5KRGRGHQGUHWXP�KLUVXWL�

PAL.CLASS.: 31.5

�� Ligneous dwarf formations with 3LQXV�PXJR and 5KRGRGHQGURQ�KLUVXWXP ranging from heath ((ULFDKHUEDFHD) to open forest, on neutro-basic and often calcareous soils of the sub-Alpine level(0XJR�5KRGRGHQGUHWXP�KLUVXWL).

�� Plants: 3LQXV�PXJR��5KRGRGHQGURQ�FKDPDHFLVWXV��5��KLUVXWXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "6905 Alpenrosengebüsch", "6904 Latschengebüsch".

�� 6XE�$UFWLF�6DOL[�VSS��VFUXEPAL.CLASS.: 31.622

�� Subarctic willow formations of the Scottish Highlands, the mountains of Iceland and the mountains ofScandinavia (often along streams).

�� Plants: 6DOL[�ODSSRQXP, 6��ODQDWD, 6��DUEXVFXOD� 6��P\UVLQLWHV��6��JODXFD�

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W20 6DOL[�ODSSRQXP�/X]XOD�V\OYDWLFD scrub".Nordic classification: "127 Videvegetation".


�� (QGHPLF�RUR�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�KHDWKV�ZLWK�JRUVHPAL.CLASS.: 31.7

�� Primary cushion heaths of the high, dry mountains of the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions,with low, cushion-forming, often spiny shrubs, such as $FDQWKROLPRQ, $VWUDJDOXV, (ULQDFHD, 9HOOD,%XSOHXUXP, 3WLORWULFKXP, *HQLVWD, (FKLQRVSDUWXP, $QWK\OOLV and various composites and labiates;secondary, zoogenic cushion heaths of the same regions, either downslope extensions of the high-altitude formations, and dominated by the same species, or specifically montane or steppic, often*HQLVWD-dominated in the Mediterranean region. Excluded are cushion-heaths of thermo-Mediterranean lowlands (33) and of deserts and semideserts (7).Sub-types :

31.71 - Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths. -XQLSHUR�*HQLVWHWXP�KRUULGDH�(FKLQRVSDUWXP� KRUULGXP formations of dry slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of thesouthern Pyrenees; accompanying the dense, spiny cushions are -XQLSHUXV�KHPLVSKDHULFD, %X[XVVHPSHUYLUHQV, 2QRQLV�IUXWLFRVD, $UFWRVWDSK\ORV�XYD�XUVL ssp. FUDVVLIROLD and 3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV.

31.72 - Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths. C\WLVR� RURPHGLWHUUDQHL�(FKLQRVSDUWHWXP� EDUQDGHVLL,(FKLQRVSDUWR� SXOYLQLIRUPLV�&\WLVHWXP� RURPHGLWHUUDQHL, 7HXFULL� VDOYLDVWUL�(FKLQRVSDUWHWXPSXOYLQLIRUPLV, *HQLVWR�K\VWULFLV�(FKLQRVSDUWHWXP�OXVLWDQLFLFormations of the Cordillera Central and adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms of(FKLQRVSDUWXP.

31.73 - Nevadan hedgehog-heaths. (ULQDFHWDOLD p., /DYDQGXOR�*HQLVWLRQ�ERLVVLHUL p.Highly developed hedgehog formations of the Sierra Nevada with (ULQDFHD� DQWK\OOLV, 9HOODVSLQRVD, $VWUDJDOXV�VHPSHUYLUHQV ssp. QHYDGHQVLV, $��JUDQDWHQVLV ssp. JUDQDWHQVLV ($��ERLVVLHUL),3WLORWULFKXP� VSLQRVXP, %XSOHXUXP� VSLQRVXP�� *HQLVWD� EDHWLFD. Associated dwarf suffrutescentformations of high slopes and crests.

31.74 - Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heathsOro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog-heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern France.31.75 - Cyrno-Sardian hedgehog-heaths. &DULFL�*HQLVWHWDOLD (&DUOLQHWDOLD�PDFURFHSKDODH)

Expanses of small, compact bushes with $VWUDJDOXV�VLULQLFXV ssp. JHQDUJHQWHXV, 5RVD�VHUDSKLQL,$QWK\OOLV� KHUPDQQLDH, 7K\PXV� KHUED�EDURQD, &HUDVWLXP� ERLVVLHUL, *HQLVWD� VDO]PDQQLL�� *�FRUVLFD, %HUEHULV�DHWQHQVLV, 3UXQXV�SURVWUDWD and 'DSKQH�ROHRLGHV, of Sardinian and Corsicanmountains.

31.76 - Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths. $VWUDJDOHWXP�VLFXOLLava-colonising formations with cushions of $VWUDJDOXV� JUDQDWHQVLV ssp. VLFXOXV, %HUEHULVDHWQHQVLV, -XQLSHUXV�KHPLVSKDHULFD, *HQLVWD�DHWQHQVLV, $GHQRFDUSXV�ELYRQDH, 9LROD�DHWKQHQVLV.

31.77 - Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heathsHedgehog-heaths formed by $VWUDJDOXV spp. or *HQLVWD spp., of the mountains of the southernItalian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna.

31.78 - Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic $VWUDJDOXV hedgehog-heathsHedgehog-heaths occupying situations peripheral to the main range of the alti- and oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heath communities of high Hellenic mountains (31.79 and 31.7A),mostly dominated by $VWUDJDOXV� DQJXVWLIROLXV, characteristic, in particular, of zoogenousclearings within the forest belt of southern Greek mountains and of regions of irradiation ofMediterranean communities within the hills and mountains of the Moesian zone.

31.79 - Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths. 'DSKQR�)HVWXFHWHD: (U\QJLR�%URPLRQ p.Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above treeline, inthe 1700-2200 m altitudinal range of high Greek mountains; hedgehog-heath facies of associatedgrasslands; similar, impoverished formations descending into the forest belts of the samemountains, with the exception of those of the Peloponnese, where they are replaced by distinctiveformations, listed under 31.78.

31.7A - Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths. 'DSKQR�)HVWXFHWHD: $VWUDJDOR�6HVOHULRQShrubby formations of the high mountains of the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Greekmountains and of the Thessalian Olympus system, colonising the altitudinal range immediatelyabove that occupied by the communities of 31.79, as well as stony slopes with shallow soil, loosescrees and humus-deficient soils within the main 1700-2200 m range of these communities.


Included are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony formations of dwarf suffrutescents and bush-dominated facies of stripped grasslands. $VWUDJDOXV� DQJXVWLIROLXV, $FDQWKROLPRQ�DQGURVDFHXP,$VWUDJDOXV� ODFWHXV, &RQYROYXOXV� FRFKOHDULV, 5LQGHUD� JUDHFD, $VWHU� DOSLQXV, *OREXODULD� VW\JLD,0LQXDUWLD�VWHOODWD, (U\VLPXP�SXVLOOXP, 7K\PXV�WHXFULRLGHV, $O\VVXP�NLRQDH, 3DURQ\FKLD�NDSHOD,7K\PXV� KLUVXWXV, $QWK\OOLV� DXUHD, $FKLOOHD� DJHUDWLIROLD, 6LGHULWLV� VFDUGLFD, /LQXP� IODYXP,7K\PXV�ERLVVLHUL, 6HVOHULD�FDHUXODQV are characteristic.

31.7B - Cretan hedgehog-heaths. 6DWXUHMHWHD�VSLQRVDHHedgehog-heaths of high mountains of Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, with$VWUDJDOXV� FUHWLFXV ssp. FUHWLFXV, $�� DQJXVWLIROLXV, $FDQWKROLPRQ� DQGURVDFHXP, $WUDSKD[LVELOODUGLHUL, %HUEHULV� FUHWLFD, &KDPDHF\WLVXV� FUHWLFXV, 'DSKQH� ROHRLGHV, 3UXQXV� SURVWUDWD,(XSKRUELD�DFDQWKRWKDPQRV, 9HUEDVFXP�VSLQRVXP, 6LGHULWLV�V\ULDFD, 6DWXUHMD�VSLQRVD, $VSHUXODLGDHD, 5KDPQXV�SUXQLIROLXV, 3LPSLQHOOD�WUDJLXP, $FLQRV�DOSLQXV.

31.7C - Aegean summital hedgehog-heathsIsolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains of Aegeanislands and Mount Athos.

31.7D - Southern Hellenic *HQLVWD�DFDQWKRFODGD hedgehog-heathsFormations dominated by hemispherical shrubs of *HQLVWD� DFDQWKRFODGD of the middle levels(about 800 - 1200 m) of mountains and plateaux of the Peloponnese.

31.7E - $VWUDJDOXV�VHPSHUYLUHQV hedgehog-heaths$VWUDJDOXV� VHPSHUYLUHQV ssp. VHPSHUYLUHQV, ssp. PXWLFXV, ssp. FHSKDORQLFXV formations of thesouthern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, the Apennines and Greece, transitional between thealpine and sub-alpine heaths of 31.4 and the true Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths of 31.7.

31.7F - Canarian cushion-heaths. 6SDUWRF\WLVLRQ�QXELJHQLOpen formations dominated by broom-like plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of theCanary Islands, with many endemic species.

�� Plants: 31.71 - (FKLQRVSDUWXP� KRUULGXP; 31.72 - (FKLQRVSDUWXP� OXVLWDQLFXP� ssp.� EDUQDGHVLL�� (�LEHULFXP�ssp��SXOYLQLIRUPLV; 31.73 - (ULQDFHD�DQWK\OOLV, 9HOOD�VSLQRVD, $VWUDJDOXV�VHPSHUYLUHQV ssp.QHYDGHQVLV, $�� JUDQDWHQVLV ssp. JUDQDWHQVLV ($�� ERLVVLHUL), 3WLORWULFKXP� VSLQRVXP, %XSOHXUXPVSLQRVXP�� *HQLVWD� EDHWLFD; 31.74 - (ULQDFHD� DQWK\OOLV, 9HOOD� VSLQRVD�� $QGU\DOD� DJDUGKLL�&RQYROYXOXV� ERLVVLHUL�� +LSSRFUHSLV� VTXDPDWD� ssp�� HULRFDUSD�� 3WHURFHSKDOXV� VSDWKXODWXV�� 7K\PXVJUDQDWHQVLV; 31.75 - $VWUDJDOXV�VLULQLFXV ssp. JHQDUJHQWHXV, 5RVD�VHUDSKLQL, $QWK\OOLV�KHUPDQQLDH,7K\PXV� KHUED�EDURQD, &HUDVWLXP� ERLVVLHUL, *HQLVWD� VDO]PDQQLL�� *�� FRUVLFD, %HUEHULV� DHWQHQVLV,3UXQXV�SURVWUDWD��'DSKQH�ROHRLGHV; 31.76 - $VWUDJDOXV�JUDQDWHQVLV ssp. VLFXOXV, %HUEHULV�DHWQHQVLV,-XQLSHUXV� KHPLVSKDHULFD, *HQLVWD� DHWQHQVLV, $GHQRFDUSXV� ELYRQDH, 9LROD� DHWKQHQVLV; 31.77 -$VWUDJDOXV� JUDQDWHQVLV ssp. QHEURGHQVLV� $�� SDUQDVVL� ssp. FDODEUXV�� $�� VLULQLFXV� ssp.� VLULQLFXV�*HQLVWD�FXSDQLL��*��V\OYHVWULV ssp. GDOPDWLFD; 31.78 - $VWUDJDOXV�DQJXVWLIROLXV; 31.79 - $VWUDJDOXVFUHWLFXV ssp. UXPHOLFXV��$��SDUQDVVL��$��DQJXVWLIROLXV; 31.7A - $VWUDJDOXV�DQJXVWLIROLXV��0LQXDUWLDVWHOODWD; 31.7B - $VWUDJDOXV�FUHWLFXV ssp.�FUHWLFXV��$��DQJXVWLIROLXV��&KDPDHF\WLVXV�FUHWLFXV; 31.7C -$VWUDJDOXV� FUHWLFXV var.� VDPLXV�� $�� SLORGHV�� $�� WURMDQXV var.� FKLXV�� $�� SDUQDVVL�� $�� S� var.VDPRWKUDFLXV��$��PRQDFKRUXP; 31.7D - *HQLVWD�DFDQWKRFODGD; 31.7E - $VWUDJDOXV�VHPSHUYLUHQV ssp.VHPSHUYLUHQV, $�� V� ssp. PXWLFXV, $�� V� ssp. FHSKDORQLFXV; 31.7F - 6SDUWRF\WLVXV� VXSUDQXELXV�$GHQRFDUSXV�YLVFRVXV var.�VSDUWLRLGHV�

6&/(523+<//286�6&58%��0$7255$/�

6XE�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�WHPSHUDWH�VFUXE


�� 6WDEOH�[HURWKHUPRSKLORXV�IRUPDWLRQV�ZLWK�%X[XVVHPSHUYLUHQV�RQ�URFN�VORSHV��%HUEHULGLRQ�S�S��

PAL.CLASS.: 31.82

�� Stable xerothermophilous and calcicolous scrubs dominated by %X[XV� VHPSHUYLUHQV, of hill andmontane levels. These formations correspond to xerothermophilous %X[XV thickets with their fringeassociations of the *HUDQLRQ� VDQJXLQHL alliance on calcareous or siliceous substratum. They alsoconstitute the natural woodland edge of calcareous dry forests rich with %X[XV.In the euro-siberian region, the more open formations are rich in submediterranean plant species.Syntaxa: %HUEHULGLRQ p.p., $PHODQFKLHUR�%X[LRQ

�� Plants: %X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQV, 3UXQXV�VSLQRVD, 3UXQXV�PDKDOHE, &RUQXV�PDV, &UDWDHJXV spp., %HUEHULVYXOJDULV, /LJXVWUXP� YXOJDUH, 9LEXUQXP� ODQWDQD, $PHODQFKLHU� RYDOLV, *HUDQLXP� VDQJXLQHXP,'LFWDPQXV�DOEXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "410103 Gebüsch trocken-warmer Standorte (Berberitzen-, Felsenmispel-,Felsenbirnen-, Sanddorngebüsch etc) (mit %X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQV, P036b).

�� Succession phase of calcareous grasslands toward mixed deciduous forests, for example with 4XHUFXVSXEHVFHQV or continental pine forests with 3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV (the word "stable" concerns thoseformations which are practically at climax stage, but on very superficial soils where natural successiontowards forest can not take place).These communities are associated with calcareous grasslands, mixed oak or 4XHUFXV� SXEHVFHQVgroves, beech groves rich in orchid species or with 3LQXV�QLJUD and 3LQXV�OHXFRGHUPLV (e.g. in Greece).

�� 0RXQWDLQ�&\WLVXV�SXUJDQV�IRUPDWLRQVPAL.CLASS.: 31.842

�� &\WLVXV� SXUJDQV-dominated formations of higher levels (upper montane, subalpine, oro-Mediterranean) of south-western European mountains, on superficial soils, often associated withdwarf juniper scrubs (31.43) or hedgehog-heaths (31.7), and physiognomically reminiscent of thelatter.�3LQR�&\WLVLRQ�SXUJDQWLV p., *HQLVWLRQ�SRO\JDOLSK\OODH p.

�� Plants: &\WLVXV (*HQLVWD) SXUJDQV.

�� -XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV�IRUPDWLRQV�RQ�KHDWKV�RU�FDOFDUHRXVJUDVVODQGV

PAL.CLASS.: 31.88

�� Formations with -XQLSHUXV� FRPPXQLV of plain to montane levels. They mainly correspond tophytodynamic succession of the following types of vegetation:a) generally, mesophilous or xerophilous calcareous and nutrient poor grasslands, grazed or let liefallow, of the )HVWXFR�%URPHWHD and (O\QR�6HVOHUHWHD.b) more rarely, heathlands of the &DOOXQR�YXOJDULV�8OLFHWHD�PLQRULV (31.2).


�� Plants: -XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV, &UDWDHJXV spp., 5RVD spp., 3UXQXV�VSLQRVD.For a) typical species of the )HVWXFR�%URPHWHD and (O\QR�6HVOHUHWHD.For b) &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV, 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV, (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP, (ULFD� WHWUDOL[, 'HVFKDPSVLDIOH[XRVD, 1DUGXV�VWULFWD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "W19 - -XQLSHUXV� FRPPXQLV ssp. FRPPXQLV�2[DOLV� DFHWRVHOOD

woodland" and juniper rich facies of "W21 - &UDWDHJXV�PRQRJ\QD�+HGHUD�KHOL[ scrub".German classification: "340201 submediterrane Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden (mit

Wacholdergebüschen, P036a)", "340203 subkontinentale Halbtrockenrasen aufkarbonatischem Boden (mit Wacholdergebüschen, P036a)", "4003 Heiden auf sandigen Böden(Calluna-Heiden) (mit Wacholdergebüschen, P036a)".

Nordic classification: "5115e -XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV-&DOOXQD�YXODJDULV variant".

�� 5HMPDQHN��0��5RVHQ��(�� The effects of colonizing shrubs (Juniperus communis andPotentilla fruticosa) on species richness in the grasslands of Stora Alvaret, Öland (Sweden). $FWD3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF� 76:67-72.

�� &LVWXV�SDOKLQKDH�IRUPDWLRQV�RQ�PDULWLPH�ZHW�KHDWKVPAL.CLASS.: 32.2B

�� Low scrub and garrigue formations of the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and terra-rosas, rich inendemics (8OLFHWXP�HULQDFHL��*HQLVWR�WULDFDQWKL�&LVWHWXP�SDOKLQKDH).

�� Plants: �%LVFXWHOD� YLFHQWLQD�� &LVWXV� SDOKLQKDH�� *HQLVWD� KLUVXWD ssp. DOJDUELHQVLV�� *�� WULDFDQWKXV�-XQLSHUXV� WXUELQDWD�� 6HUUDWXOD� PRQDUGLL var. DOJDUELHQVLV�� 6LGHULWLV� DUERUHVFHQV ssp.� OXVLWDQLFD�7HXFULXP�YLQFHQWLQXP��8OH[�HULQDFHXV.

�� 5LYDV�0DUWtQH]�� 6�� /RXVm�� 0�� 'tD]�� 7�(�� )HUQDQGp]�*RQ]iOH]�� )�� &RVWD�� -�&�� Lavegetación del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). Itinera Geobot. 3: 5 - 126.

0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DUERUHVFHQW�PDWRUUDO

�� $UERUHVFHQW�PDWRUUDO�ZLWK�-XQLSHUXV�VSS�PAL.CLASS.: 32.131 to 32.136

�� Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous scrub organized around arborescentjunipers. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes.Sub-types

32.131 - -XQLSHUXV�R[\FHGUXV arborescent matorralArborescent matorral dominated by -XQLSHUXV�R[\FHGUXV s.l.

32.132 - -XQLSHUXV�SKRHQLFHD arborescent matorralArborescent matorral dominated by -XQLSHUXV�SKRHQLFHD s.l..

32.133 - -XQLSHUXV�H[FHOVD and -��IRHWLGLVVLPD arborescent matorralsArborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by -XQLSHUXV�H[FHOVD or-��IRHWLGLVVLPD.

32.134 - -XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV arborescent matorral


Mediterranean formations dominated by -XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV.32.135 - -XQLSHUXV�GUXSDFHD arborescent matorral

Formations derived from 42.A5 21, limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor.32.136 - -XQLSHUXV�WKXULIHUD arborescent matorral

Formations derived from 42.A2 22.

�� Plants: -XQLSHUXV�R[\FHGUXV��-��SKRHQLFHD��-��IRHWLGLVVLPD��-��H[FHOVD��-��FRPPXQLV��-��GUXSDFHD��-�WKXULIHUD�

�� $UERUHVFHQW�PDWRUUDO�ZLWK�=\]LSKXVPAL.CLASS.: 32.17

�� Pre-desert deciduous scrub of 3HULSORFD�ODHYLJDWD��/\FLXP�LQWULFDWXP��$VSDUDJXV�VWLSXODULV��$��DOEXV�:LWKDQLD� IUXWHVFHQV with tall Z\]LSKXV� ORWXV, confined to the arid Iberian South-west under axerophytic thermo-Mediterranean bio-climate; corresponds to the mature phase or climax ofclimatophile and edapho-xero-psammophile vegetation series (3HULSORFLRQ� DQJXVWLIROLDH: =L]LSKHWXPORWL��=L]LSKR�0D\WHQHWXP�HXURSDHL��0D\WHQR�3HULSORFHWXP).

�� Plants: $VSDUDJXV� DOEXV��&DOLFRWRPH� LQWHUPHGLD��&KDPDHURSV� KXPLOLV��0D\WHQXV� VHQHJDOHQVLV ssp.HXURSDHXV�� 3HULSORFD� ODHYLJDWD ssp. DQJXVWLIROLD�� 3KORPLV� SXUSXUHD ssp.� DOPHULHQVLV�� 5KDPQXVROHRLGHV ssp. DQJXVWLIROLD��:LWKDQLD�IUXWHVFHQV��=\]LSKXV�ORWXV.

�� $OFDUD]��)��'tD]��7�(��5LYDV�0DUWtQH]��6��6iQFKH]�*yPH]��3�� Datos sobre la vegetacióndel sureste de España: provincia biogeográfica Murciano-Almeriense. ,WLQHUD�*HRERW. 2: 1 - 133.3HLQDGR��0��$FDUD]��)��0DUWtQH]�3DUUDV��-�0��. Vegetation of South-eastern Spain. )ORUDHW�9HJHWDWLR�0XQGL. 10: 1 - 487.

�� $UERUHVFHQW�PDWRUUDO�ZLWK�/DXUXV�QRELOLVPAL.CLASS.: 32.18

�� Humid arborescent matorral with tall laurel (/DXUXV�QRELOLV).

�� Plants: $UEXWXV� XQHGR�� &HUDWRQLD� VLOLTXD�� )UD[LQXV� RUQXV�� /DXUXV� QRELOLV�� 2OHD� � HXURSDHD var.V\OYHVWULV�� 3KLOO\UHD� ODWLIROLD�� 4XHUFXV� LOH[�� 5XELD� SHUHJULQD ssp. ORQJLIROLD�� 6PLOD[� DVSHUD var.DOWLVVLPD��9LEXUQXP�WLQXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesThe syntaxa of the Spanish types are: 4XHUFHWHD� LOLFLV�� 4XHUFR�2OHLRQ� V\OYHVWULV: 9LEXUQRWLQL�)UD[LQHWXP� RUQL� ODXUHWRVXP� QRELOLV (southern mountains of Valencia); 4XHUFLRQ� LOLFLV:/DXUR�4XHUFHWXP�LOLFLV facies of /DXUXV�QRELOLV (from Asturias to the Basque Country).

21 ��$�� 6\ULDQ� MXQLSHU�ZRRGV� �� -XQLSHUXV�GUXSDFHD�ZRRGV�RI� WKH�QRUWKHUQ� VORSHV�RI�0RXQW�3DUQRQ� DQG�RI� WKH�.DUOLN

PRXQWDLQ�LQ�7KUDFH��*UHHFH��3DUW�RI�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�WDNHV�WKH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI�DQ�DUERUHVFHQW�PDWRUUDO��OLVWHG�XQGHU��22 ��$��6SDQLVK�MXQLSHU�ZRRGV��-XQLSHULRQ�WKXULIHUDH��)RUHVW�IRUPDWLRQV�GRPLQDWHG�E\�-XQLSHUXV�WKXULIHUDH�RI�6SDLQ�

VRXWKHUQ�)UDQFH�DQG�&RUVLFD�DQG�1RUWK�$IULFD��0DQ\�FRPPXQLWLHV�PD\�EH�EHWWHU�GHVFULEHG�DV�DUERUHVFHQW�PDWRUUDOV�DQG� OLVWHG� XQGHU� �� JHRJUDSKLFDO� GLYLVLRQV� FDQ� QHYHUWKHOHVV� EH� UHWDLQHG� E\� DSSHQGLQJ� WKH� VXIIL[HV� RI� ��$�� WR��


7KHUPR�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�SUH�VWHSSH�EUXVK

�� /DXUXV�QRELOLV�WKLFNHWVPAL.CLASS.: 32.216

�� Lower facies of /DXUXV�QRELOLV thickets described under 5230 code in the Annex I, generally of humidor cool stations.

�� Plants: /DXUXV�QRELOLV.

�� /RZ�IRUPDWLRQV�RI�(XSKRUELD�FORVH�WR�FOLIIVPAL.CLASS.: 32.217

�� Low formations of +HOLFKU\VXP (+�� LWDOLFXP ssp. PLFURSK\OOXP, +�� LWDOLFXP ssp. LWDOLFXP) withspurges ((XSKRUELD� SLWK\XVD, i.a.), 3LVWDFLD� OHQWLVFXV, &DPSKRURVPD� PRQVSHOLDFD, $UWHPLVLDGHQVLIORUD or 7K\PHODHD�SDVVHULQD, 7��KLUVXWD, 7��WDUWRQUDLUD in the immediate vicinity of sea cliffs,forming the transition between cliff vegetation or clifftop phryganas and thermo-Mediterraneanscrub.

�� Plants: +HOLFKU\VXP� LWDOLFXP ssp. PLFURSK\OOXP, +�� LWDOLFXP ssp. LWDOLFXP�� (XSKRUELD� SLWK\XVD�3LVWDFLD� OHQWLVFXV, &DPSKRURVPD� PRQVSHOLDFD, $UWHPLVLD� GHQVLIORUD, 7K\PHODHD� SDVVHULQD, 7�KLUVXWD, 7��WDUWRQUDLUD�

�� 7KHUPR�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�SUH�GHVHUW�VFUXEPAL.CLASS.: 32.22 to 32.26

�� Scrub formations characteristic of the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Included here are thoseformations, for the most part indifferent to the siliceous or calcareous nature of the substrate, thatreach their greatest extension or optimal development in the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Alsoincluded are the numerous, strongly characterised, thermophile formations endemic to the south ofthe Iberian peninsula, mostly thermo-Mediterranean but sometimes meso-Mediterranean; in theirgreat local diversity they are a western counterpart of, and sometimes approach in appearance, themostly eastern Mediterranean phryganas, which, however, on account of their strong structuralsingularity, are listed separately under 33.Sub-types :

32.22 - Tree-spurge formationsStands of (XSKRUELD�GHQGURLGHV, remarkable tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin; they occur asa facies of the thermo-Mediterranean brushes of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, IslesEolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of northernCatalonia, south-eastern France, peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably onslopes facing the gulf of Corinth, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagos, and enclaves of theMediterranean periphery of Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly extensive and robust standsoccur in Sicily, Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to relatively high altitudes. Very localformations in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the steep rocky slopes of some coastal capesand isolated inland sites (Ichkeul).

32.23 - Diss-dominated garrigues


Garrigues invaded and dominated by the high tussocks of $PSHORGHVPRV�PDXULWDQLFD; typicallythermo-Mediterranean, they also occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean zone. They aremost prevalent on the Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in theMediterranean zone and the less arid parts of the Saharo-Mediterranean transition zone of NorthAfrica.

32.24 - Palmetto brush&KDPDHURSV� KXPLOLV-dominated formations; other thermo-Mediterranean brushes or garriguesrich in the physiognomically important palmetto can be identified by a combination of this codeand that of the other appropriate subdivision of 32.2. Palmetto brushes are best represented in thecoastal areas of south-western, southern and eastern Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and its satelliteislands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in the Guadalquivirbasin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and islands of peninsular Italy.

32.25 - Mediterranean pre-desert scrub. 3HULSORFLRQ�DQJXVWLIROLDH, $QWK\OOLGHWDOLD�WHUQLIORUDH�Shrub formations constituting, with the halo-nitrophilous scrubs (15.724) and the localisedgypsum scrubs (15.93), much of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone of south-eastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, Alicante), a highly distinctive region of unique climatological,biological and landscape character within Europe, extremely rich in African and endemicspecies. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a few undisturbed localitiesand are gravely at risk23. Similar formations occur in the upper arid (Mediterranean arid) zone ofNorth Africa. Outposts of these communities also exist in Sicily, the Egadi islands, the Pelagieislands, Malta and Pantelleria.

32.26 - Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)West Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas (/\JRV spp.) or by large, non-spinythermo-Mediterranean brooms of genera &\WLVXV and *HQLVWD, limited to the Iberian peninsula,the Balearics, Mediterranean North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, the Cilento coast ofCampania.

�� Plants: 32.22 - (XSKRUELD� GHQGURLGHV; 32.23 - $PSHORGHVPRV� PDXULWDQLFD; 32.24 - &KDPDHURSVKXPLOLV; 32.25 - =L]LSKXV� ORWXV�� 0D\WHQXV� VHQHJDOHQVLV� var. HXURSDHXV�� 3HULSORFD� ODHYLJDWD� ssp.DQJXVWLIROLD��6DOVROD�ZHEELL��6LGHUHWLV� IRHWHQV��8OH[�DUJHQWDWXV�ssp. HULQDFHXV��*HQLVWD�XPEHOODWD;32.26 - /\JRV� VSKDHURFDUSD�� /�� PRQRVSHUPD�� /�� UDHWDP� ssp. JXVVRQHL�� *HQLVWD� FLQHUHD� ssp.VSHFLRVD��*��YDOHQWLQD��*��VSDUWLRLGHV�ssp. UHWDPRLGHV��*��V��ssp.�SVHXGRUHWDPRLGHV��*��KDHQVHOHUL�*��UDPRVLVVLPD��*��HSKHGURLGHV��*��GRU\FQLIROLD��&\WLVXV�DHROLFXV.

3KU\JDQD��

�� :HVW�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�FOLIIWRS�SKU\JDQDV��$VWUDJDOR�3ODQWDJLQHWXP�VXEXODWDH�

PAL.CLASS.: 33.1

�� Rare, extremely local and isolated, cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclerophyllousassociations of clifftops and adjacent areas dispersed along the coasts, characterised by the presence

23 &RPPXQLWLHV� GRPLQDWHG� E\� KXPPRFNV� RI� YHU\� WDOO� VWDQGV� RI� /RWXV� WUHH� =\]LSKLXV� ORWXV�� DUH� LQFOXGHG� LQ� WKH� $QQH[� ,

SULRULW\�KDELWDW�0DWRUUDO�ZLWK�=\]LSKLXV��24 &XVKLRQ�IRUPLQJ� WKHUPR�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�VFOHURSK\OORXV� IRUPDWLRQV��RIWHQ� WKRUQ\�DQG�VXPPHU�GHFLGXRXV�� 7KH\�DUH�EHVW

GHYHORSHG�LQ�WKH�HDVWHUQ�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ��ZKHUH�WKH\�PD\�RFFXS\�FRQVLGHUDEOH�VXUIDFHV�LQ�FRDVWDO�DUHDV�DQG�RFFDVLRQDOO\LQODQG��7KH\�DOVR�LQFOXGH�D�IHZ�UDUH��UHOLFW�DVVRFLDWLRQV�RI�WKH�ZHVW�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ��PRVWO\�FKDUDFWHULVWLF�RI� WKH�HGJH�RIVHDVKRUHV�DQG�RI�PDULWLPH�FOLIIV��ZKHUH�WKH\�FRQVWLWXWH�DQ�RIWHQ�QDUURZ�EHOW�EHWZHHQ�WKH�FOLII�FRPPXQLWLHV�DQG�WKHUPR�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�EUXVKHV�� LQFRUSRUDWLQJ�� LQ�DGGLWLRQ� WR�FKDUDFWHULVWLF��RIWHQ�HQGHPLF�RU�YHU\� UDUH��KHPLVSKHULFDO� FXVKLRQ�IRUPLQJ�VSHFLHV��DQ�DGPL[WXUH�RI�VSHFLHV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKHVH�WZR�YHJHWDWLRQ�FRPSOH[HV�


of $VWUDJDOXV�PDVVLOLHQVLV or $QWK\OOLV�KHUPDQQLDH, variously accompanied by 7K\PHODHD�KLUVXWD,+HOLFKU\VXP�LWDOLFXP, 3ODQWDJR�VXEXODWXP, $UPHULD�UXVFLQRQHQVLV.

�� Plants: $QWK\OOLV� KHUPDQQLDH, 7K\PHODHD� KLUVXWD, +HOLFKU\VXP� LWDOLFXP, 3ODQWDJR� VXEXODWXP,$UPHULD�UXVFLQRQHQVLV.

�� 6DUFRSRWHULXP�VSLQRVXP�SKU\JDQDVPAL.CLASS.: 33.3

�� Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone ofAegean islands, of mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal Anatolia, much morewidespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations.

�� Plants: 6DUFRSRWHULXP�VSLQRVXP, &HQWDXUHD�VSLQRVD, 6DWXUHMD�WK\PEUD, 7K\PXV�FDSLWDWXV, *HQLVWDDFDQWKRFODGD, $QWK\OOLV� KHUPDQQLDH, (XSKRUELD� DFDQWKRWKDPQRV, 6WDFK\V� VSLQRVD, %DOORWDSVHXGRGLFWDPQXV, %DOORWD� DFHWDEXORVD, (ULFD� PDQLSXOLIORUD, 5KDPQXV� ROHRLGHV, /LWKRVSHUPXPKLVSLGXOXP, )XPDQD� DUDELFD, )XPDQD� WK\PLIROLD, &LVWXV� FUHWLFXV, &LVWXV� SDUYLIORUXV, &LVWXVVDOYLIROLXV, 3LVWDFLD� OHQWLVFXV, 7HXFULXP� EUHYLIROLXP, 7HXFULXP� GLYDULFDWXP, 7HXFULXP� SROLXP,&DOLFRWRPH� YLOORVD, 0LFURPHULD� JUDHFD, 0LFURPHULD� MXOLDQD, 0LFURPHULD� QHUYRVD, 6DOYLD� WULORED,2QRQLV� VSLQRVD, +HOLFKU\VXP� LWDOLFXP ssp. PLFURSK\OOXP, +HOLFKU\VXP� LWDOLFXP ssp. LWDOLFXP,3KDJQDOLRQ�JUDHFXP.

�� (QGHPLF�SKU\JDQDV�RI�WKH�(XSKRUELR�9HUEDVFLRQPAL.CLASS.: 33.4 to 33.A

�� Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclerophyllous formations, often thorny and summerdeciduous.Sub-types :

33.4 - Mid-elevation phryganas of CreteVaried formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean levels of Crete resulting from the broadcontact between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (32.7), with (XSKRUELD� DFDQWKRWKDPQRV,9HUEDVFXP� VSLQRVXP, %HUEHULV� FUHWLFD, 3KORPLV� FUHWLFD, 6DWXUHMD� ELURL, 6LGHULWLV� V\ULDFD,+\SHULFXP� HPSHWULIROLD, 2ULJDQXP� PLFURSK\OOXP, 0LFURPHULD� MXOLDQD, +HOLFKU\VXP� LWDOLFXPssp. PLFURSK\OOXP, *HQLVWD�DFDQWKRFODGD.

33.5 - +\SHULFXP phryganasExtremely rare, local colonies of hemispherical shrubs of +\SHULFXP�DHJ\SWLDFXP forming openphryganas on calcareous rocks by the sea in the Ionian islands, western Crete, Sardinia andLampedusa.

33.6 - Italian 6DUFRSRWHULXP�phryganasVery local, impoverished 6DUFRSRWHULXP� VSLQRVXP formations of Capo St. Elia (southernSardinian coast) and of the Gulf of Taranto (Puglia, Calabria).

33.7 - Sardinian *HQLVWD�DFDQWKRFODGD phryganaVery local *HQLVWD�DFDQWKRFODGD ssp. VDUGRD-dominated communities of north-western Sardinia.

33.8 - Balearic clifftop phryganasFormations of the coasts of Mallorca and Minorca dominated by the cushion-forming Balearicendemics /DXQDHD� FHUYLFRUQLV, $VWUDJDOXV� EDOHDULFXV, *&HQWDXUHD� EDOHDULFD, $QWK\OOLVIXOJXUDQV, $��KHUPDQQLDH ssp. K\VWUL[, 7HXFULXP�VXEVSLQRVXP.

33.9 - Cyrno-Sardian *HQLVWD phryganas


Thermo-Mediterranean formations of headlands and peninsulas of Corsica and Sardiniadominated by cushion-forming spiny *HQLVWD� FRUVLFD or *�� PRULVLL. These endemic speciesparticipate in the constitution of hedgehog-heaths (31.75) as well as in that of the coastalformations listed here, which assume an evident phrygana appearance; they may also enter in thecomposition of mid-elevation formations of less distinctive appearance which can be listed under32.482.

33.A - Pantelleria phryganaCoastal formation of hemispherical shrubs with the Pantelleria endemics +HOLFKU\VXP� VD[DWLOHssp. HUUHUDH and 0DWWKLROD�SXOFKHOOD, vicariant of the west Mediterranean, Balearic and Sardinianclifftop phryganas.

�� Plants: 33.4 - (XSKRUELD�DFDQWKRWKDPQRV, 9HUEDVFXP�VSLQRVXP, %HUEHULV�FUHWLFD, 3KORPLV�FUHWLFD,6DWXUHMD� ELURL, 6LGHULWLV� V\ULDFD, +\SHULFXP� HPSHWULIROLD, 2ULJDQXP� PLFURSK\OOXP, 0LFURPHULDMXOLDQD, +HOLFKU\VXP� LWDOLFXP ssp. PLFURSK\OOXP, *HQLVWD� DFDQWKRFODGD; 33.5 - +\SHULFXPDHJ\SWLDFXP; 33.6 - 6DUFRSRWHULXP� VSLQRVXP; 33.7 - *HQLVWD� DFDQWKRFODGD ssp. VDUGRD; 33.8 -/DXQDHD� FHUYLFRUQLV, $VWUDJDOXV� EDOHDULFXV, *&HQWDXUHD� EDOHDULFD, $QWK\OOLV� IXOJXUDQV, $�KHUPDQQLDH ssp. K\VWUL[, 7HXFULXP� VXEVSLQRVXP; 33.9 - *HQLVWD� FRUVLFD� *�� PRULVLL; 33.A -+HOLFKU\VXP�VD[DWLOH ssp. HUUHUDH� 0DWWKLROD�SXOFKHOOD.

1$785$/�$1'�6(0,�1$785$/�*5$66/$1'�)250$7,216

1DWXUDO�JUDVVODQGV

�� 5XSLFRORXV�FDOFDUHRXV�RU�EDVRSKLOLF�JUDVVODQGV�RI�WKH$O\VVR�6HGLRQ�DOEL

PAL.CLASS.: 34.11

�� Open xerothermophile pioneer communities on superficial calcareous or base-rich soils (basic volcanicsubstrates), dominated by annuals and succulents of the $O\VVR�DO\VVRLGLV�6HGLRQ�DOEL Oberdorfer &Müller in Müller 61.Similar communities may develop on artificial substrates; these should not be taken into account.

�� Plants: $O\VVXP�DO\VVRLGHV��$UDELV� UHFWD��&HUDVWLXP spp., +RUQXQJLD� SHWUDHD�� -RYLEDUED spp., 3RDEDGHQVLV��6D[LIUDJD�WULGDFW\OLWHV��6HGXP spp., 6HPSHUYLYXP spp., 7HXFULXP�ERWU\V.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "320101 natürlicher Karbonatfels (Kalk, Dolomit) (lückige Vegetation,

P002)".Nordic classification: $VSOHQLXP� UXWD�PXUDULD�$VSOHQLXP� WULFKRPDQHV�+RPDORWKHFLXP� VHULFHXP-

variant of "6HGXP�DOEXP�7RUWHOOD spp.-typ".

�� In some regions of Belgium and Germany this habitat is very closely linked with ;HUREURPLRQ�and0HVREURPLRQ�associations.

�� ;HULF�VDQG�FDOFDUHRXV�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 34.12


�� Dry, frequently open grasslands on more or less calciferous sand with a subcontinental centre ofdistribution (.RHOHULRQ�JODXFDH��6LOHQR�FRQLFDH�&HUDVWLRQ�VHPLGHFDQGUL��6HGR�&HUDVWLRQ p.).

�� Plants: $OOLXP� VFKRHQRSUDVXP�� $O\VVXP� PRQWDQXP ssp. JHPHOLQLL�� $VWUDJDOXV� � DUHQDULXV�&DUGDPLQRSVLV�DUHQRVD��&DUH[�OLJHULFD��&DUH[�SUDHFR[��'LDQWKXV�GHOWRLGHV��(XSKRUELD�VHJXLHULDQD�)HVWXFD� SVDPPRSKLOD�� *\SVRSKLOD� IDVWLJLDWD�� +HOLFKU\VXP� DUHQDULXP�� +HUQLDULD� JODEUD�� .RHOHULRQJODXFD��3HWURUKDJLD�SUROLIHUD��6HGXP�UHIOH[XP��6LOHQH�FKORUDQWKD�

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "340403 ausdauernder Sandtrockenrasen mit geschlossener Narbe".Nordic classification: "5141 .RHOHULD�JODXFD-typ".

�� This habitat type occurs in association with non coastal dune complexes.

�� 2OVVRQ��+�� Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 60:1-170.

�� &DODPLQDULDQ�JUDVVODQGV�RI�WKH�9LROHWDOLD�FDODPLQDULDHPAL.CLASS.: 34.2, 36.44

�� Generally open natural or semi-natural grasslands 1) on natural rock outcrops, rich in heavy metals(e.g. zinc, lead), 2) river gravels and shingles, 3) on old terrils or spoil heaps around mines. These opengrasslands are characterised by a highly specialised flora, with subspecies and ecotypes adapted toheavy metals. The threatened endemic taxa are generally absent from the pioneer vegetation of youngerterrils. This pioneer vegetation is not considered to be a priority.

�� Plants: 9LROD� FDODPLQDULD and metallophyte races of 7KODVSL� FDHUXOHVFHQV, $UPHULD� PDULWLPD,0LQXDUWLD�YHUQD, 6LOHQH�YXOJDULV, )HVWXFD�RSKLROLWLFROD, &RFKOHULD�DOSLQD sensu lato.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "3405a natürliche und halbnatürliche Schwermetallrasen".United Kingdom classification: "OV37 )HVWXFD�RYLQD�0LQXDUWLD�YHUQD community".

�� Seminatural sites are to be taken into account mainly if natural sites are very rare or absent from aregion or, if these sites shelter characteristic or outstanding plant species.

�� %LUVH�(�/�� Plant communities on serpentine in Scotland. 9HJHWDWLR� 49 141-162.

�� 6LOLFHRXV�3\UHQHDQ�)HVWXFD�HVNLD�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 36.314

�� Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile )HVWXFD� HVNLD grasslands of north-facing slopes(ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with $UQLFD� PRQWDQD, 5DQXQFXOXV� S\UHQDHXV, 6HOLQXPS\UHQDHXP, 7ULIROLXP� DOSLQXP, &DPSDQXOD� EDUEDWD, *HQWLDQD� SXQFWDWD, /HXFRUFKLV� DOELGD,3K\WHXPD�EHWRQLFLIROLXP.

�� Plants: )HVWXFD�HVNLD.


�� 6LOLFHRXV�DOSLQH�DQG�ERUHDO�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 36.32

�� Boreo-alpine formations of the higher summits of mountains, with -XQFXV�WULILGXV, &DUH[�ELJHORZLL,mosses and lichens.

�� Plants: -XQFXV�WULILGXV, &DUH[�ELJHORZLL��&DVVLRSH�WHWUDJRQD�

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "U7 1DUGXV� VWULFWD�&DUH[� ELJHORZLL grass heath", "U8 &DUH[

ELJHORZLL�3RO\WULFKXP� DOSLQXP sedge heath", "U9 -XQFXV� WULILGXV�5DFRPLWULXPODQXJLQRVXP rush-heath", "U10 &DUH[� ELJHORZLL�5DFRPLWULXP� ODQXJLQRVXP moss heath","U11 3RO\WULFKXP� VH[DQJXODUH�.LDHULD� VWDUNHL snow-bed", "U12 6DOL[� KHUEDFHD�5DFRPLWULXP� ODQXJLQRVXP snow-bed" and "U14 $OFKHPLOOD� DOSLQD�6LEEDOGLD� SURFXPEHQVdwarf-herb community".

�� 2NVDQHQ��/��9LUWDQHQ��5�� Topographic, altitudinal and regional pattern in suboceanicand continental heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. $FWD�%RW��)HQQ. 153:1-80.

�� 2UR�,EHULDQ�)HVWXFD�LQGLJHVWD�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 36.361

�� Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of siliceous upper slopes and summits ofthe high Mediterranean mountains, locally extending into the Euro-Siberian domain at the subalpinelevel ()HVWXFHWDOLD�LQGLJHVWDH�.

�� Plants: )HVWXFD�LQGLJHVWD.

�� $OSLQH�DQG�VXEDOSLQH�FDOFDUHRXV�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 36.41 to 36.43, 36.37, 36.38

�� Alpine and subalpine grasslands of base-rich soils, with 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD�� *HQWLDQD� QLYDOLV�*HQWLDQD�FDPSHVWULV��$OFKHPLOOD�KRSSHDQD��$OFKHPLOOD� FRQMXQFWD��$OFKHPLOOD� IODEHOODWD��$QWK\OOLVYXOQHUDULD�� $VWUDJDOXV� DOSLQXV�� $VWHU� DOSLQXV�� 'UDED� DL]RLGHV�� *OREXODULD� QXGLFDXOLV�+HOLDQWKHPXP�QXPPXODULXP�VVS��JUDQGLIORUXP��+HOLDQWKHPXP�RHODQGLFXP�ssp��DOSHVWUH��3XOVDWLOODDOSLQD�ssp��DOSLQD��3K\WHXPD�RUELFXODUH��$VWUDQWLD�PDMRU��3RO\JDOD�DOSHVWULV (37.41 to 37.43)� Alsoincluded are the grasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highestmountains of Corsica (36.37), and the Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpinelevels of the southern and central Apennines, developed locally above treeline, on calcareoussubstrates (36.38).Sub-types :

36.41 - Closed calciphile alpine grasslandsMesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of thesubalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkanpeninsula, and, locally, of the Apennines and the Jura.

36.42 - Wind edge naked-rush swardsMeso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of .REUHVLD� P\RVXURLGHV ((O\QDP\RVXURLGHV) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strong windsin the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the CantabrianMountains, Scandinavian mountains and, very locally, the Abruzzi and the mountains of the


Balkan peninsula, with 2[\WURSLV�MDFTXLQLL (2[\WURSLV�PRQWDQD), 2[\WURSLV�S\UHQDLFD, 2[\WURSLVFDULQWKLDFD, 2[\WURSLV� IRXFDXGLL, 2[\WURSLV� KDOOHUL, $QWHQQDULD� FDUSDWLFD, 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD,'UDED� FDULQWKLDFD, 'UDED� VLOLTXRVD, 'UDED� IODGQL]HQVLV, 'UDED� DL]RLGHV, *HQWLDQD� WHQHOOD,(ULJHURQ� XQLIORUXV, 'LDQWKXV� JODFLDOLV, 'LDQWKXV� PRQVSHVVXODQXV ssp. VWHUQEHUJLL, 3RWHQWLOODQLYHD, 6DXVVXUHD� DOSLQD, *HUDQLXP� DUJHQWHXP, 6HVOHULD� VSKDHURFHSKDOD, &DUH[� DWUDWD, &DUH[EUHYLFROOLV, &DUH[� IRHWLGD, &DUH[� FDSLOODULV, &DUH[� QLJUD� &DUH[� FXUYXOD ssp. URVDH�and &DUH[UXSHVWULV.

Scandinavian .REUHVLD grasslands with &DUH[�UXSUHVWLV are included.36.43 - Calciphilous stepped and garland grasslands

Xero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped or garland grasslands of the Alps, the Carpathians,the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Mediterranean mountains, with verylocal outposts in the Jura.

36.44 - Alpine heavy metal communities: included in habitat 6130 ’Calaminarian grasslands(9LROHWDOLD�FDODPLQDULDH)’, see page 53.

36.37 - Oro-Corsican grasslandsGrasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountains ofCorsica.

36.38 - Oro-Apennine closed grasslandsMesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of the southern and centralApennines, developed locally above treeline, on calcareous substrates.

�� Plants: 36.41 to 36.43 - 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD�� *HQWLDQD� QLYDOLV�� *HQWLDQD� FDPSHVWULV�� $OFKHPLOODKRSSHDQD�� $OFKHPLOOD� FRQMXQFWD�� $OFKHPLOOD� IODEHOODWD�� $QWK\OOLV� YXOQHUDULD�� $VWUDJDOXV� DOSLQXV�$VWHU� DOSLQXV�� 'UDED� DL]RLGHV�� *OREXODULD� QXGLFDXOLV�� +HOLDQWKHPXP� QXPPXODULXP� VVS�JUDQGLIORUXP�� +HOLDQWKHPXP� RHODQGLFXP� ssp�� DOSHVWUH�� 3XOVDWLOOD� DOSLQD� ssp�� DOSLQD�� 3K\WHXPDRUELFXODUH�� $VWUDQWLD�PDMRU�� 3RO\JDOD� DOSHVWULV; 36.37 - 3ODQWDJR� VXEXODWD ssp.� LQVXODULV�� 6DJLQDSLOLIHUD�� $UPHULD� PXOWLFHSV�� 3DURQ\FKLD� SRO\JRQLIROLD�� %HOODUGLRFKORD� YLRODFHD�� 3KOHXPEUDFK\VUDFK\XP�� *HXP� PRQWDQXP�� 6LEEDOGLD� SURFXPEHQV�� 9HURQLFD� DOSLQD; 36.38 - FHVWXFDYLRODFHD ssp. PDFUDWKHUD��7ULIROLXP�WKDOLL.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "CG12 )HVWXFD�RYLQD�$OFKHPLOOD�DOSLQD�6LOHQH�DFDXOLV dwarf-herb

heath", "CG13 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD�&DUH[� IODFFD heath", "CG14 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD�6LOHQHDFDXOLV ledge community".

Nordic classification: "123 Lågörtvegetation på rikt/kalkrikt underlag".

�� %ULQJHU��.��*�� Den lågalpina Dryas-hedens differentiering och ståndortsekologi inomTorneträsk-området. 1-2. 6YHQ��%RW��7LGVNU. 55:349-375, 551-584.

�� 0DFDURQHVLDQ�PHVRSKLOH�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 38.5

�� Secondary grasslands of the highest levels.

�� Plants: +ROFXV� ULJLGXV�� )HVWXFD� MXEDWD�� 'HVFKDPSVLD� IROLRVD�� 5DQXQFXOXV� FRUWXVLIROLXV�� 5XPH[D]RULFD�� &DUGDPLQH� FDOGHLUDUXP�� 'U\RSWHULV� D]RULFD�� '�� FULVSLIROLD�� (XSKUDVLD� JUDQGLIORUD�/DFWXFD�ZDWVRQLDQD�� 6HQHFLR�PDOYLIROLXV�� 7ROSLV� D]RULFD�� %HOOLV� D]RULFD�� 6DQLFXOD� D]RULFD�� $PPLspp.


6HPL�QDWXUDO�GU\�JUDVVODQGV�DQG�VFUXEODQG�IDFLHV

�� 6HPL�QDWXUDO�GU\�JUDVVODQGV�DQG�VFUXEODQG�IDFLHV�RQFDOFDUHRXV�VXEVWUDWHV�)HVWXFR�%URPHWDOLD�� LPSRUWDQW�RUFKLG�VLWHV�

PAL.CLASS.: 34.31 to 34.34

�� Dry to semi-dry calcareous grasslands of the )HVWXFR�%URPHWHD. This habitat is formed on the onehand by steppic or subcontinental grasslands ()HVWXFHWDOLD� YDOHVLDFDH) and, on the other, by thegrasslands of more oceanic and sub-Mediterranean regions (%URPHWDOLD�HUHFWL); in the latter case, adistinction is made between primary ;HUREURPLRQ� grasslands and secondary (semi-natural)0HVREURPLRQ�grasslands with�%URPXV�HUHFWXV; the latter are characterised by their rich orchid flora.Abandonment results in thermophile scrub with an intermediate stage of thermophile fringe vegetation(7ULIROLR�*HUDQLHWHD).Important orchid sites should be interpreted as sites that are important on the basis of one or more ofthe following three criteria:

(a) the site hosts a rich suite of orchid species(b) the site hosts an important population of at least one orchid species considered not verycommon on the national territory(c) the site hosts one or several orchid species considered to be rare, very rare or exceptionalon the national territory.

�� Plants: 0HVREURPLRQ� - $QWK\OOLV� YXOQHUDULD�� $UDELV� KLUVXWD�� %UDFK\SRGLXP� SLQQDWXP�� %URPXVLQHUPLV��&DPSDQXOD�JORPHUDWD��&DUH[�FDU\RSK\OOHD��&DUOLQD�YXOJDULV��&HQWDXUHD�VFDELRVD��'LDQWKXVFDUWKXVLDQRUXP��(U\QJLXP�FDPSHVWUH��.RHOHULD�S\UDPLGDWD��/HRQWRGRQ�KLVSLGXV��0HGLFDJR�VDWLYD ssp.IDOFDWD�� 2SKU\V� � DSLIHUD�� 2�� LQVHFWLIHUD�� 2UFKLV� PDVFXOD�� 2�� PLOLWDULV�� 2�� PRULR�� 2�� SXUSXUHD�� 2�XVWXODWD�� 2�� PDVFXOD�� 3RO\JDOD� FRPRVD�� 3ULPXOD� YHULV�� 6DQJXLVRUED� PLQRU�� 6FDELRVD� FROXPEDULD�9HURQLFD�SURVWUDWD��9�� WHXFULXP. ;HUREURPLRQ� - %URPXV� HUHFWXV��)XPDQD�SURFXPEHQV��*OREXODULDHORQJDWD��+LSSRFUHSLV� FRPRVD�� )HVWXFHWDOLD� YDOHVLDFDH�� $GRQLV� YHUQDOLV�� (XSKRUELD� VHJXLHUDQD�)HVWXFD�YDOHVLDFD��6LOHQH�RWLWHV��6WLSD�FDSLOODWD��6��MRDQQLV.Animals: 3DSLOLR� PDFKDRQ�� ,SKLFOLGHV� SRGDOLULXV (Lepidoptera); /LEHOORLGHV� spp., 0DQWLV� UHOLJLRVD(Neuroptera).

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "CG1 )HVWXFD� RYLQD�&DUOLQD� YXOJDULV grassland", "CG2 )HVWXFD

RYLQD�$YHQXOD� SUDWHQVLV grassland", "CG3 %URPXV� HUHFWXV grassland", CG4 %UDFK\SRGLXPSLQQDWXP grassland", "CG5 %URPXV� HUHFWXV�%UDFK\SRGLXP� SLQQDWXP grassland", "CG6$YHQXOD� SXEHVFHQV grassland", " CG7 )HVWXFD� RYLQD�+LHUDFLXP� SLORVHOOD�7K\PXVSUDHFR[�SXOHJLRLGHV grassland", "CG8 6HVOHULD� DOELFDQV�6FDELRVD� FROXPEDULD grassland","CG9 6HVOHULD�DOELFDQV�*DOLXP�VWHUQHUL grassland".

In France the following sub-types are found: 34.31 - Subcontinental (Euro-Siberian and eastern)grasslands of the inner Alps stretching perhaps to Alsace (6WLSR� FDSLOODWDH�)HVWXFHQHDYDOHVLDFDH Gaultier 89 prov.); 34.32 - Sub-Atlantic xerocline calcicolous grasslands[0HVREURPHQDOLD�HUHFWL Royer 87 (IX 212: %URPHWDOLD�HUHFWL Br-Bl. 36)]; 34.33 - Sub-Atlanticxerophile calcicolous grasslands (;HUREURPHQDOLD�HUHFWL Royer 87); 34.34 - Central Europeancalcareo-siliceous grasslands generally established on hyperxerothermophile sands, partlydenuded (.RHOHULR� PDFUDQWKDH�3KOHLRQ� SKORHLGLV Korneck 74 (.RHOHULRPDFUDQWKDH�3KOHHQDOLD�SKORHLGLV (Korneck 74) Royer 87.

German classification: "340101 submediterraner Trockenrasen auf karbonatischem Unterground","34020301 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, gemäht","34020102 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, beweidetMähweide", "34020103 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden,


brachgefallen", "340103 subkontinentaler Trockenrasen auf karbonatischem Untergrund","34020101 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, gemäht","34020302 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, beweidetMähweide", "34020303 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden,brachgefallen", "3403 natürlicher Steppenrasen (kontinental, auf tiefgründigem Boden)".

Nordic classification: $YHQXOD� SUDWHQVLV�$UWHPLVLD� RHODQGLFD�variant of "5213 $YHQXOD� SUDWHQVLV�)UDJDULD�YLULGLV�)LOLSHQGXOD�YXOJDULV-typ"

�� Often in association with scrubland and thermophile forests and with dry pioneer 6HGXP meadows(6HGR�6FOHUDQWKHD).

�� $OEHUWVVRQ�� 1�� Das grosse südliche Alvar der Insel Öland. Eine PflanzensoziologischeÜbersicht. 6YHQ��%RW��7LGVNU. 44:269-331.

�� 3VHXGR�VWHSSH�ZLWK�JUDVVHV�DQG�DQQXDOV�RI�WKH7KHUR�%UDFK\SRGLHWHD

PAL.CLASS.: 34.5

�� Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grass annual grasslands rich intherophytes; therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich, often calcareous substrates.Perennial communities - 7KHUR�%UDFK\SRGLHWHD�� 7KHUR�%UDFK\SRGLHWDOLD: 7KHUR�%UDFK\SRGLRQ�3RHWHD� EXOERVDH: $VWUDJDOR�3RLRQ� EXOERVDH (basiphile), 7ULIROLR�3HULEDOOLRQ (silicolous). Annualcommunities - 7XEHUDULHWHD�JXWWDWDH Br.-Bl. 1952 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978, 7UDFK\QLHWDOLD�GLVWDFK\DHRivas-Martínez 1978: 7UDFK\QLRQ� GLVWDFK\DH (calciphile), 6HGR�&WHQRSVLRQ (gypsophile),2PSKDORGLRQ� FRPPXWDWDH (dolomitic and silico-basiphile). In France a distinction can be madebetween: (a) annual herbaceous vegetation of dry, initial, low-nitrogen soils ranging from neutro-basicto calcareous: 6WLSR�FDSHQVLV�%UDFK\SRGLHWHD�GLVWDFK\DH (Br-Bl. 47) Brullo 85; (b) vegetation of moreor less closed grasslands on deep, nitrocline and xerocline soil: %UDFK\SRGLHWDOLD�SKRHQLFRLGLV (Br-Bl.31) Molinier 34.In Italy this habitat mainly exists in the South and on the islands (7KHUR�%UDFK\SRGLHWHD�� 3RHWHDEXOERVDH��/\JHR�6WLSHWHD).

�� Plants: %UDFK\SRGLXP�GLVWDFK\XP��%��UHWXVXP.

�� 6SHFLHV�ULFK�1DUGXV�JUDVVODQGV��RQ�VLOLFHRXV��VXEVWUDWHVLQ�PRXQWDLQ�DUHDV��DQG�VXEPRXQWDLQ�DUHDV��LQ&RQWLQHQWDO�(XURSH�

PAL.CLASS.: 35.1, 36.31

�� Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial 1DUGXV� grasslands occupying siliceous soils in Atlantic orsub-Atlantic or boreal lowland, hill and montane regions. Vegetation highly varied, but the variation ischaracterised by continuity. 1DUGHWDOLD: 35.1-9LROR�1DUGLRQ (1DUGR�*DOLRQ� VD[DWLOLV�� 9LROLRQFDQLQDH); 36.31- 1DUGLRQ.Species-rich sites should be intrepreted as sites with are remarkable for a high number of species. Ingeneral, the habitats which have become irreversibly degraded through overgrazing should beexcluded.


�� Plants: $QWHQQDULD�GLRLFD��$UQLFD�PRQWDQD��&DPSDQXOD�EDUEDWD��&DUH[�HULFHWRUXP��&��SDOOHVFHQV��&�SDQLFHD�� )HVWXFD� RYLQD�� *DOLXP� VD[DWLOH�� *HQWLDQD� SQHXPRQDQWKH�� +\SHULFXP� PDFXODWXP�+\SRFKRHULV� PDFXODWD�� /DWK\UXV� PRQWDQXV�� /HRQWRGRQ� KHOYHWLFXV�� /HXFRUFKLV� DOELGD�� 0HXPDWKDPDQWLFXP��1DUGXV�VWULFWD��3HGLFXODULV�V\OYDWLFD��3ODWDQWKHUD�ELIROLD��3RO\JDOD�YXOJDULV��3RWHQWLOODDXUHD��3��HUHFWD��9HURQLFD�RIILFLQDOLV��9LROD�FDQLQD.Animals: 0LUDPHOOD�DOSLQD.

�� Corresponding categoriesThe habitat sub-types belonging to the 1DUGLRQ�alliance shows a strong regional differentiation: Alps

and Pyrenees - *HR�PRQWDQL�1DUGHWXP, Black Forest - /HRQWRGRQWR�1DUGHWXP, Harz -3XOVDWLOOR� PLFUDQWKDH�1DUGHWXP, Bayerischer Wald - /\FRSRGLR�1DUGHWXP�� In the UnitedKingdom, the habitat covers the most species-rich sites of the types "CG10 )HVWXFDRYLQD�$JURVWLV� FDSLOODULV�7K\PXV� SUDHFR[" and "CG11 )HVWXFD� RYLQD�$JURVWLVFDSLOODULV�$OFKHPLOOD�DOSLQD grass heath".

German classification : "34060101 gemähter Borstgrasrasen der planaren bis submontanen Stufe","34060102 beweideter Borstgrasrasen der planaren bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)","34060103 brachgefallener Borstgrasrasen der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", "34060201gemähter Borstgrasrasen der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe", "34060202 beweideterBorstgrasrasen der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)", "34060203brachgefallener Borstgrasrasen der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe".

Nordic classification : "5133 1DUGXV� VWULFWD-typ" and "5233a &DUH[� QLJUD�&DUH[� SDQLFHD�1DUGXVVWULFWD-variant".


�� 6XE�SDQQRQLF�VWHSSLF�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 34.315

�� Steppic grasslands, dominated by tussock-grasses, chamaephytes and perennials of the alliance)HVWXFLRQ�YDOOHVLDFDH and related syntaxa. These xerotherme communities are developed on southernexposed slopes with AC-soils on rocky substrate and on clay-sandy sedimentation layers enriched withgravels. They are partially of natural, partially of anthropogenic origin.

�� Plants: )HVWXFD� YDOOHVLDFD�� $OOLXP� IODYXP�� *DJHD� SXVLOOD�� +HVSHULV� WULVWLV�� ,ULV� SXPLOD�� 5DQXQFXOXVLOO\ULFXV��7HXFULXP�FKDPDHGU\V��0HGLFDJR�PLQLPD��*OREXODULD�FRUGLIROLD��+HOLDQWKHPXP�FDQXP��3RDEDGHQVLV�� 6FRU]RQHUD� DXVWULDFD�� 3RWHQWLOOD� DUHQDULD�� 6HVHOL� KLSSRPDUDWKUXP�� $O\VVXP� DO\VVRLGHV�$UWHPLVLD�DXVWULDFD��&KU\VRSRJRQ�JU\OOXV��$VWUDJDOXV�DXVWULDFXV��$��H[FDSXV��$��RQREU\FKLV��2[\WURSLVSLORVD��'DSKQH�FQHRUXP��,ULV�KXPLOLV ssp. DUHQDULD��&DUH[�KXPLOLV��)HVWXFD�UXSLFROD��6WLSD�FDSLOODWD�6��MRDQQLV��%RWULRFKORD�LVFKDHPXP�

�� Corresponding categoriesSyntaxa for Austria: $VWUDJDOR� DXVWULDFL�)HVWXFHWXP� VXOFDWDH�� 5DQXQFXOR� LOO\ULFL�)HVWXFHWXPYDOHVLDFDH�� 0HGLFDJLQL� PLQLPDH�)HVWXFHWXP� YDOHVLDFDH�� 3RD�)HVWXFHWXP� YDOHVLDFDH�� 6WLSR� MRDQQLV�$YHQDVWUHWXP�EHVVHUL��7HXFULR�ERWU\RV�$QGURSRJRQHWXP�LVFKDHPL.

�� 0XFLQD��/��*UDEKHUU��*��(OOPDXHU��7�� 'LH�3IODQ]HQJHVHOOVFKDIWHQ�gVWHUUHLFKV��7HLO� ��Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.


�� 3DQQRQLF�ORHVV�VWHSSLF�JUDVVODQGVPAL.CLASS.: 34.91

�� Grassland communities rich in perennial grasses and herbs on loess deposits. Originally covering largeareas, nowadays restricted to specific land forms like loess ridges formed by fluviatile erosion andaccumulation.

�� Plants: $UW\HPLVLD�SRQWLFD��$VWUDJDOXV�YHVLFDULXV��$��DXVWULDFXV��$��RQREU\FKLV��&UDPEH�WDWDULD��1RQHDSXOOD��6DOYLD�QHPRURVD��2UQLWKRJDOXP�SDQQRQLFXP��$JURS\URQ�SHFWLQDWXP��3KORPLV�WXEHURVD��%URPXVLQHUPLV��)HVWXFD�UXSLFROD��)DOFDULD�YXOJDULV��3HXFHGDQXP�DOVDWLFXP��(O\PXV�KLVSLGXV��&KDPDHF\WLVXVVXSLQXV��$FKLOOHD�SDQQRQLFD�.

�� Geographical distribution: Austria.Syntaxa for Austria: $VWUDJDOR�H[FDSL�&UDPEHWXP�WDWDULFL.

�� 0XFLQD��/��*UDEKHUU��*��(OOPDXHU��7�� 'LH�3IODQ]HQJHVHOOVFKDIWHQ�gVWHUUHLFKV��7HLO� �.Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.

�� 3DQQRQLF�VDQG�VWHSSHVPAL.CLASS.: 34.A1

�� Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, with lacunarground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on mobile or fixedsands (alluvial sands, subfossil dune systems) within the range of the Pannonic steppes (34.91), thus inthe Pannonic basin and the areas dominated by its communities.

�� Plants: )HVWXFD� YDJLQDWD�� +HO\FKU\VXP� DUHQDULXP�� 'LDQWKXV� VHURWLQXV�� *\SVRSKLOD� IDVWLJLDWD�� *�SDQLFXODWD��.RHOHULD�JODXFD��$O\VVXP�PRQWDQXP ssp.�JPHOLQLL��%DVVLD� ODQLIORUD��&HQWDXUHD�VFDELRVDssp.� VDGOHULDQD�� &�� MDFHD� ssp.� DQJXVWLIROLD�� (U\VLPXP� GLIIXVXP�� 6WLSD� FDSLOODWD�� 6�� SXOFKHUULPD�&\QRGRQ�GDFW\ORQ��)HVWXFD�SVHXGRYLQD�Animals: insects - *DPSVRFOHLV�JODEUD��0\UPHOHRWHWWUL[�DQWHQQDWXV�� &DOOLPRUSKD�TXDGULSXQFWDULD�&OHWLV�PDFXORVD��=\JDHQD�ODHWD��=��SXQFWXP��6F\WKULV�NDV\L.

�� Geographical distribution: Austria, France, Italy.Syntaxa for Austria: )HVWXFHWXP�YDJLQDWDH��%URPHWXP�WHFWRUXP��(TXLVHWHWXP�UDPRVLVVLPL��3RWHQWLOORDUHQDULDH�)HVWXFHWXP�SVHXGRYLQDH.

�� 0XFLQD��/��*UDEKHUU��*��(OOPDXHU��7�� 'LH�3IODQ]HQJHVHOOVFKDIWHQ�gVWHUUHLFKV��7HLO� �.Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.

�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�ORZODQG�VSHFLHV�ULFK�GU\�WR�PHVLFJUDVVODQGV

PAL.CLASS.: 35.1212, 35.1223, 38.22, 38.241 (1997 version)

�� This habitat type occurs in the Fennoscandian lowlands varying from dry to mesic grasslands mainlyon siliceous substrates. The vegetation is formed by long-term continuous grazing and/or mowing.No fertilization may occur. Species composition varies in different geographical areas, on differentsoils and moisture regimes and different management regimes. Includes habitats which are stilltraditionally used and also recently abandoned habitats with a species-rich grassland vegetation. The


habitat often supports species-rich vascular plant communities. Several endangered fungi-speciesalso occur.

�� Plants: $JURVWLV� FDSLOODULV�� $OFKHPLOOD� spp., $QWHQQDULD� GLRLFD� $QWKR[DQWKXP� RGRUDWXP�� %LVWRUWDYLYLSDUD�� %RWU\FKLXP� spp.�� 'LDQWKXV� GHOWRLGHV�� (XSKUDVLD� VSS�� )HVWXFD� RYLQD�� )�� UXEUD�� *DOLXPYHUXP�� *HQWLDQHOOD� � FDPSHVWULV�� *\PQDGHPLD� FRQRSVHD�� +\SRFKRHULV� PDFXODWD�� /HRQWRGRQKLVSLGXV��/\FKQLV�YLVFDULD��3ODQWDJR�ODQFHRODWD��3ULPXOD�YHULV��5DQXQFXOXV�SRO\DQWKHPRV��6XFFLVDSUDWHQVLV��Fungi ��+\JURF\EH spp., *HRJORVVXP spp., (QWRORPD spp.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 5212 )HVWXFD�RYLQD�/\FKQLV�YLVFDULD-type, 5213 $YHQXOD�SUDWHQVLV�)UDJDULD

YLULGLV�)LOLSHQGXOD YXOJDULV-type, 5222 $JURVWLV� FDSLOODULV�$OFKHPLOOD� VSS�� 7ULIROLXPUHSHQV�±W\SH� 5223 /HXFDQWKHPXP�YXOJDUH-type, 5224 *HUPDQLXP�V\OYDWLFXP-type.

�� 1RUGLF�DOYDU�DQG�SUHFDPEULDQ�FDOFDUHRXV�IODWURFNVPAL.CLASS.: 34.1151, 34.3171, 34.3173 (1997 version)

�� Nordic alvar and Precambrian calcareous flatrocks are very species-rich ecosystems, with anecological character strongly influenced by winter climatic conditions.� Where a thin soil layerexists, it is often frozen to ice and covered with snow. Plants and animals have special adaptationsto these conditions. For example the invertebrates must have strategies for overwintering. Annualfreezing�and thawing give rise to movements at the soil surface creating�small patches of bare soiloccupied by annual plants, a number of which are rare. The flat rocks may be covered with a thinlayer of soil, which is the product of weathering of the underlying rock. The flora and fauna is veryrich in species and many of them are rare.On Öland the Nordic alvar represents a subtype with dominating +HOLDQWKHPXP RHODQGLFXP andother endemic species. The ground is covered with a 5-30 cm deep crumbling soil. The inclination isnear zero and the draining process is extremely slow. Freeze-thaw action creates soil polygons witha characteristic patterning of vegetation. In Nordic alvar there are also depressions, whichsometimes are filled with water. In summertime those wetlands, on Öland and Gotland called“vätar” , will dry up - completely or partially.Nordic alvar is a habitat type of cambro-siluric or precambrian calcareous rocks.

�� Plants: $QGURVDFH� VHSWHQWULRQDOLV�� $VSHUXOD� WLQFWRULD�� *HQWLDQHOOD� DPDUHOOD�� /LQXP� FDWKDUWLFXP�0HOLFD� FLOLDWD��3RWHQWLOOD� WDEHUQDHPRQWDQL�� 6D[LIUDJD�DGVFHQGHQV�� 6�� WULGDFW\OLWHV�� 6HGXP�DFUH�� 6�DOEXP�� +RUQXQJLD� SHWUDHD�� )HVWXFD� RYLQD�� *HUDQLXP� FROXPELQXP� on� Gotland� H�J�� )XPDQDSURFXPEHQV�� ,QXOD� HQVLIROLD�� ,�� VDOLFLQD�� $UHQDULD� JRWKLFD�� 7UDJRSRQ� GXELXV�� 3XOVDWLOOD� SDWHQV�&UHSLV� WHFWRUXP ssp. SXPLOD, on Öland also *DOLXP� RHODQGLFXP�� $OOLXP� VFKRHQRSUDVXP var.DOYDUHQVH, $UWHPLVLD� RHODQGLFD�� 6LOHQH� XQLIORUD var. SHWUDHD. Lichens- &HWUDULD� QLYDOLV�� $VSLFLOLDFDOFDUHD�� )XOJHQVLD spp., 7RQLQLD� FDHUXOHRQLJULFDQV�� &ODGRQLD� SRFLOOXP�� &�� V\PSK\FDUSD�Bryophytes-�(QFDO\SWD spp., 7RUWHOOD�WRUWXRVD��'LWULFKXP�IOH[LFDXOH��6FKLVWLGLXP�DSRFDUSXP�

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic vegetation types: 5151 6HGXP�DOEXP�7RUWHOOD�VSS� -type, 5152 )HVWXFD�RYLQD�7RUWHOOD�VSS��-

type and 5213c�$YHQXOD�SUDWHQVLV�$UWHPLVLD�RHODQGLFD -variant

�� $OEHUWVRQ��1�� Das grosse südliche Alvar der Insel Öland��6YHQVN�%RW.�7LGVNULIW, 44: 269-331.3HWWHUVVRQ��%�� Dynamik och konstans i Gotlands flora och vegetation. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU�6XHF� 40.5RVpQ�� (�/� �� Vegetation development and sheep grazing in limestone grassland of southÖland, Sweden. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF�� nr 72.


6FOHURSKLOORXV�JUD]HG�IRUHVWV��GHKHVDV�

�� 'HKHVDV�ZLWK�HYHUJUHHQ��4XHUFXV�VSS�PAL.CLASS.: 32.11 x 91.2

�� A characteristic landscape of the Iberian peninsula in which crops, pasture land or Meso-Mediterraneanarborescent matorral, in juxtaposition or rotation, are shaded by a fairly closed to very open canopy ofnative evergreen oaks (4XHUFXV�VXEHU, 4�LOH[��4�URWXQGLIROLD��4�FRFFLIHUD). It is an important habitat ofraptors, including the threatened Iberian endemic eagle ($TXLOD�DGDOEHUWL�, of the crane (*UXV�JUXV�, oflarge insects and their predators and of the endangered felid (*/\Q[�SDUGLQXV)

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�VXEHU, 4�LOH[��4�URWXQGLIROLD��4�FRFFLIHUD�

6HPL�QDWXUDO�WDOO�KHUE�KXPLG�PHDGRZV

�� 0ROLQLD�PHDGRZV�RQ�FDOFDUHRXV��SHDW\�RU�FOD\H\�VLOW�ODGHQ�VRLOV��0ROLQLRQ�FDHUXOHDH�

PAL.CLASS.: 37.31

�� 0ROLQLD meadows of plain to montane levels, on more or less wet nutrient poor soils (nitrogen,phosphorus). They stem from extensive management, sometimes with a mowing late in the year or,they correspond to a deteriorated stage of draining peat bogs.Sub-types :

37.311: on neutro-alkaline to calcareous soils with a fluctuating water table, relatively rich in species((X�PROLQLRQ). The soil is sometimes peaty and becomes dry in summer.

37.312: on more acid soils of the -XQFR�0ROLQLRQ (-XQFLRQ�DFXWLIORUL) except species-poor meadowsor on degraded peaty soils.

�� Plants: 37.311 - 0ROLQLD� FRHUXOHD, 'LDQWKXV� VXSHUEXV, 6HOLQXP� FDUYLIROLD, &LUVLXP� WXEHURVXP,&ROFKLFXP� DXWXPQDOH, ,QXOD� VDOLFLQD, 6LODXP� VLODXV, 6DQJXLVRUED� RIILFLQDOLV, 6HUUDWXOD� WLQFWRULD,7HWUDJRQROREXV� PDULWLPXV; 37.312 - 9LROD� SHUVLFLIORUD, 9�� SDOXVWULV, *DOLXP� XOLJLQRVXP, &LUVLXPGLVVHFWXP, &UHSLV�SDOXGRVD, /X]XOD�PXOWLIORUD, -XQFXV�FRQJORPHUDWXV, 2SKLRJORVVXP�YXOJDWXP, ,QXODEULWDQQLFD, /RWXV�XOLJLQRVXV, 'LDQWKXV�GHOWRLGHV, 3RWHQWLOOD�HUHFWD, 3��DQJOLFD, &DUH[�SDOOHVFHQV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M26 - 0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD-&UHSLV�SDOXGRVD fen meadow" and "M24 -

0ROLQLD� FDHUXOD�&LULVXP� GLVVHFWXP fen meadow type" ("M23 - -XQFXV� HIIXVXV�DFXWLIORUXV�*DOLXP� SDOXVWUH rush pasture" and "M25 �� 0ROLQLD� FDHUXOHD�3RWHQWLOOD� HUHFWD mire" areexcluded).

German classification: "35020102 Pfeifengraswiese auf kalkreichen Standort".Nordic classification: "5233 &DUH[� QLJUD�&DUH[� SDQLFHD�0ROLQHD� FDHUXOHD-typ", "5234 &DUH[

IODFFD�3ULPXOD�IDULQRVD�2UFKLV spp.-typ" and "5235 0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD-typ".


�� In some regions, these grasslands are in close contact with 1DUGHWDOLD communities. For the 0ROLQLDmeadows of river valleys, a transition toward &QLGLRQ�GXELL alliance is observed.

�� (NVWDP�� 8�� $URQVVRQ�� 1�� )RUVKHG�� 1�� bQJDU. Om naturliga slåttermarker iängslandskapet. LTs förlag, Stockholm, 209 pp.

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�WDOO�KXPLG�KHUE�JUDVVODQGV�RI�WKH0ROLQLR�+RORVFKRHQLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 37.4

�� Mediterranean humid grasslands of tall grasses and rushes, widespread in the entire Mediterraneanbasin, extending along the coasts of the Black Sea, in particular in dunal systems.

�� Plants: 6FLUSXV�KRORVFKRHQXV (+RORVFKRHQXV�YXOJDULV), $JURVWLV�VWRORQLIHUD, $��UHXWHUL, *DOLXP�GHELOH,0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD, %UL]D�PLQRU, 0HOLFD�FXSDQLL, &\SHUXV�ORQJXV, /LQXP�WHQXH, 7ULIROLXP�UHVXSLQDWXP,6FKRHQXV�QLJULFDQV, 3HXFHGDQXP�KLVSDQLFXP, &DUH[�PDLULL, -XQFXV�PDULWLPXV, -��DFXWXV, $VWHULVFXVDTXDWLFXV, +\SHULFXP� WRPHQWRVXP, +�� WHWUDSWHUXP, ,QXOD� YLVFRVD, 2HQDQWKH� SLPSLQHOORLGHV, 2�ODFKHQDOLL, (XSDWRULXP� FDQQDELQXP, 3UXQHOOD� YXOJDULV, 3XOLFDULD� G\VHQWHULFD, 7HWUDJRQROREXVPDULWLPXV, 2UFKLV� OD[LIORUD, 'DFW\ORUKL]D�HODWD, 6XFFLVD�SUDWHQVLV, 6RQFKXV�PDULWLPXV ssp. DTXDWLOLV,6LODXP� VLODXV, 6DQJXLVRUED� RIILFLQDOLV, 6HUUDWXOD� WLQFWRULD, *HQLVWD� WLQFWRULD, &LUVLXPPRQVSHVVXODQXP, &�� S\UHQDLFXP, 6HQHFLR� GRULD, 'RU\FQLXP� UHFWXP, (ULFD� WHUPLQDOLV, (XSKRUELDSXEHVFHQV, /\VLPDFKLD�HSKHPHUXP.

�� +\GURSKLORXV�WDOO�KHUE�IULQJH�FRPPXQLWLHV�RI�SODLQV�DQGRI�WKH�PRQWDQH�WR�DOSLQH�OHYHOV


�� 37.7 - Wet and nitrophilous tall herb edge communities, along water courses and woodland bordersbelonging to the *OHFKRPHWDOLD� KHGHUDFHDH and the &RQYROYXOHWDOLD� VHSLXP orders (6HQHFLRQIOXYLDWLOLV, $HJRSRGLRQ�SRGDJUDULDH, &RQYROYXOLRQ�VHSLXP, )LOLSHQGXOLRQ).37.8 - Hygrophilous perennial tall herb communities of montane to alpine levels of the %HWXOR�$GHQRVW\OHWHD class.

�� Plants: 37.7 - *OHFKRPD� KHGHUDFHD, (SLORELXP� KLUVXWXP, 6HQHFLR� IOXYLDWLOLV, )LOLSHQGXOD� XOPDULD,$QJHOLFD�DUFKDQJHOLFD, 3HWDVLWHV�K\EULGXV, &LUVLXP�ROHUDFHXP, &KDHURSK\OOXP�KLUVXWXP, $HJRSRGLXPSRGDJUDULD, $OOLDULD� SHWLRODWD, *HUDQLXP� UREHUWLDQXP, 6LOHQH� GLRLFD, /DPLXP� DOEXP, /\VLPDFKLDSXQFWDWD, /\WKUXP�VDOLFDULD��&UHSLV�SDOXGRVD; 37.8 - $FRQLWXP�O\FRFWRQXP ($��YXOSDULD), $��QDSHOOXV,*HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP, 7UROOLXV� HXURSDHXV, $GHQRVW\OHV� DOOLDULDH, 3HXFHGDQXP� RVWUXWKLXP, &LFHUELWDDOSLQD, 'LJLWDOLV�JUDQGLIORUD, &DODPDJURVWLV�DUXQGLQDFHD��&LUVLXP�KHOHQLRLGHV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "U17 - /X]XOD�V\OYDWLFD�*HXP�ULYDOH tall herb community".German classification: "390101 krautiger Ufersaum an besonnten Gewässern", "39050101 feuchter

Staudensaum der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", "390102 krautiger Ufersaum anbeschatteten Gewäsern (z.B. mit &DUGDPLQH� DPDUD, Bitteres Schaumkraut)", "35020203nährstoffreiche, Feucht- bzw. Naßgrünlandbrache der planaren bis submontanen Stufe",


"35020303 nährstoffreiche, Feucht- bzw. Naßgrünlandbrache der planaren bis hochmontanenStufe", "39050201 montane bis hochmontane Hochstaudenflur", "39050202 montane bishochmontane Hochgrasflur (&DODPDJURVWLRQ� DUXQGLQDFHDH)", "6701 subalpine bzw. alpineHochstaudenflur (Alpen)".

Nordic classification: "126 Högörtängsvegetation".

�� Similar communities to 37.8, with a weak development, occur at lower altitude along rivers and forestborders (in Wallonia -Belgium for example). Nitrophilous edge communities comprising only basal,common species in the region have no conservation priority. These tall herb communities could alsodevelop in wet meadows, let lie fallow, without any cutting. Large areas of wet meadows let lie fallowand neophyte communities with +HOLDQWKXV�WXEHURVXV, ,PSDWLHQV�JODQGXOLIHUD, should not be taken intoaccount.

�� 'DKO�� (�� Alpine-subalpine plant communities of South Scandinavia. 3K\WRFRHQRORJLD15:455-484./DUVVRQ��$�� 'HQ�V\GVYHQVND�IXNWlQJHQ. 9HJHWDWLRQ��G\QDPLF�RFK�VN|WVHO. Medd. Avd. Ekol.Bot. Lund 31.

�� $OOXYLDO�PHDGRZV�RI�ULYHU�YDOOH\V�RI�WKH�&QLGLRQ�GXELLPAL.CLASS.: 37.23

�� Alluvial meadows with natural flooding regime belonging to the &QLGLRQ� GXELL alliance, undercontinental to subcontinental climatic conditions.

�� Plants: &QLGLXP� GXELXP (&�� YHQRVXP), 9LROD� SHUVLFLIROLD, 6FXWHOODULD� KDVWLIROLD, $OOLXP� DQJXORVXP2HQDQWKH� ODFKHQDOLL, *UDWLIROLD� RIILFLQDOLV, &DUH[� SUDHFR[ var. VX]DH, -XQFXV� DWUDWXV, /\WKUXPYLUJDWXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "35020201 närrstoffreiche, extensive Feucht- bzw. Naßwiese der planaren bis

submontanen Stufe", "35020202 närrstoffreiche, extensive Feucht- bzw. Naßwiese derplanaren bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)", "350204 Flutrasen".

�� This is a transition habitat between wet and dry meadows and which cover small areas. This point hasto taken into account during site selection.

�� 1RUWKHUQ�ERUHDO�DOOXYLDO�PHDGRZVPAL.CLASS.: -

�� Along large rivers with placid river sections which are frozen every winter, the type is affected byflooding in spring. The traditional management as hay meadows has usually ceased. Type includesareas that are not yet severely overgrown with trees and bushes.

�� Plants: &DUH[� DFXWD�� &�� DTXDWLOLV�� &�� FDQHVFHQV�� &DODPDJURVWLV� SXUSXUHD�� &RQYDOODULD� PDMDOLV�'HVFKDPSVLD�FHVSLWRVD��(O\PXV�ILEURVXV��(��PXWDELOLV��)HVWXFD�RYLQD��(TXLVHWXP�IOXYLDWLOH��*DOLXPERUHDOH�� 0ROLQLD� FDHUXOHD�� 1DUGXV� VWULFWD�� 3KDODULV� DUXQGLQDFHD�� 6DOL[� WULDQGUD�� 6ROLGDJRYLUJDXUHD��7KDOLFWUXP�VLPSOH[ subsp. ERUHDOH, 7UROOLXV�HXURSDHXV�


�� Includes several vegetation types which vary according to the moisture (flooding) gradient:(TXLVHWXP� IOXYLDWLOH-alluvial meadows, &DUH[� DFXWD or &�� DTXDWLOLV-alluvial meadows,&DODPDJURVWLV-alluvial meadows, 3KDODULV-alluvial meadows, 'HVFKDPSVLD FDHVSLWRVD-alluvialmeadows, tall-herb alluvial meadows, dry alluvial meadows.

�� &DMDQGHU�� $�� - Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Vegetation der Alluvionen des NördlichenEurasiens. III. Die Alluvionen der Tornio- und Kemi -Thäler. $FWD�6RF��6FLHQW��)HQQ��37(5):1-222.(XUROD��6�� Über die Vegetation der Alluvialwiesen im Gebiet der geplanted Stauseen vonLokka und Porttipahta im Finnischen Lappland. $TXLOR��6HU� %RWDQLFD� 5:1-119.+DQKHOD�� 3�� Oulangan kansallispuiston tulvaniityt. 0HWVlKDOOLWXNVHQOXRQQRQVXRMHOXMXONDLVXMD. 6DUMD�$� 24:1-43.

0HVRSKLOH�JUDVVODQGV

�� /RZODQG�KD\�PHDGRZV �$ORSHFXUXV�SUDWHQVLV�6DQJXLVRUED�RIILFLQDOLV�

PAL.CLASS.: 38.2

�� Species-rich hay meadows on lightly to moderately fertilised soils of the plain to submontane levels,belonging to the $UUKHQDWKHULRQ and the %UDFK\SRGLR�&HQWDXUHLRQ� QHPRUDOLV alliances. Theseextensive grasslands are rich in flowers and are not cut before the grasses flower and then only one ortwo times per year.

�� Plants: $UUKHQDWKHUXP� HODWLXV, 7ULVHWXP� IODYHVFHQV ssp. IODYHVFHQV, 3LPSLQHOOD� PDMRU, &HQWDXUHDMDFHD, &UHSLV� ELHQQLV, .QDXWLD� DUYHQVLV, 7UDJRSRJRQ� SUDWHQVLV, 'DXFXV� FDURWD, /HXFDQWKHPXPYXOJDUH, $ORSHFXUXV� SUDWHQVLV, 6DQJXLVRUED� RIILFLQDOLV, &DPSDQXOD� SDWXOD, /HRQWRGRQ� KLVSLGXV, /�QXGLFDXOLV, /LQXP� ELHQQH, 2HQDQWKH� SLPSLQHOORLGHV,� 5KLQDQWKXV� ODQFHRODWXV, 0DOYD� PRVFKDWD,6HUDSLDV�FRUGLJHUD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "MG4 -$ORSHFXUXV�SUDWHQVLV-6DQJXLVRUED�RIILFLQDOLV grassland".German classification: "34070101 artenreiche, frische Mähwiese der planaren bis submontanen Stufe",

"34070102 artenreiche, frische Weide der planaren bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)".Nordic classification: "5223 /HXFDQWKHPXP�YXOJDUH-typ".

�� Wet to dry sub-types occur. If management practices become intensive with heavy applications offertiliser, the species diversity rapidly declines.

�� %XIID��*��0DUFKLRUL�� 6�� 6EXUOLQR��*�� Contributo alla conoscenza dei prati e prato-pascoli della Bassa Valsugana (Trento). 1RW��),WRVRF., 24: 125-134.(NVWDP�� 8�� $URQVVRQ�� 1�� )RUVKHG�� 1�� bQJDU� Om naturliga slåttermarker iängslandskapet. LTs förlag, Stockholm, 209 pp.3HGURWWL��)�� I prati falciabili della Val di Sole (Trentino occidentale). 6W��7UHQW��6F��1DW�, 40 (1):3-122.


�� 0RXQWDLQ�KD\�PHDGRZVPAL.CLASS.: 38.31

�� Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the montane and sub-alpine levels (mostly above 600 metres)usually dominated by 7ULVHWXP�IODYHVFHQV and with +HUDFOHXP�VSKRQG\OLXP, 9LROD�FRUQXWD, $VWUDQWLDPDMRU, &DUXP�FDUYL, &UHSLV�PROOLV, &��S\UHQDLFD, %LVWRUWD�PDMRU� (3RO\JRQXP�ELVWRUWD), 6LOHQH�GLRLFD,6��YXOJDULV, &DPSDQXOD�JORPHUDWD, 6DOYLD�SUDWHQVLV, &HQWDXUHD�QHPRUDOLV, $QWKR[DQWKXP�RGRUDWXP,&URFXV�DOELIORUXV, *HUDQLXP�SKDHXP, *��V\OYDWLFXP, 1DUFLVVXV�SRHWLFXV, 0DOYD�PRVFKDWD, 9DOHULDQDUHSHQV, 7UROOLXV� HXURSDHXV, 3LPSLQHOOD� PDMRU, 0XVFDUL� ERWU\RLGHV, /LOLXP� EXOELIHUXP, 7KODVSLFDHUXOHVFHQV, 9LROD� WULFRORU ssp. VXEDOSLQD, 3K\WHXPD� KDOOHUL, 3�� RUELFXODUH, 3ULPXOD� HODWLRU,&KDHURSK\OOXP�KLUVXWXP and many others.

�� Plants: 7ULVHWXP�IODYHVFHQV and with +HUDFOHXP�VSKRQG\OLXP, 9LROD�FRUQXWD, $VWUDQWLD�PDMRU, &DUXPFDUYL, &UHSLV�PROOLV, &�� S\UHQDLFD, %LVWRUWD�PDMRU (3RO\JRQXP� ELVWRUWD), 6LOHQH� GLRLFD, 6�� YXOJDULV,&DPSDQXOD� JORPHUDWD, 6DOYLD� SUDWHQVLV, &HQWDXUHD� QHPRUDOLV, $QWKR[DQWKXP� RGRUDWXP, &URFXVDOELIORUXV, *HUDQLXP�SKDHXP, *��V\OYDWLFXP, 1DUFLVVXV�SRHWLFXV, 0DOYD�PRVFKDWD, 9DOHULDQD�UHSHQV,7UROOLXV�HXURSDHXV, 3LPSLQHOOD�PDMRU, 0XVFDUL�ERWU\RLGHV, /LOLXP�EXOELIHUXP, 7KODVSL�FDHUXOHVFHQV,9LROD� WULFRORU ssp. VXEDOSLQD, 3K\WHXPD� KDOOHUL, 3�� RUELFXODUH, 3ULPXOD� HODWLRU, &KDHURSK\OOXPKLUVXWXP��$OFKHPLOOD spp., &LUVLXP�KHWHURSK\OXP�

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : ""MG3 $QWKR[DQWKXP� RGRUDWXP�*HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP grassland".

British types with *HUDQLXP�V\OYDWLFXP.Nordic classification : "5224 *HUDQLXP�V\OYDWLFXP-typ", "5225 )HVWXFD�RYLQD�%LVWRUWD�YLYLSDUD-typ"

and "5226 )HVWXFD�UXEUD�%LVWRUWD�YLYLSDUD-typ".


�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�ZRRGHG�PHDGRZVPAL.CLASS.: -

�� A vegetation complex consisting of small copses of deciduous trees and shrubs and patches of openmeadows. Ash ()UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU), birch (%HWXOD�SHQGXOD��%��SXEHVFHQV) and 4XHUFXV�UREXU��7LOLDFRUGDWD��8OPXV�JODEUD�or�$OQXV�LQFDQD are the common tree species. Nowadays very few areas aremanaged but traditionally these areas were managed by a� combination of raking, hay-cutting,grazing of grassland and pollarding or lopping of trees. Species-rich vegetation complexes with rareand threatened meadow species and well developed epiphytic flora of mosses and lichens arecharacteristic. Many threatened species preferring old pollarded deciduous trees of semi-openhabitats occur. The habitat type includes managed areas and overgrown areas with old pollarded orlopped deciduous trees. The type does not include abandoned meadows being invaded by trees.

�� Plants: (In addition to the above mentioned tree species)�� %UL]D� PHGLD�� &RU\OXV� DYHOODQD�&RWRQHDVWHU� VFDQGLQDYLFXV�� &UDWDHJXV spp., &\SULSHGLXP� FDOFHROXV�� 'DFW\ORUKL]D� IXFKVLL�� '�6DPEXFLQD�� )HVWXFD� RYLQD�� *HUDQLXP� VDQJXLQHXP�� +HOLDQWKHPXP� QXPPXODULXP�� /LVWHUD� RYDWD�0DOXV� V\OYHVWULV�� 2UFKLV� PDVFXOD�� 3ODQWDJR� ODQFHRODWD�� 3RO\JDOD� DPDUHOOD�� 3�� YXOJDULV�� 3ULPXODIDULQRVD��3ULPXOD�YHULV��5DQXQFXOXV�ILFDULD��5RVD spp.,�6RUEXV�K\EULGD��6��LQWHUPHGLD

�� +lJJVWU|P��&��$�� Vegetation and soil of the wooded meadows in Nåtö, Aland. $FWD�%RW�)HQQLFD ,120:1-66.+lJJVWU|P�� &��$�� 3URWHFWLRQ� RI� ZRRGHG� PHDGRZV� LQ� � ODQG� �� SUREOHPV�� PHWKRGV� DQGperspectives. 2XODQND�5HSRUWV, 8:88-95.


5$,6('�%2*6�$1'�0,5(6�$1'�)(16

6SKDJQXP�DFLG�ERJV

�� $FWLYH�UDLVHG�ERJVPAL.CLASS.: 51.1

�� Acid bogs, ombrotrophic, poor in mineral nutrients, sustained mainly by rainwater, with a water levelgenerally higher than the surrounding water table, with perennial vegetation dominated by colourfulSphagna hummocks allowing for the growth of the bog ((ULFR�6SKDJQHWDOLD� PDJHOODQLFL�6FKHXFK]HULHWDOLD�SDOXVWULV p., 8WULFXODULHWDOLD�LQWHUPHGLR�PLQRULV p., &DULFHWDOLD�IXVFDH p.).The term "active" must be taken to mean still supporting a significant area of vegetation that isnormally peat forming, but bogs where active peat formation is temporarily at a standstill, such as aftera fire or during a natural climatic cycle e.g., a period of drought, are also included.

�� Plants: Erico-Sphagnetalia magellanici- Andromeda polifolia�� &DUH[� SDXFLIORUD�� &ODGRQLD spp.,'URVHUD� URWXQGLIROLD��(ULRSKRUXP�YDJLQDWXP��2GRQWRVFKLVPD� VSKDJQL�� 6SKDJQXP�PDJHOODQLFXP�� 6�LPEULFDWXP��6��IXVFXP��9DFFLQLXP�R[\FRFFRV� in the Boreal region also %HWXOD�QDQD, &KDPDHGDSKQHFDO\FXODWD�� &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�� /HGXP� SDOXVWUH� and� 6SKDJQXP� DQJXVWLIROLXP�� Scheuchzerietaliapalustris S., Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris S., Caricetalia fuscae S�- &DUH[� IXVFD�� &�� OLPRVD�'URVHUD� DQJOLFD�� '�� LQWHUPHGLD�� (ULRSKRUXP� JUDFLOH�� 5K\QFKRVSRUD� DOED�� 5�� IXVFD�� 6FKHXFK]HULDSDOXVWULV�� 8WULFXODULD� LQWHUPHGLD�� 8�� PLQRU�� 8�� RFKUROHXFD; in the Boreal region also 6SKDJQXPEDOWLFXP and 6��PDMXV.Animals: Dragonflies-�/HXFRUUKLQLD�GXELD��$HVKQD�VXEDUWLFD��$��FDHUXOHD��$�� MXQFHD��6RPDWRFKORUDDUFWLFD��6��DOSHVWULV; Butterflies- &ROLDV�SDODHQR��%RORULD�DTXLORQDULV��&RHQRQ\PSKD�WXOOLD��9DFFLQLLQDRSWLOHWH�� +\SHQRGHV� WXUIRVDOLV�� (XJUDSKH� VXEURVHD; Spiders- 3DUGRVD� VSKDJQLFROD�� *O\SKHVLVFRWWRQDH� Ants-�)RUPLFD�WUDQVNDXFDVVLD� Cricket/Grasshopper- 0HWULRSWHUD�EUDFK\SWHUD��6WHWKRSK\PDJURVVXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M1 6SKDJQXP�DXULFXODWXP bog pool community", "M3 (ULRSKRUXP

DQJXVWLIROLXP bog pool community", "M18 (ULFD� WHWUDOL[�6SKDJXP� SDSLOORVXP raised andblanket mire", "M20a (ULRSKRUXP� YDJLQDWXP blanket and mixed mire - species poor subcommunity".

German classification: "360101 Hochmoor der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", "360102 Hochmoorder montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe".

Nordic classification: "312 Ristuvvegetation", "313 Fastmattevegetation", "314 Mjukmatte-ochlösbottenvegetation" and "311 Skogmossvegetation" when comprising a part of the mirecomplexe.

�� In order to support the conservation of this ecosystem over its geographic range and its geneticdiversity, marginal areas of lower quality as a result of damage or degradation which abut active raisedbogs may need to be included, protected and, where practicable, regenerated. There are very few intactor near-intact raised bogs in Europe, except in Finland and Sweden where active raised bogs are thepredominant mire complex type in hemiboreal and southern boreal regions.

�� &XUWLV�� -�5�� LQ� SUHVV�� 7KH� UDLVHG� ERJV� RI� ,UHODQG�� WKHLU� HFRORJ\�� VWDWXV� DQG� FRQVHUYDWLRQ.Government Publications, Dublin.(XUROD��6��+LFNV��6��.DDNLQHQ��(�� .H\�WR�)LQQLVK�0LUH�7\SHV.0RRUH�� -�-�� A classification of the bogs and wet heaths of northern Europe(Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943). In: 3IODQ]HQVR]LRORJLVFKH� 6\VWHPDWLN�� %HULFKW� �EHU� GDV


LQWHUQDWLRQDOH� 6\PSRVLXP� LQ� 6WRO]HQDX�:HVHU� �� GHU� ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH� 9HUHLQLJXQJ� I�U9HJHWDWLRQVNXQGH (R.Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 306 - 320.1DWXUH� &RQVHUYDWLRQ� FRXQFLO� �� *XLGHOLQHV� IRU� WKH� VHOHFWLRQ� RI� ELRORJLFDO� 666,V. NatureConservation Council , Peterborough.2VZDOG��+�� Die Vegetation des Hochmoores Komosse. 6Y��9l[WVRFLRO��6lOOVN��+DQGO� 1:1-436.6FKRXWHQ��0�&�*�� 6RPH�DVSHFWV�RI�WKH�HFRJHRJUDSKLFDO�JUDGLHQW�LQ��,ULVK�RPEURWURSKLF�ERJV�Peat Congress, Dublin. 1: 414 - 432.7X[HQ�� 5�� 0L\DZDNL�� $�� )XMLZDUD�� .�� Eine erweiterte Gliederung derOxycocco-Sphagnetea. In: *UXQGIUDJHQ� XQG� 0HWKRGHQ� LQ� GHU� 3IODQ]HQVR]LRORJLH. (R.Tuxen, Ed.).Junk, Den Haag. 500 - 520.

�� 'HJUDGHG�UDLVHG�ERJV�VWLOO�FDSDEOH�RI�QDWXUDOUHJHQHUDWLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 51.2

�� These are raised bogs where there has been disruption (usually anthropogenic) to the naturalhydrology of the peat body, leading to surface desiccation and/or species change or loss. Vegetationon these sites usually contains species typical of active raised bog as the main component, but therelative abundance of individual species is different. Sites judged to be still capable of naturalregeneration will include those areas where the hydrology can be repaired and where, withappropriate rehabilitation management, there is a reasonable expectation of re-establishingvegetation with peat-forming capability within 30 years. Sites unlikely to qualify as SACs are thosethat consist largely of bare peat, that are dominated by agricultural grasses or other crops, or wherecomponents of bog vegetation have been eradicated by closed canopy woodlands.

�� 0DOPHU��1�� The southern mires. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 50:149-158.

�� %ODQNHW�ERJV�� LI�DFWLYH�ERJ�PAL.CLASS.: 52.1 and 52.2

�� Extensive bog communities or landscapes on flat or sloping ground with poor surface drainage, inoceanic climates with heavy rainfall, characteristic of western and northern Britain and Ireland. Inspite of some lateral water flow, blanket bogs are mostly ombrotrophic. They often cover extensiveareas with local topographic features supporting distinct communities [(ULFR�6SKDJQHWDOLDPDJHOODQLFL: 3OHXUR]LR� SXUSXUHDH�(ULFHWXP� WHWUDOLFLV�� 9DFFLQLR�(ULFHWXP� WHWUDOLFLV p.;6FKHXFK]HULHWDOLD�SDOXVWULV p., 8WULFXODULHWDOLD�LQWHUPHGLR�PLQRULV p., &DULFHWDOLD�IXVFDH p.]. Sphagnaplay an important role in all of them but the cyperaceous component is greater than in raised bogs.The term "active" must be taken to mean still supporting a significant area of vegetation that isnormally peat forming.Sub-types in the British Isles

52.1 – HyperAtlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Ireland, western Scotland and its islands,Cumbria, Northern Wales ; bogs locally dominated by sphagna (6SKDJQXP DXULFXODWXP, 6. PDJHOODQLFXP,6. FRPSDFWXP, 6. SDSLOORVXP, 6. QHPRUHXP, 6. UXEHOOXP, 6. WHQHOOXP, 6. VXEQLWHQV), or, particularly in partsof western Ireland, mucilaginous algal deposits (=\JRJRQLXP).

52.2 – Blanket bogs of high ground, hills and mountains in Scotland, Ireland, Western England and Wales.

�� Plants: 52.1- &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV��&DPS\ORSXV�DWURYLUHQV��&DUH[�SDQLFHD��'URVHUD�URWXQGLIROLD��(ULFDWHWUDOL[��(ULRSKRUXP�YDJLQDWXP��0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD��0\ULFD�JDOH��1DUWKHFLXP�RVVLIUDJXP��3HGLFXODULV


V\OYDWLFD�� 3LQJXLFXOD� OXVLWDQLFD�� 3OHXUR]LD� SXUSXUHD�� 3RO\JDOD� VHUS\OOLIROLD�� 3RWHQWLOOD� HUHFWD�5DFRPLWULXP� ODQJXJLQRVXP��5K\QFKRVSRUD�DOED��6FKRHQXV�QLJULFDQV�� 6FLUSXV� FHVSLWRVXV�� 6SKDJQXPSXOFKUXP��6��VWULFWXP��6��FRPSDFWXP��6��DXULFXODWXP. 52.2 - &DOOXQD�YXOJDULV��'LSORSK\OOXP�DOELFDQV�'URVHUD� URWXQGLIROLD�� (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP�� (ULFD� WHWUDOL[�� (ULRSKRUXP� YDJLQDWXP�� 0\OLD� WD\ORULL�1DUWKHFLXP�RVVLIUDJXP��5XEXV�FKDPDHPRUXV��6FLUSXV�FHVSLWRVXV��9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOLV.Animals: birds - 3OXYLDOLV�DSULFDULD��&DOLGULV�DOSLQD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M1 6SKDJQXP� DXULFXODWXP bog pool community", "M15 6FLUSXV

FHVSLWRVXV�(ULFD�WHWUDOL[ wet heath", "M17 6FLUSXV�FHVSLWRVXV�(ULRSKRUXP�YDJLQDWXP blanketmire", "M18 (ULFD� WHWUDOL[�6SKDJQXP� SDSLOORVXP raised and blanket mire", "M19 &DOOXQDYXOJDULV�(ULRSKRUXP�YDJLQDWXP blanket mire", "M20 (ULRSKRUXP�YDJLQDWXP blanket mire".

�� In the United Kingdom discrete areas of raised bog and blanket bog may occur in some districts,showing their characteristic differences. In many other areas, however, peatlands which may havebegun as raised bog have became merged in a general expanse of blanket bog, losing their distinctivemarginal features. Within these blanket bogs, there are other peat-forming systems which, strictlyspeaking, form part of various biotopes of aquatic and amphibious zones, fens and moorland.

�� 'R\OH��*�-��0RRUH�-�-�� Western blanket bog (Pleurozio purpureae-Ericetum tetralicis) inIreland and Great Britain. &ROORTXHV�3K\WRVRFLRORJLTXHV. VII: 213 - 223.0RRUH�� -�-�� A classification of the bogs and wet heaths of northern Europe(Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943). In: 3IODQ]HQVR]LRORJLVFKH� 6\VWHPDWLN�� %HULFKW� �EHU� GDVLQWHUQDWLRQDOH� 6\PSRVLXP� LQ� 6WRO]HQDX�:HVHU� �� GHU� ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH� 9HUHLQLJXQJ� I�U9HJHWDWLRQVNXQGH (R.Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 306 - 320.1DWXUH� &RQVHUYDWLRQ� &RXQFLO� �� *XLGHOLQHV� IRU� WKH� VHOHFWLRQ� RI� ELRORJLFDO� 666,V� NatureConservation Council , Peterborough.7X[HQ�� 5�� 0L\DZDNL�� $�� )XMLZDUD�� .�� Eine erweiterte Gliederung derOxycocco-Sphagnetea. In: *UXQGIUDJHQ� XQG� 0HWKRGHQ� LQ� GHU� 3IODQ]HQVR]LRORJLH. (R.Tuxen, Ed.).Junk, Den Haag. 500 - 520.

�� 7UDQVLWLRQ�PLUHV�DQG�TXDNLQJ�ERJVPAL.CLASS.: 54.5

�� Peat-forming communities developed at the surface of oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters, withcharacteristics intermediate between soligenous and ombrogenous types. They present a large anddiverse range of plant communities. In large peaty systems, the most prominent communities areswaying swards, floating carpets or quaking mires formed by medium-sized or small sedges, associatedwith sphagnum or brown mosses. They are generally accompanied by aquatic and amphibiouscommunities. In the Boreal region this habitat type includes minerotrophic fens that are not part of alarger mire complex, open swamps and small fens in the transition zone between water (lakes, ponds)and mineral soil.These mires and bogs belong to the 6FKHXFK]HULHWDOLD� SDOXVWULV order (oligotrophic floating carpetsamong others) and to the &DULFHWDOLD� IXVFDH order (quaking communities). Oligotrophic water-landinterfaces with &DUH[�URVWUDWD are included.

�� Plants: (ULRSKRUXP�JUDFLOH, &DUH[� FKRUGRUUKL]D, &DUH[� ODVLRFDUSD, &DUH[� GLDQGUD, &DUH[� URVWUDWD,&DUH[�OLPRVD, 6FKHXFK]HULD�SDOXVWULV, +DPPDUE\D�SDOXGRVD, #/LSDULV�ORHVHOLL, 5K\QFKRVSRUD�DOED��5�IXVFD, 0HQ\DQWKHV�WULIROLDWD, (SLORELXP�SDOXVWUH, 3HGLFXODULV�SDOXVWULV��6SKDJQXP sp. (6��SDSLOORVXP,6�� DQJXVWLIROLXP, 6�� VXEVHFXQGXQ, 6�� ILPEULDWXP, 6�� ULSDULXP, 6�� FXVSLGDWXP, &DOOLHUJRQ� JLJDQWHXP,'UHSDQRFODGXV�UHYROYHQV, 6FRUSLGLXP�VFRUSLRLGHV, &DPS\OLXP�VWHOODWXP, $QHXUD�SLQJXLV.


�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M4 - &DUH[� URVWUDWD�6SKDJQXP� UHFXUYXP mire", "M5 - &DUH[

URVWUDWD�6SKDJQXP�VTXDUURVXP mire", "M8 - &DUH[�URVWUDWD�6SKDJQXP�ZDUQVWRILL mire", "M9&DUH[�URVWUDWD�&DOOLHUJRQ�FXVSLGDWXP�JLJDQWHXP", "S27 -&DUH[� URVWUDWD�3RWHQWLOOD�SDOXVWULVfen".

German classification: "360201 Übergangs- oder Zwischenmoor der planaren bis submontanen Stufe","360202 Übergangs- oder Zwischenmoor der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe".

Nordic classification: "312 Ristuvvegetation", "32 Fattigkärrvegetation (except 321)", "314Mjukmatte-och lösbottenvegetation på öppna mossar", "3321 7ULFKRSKRUXP� FDHVSLWRVXP�0ROLQLD� FDHUXOHD�6SKDJQXP� spp.-'UHSDQRFODGXV spp.-typ", "3323 &DUH[� QLJUD�'UHSDQRFODGXV� H[DQQXODWXV�&DOOLHUJRQ spp.-typ", "7ULFKRSKRUXP� FDHVSLWRVXP�'UHSDQRFODGXV� UHYROYHQV�variant of 3323", "3331 &DUH[� spp.-6SKDJQXP spp.-'UHSDQRFODGXV spp.-typ", "&DUH[ spp.-6SKDJQXP� IDOOD[�VXEVHFXQGXP�variant of 3331","3333 3RWHQWLOOD� SDOXVWULV�&DUH[� spp.-6SKDJQXP� spp.-� 'UHSDQRFODGXV� H[DQQXODWXV�typ","3341 &DUH[ spp.-3KUDJPLWHV�,ULV�SVHXGDFRUXV�Sphagnum-typ".

�� Associated with amphibious communities (22.3), fens (54.2 et 54.4), bogs (51.1-2) or humid grasslands(37.2-3).

�� 'X�5LHW]��*��(�� Huvudenheter och huvudgränser i svensk myrvegetation. 6YHQ��%RW��7LGVNU.43:274-309.

�� 'HSUHVVLRQV�RQ�SHDW�VXEVWUDWHV�RI�WKH�5K\QFKRVSRULRQPAL.CLASS.: 54.6

�� Highly constant pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, with5K\QFKRVSRUD�DOED, 5��IXVFD, 'URVHUD�LQWHUPHGLD, '��URWXQGLIROLD, /\FRSRGLHOOD�LQXQGDWD, formingon stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, but also on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas ofwet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy, slightlypeaty substratum. These communities are similar, and closely related, to those of shallow boghollows (51.122) and of transition mires (54.57).

�� Plants: 5K\QFKRVSRUD�DOED, 5��IXVFD, 'URVHUD�LQWHUPHGLD, '��URWXQGLIROLD, /\FRSRGLHOOD�LQXQGDWD.

�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�PLQHUDO�ULFK�VSULQJV�DQG�VSULQJIHQVPAL.CLASS.: 5411(1997 version)

�� Springs and springfens are characterized by continuous flow of ground-water. The water is cold, ofeven temperature, and rich in oxygen and minerals, due to the rapid percolation. Springs may have abasin where the water wells up and an adjacent outflow with typical vegetation. In springfens thewater seeps up through the ground and the accumulated peat, enhancing the growth of specializedvegetation. Since the water originates from deeper layers, these springs often have running waterduring the winter even if the surrounding areas are frozen and snow-covered. The invertebrate faunais often very specific to this habitat and the flora rich in northern species.

�� Plants: &DUGDPLQH�DPDUD��&KU\VRVSOHQLXP�VSS��&DUH[�DSSURSLQTXDWD��&��FDSLOODULV��&��SDQLFXODWD�(SLORELXP�KRUQHPDQQL��(��GDYXULFXP��(��ODHVWDGLL��(��DOVLQLIROLXP��0RQWLD�IRQWDQD��3RD�DOSLJHQD�3��UHPRWD��3�� WULYLDOLV��5DQXQFXOXV� ODSSRQLFXV��5��K\SHUERUHXV��6WHOODULD�DOVLQH��6��FDO\FDQWKD��6�


QHPRUXP; Bryophytes-� %UDFK\WKHFLXP� ULYXODUH� %U\XP� ZHLJHOLL�� %�� SVHXGRWULTXHWUXP�� %�VFKOHLFKHULL�� &DOOLHUJRQ� JLJDQWHXP�� &�� VDUPHQWRVXP�� 3KLORQRWLV� spp�� 3RKOLD� � ZDKOHQEHUJLL�3ODJLRPQLXP�XQGXODWXP��5KL]RPQLXP�VSS��6FDSDQLD�VSS��:DUQVWRUILD�H[DQQXODWD�

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 3511 6SKDJQXP� �� 'UHSDQRFODGXV -type, 3512 0RQWLD� IRQWDQD�(SLORELXP

KRUQHPDQQLL�type, 3513 6D[LIUDJD� VWHOODULV�3KLORQRWLV� IRQWDQD�type, 3521 3KLORQRWLV-type,3523 3DOXGHOOD-type, 3432 )LOLSHQGXOD� XOPDULD� �� &DUH[� VSS�� 'UHSDQRFODGXV� VSS�� 3DOXGHOOD�VTXDUURVD�-type

�� +HGHQlV��/��/|IURWK��0�� Mossor som indikerar särskilt skyddsvärda våtmarksbiotoper.6YHQVN�%RW��7LGVNULIW, 86.(XUROD�� 6�� 9LUWDQHQ�� 5�� Key to the vegetation of northern Fennoscandian fjelds..LOSLVMlUYL�1RWHV� 12: 1-28.

&DOFDUHRXV�IHQV

�� &DOFDUHRXV�IHQV�ZLWK�&ODGLXP�PDULVFXV�DQG�VSHFLHV�RIWKH�&DULFLRQ�GDYDOOLDQDH

PAL.CLASS.: 53.3

�� &ODGLXP� PDULVFXV beds of the emergent-plant zones of lakes, fallow lands or succession stage ofextensively farmed wet meadows in contact with the vegetation of the &DULFLRQ�GDYDOOLDQDH or other3KUDJPLWLRQ�species [&ODGLHWXP��PDULVFL (Allorge 1922) Zobrist 1935].

�� Plants: &ODGLXP�PDULVFXV��.RVWHOH]NLD�SHQWDFDUSRV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "S2 &ODGLHWXP�PDULVFL", "S24 3HXFHGDQR�3KUDJPLWHWXP� DXVWUDOLV",

"S25 3KUDJPLWHV�DXVWUDOLV�(XSDWRULXP�FDQQDELQXP fen", "M9 &DUH[�URVWUDWD��&DOOLHUJRQ spp.mire", "M13 6FKRHQXV� QLJULFDQV�-XQFXV� VXEQRGXORVXV mire", "M14 6FKRHQXVQLJULFDQV�1DUWKHFLXP� RVVLIUDJXP mire", "M24 0ROLQLD� FDHUXOHD�&LUVLXP� GLVVHFWXP fenmeadow", "SD14 6DOL[� UHSHQV�&DPS\OLXP� VWHOODWXP dune slack" and "SD 15 6DOL[UHSHQV�&DOOLHUJRQ�FXVSLGDWXP dune slack".

German classification: "3804 Schneidenröhricht".Nordic classification: "3441a &ODGLXP�PDULVFXV-variant".

�� In contact with calcareous fens (7230), but also with acid fens, extensive wet meadows, other reed bedsand tall sedge communities.

�� 6WHUQHU�� 5�� gODQGV� Yl[WYlUOG�� 6|GUD� .DOPDU� OlQ� ,,,� Hjalmar Appeltoffts Bokhandel,Kalmar, 237 pp.

�� 3HWULI\LQJ�VSULQJV�ZLWK�WXID�IRUPDWLRQ��&UDWRQHXULRQ�PAL.CLASS.: 54.12


�� Hard water springs with active formation of travertine or tufa. These formations are found in suchdiverse environments as forests or open countryside. They are generally small (point or linearformations) and dominated by bryophytes (&UDWRQHXULRQ�FRPPXWDWL).

�� Plants: $UDELV� VR\HUL�� &RFKOHDULD� S\UHQDLFD (in sites with heavy metals), 3LQJXLFXOD� YXOJDULV�6D[LIUDJD�DL]RLGHV. Mosses: &DWRVFRSLXP�QLJULWXP��&UDWRQHXURQ� FRPPXWDWXP��&�� FRPPXWDWXP var.IDOFDWXP, &��ILOLFLQXP��(XFODGLXP�YHUWLFLOODWXP��*\PQRVWRPXP�UHFXUYLURVWUXP. In the Boreal regionalso &DUH[� DSSURSLQTXDWD�� (SLORELXP� GDYXULFXP�� -XQFXV� WULJOXPLV�� 'UHSDQRFODGXV� YHUQLFRVXV�3KLORQRWLV� FDOFDUHD�� 6FRUSLGLXP� UHYROYHQV�� 6�FRVVRQL�� &UDWRQHXURQ� GHFLSLHQV�� %U\XPSVHXGRWULTXHWXP�

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M37 &UDWRQHXURQ� FRPPXWDWXP�)HVWXFD� UXEUD spring community"

and "M38 &UDWRQHXURQ�FRPPXWDWXP�&DUH[�QLJUD spring community".German classification: "220102 kalkreiche Sicker- und Sumpfquelle", "220302 kalkreiche

Sturzquelle", "220402 kalkreiche, temporäre Sicker- und Stumpfquelle", "220502 kalkreiche,temporäre Sturzquelle".

Nordic classification: "3521 3KLORQRWLV-typ" and "3522 &UDWRQHXURQ-typ".

�� Can form complexes with transition mires, fens, chasmophytic communities of cold and humidenvironments and heaths and calcareous grassland ()HVWXFR�%URPHWDOLD).In order to preserve this habitat of very limited expanse in the field, it is essential to preserve itssurroundings and the whole hydrological system concerned.

�� 0DOPHU��1�� Förslag till riktlinjer för en enhetlig klassificering av myrvegetation i Norden.In: ,%3�L�1RUGHQ�� Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 45-58.

�� $ONDOLQH�IHQVPAL.CLASS.: 54.2

�� Wetlands mostly or largely occupied by peat- or tufa-producing small sedge and brown mosscommunities developed on soils permanently waterlogged, with a soligenous or topogenous base-rich, often calcareous water supply, and with the water table at, or slightly above or below, thesubstratum. Peat formation, when it occurs, is infra-aquatic. Calciphile small sedges and otherCyperaceae usually dominate the mire communities, which belong to the &DULFLRQ� GDYDOOLDQDH,characterised by a usually prominent "brown moss" carpet formed by &DPS\OLXP� VWHOODWXP,'UHSDQRFODGXV� LQWHUPHGLXV, '�� UHYROYHQV, &UDWRQHXURQ� FRPPXWDWXP, $FURFODGLXP� FXVSLGDWXP,&WHQLGLXP� PROOXVFXP, )LVVLGHQV� DGLDQWKRLGHV, %U\XP� SVHXGRWULTXHWUXP and others, a grasslikegrowth of 6FKRHQXV�QLJULFDQV, 6��IHUUXJLQHXV, (ULRSKRUXP�ODWLIROLXP, &DUH[�GDYDOOLDQD, &��IODYD, &�OHSLGRFDUSD, &�� KRVWLDQD, &�� SDQLFHD, -XQFXV� VXEQRGXORVXV, 6FLUSXV� FHVSLWRVXV, (OHRFKDULVTXLQTXHIORUD, and a very rich herbaceous flora including 7RILHOGLD� FDO\FXODWD, 'DFW\ORUKL]DLQFDUQDWD, '��WUDXQVWHLQHUL, '��WUDXQVWHLQHULRLGHV, '��UXVVRZLL, '��PDMDOLV ssp.EUHYLIROLD, '��FUXHQWD,#/LSDULV� ORHVHOLL, +HUPLQLXP� PRQRUFKLV, (SLSDFWLV� SDOXVWULV, 3LQJXLFXOD� YXOJDULV, 3HGLFXODULVVFHSWUXP-FDUROLQXP, 3ULPXOD� IDULQRVD, 6ZHUWLD� SHUHQQLV. Wet grasslands (0ROLQLHWDOLD� FDHUXODHD,37), tall sedge beds (0DJQRFDULFLRQ, 53.2), reed formations (3KUDJPLWLRQ, 53.1), fen sedge beds(&ODGLHWXP�PDULVFDH, 53.3), may form part of the fen system, with communities related to transitionmires (54.5, 54.6) and amphibious or aquatic vegetation (22.3, 22.4) or spring communities (54.1)developing in depressions. The sub-units below, which can, alone or in combination, and togetherwith codes selected from the categories just mentioned, describe the composition of the fen, areunderstood to include the mire communities VHQVX�VWULFWR (&DULFLRQ�GDYDOOLDQDH), their transition tothe 0ROLQLRQ, and assemblages that, although they may be phytosociologically referable to alkaline0ROLQLRQ associations, contain a large representation of the &DULFLRQ�GDYDOOLDQDH species listed, inaddition to being integrated in the fen system; this somewhat parallels the definition of an integrated


class 0ROLQLR�&DULFHWDOLD� GDYDOOLDQDH in Rameau HW� DO., 1989. Outside of rich fen systems, fencommunities can occur as small areas in dune slack systems (16.3), in transition mires (54.5), in wetgrasslands (37), on tufa cones (54.121) and in a few other situations. The codes below can be used,in conjunction with the relevant principal code, to signal their presence. Rich fens are exceptionallyendowed with spectacular, specialised, strictly restricted species. They are among the habitats thathave undergone the most serious decline. They are essentially extinct in several regions and gravelyendangered in most.

�� Plants: 6FKRHQXV�QLJULFDQV��6��IHUUXJLQHXV��&DUH[�spp��(ULRSKRUXP�ODWLIROLXP��&LQFOLGLXP�VW\JLXP�7RPHQW\SQXP�QLWHQV.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 34 Rikkärrvegetation-typ", "352 Rik källkärrvegetation".

�� 6M|UV��+�� Myrvegetation i Bergslagen. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 21:1-299.

�� $OSLQH�SLRQHHU�IRUPDWLRQV�RI�&DULFLRQELFRORULV�DWURIXVFDH

PAL.CLASS.: 54.3

�� Alpine, peri-Alpine and northern British communities colonising neutral to slightly acid gravely,sandy, stony, sometimes somewhat argilous or peaty substrates soaked by cold water, in moraines andon edges of springs, rivulets, glacial torrents of the alpine or sub-alpine levels, or on alluvial sands ofpure, cold, slow-flowing rivers and calm backwaters. A permanent or continuous soil frost over a longperiod is essential for the existence of this habitat type. Low vegetation composed principally ofspecies of &DUH[�and -XQFXV�(&DULFLRQ�ELFRORULV�DWURIXVFDH).

�� Plants: &DUH[� DWURIXVFD�� &�� ELFRORU�� &�� PDULWLPD�� &�� PLFURJORFKLQ�� &�� YDJLQDWD�� -XQFXVDOSLQRDUWLFXODWXV��-��DUFWLFXV��-��FDVWDQHXV��-��WULJOXPLV��.REUHVLD�VLPSOLFLXVFXOD��7\SKD�OXJGXQHQVLV�7��PLQLPD��7��VKXWWOHZRUWKLL��7RILHOGLD�SXVLOOD.Animals: �9HUWLJR�JH\HUL��9��JHQHVLL.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "6402 Alpine Scwemmböden mit niedriger Vegetation".Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types: "3422 &DUH[� DWURIXVFD�'UHSDQRFODGXVUHYROYHQV-typ" and "3423 &DUH[�VD[DWLOLV�'UHSDQRFODGXV�UHYROYHQV-typ".

�� Associated with humid meadows managed extensively, but also with communities of &DULFLRQGDYDOOLDQDH.

�� 3HUVVRQ��c�� Mountain mires. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 50:249-256.

%RUHDO�PLUHV

�� $DSD�PLUHVPAL.CLASS.: 54.8


�� Mire complexes in southern, middle and northern boreal zones characterised by minerotrophic fenvegetation in the central parts of the complexes. Hydro-topographical mire-units are: mixed mires,string-fens, flark-fens, unraised 6SKDJXP�IXVFXP-bogs, unpatterned topogenous or soligenous lawn-,carpet or mud-bottom fens. Poor 6SKDJXP fens are the most common vegetation types whilst brownmoss fens can be common in some regions. In prealpine areas in Sweden and in hill regions ofKainuu and Kuusamo in eastern Finland, sloping fens (>5 grades) are typical variants of aapa mires.They occur rarely also in the Suomenselkä water divide region in western Finland as well inLapland. In the mire margins, pine mires and spruce swamps and mires on thin peat of differenttypes dominate. In some limited areas with calcareous bedrock rich fens dominate in the complexes.

�� Plants: &KDPDHGDSKQH� FDO\FXODWD�� (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP� (s.lato),� %HWXOD� QDQD�� 7KULFRSKRUXPFHVSLWRVXP��(ULRSKRUXP�YDJLQDWXP��(��UXVVHROXP��&DUH[�URVWUDWD��&��ODVLRFDUSD��&��URWXQGDWD��&�FKRUGRUUL]D�� &�� OLYLGD�� 6FKHXFK]HULD� SDOXVWULV��0ROLQLD� FDHUXOHD�� 5XEXV� FKDPDHPRUXV�� 6D[LIUDJDKLUFXOXV�� 'DFW\ORUKL]D� LQFDUQDWD; Mosses- 6SKDJQXP� SDSLOORVXP�� 6�� MHQVHQLL�� 6�� OLQGEHUJLL�� 6�PDMXV�� 6�� DRQJVWURHPLL�� 6�� VXEVHFXQGXP�� 6�� VXEIXOYXP�� 6�� SXOFKUXP�� :DUQVWRUILD� H[DQQXODWD�'UHSDQRFODGXV� H[DQQXODWXV�� /LPSULFKWLD� UHYROYHQV� �'UHSDQRFODGXV� UHYROYHQV�� 'UHSDQRFODGXV(s.lato) spp.��6FRUSLGLXP�VFRUSLRLGHV�Animals: Butterflies - 3\UJXV� FHQWDXUHDH�� (UHELD� GLVD; Moths: 6\QJUDSKD� GLDVHPD�� $SDPHDPDLOODUGL��1ROD�NDUHOLFD��+\SR[\[WLV�SOXYLDULD.

�� (XUROD�� 6��+LFNV�� 6��.DDNLQHQ��(�� Key to Finnish mire types. In: Moore, P.D. (ed).(XURSHDQ�PLUHV, 11-117. Academic Press, London.5XXKLMlUYL��5�� The Finnish mire types and their regional distribution. In: Gore, A.J.P. (ed.).(FRV\VWHPV�RI�WKH�ZRUOG��%��0LUHV��6ZDPS��ERJ��IHQ�DQG�PRRU� Regional studies, 47-97. Elsevier,Amsterdam.

�� 3DOVD�PLUHVPAL.CLASS.: 54.9

�� Mire complexes in the northern boreal, orohemiarctic and alpine regions, where the climate isslightly continental and the mean annual temperature is below -1°. The mires are mainlyminerotrophic, excluding the palsas, which are peat mounds with sporadic permafrost. The palsasare usually 2-4 metres high, but up to 7 metres high palsas have been found in Finland and Sweden.

�� Plants: (ULRSKRUXP� UXVVHROXP�� &DUH[� URWXQGDWD�� &�� VD[DWLOLV�� (PSHWUXP� QLJUXP ssp.KHUPDSKURGLWXP�� /HGXP� SDOXVWUH�� %HWXOD� QDQD�� 9DFFLQLXP� PLFURFDUSXP; Mosses- 'LFUDQXPHORQJDWXP; Lichens: 2FKUROHFKLD spp., &ODGRQLD spp., &ODGLQD spp.

�� (XUROD�� 6��+LFNV�� 6��.DDNLQHQ��(�� Key to Finnish mire types. In: Moore, P.D. (ed).(XURSHDQ�PLUHV, 11-117. Academic Press, London.5XXKLMlUYL��5�� The Finnish mire types and their regional distribution. In: Gore, A.J.P. (ed.).(FRV\VWHPV�RI�WKH�ZRUOG��%��0LUHV��6ZDPS��ERJ��IHQ�DQG�PRRU� Regional studies, 47-97. Elsevier,Amsterdam.

52&.<�+$%,7$76�$1'�&$9(6

6FUHH


�� 6LOLFHRXV�VFUHH�RI�WKH�PRQWDQH�WR�VQRZ�OHYHOV�$QGURVDFHWDOLD�DOSLQDH�DQG�*DOHRSVHWDOLD�ODGDQL�

PAL.CLASS.: 61.1

�� This habitat consist of:a) communities of siliceous scree of the upper montane level to the permanent snow level, growing onmore or less moving "cryoclastic systems" with variable granulometry and belonging to the order$QGURVDFHWDOLD�DOSLQDH.b) vegetation of the montane level of the west and centre of Europe growing on screes sometimes ofartificial origin (extraction of materials). It consists of alpine communities often rich in bryophytes,lichens and sometimes in ferns (&U\SWRJUDPPD�FULVSD), belonging to the order�*DOHRSVLHWDOLD.

�� Plants: a) $QGURVDFHWDOLD�DOSLQDH: $QGURVDFDH�DOSLQD, $FKLOOHD�QDQD, 2[\ULD�GLJ\QD, *HXP�UHSWDQV,6D[LIUDJD�EU\RLGHV, 5DQXQFXOXV�JODFLDOLV, /LQDULD�DOSLQD, &HUDVWLXP�XQLIORUXP, 'RURQLFXP�FOXVLL, '�JUDQGLIORUXP, 3RD�OD[D, 9LROD�YDOGHULD, /X]XOD�DOSLQRSLORVD, &U\SWRJUDPPD�FULVSD; b) *DOHRSVLHWDOLDODGDQL: *DOHRSVLV�ODGDQXP ssp. ODGDQXP, $QDUUKLQXP�EHOOLGLIORUXP, &U\SWRJUDPPD�FULVSD��$WK\ULXPDOSHVWUH�($��GLVWHQWLIROLXP).

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "U21 &U\SWRJUDPPD� FULVSD�'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD community" and

"U18 &U\SWRJUDPPD�FULVSD�$WK\ULXP�GLVWHQWLIROLXP snow bed".German classification: "6304 Silikatschutthalde der Alpen".Nordic classification: "1251a &U\SWRJUDPPD� FULVSD-variant", "7141 9HURQLFD� IUXWLFDQV -typ" and

"7142 9HURQLFD�IUXWLFDQV�-XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV -typ".

�� This habitat is generally in close association with the chasmophytic vegetation on siliceous rockyslopes (8220). In Ireland and the United Kingdom, sites sheltering rare arctic-alpine plants (post glacialremnants) have a high conservation value.

�� %ULQJHU��.��*�� Plant cover of the alpine regions. Chionophobous plant communities. $FWD3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 50:257-262.

�� &DOFDUHRXV�DQG�FDOFVKLVW�VFUHHV�RI�WKH�PRQWDQH�WR�DOSLQHOHYHOV��7KODVSLHWHD�URWXQGLIROLL�

PAL.CLASS.: 61.2

�� Calcshist, calcareous, or marl screes of the montane to alpine levels under cold climate, with theassociations respectively of 'UDELRQ�KRSSHDQDH, 7KODVSLRQ�URWXQGLIROLL and 3HWDVLWLRQ�SDUDGR[L�

�� Plants: 'UDELRQ� KRSSHDQDH (calcschist screes) : 'UDED� KRSSHDQD, $UWHPLVLD� JHQLSL, &DPSDQXOD

FHQLVLD, 6D[LIUDJD� ELIORUD, +HUQLDULD� DOSLQD, 7ULVHWXP� VSLFDWXP ssp. RYDWLSDQLFXODWXP; 7KODVSLRQURWXQGLIROLL (calcareous scree): 7KODVSL�URWXQGLIROLXP, +XWFKLQVLD�DOSLQD, 3DSDYHU�UKDHWLFXP, *DOLXPYLOODUVL, %HUDUGLD� VXEDFDXOLV, 9LROD� FHQLVLD, $UDELV� DOSLQD; 3HWDVLWLRQ� SDUDGR[L (marl screes):3HWDVLWHV�SDUDGR[XV, *\SVRSKLOD�UHSHQV, 9DOHULDQD�PRQWDQD, /HRQWRGRQ�K\RVHURLGHV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "OV38 -� *\PQRFDUSLXP� UREHUWLDQXP�$UUKHQDWKHUXP� HODWLXV

community".


German classification: "6302 Kalkschutthalde der Alpen".Nordic classification: "7143 $UHQDULD�QRUYHJLFD-typ".

�� In Ireland and United Kingdom preference should be given to sites sheltering rare arctic-alpine plants(post glacial remnants).

�� %ULQJHU��.��*�� Plant cover of the alpine regions. Chionophobous plant communities. $FWD3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF� 50:257-262.

�� :HVWHUQ�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�WKHUPRSKLORXV�VFUHHPAL.CLASS.: 61.3

�� Screes of warm exposures in the Alps and the Pyrenees, of calcareous substrates in the Pyrenees, ofMediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European uplandor lowland sites. The vegetation belongs to the $QGURVDFHWDOLD�DOSLQDH p., 7KODVSLHWDOLD�URWXQGLIROLLp., 6WLSHWDOLD�FDODPDJURVWLV and 3RO\VWLFKHWDOLD�ORQFKLWLV orders.Sub-types :

61.31 - Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes. 6WLSLRQ�FDODPDJURVWLGLV, /HRQWRGRQWLRQ�K\RVHURLGLV�Mostly coarse, unstabilized, sunny calcareous screes of the montane and sub-alpine levels of theAlps and of the uplands and lowlands of western and central middle Europe.

61.32 - Provençal screes. 3LPSLQHOOR�*RXIIHLRQ�Screes of Mediterranean southern France, with *RXIIHLD� DUHQDULRLGHV, 3W\FKRWLV� KHWHURSK\OOD,/LQDULD�VXSLQD, &HQWUDQWKXV�UXEHU, &UXFLDQHOOD�ODWLIROLD.

61.33 - Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes. 6HQHFLRQ�OHXFRSK\OODH, 7DUD[DFLRQ�S\UHQDLFL�Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the sub-alpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and sub-alpine levels of the Pyrenees, usually composed largely of big stones or boulders, with 6HQHFLROHXFRSK\OOXV, 7DUD[DFXP�S\UHQDLFXP, *DOHRSVLV�S\UHQDLFD, ;DWDUWLD�VFDEUD, $UPHULD�DOSLQD.

61.34 - Pyrenean calcareous screes. ,EHULGLRQ�VSDWKXODWDH�Calcareous screes of the Pyrenees.

61.35 - Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes. /LQDULRQ�ILOLFDXOLV, 6D[LIUDJLRQ�SUDHWHUPLVVDH�Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica.

61.36 - Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes. /LQDULRQ�ILOLFDXOLV p., /LQDULR�6HQHFLRQ�FDUSHWDQL p.Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica; floristically rich formations of the "dark" screes ofthe Cordillera are related to those of 61.351, though somewhat intermediate towards 61.38; othermore species-poor ones, characterised by 7ULVHWXP�KLVSLGXP and 5XPH[�VXIIUXWLFRVXV, belong tothe latter.

61.37 - Iberian fern screes. 'U\RSWHULGLRQ�RUHDGLV, 'U\RSWHULGLRQ�VXEPRQWDQDH�Fern-dominated chaotic, boulder fields of siliceous and calcareous Iberian mountains.

61.38 - Carpetano-Iberian siliceous screes. /LQDULR�6HQHFLRQ�FDUSHWDQL�Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Leonese mountains, with /LQDULDVD[DWLOLV�� /�� DOSLQD, 'LJLWDOLV� SXUSXUHD var. FDUSHWDQD, 6HQHFLR� S\UHQDLFXV ssp. FDUSHWDQXV,5XPH[�VXIIUXWLFRVXV, 6DQWROLQD�REORQJLIROLD, &RQRSRGLXP�EXWLQLRLGHV, 5HVHGD�JUHGHQVLV.

61.39 - Nevadan siliceous screes. +ROFLRQ�FDHVSLWRVDH�Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra Nevada, very rich in endemics.

61.3A - Southern Iberian calcareous screes. 3ODW\FDSQR�,EHULGLRQ� JUDQDWHQVLV, 6FURSKXODULRQVFLDSKLODHScrees of the calcareous Baetic mountains of southern and south-eastern Iberia.

61.3B - Central Mediterranean screesScrees of the Italian peninsula and of the large Mediterranean islands.

�� Plants: 61.31 - $FKQDWKHUXP� FDODPDJURVWLV�� *DOHRSVLV� DQJXVWLIROLD�� *\PQRFDUSLXP� UREHUWLDQXP�/HQWRGRQ� K\RVHURLGHV�� 6LV\PEULXP� VXSLQXP�� /LQDULD� VXSLQD; 61.32 -� *RXIIHLDDUHQDULRLGHV�3W\FKRWLV� KHWHURSK\OOD�� &HQWUDQWKXV� UXEHU�� &UXFLDQHOOD� ODWLIROLD; 61.33 -� 6HQHFLR


OHXFRSK\OOXV��7DUD[DFXP�S\UHQDLFXP��;DWDUWLD� VFDEUD��$UPHULD�DOSLQD; 61.34 -� ,EHULV� VSDWKXODWD�3DSDYHU� VXDYHROHQV�� *DOLXP� FRPHWHUKL]RQ�� 3ODQWDJR� PRQRVSHUPD�� 9LROD� ODSH\URXVLDQD�&DPSDQXOD� MDXEHUWLDQD��&UHSLV� S\JPDHD��'RURQLFXP�JUDQGLIORUXP��&DPSDQXOD� FRFKOHDULDHIROLD�&DUGXXV� FDUOLQRLGHV�� *DOLXP� FHVSLWRVXP�� )HVWXFD� JODFLDOLV�� $QGURVDFH� FLOLDWD�� 6D[LIUDJDRSSRVLWLIROLD�� +XWFKLQVLD� DOSLQD�� *DOLXP� S\UHQDLFXP�� 0LQXDUWLD� FHUDVWLLIROLD�� 6D[LIUDJDSUDHWHUPLVVD��6��DL]RLGHV��(SLORELXP�DQDJDOOLGLIROLXP��9HURQLFD�DOSLQD��7DUD[DFXP�DOSLQXP��&UHSLVS\JPDHD; 64.35 �� /LQDULD� ILOLFDXOLV�� $UDELV� FDQWDEULFD�� ,EHULV� OHUHVFKLDQD�� 5DQXQFXOXVSDUQDVVLIROLXV� ssp�� IDYDUJHUL�� &UHSLV� S\JPDHD�� ,EHULV� DSHUWD�� 5XPH[� VFXWDWXV�� (SLORELXPDQDJDOOLGLIROLXP�� 'RURQLFXP� JUDQGLIORUXP� ssp�� EUDXQEODQTXHWLL�� &DPSDQXOD� DUYDWLFD�� 6D[LIUDJDSUDHWHUPLVVD�� $UDELV� FDQWDEULFD�� 5DQXQFXOXV� DOSHVWULV� ssp�� OHUR\L�� 6DOL[� EUHYLVHUUDWD�� *DOLXPS\UHQDLFXP; 61.38 - /LQDULD� VD[DWLOLV�� /�� DOSLQD, 'LJLWDOLV� SXUSXUHD var. FDUSHWDQD, 6HQHFLRS\UHQDLFXV ssp. FDUSHWDQXV, 5XPH[�VXIIUXWLFRVXV, 6DQWROLQD�REORQJLIROLD, &RQRSRGLXP�EXWLQLRLGHV,5HVHGD�JUHGHQVLV; 61.39 - 6HQHFLR�WRXUQHIRUWLL�var��JUDQDWHQVLV��'LJLWDOLV�SXUSXUHD�var��QHYDGHQVLV�&LUVLXP� JUHJDULXP�� 6ROLGDJR� YLUJDXUHD� var�� DOSHVWULV�� +ROFXV� FDHVSLWRVXV�� &UHSLV� RSRULQRLGHV�(U\QJLXP� JODFLDOH�� /LQDULD� DHUXJLQHD� var�� QHYDGHQVLV�� 9LROD� FUDVVLXVFXOD�� /LQDULD� JODFLDOLV�5K\QFKRVLQDSLV� FKHLUDQWKRV� ssp�� QHYDGHQVLV�5DQXQFXOXV� JODFLDOLV�� 5�� SDUQDVVLIROLXV�� 6D[LIUDJDRSSRVLWLIROLD��3DSDYHU�VXDYHROHQV��+ROFXV�FDHVSLWRVXV��&UHSLV�RSRULQRLGHV.

�� (DVWHUQ�0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�VFUHHVPAL.CLASS.: 61.4

�� Screes of the high Greek mountains with vegetation of the order�'U\SHWDOLD�VSLQRVDH.Sub-types :

61.41 - Greek limestone screes. 'U\SLRQ�VSLQRVDH (6LOHQLRQ�FDHVLDH).Formations of the higher mountains of Greece (Pindus, Olympus, Parnassus, Giona, Taygetos,Kilini), with 'U\SLV�VSLQRVD, 5DQXQFXOXV�EUHYLIROLXV, 6HQHFLR�WKDSVRLGHV, $HWKLRQHPD�VD[DWLOH.

61.42 - Greek serpentine screes.�&DPSDQXOLRQ�KDZNLQVRQLDQDH�Less widespread formations restricted to serpentines of the Pindus, with &DPSDQXODKDZNLQVRQLDQD, $UHQDULD�VHUSHQWLQL, &DUGDPLQH�JODXFD, 9LROD�PDJHOOHQVLV, $O\VVXP�VFDUGLFXP,6LOHQH�KDXVVNQHFKWLL�

�� Plants: 61.41 - 'U\SLV� VSLQRVD, 5DQXQFXOXV� EUHYLIROLXV, 6HQHFLR� WKDSVRLGHV, $HWKLRQHPD� VD[DWLOH;61.42 - &DPSDQXOD� KDZNLQVRQLDQD, $UHQDULD� VHUSHQWLQL, &DUGDPLQH� JODXFD, 9LROD� PDJHOOHQVLV,$O\VVXP�VFDUGLFXP, 6LOHQH�KDXVVNQHFKWLL.

�� 0HGLR�(XURSHDQ�XSODQG�VLOLFHRXV�VFUHHVPAL.CLASS.: 61.12

�� Siliceous screes of hills of western and central Europe, with (SLORELXP� FROOLQXP, *DOHRSVLVVHJHWXP, 6HQHFLR� YLVFRVXV, $QDUUKLQXP� EHOOLGLIROLXP, &U\SWRJUDPPD� FULVSD. Upland siliceousscrees, often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised by very impoverished forms of the Alpinecommunities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and sometimes ferns, notably &U\SWRJUDPPD�FULVSD,are included, but should not be taken into account.

�� Plants: (SLORELXP� FROOLQXP, *DOHRSVLV� VHJHWXP, 6HQHFLR� YLVFRVXV, $QDUUKLQXP� EHOOLGLIROLXP,&U\SWRJUDPPD�FULVSD


�� 0HGLR�(XURSHDQ�FDOFDUHRXV�VFUHH�RI�KLOO�DQG�PRQWDQHOHYHOV

PAL.CLASS.: 61.313

�� Calcareous or marly screes of the hill and montane levels extending into mountainous regions(subalpine and alpine), often in dry, warm stations in associations with 6WLSHWDOLD�FDODPDJURVWLV.7KLV� KDELWDW� W\SH� VKRXOG� EH� FOHDUO\� GLVWLQJXLVKHG� IURP� �� :HVWHUQ� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ� DQGWKHUPRSKLORXV�VFUHH��D�QRQ�SULRULW\�$QQH[�,�KDELWDW�W\SH�

�� Plants: $FKQDWKHUXP�FDODPDJURVWLV��'U\RSWHULV�UREHUWLDQD (=*\PQRFDUSLXP�UREHUWLDQXP), *DOHRSVLVDQJXVWLIROLD��3HWDVLWHV�SDUDGR[XV��5XPH[�VFXWDWXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "320401 natürliche Schutthalde aus Karbonatgestein".

5RFN\�VORSHV�ZLWK�FKDVPRSK\WLF�YHJHWDWLRQ

�� &DOFDUHRXV�URFN\�VORSHV�ZLWK�FKDVPRSK\WLF�YHJHWDWLRQPAL.CLASS.: 62.1

�� Vegetation of fissures of limestone cliffs, in the mediterranean region and in the euro-siberian plain toalpine levels, belonging essentially to the 3RWHQWLOOHWDOLD� FDXOHVFHQWLV and $VSOHQLHWDOLD� JODQGXORVLorders. Two levels may be identified: a) thermo- and meso-Mediterranean (2QRVPHWDOLD�IUXWHVFHQWLV)with &DPSDQXOD�YHUVLFRORU, &��UXSHVWULV, ,QXOD�DWWLFD, ,��PL[WD, 2GRQWLWHV�OXVNLL; b) montane and oro-Mediterranean (3RWHQWLOOHWDOLD� VSHFLRVDH, including 6LOHQLRQ� DXUWLFXODWDH, *DOLRQ� GHJHQLL and5DPRQGLRQ�QDWKDOLDH). This habitat type presents a great regional diversity, with many endemic plantspecies (indicated under point 2).

�� Plants:62.11 - Western Mediterranean communities ($VSOHQLRQ� SHWUDUFKDH): $VSOHQLXP� SHWUDUFKDH,$VSOHQLXP� WULFKRPDQHV ssp. SDFK\UDFKLV, &KHLODQWKHV� DFURVWLFD, 0HOLFD� PLQXWD, +LHUDFLXPVWHOOLJHUXP, (URGLXP� SHWUDHXP; Mesothermic shady fern groups of the supra-Mediterranean level(3RO\SRGLRQ� DXVWUDOLV): 3RO\SRGLXP� FDPEULFXP ssp. DXVWUDOH, 6D[LIUDJD� FRUEDULHQVLV, #$VSOHQLXPMDKDQGLH]LL, $VSOHQLXP�VDJLWWDWXP, 3WHULV�FUHWLFD, $VSOHQLXP�WULFKRPDQHV ssp. LQH[SHFWDQV.62.12 - Central Pyrenean communities (6D[LIUDJLRQ�PHGLDH): $VSHUXOD�KLUWD, +$QGURVDFH�F\OLQGULFD,$VSOHQLXP� FHOWLEHULFXP, 6D[LIUDJD� PHGLD, 6�� ORQJLIROLD, 6�� DUHWLRLGHV, 3RWHQWLOOD� DOFKLPLOORLGHV, 3�QLYDOLV, 5DPRQGD�P\FRQL, 3WLORWULFKXP�S\UHQDLFXP.62.13 - Liguro-Apennine cliffs communities (6D[LIUDJLRQ� OLQJXODWDH): 6D[LIUDJD� FDOORVDH ssp.OLQJXODWD, 3ULPXOD�PDUJLQDWD, 3��DOOLRQLL, 3K\WHXPD�FRUGDWXP, %DOORWD�IUXWHVFHQV,�3RWHQWLOOD�VD[LIUDJD,6LOHQH�FDPSDQXOD, 3K\WHXPD�FKDUPHOLL.62.14 - Southern Italian communities ('LDQWKLRQ�UXSLFRODH): #'LDQWKXV�UXSLFROD, $QWLUUKLQXP�VLFXOXP,&\PEDODULD�SXEHVFHQV, 6FDELRVD�OLPRQLIROLD.62.15 and 62.1B - Euro-Siberian communities and Mediterranean communities of the supra to oro-Mediterranean levels (3RWHQWLOOHWDOLD�FDXOHVFHQWLV):-shady communities : &\VWRSWHULV�IUDJLOLV, $VSOHQLXP�WULFKRPDQHV, $VSOHQLXP�YLULGH.-xerophilous communities : &HWHUDFK�RIILFLQDUXP, $VSOHQLXP�UXWD�PXUDULD, 'UDED�DL]RLGHV, .HUQHUDVD[DWLOLV, %LVFXWHOOD�ODHYLJDWD.


-alpine level communities : $QGURVDFH�KHOYHWLFD, 0LQXDUWLD�UXSHVWULV, 'UDED�WRPHQWRVD.- Centre and Southern Italian communities (6D[LIUDJLRQ� DXVWUDOLV): 6D[LIUDJD� DXVWUDOLV, 3RWHQWLOODQHEURGHQVLV, &DPSDQXOD�WDQIDQLL, 7ULVHWXP�EHUWRORQLL.62.16, 62.17, 62.18, 62.19 and 62.1A - Greek and Southern Italian calcareous cliff communities(&DPSDQXOLRQ�YHUVLFRORULV, &LUVLHWDOLD�FKDPDHSHXFLV, 6LOHQLRQ�DXULFXODWDH, 5DPRQGLRQ�QDWKDOLDH).62.1C - Boreal communities with $VSOHQLXP�YLULGH��:RRGVLD�JODEHOOD.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "320101 natürlicher Karbonatfels (Kalk, Dolomit)".Nordic classification: "712 Klippvegetation på rika/kalkbergarter".

�� This habitat constitutes mosaics with ;HUREURPHWHD communities (34.1, 34.31-34.34), screes (61) andlimestone pavements (62.4).In Ireland and the United Kingdom: sites sheltering relict arctic-alpine flora and important bryophyteand/or lichen assemblages.

�� %UXOOR�6��0DUFHQR�&�� 'LDQWKLRQ�UXSLFRODH nouvelle alliance sud-Tyrienne des $VSOHQLHWDOLDJODQGXORVL. 'RF��3K\WRVRF., N.S. 6: 131-146.%LRQGL� (�� %DOOHOOL� �� La végétation des gorges calcaires des Apennins de l'Ombrie et desMarches. *XLGH�LWLQpUDLUH�([F��,QW��3K\WRVRF. en Italie centrale (2-11/7/1982): 189-201..DUOVVRQ��/�� Autecology of cliff and scree plants in Sarek National Park, northern Sweden.9l[WHNRO��6WXG� 4:1-203.6|\ULQNL��1��6DDUL��9�� 'LH�)ORUD�YRQ�2XODQND�1DWLRQDOSDUN��1RUGILQQODQG. Acta Flor.Fennica 154.

�� 6LOLFHRXV�URFN\�VORSHV�ZLWK�FKDVPRSK\WLF�YHJHWDWLRQPAL.CLASS.: 62.2

�� Vegetation of fissures of siliceous inland cliffs, which presents many regional sub-types, describedunder point 2.

�� Plants: 62.21 - Alpine siliceous cliff vegetation (Pyrenees and Alps) and of Hercynian system and itsperiphery ($QGURVDFLRQ� YDQGHOOLL): $QGURVDFH� YDQGHOOLL, 6D[LIUDJD� UHWXVD ssp. UHWXVD, 6�� DVSHUD,3K\WHXPD� VFKHXFK]HUL, 3ULPXOD� KLUVXWD, (ULWULFKLXP� QDQXP; Communities of montane level ofPyrenees and Cevennes ($VDULQLRQ� SURFXPEHQWLV: includes 62.26): $VDULQD� SURFXPEHQV, 'LDQWKXVJUDQLWLFXV, 6D[LIUDJD�FRQWLQHQWDOLV, 6��SURVWLL, $QDUUKLQXP�EHOOLGLIROLXP; Saxicolous communities ofthe plain to hill levels under Middle European climate ($VSOHQLRQ�VHSWHQWULRQDOLV) and communities ofthe plain level under oceanic climate ($VSOHQLRQ� ELOORWLL�8PELOLFDULRQ� UXSHVWUH: 62.29 is included):$VSOHQLXP� VHSWHQWULRQDOH, $�� DGLDQWXP�QLJUXP, $�� ELOORWLL, $�� IRUH]LHQVH, $�� RQRSWHULV. - Hercynianserpentine cliffs ($VSOHQLRQ�FXQHLIROLL): $VSOHQLXP�FXQHLIROLXP, $��DOWHUQLIROLXP, $��DGXOWHULQXP.62.22 - high altitude siliceous cliff vegetation of Iberian mountains: - Central Iberian mountains(6D[LIUDJLRQ�ZLOONRPPLDQDH): 6D[LIUDJD�ZLOONRPPLDQD, 6��RURJUHGHQVLV, 0XUEHFNLHOOD�ERU\L; -Sierra Nevada (6D[LIUDJLRQ�QHYDGHQVLV): 6D[LIUDJD�QHYDGHQVLV.62.23� - South-western Alpine siliceous cliff vegetation (6D[LIUDJLRQ� SHGHPRQWDQDH): 6D[LIUDJDSHGHPRQWDQD, #6��IORUXOHQWD, *DOLXP�WHQGDH, 6HPSHUYLYXP�PRQWDQXP ssp.�EXUQDWLL, -RYLEDUED DOOLRQLL.62.24 - Cyrno-Sardian siliceous montane cliff vegetation (3RWHQWLOOLRQ� FUDVVLQHUYLDH): 3RWHQWLOODFUDVVLQHUYLD, $UPHULD�OHXFRFHSKDOD, 6LOHQH�UHTXLHQWLL, 6D[LIUDJD�SHGHPRQWDQD ssp. FHUYLFRUQLV.62.25 - Northern Greek siliceous cliff vegetation (6LOHQLRQ�OHUFKHQIHOGLDQDH): 6LOHQH�OHUFKHQIHOGLDQD.62.26 - see 62.21


62.27 - Western Iberian siliceous cliff vegetation of the submontane level (&KHLODQWKLRQ�KLVSDQLFDH):&KHLODQWKHV�KLVSDQLFD, &��WLQDHL�62.28 - Provenço-Iberian siliceous cliff vegetation on rock faces rich in basic silicates (basalts andperidots), of the thermo to meso-Mediterranean levels (3KDJQDOR�VD[DWLOLV�&KHLODQWKLRQ�PDGHUHQVLV):&KHLODQWKHV�PDGHUHQVLV, &��PDUDQWDH,�&��YHOODHD, $VSOHQLXP�EDOHDULFXP.62.29 : see 62.21.62.2A - Boreal siliceous cliffs (rapakivi cliffs).

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "320102 natürlicher Silikatfels (ohne Serpentinit)", "320103 natürlicher

Serpentinitfels".Nordic classification: "711 Klippvegetation på fattiga bergarter", "713 Klippvegetation på

serpentinbergarter.

�� This habitat type is found in close association with siliceous scree (8110) and pioneer grassland (8230).

In Ireland and the United Kingdom: sites sheltering relict arctic-alpine flora and important bryophyteand/or lichen assemblages.

�� -DODV��-�� Regionale Züge in der Felsenvegetation und flora Ostfennoscandiens. $UFK��6RF�9DQDPR� 16 Suppl.:38-49..DOOLR�� 3�� Züge aus der flora un vegetation der rapakivifelsen im sudöstlichen teil desrapakivigebietes von Laitila in Südwestfinnland. $QQ��8QLY��7XUNXHQVLV A XVII:1-64.

�� 6LOLFHRXV�URFN�ZLWK�SLRQHHU�YHJHWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�6HGR�6FOHUDQWKLRQ�RU�RI�WKH�6HGR�DOEL�9HURQLFLRQ�GLOOHQLL

PAL.CLASS.: 62.42

�� Pioneer communities of the 6HGR�6FOHUDQWKLRQ or the 6HGR� DOEL�9HURQLFLRQ� GLOOHQLL alliances,colonising superficial soils of siliceous rock surfaces.As a consequence of drought, this open vegetation is characterised by mosses, lichens and&UDVVXODFHD.

�� Plants: 6HGR�6FOHUDQWKLRQ: 6HPSHUYLYXP� DUDFKQRLGHXP, 6HPSHUYLYXP� PRQWDQXP, 6HGXP� DQQXXP,6LOHQH�UXSHVWULV, 9HURQLFD�IUXWLFDQV; 6HGR�DOEL�9HURQLFLRQ�GLOOHQLL: 9HURQLFD�YHUQD, 9HURQLFD�GLOOHQLL,*DJHD�ERKHPLFD, *DJHD�VD[DWLOHV, 5LFFLD�FLOLLIHUD; Plant species belonging to the two syntaxa: $OOLXPPRQWDQXP, 6HGXP� DFUH, 6HGXP� DOEXP, 6HGXP� UHIOH[XP, 6HGXP� VH[DQJXODUH, 6FOHUDQWKXV� SHUHQQLV,5XPH[�DFHWRVHOOD. Mosses- 3RO\WULFKXP�SLOLIHUXP, &HUDWRGRQ�SXUSXUHXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "320102 natürlicher Silikatfels (ohne Serpentinit) (lückige Vegetation, P002)".Nordic classification : partly "711 Klippvegetation på fattiga bergarter" and "5211 6HGXP spp.-9LROD

WULFRORU�$LUD�SUDHFR[-typ".

�� This habitat is associated with the 8220 type, and corresponds to the vegetation colonising siliceousrocks. The vegetation colonising calcareous rocks is included under 6110 " Rupicolous calcareous orbasophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi)" and 8240 "Limestone pavements.


�� +DOOEHUJ��+��3�� ,YDUVVRQ��5�� Vegetation of coastal Bohuslän. $FWD�3K\WRJHRJU�� 6XHF�50:111-122.

�� /LPHVWRQH�SDYHPHQWVPAL.CLASS.: 62.3

�� Regular blocks of limestone known as "clints" with loose flags separated by a network of verticalfissures known as "grykes" or "shattered pavements", containing more loose limestone rubble. Therock surface is almost devoid of overlying soils (considerably less than 50% cover) except for somepatches of shallow skeletal or loessic soils, although more extensive areas of deeper soil occasionallyoccur; sometimes there is encroachment of peat. This morphology offers a variety of microclimatesallowing the establishment of complex vegetation consisting of a mosaic of different communities.The fissures provide a cold humid microclimate where shade-tolerant vascular plants such as*HUDQLXP� UREHUWLDQXP and &HWHUDFK� RIILFLQDOH occur, as well as formations of herbaceous speciestypical of calcareous woodland; the small pockets of soil are occupied by communities of0HVREURPLRQ� (e.g. 6HVOHULR�0HVREURPHQLRQ); heath and scrub also occur (e.g. &RU\OR�)UD[LQHWXP).Apart from areas of species rich scrub (generally 3UXQHWDOLD�VSLQRVDH), the ecosystem is maintained bygrazing in some regions; this, combined with severe winds, means that isolated shrubs can onlysurvive in prostrate growth form (e.g. 'U\DV�RFWRSHWDOD); at the margins of ungrazed sites *HUDQLXPVDQJXLQHXP occurs.In Sweden, limestone blocks are larger and cracks are smaller. The species composition reflects amore continental, dryer and cooler climate. The pavements are mostly exposed with scattered cushionsof bryophytes, more seldom covered by a thin layer of soil. The surface is covered by 6HGXP�DOEXP�&HUDVWLXP� SXPLOXP�� &�� VHPLGHFDQGUXP�� lichens ($VSLFLOLD� FDOFDUHD�� 7KDPQROLD� YHUPLFXODULV�9HUUXFDULD�QLJUHVFHQV) and bryophytes (7RUWHOOD�WRUWXRVD��*ULPPLD�SXOYLQDWD). The vegetation in thecracks contains *\PQRFDUSLXP� UREHUWLDQXP�� $VSOHQLXP� UXWD�PXUDULD�� $�� WULFKRPDQHV� ssp.TXDGULYDOHQV and, occasionally, bushes of 3UXQXV�VSLQRVD��)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU��&RWRQHDVWHU spp., 5RVDspp.Some sites in Ireland host an open 7D[XV�-XQLSHUXV scrub of major interest; certain arctic alpinespecies such as *HQWLDQD� YHUQD and 'U\DV� RFWRSHWDOD are characteristic and in The Burren, thesespecies occur with Atlantic-Mediterranean species such as 1HRWLQHD�PDFXODWD.

�� Plants: Britain and Ireland - $VSOHQLXP� spp.,� &HWHUDFK� RIILFLQDOH�� &\VWRSWHULV� IUDJLOLV�� 'U\DVRFWRSHWDOD��'U\RSWHULV�YLOODULL��(SLSDFWLV�DWURUXEHQV��*HQWLDQD�YHUQD��3RO\JRQDWXP�RGRUDWXP��5LEHVVSLFDWXP� Sweden - 6HGXP� DOEXP�� &HUDVWLXP� SXPLOXP�� &�� VHPLGHFDQGUXP�� $VSLFLOLD� FDOFDUHD�7KDPQROLD�YHUPLFXODULV��9HUUXFDULD�QLJUHVFHQV��7RUWHOOD�WRUWXRVD��*ULPPLD�SXOYLQDWD��*\PQRFDUSLXPUREHUWLDQXP��$VSOHQLXP�UXWD�PXUDULD��$��WULFKRPDQHV�ssp. TXDGULYDOHQV�

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "W8 )UD[LQXV� H[FHOVLRU�$FHU� FDPSHVWUH�0HUFXULDOLV� SHUHQQLV

woodland" and "W9 )UD[LQXV� H[FHOVLRU�6RUEXV� DXFXSDULD�0HUFXULDOLV� SHUHQQLV woodland".Very locally in the United Kingdom, ancient woodland containing�7LOLD�FRUGDWD occurs whichis of great conservation importance.

Nordic classification: "5151b $VSOHQLXP� UXWD�PXUDULD�$VSOHQLXP� WULFKRPDQHV�+RPDORWKHFLXPVHULFHXP�variant" variant of "5151 6HGXP�DOEXP�7RUWHOOD spp. typ".

�� %REH��%�� *HIlVVSIODQ]HQYHJHWDWLRQ� XQG�0LNURNOLPD� GHU�.DUVWVSDOWHQ� GHV�*URVVHQ�$OYDUVDXI�gODQG��6FKZHGHQ� Unpubl. diploma work, München.(WKHULQJWRQ��-�5�� Limestone heaths in south-west Britain: their soils and the maintenance oftheir calcicole-calcifuge mixtures..HOO\��'��.LUE\��(�1�� Irish native woodlands over limestone. -��/LIH�6FL��5��'XEO��6RF� 3,181-198.2�6XOOLYDQ��$�0�� The lowland grasslands of Ireland��-��/LIH�6FL��5��'XEO��6RF. 3, 131-142.


:DUG�6�'��(YDQV�'�)��Conservation assessment of British limestone pavements based uponfloristic criteria. %LRORJLFDO�&RQVHUYDWLRQ, 9, 217-233.

2WKHU�URFN\�KDELWDWV

�� &DYHV�QRW�RSHQ�WR�WKH�SXEOLFPAL.CLASS.: 65

�� Caves not open to the public, including their water bodies and streams, hosting specialised or highendemic species, or that are of paramount importance for the conservation of Annex II species (e.g.bats, amphibians).

�� Plants: mosses only (e.g.�6FKLVWRVWHJD�SHQQDWD) and algal carpets at the entry of caves.Animals: Very specialised and highly endemic cavernicolous fauna. It includes underground relicforms of a fauna which has been diversified outside. This fauna is mainly composed of invertebrateswhich exclusively live in caves and underground waters. The cavernicolous terrestrial invertebrates aremainly coleoptera, belonging to the %DWK\VFLLQDH and 7UHFKLQDH families in particular, which arecarnivorous and have a very limited distribution. Cavernicolous aquatic invertebrates constitute ahighly endemic fauna, dominated by crustaceans (,VRSRGD, $PSKLSRGD, 6\QFDULGD, &RSHSRGD) andinclude many living fossils. Aquatic molluscs, belonging to the +\GURELLGDH family are also found.With regard to vertebrates, caves constitute hibernation sites for most European bat species, amongwhich many are threatened (see Annex II). Several species can live together in the same cave.Caves also shelter some very rare amphibious species like #3URWHXV�DQJXLQXV and several species of the#6SHOHRPDQWHV�genus.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "3101 natürliche Höhlen und Balmen", "310201 Balme (Halbhöhle) bzw.

Eingangsbereich mit Tageslichteinfluß", "310202 natürliche Höhle (Bereiche ohneTageslichteifluß).

�� 'H� %UR\HU� &� Vers la conservation intégrée des habitats souterrains. Naturopa, nouvelles del'environnement n° 94-5.&RQVHLO�GH�O(XURSH, 1-4.

�� )LHOGV�RI�ODYD�DQG�QDWXUDO�H[FDYDWLRQVPAL.CLASS.: 66.1 to 66.6

�� Sites and products of recent volcanic activity harbouring distinct biological communities.Sub-types :

66.1 - Teide violet community. 9LROHWHD�FKHLUDQWKLIROLDH�Very open formation of the summit of the Teide volcano of Tenerife, above (2700) 3000 metres,with 9LROD�FKHLUDQWKLIROLD and a few individuals of 6LOHQH�QRFWHROHQV and $UJ\UDQWKHPXPWHQHULIIDH.

66.2 - Etna summital communitiesCommunities of Mount Etna, above the limit of hedgehog heaths.

66.3 - Barren lava fields


Almost bare lava formations of other volcanoes, and of lower altitudes on Etna and Teide,colonised by, besides communities related to ones covered in other sections, lichens (e.g.6WHUHRFDXORQ�YHVXELDQXP) and invertebrates.

66.4 - Volcanic ash and lapilli fields66.5 - Lava tubes

Caves formed by hollow basaltic tubes resulting from the cooling of the surface of lava flowswhose molten interior continued to flow. The very large tube created by the volcano La Coronaof Lanzarote harbours unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapodecrustacean 0XQLGRSVLV�SRO\PRUSKD, endemic to that locality, and several crustaceans of thegenus 6SHOHRQHFWHV.

66.6 - FumarolesOrifices in volcanic areas through which escape hot gases and vapours. Their very extremeenvironment is colonised by paucispecific but highly distinct communities.

�� Plants: 9LROD�FKHLUDQWKLIROLD� 6LOHQH�QRFWHROHQV� $UJ\UDQWKHPXP� WHQHULIIDH;�Lichens: 6WHUHRFDXORQYHVXELDQXP�Animals: crustaceans: 0XQLGRSVLV�SRO\PRUSKD, 6SHOHRQHFWHV spp.

�� 6XEPHUJHG�RU�SDUWLDOO\�VXEPHUJHG�VHD�FDYHVPAL.CLASS.: 12.7, 11.26, 11.294

�� Caves situated under the sea or opened to it, at least at high tide, including partially submerged seacaves. Their bottom and sides harbour communities of marine invertebrates and algae.

�� 3HUPDQHQW�JODFLHUVPAL.CLASS.: 63.2 and 63.3

�� Rock and true glaciers.

)25(676

�6XE�QDWXUDO�ZRRGODQG�YHJHWDWLRQ�FRPSULVLQJ�QDWLYH�VSHFLHV�IRUPLQJ�IRUHVWV�RI�WDOO�WUHHV��ZLWKW\SLFDO� XQGHUJURZWK�� DQG�PHHWLQJ� WKH� IROORZLQJ� FULWHULD�� UDUH� RU� UHVLGXDO�� DQG� �� RU� KRVWLQJVSHFLHV�RI�&RPPXQLW\�LQWHUHVW��

)RUHVWV�RI�%RUHDO�(XURSH

25 �)RU�IRUHVW�KDELWDW�W\SHV�WKH�IROORZLQJ�DGGLWLRQDO�FULWHULD�ZHUH�DFFHSWHG�E\�WKH�6FLHQWLILF�:RUNLQJ�*URXS��-XQH��

��IRUHVWV�RI�QDWLYH�VSHFLHV��IRUHVWV�ZLWK�D�KLJK�GHJUHH�RI�QDWXUDOQHVV��IRUHVWV�RI�WDOO�WUHHV�DQG�KLJK�IRUHVW��SUHVHQFH�RI�ROG�DQG�GHDG�WUHHV��IRUHVWV�ZLWK�D�VXEVWDQWLDO�DUHD��IRUHVWV�KDYLQJ�EHQHILWHG�IURP�FRQWLQXRXV�VXVWDLQDEOH�PDQDJHPHQW�RYHU�D�VLJQLILFDQW�SHULRG�


�� :HVWHUQ�7DwJDPAL.CLASS.: 41.B8, 41.C3, 41.D5, 42.C

�� Natural old forests as well as those young forest stages naturally developing after fire. Natural oldforests represent climax or late succession stages with slight human impact or without any humanimpact. Present natural old forests are only minor remnants of those originally occurring inFennoscandia. With intensive forestry, which is carried out practically throughout this region, themain features of natural old forests disappear, i.e. the considerable amount of dead and rotten wood,the great variation in tree age and length and species composition, the trees from previousgenerations, the more stable microclimate. Old natural forests are habitats of many threatenedspecies, especially bryophytes, lichens, fungi, and invertebrates (mostly beetles). Some of thepresent old natural forests have human impact, but in spite of that they maintain manycharacteristics of the natural forests.Because of the important role of fire, burned forest areas, and their young succession stages, havebeen naturally common in the boreal region. Nowadays they are extremely rare because of efficientfire protection and forestry. Natural recently burned forest areas are very important habitats formany endangered species. Typical of natural burned areas is a great amount of dead burned woodand a varying density of living trees which greatly conditions the regeneration of the forest.The character of the forests vary with the different boreal zones (hemi-, southern, middle, northern)and different site types.The following sub-types are distinguished, according to the main tree species and site type variation:- natural old spruce forests- natural old pine forests- natural old mixed forests- natural old deciduous forests- recently burnt areas- younger forests naturally developed after fire

�� Plants: Pine forests ��3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV��9DFFLQLXP�YLWLV�LGDHD��&DOOXQD�YXOJDULV��(PSHWUXP�QLJUXP�3OHXUR]LXP� VFKUHEHUL�� &ODGRQLD spp.; Spruce and mixed forests - 3LFHD� DELHV�� 3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV�%HWXOD spp.,�9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV��'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD��0DLDQWKHQXP�ELIROLXP��2[DOLV�DFHWRVHOOD�7ULHQWDOLV�HXURSHD��'LFUDQXP�spp.��3OHXUR]XP�VFKUHEHUL��+\ORFRPLXP�VSOHQGHQV; Deciduous forests- %HWXOD spp., 3RSXOXV� WUHPXOD�� 'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD�� 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV�� $JURVWLV� FDSLOODULV�(TXLVHWXP� V\OYDWLFXP. Lichens - (YHUQLD� GLYDULFDWD�� /REDULD� SXOPRQDULD. Fungi - $P\ORF\VWLVODSSRQLFD�� *ORLRGRQ� VWULJRVXP�� )RPLWRSVLV� SRSXOLFROD�� 6NHOHWRFXWLV� RGRUD�� 6�� VWHOODH�� 3KOHELDFHQWULIXJD��+DSORSRUXV�RGRUXV��$SRUSLXP�FDUJDH��*HODWRSRULD�SDQQRFLQFDWD��3KHOOLQXV�SRSXOLFROD�Animals: Mammals - *3WHURP\V� YRODQV�� 0\RSXV� VFKLVWLFRORU�� 6RUH[� PLQXWXV; Birds - 3LFRLGHVWULGDFW\OXV��3HULVRUHXV�LQIDXVWXV��'HQGURFRSRV�OHXFRWRV��'��PLQRU; Beetles - 7UDJRVRPD�GHSVDULXP�3\WKR�NROZHQVLV��3��DELHWLFROD��&XFXMXV�FLQQDEHULQXV��3HOWLV�JURVVD�� 2VPRGHUPD�HUHPLWD�Originally natural old forests were found in the whole boreal and hemiboreal zones, except in theoro-hemiarctic treeless zone. In Finland nowadays most of the natural old forests are found ineastern and northern parts, in southern and western parts of the country only remnants of theseforests remain. In Sweden most of the old natural forests are in the north and only some of them inthe south.

�� .DOHOD��$�� Waldvegetationszonen Finnlands und ihre klimatischen paralelltypen. Arch. 6RF�]RRO��ERW��IHQQ� Vanamo 16 Suppl.:65-83..DOOLROD��5�� 6XRPHQ�NDV�YLPDDQWLHGH� Wsoy, Porvoo. 308 pp..LHOODQG�/XQG�� -�� Zur systematik der Kiefenfelder Fennoscandiens. 0LWW�� IORU��VR]�$UE*HPHLQ� 11/12:127-141..LHOODQG�/XQG��-�� Die Waldgesellschaften SO-Norwegens. 3K\WRFRHQRORJ. 9:53-250..XMDOD��9�� Suomen metsätyypit. &RPPXQ��,QVW��)RU��)HQQ�� 92(8):1-45..XXVLQHQ��0�� Epiphytic lichen diversity on Salix caprea in old-growth southern and middleboreal forests of Finland. $QQ��%RW��)HQQLFL� 31:77-92.


3nKOVVRQ��/��HW�DO�� 9HJHWDWLRQVW\SHU�,�1RUGHQ��1RUGLVND�0LQLVWHUUnGHW�7HPD�1RUG 1994:665pp.7DQQLQHQ�� 7�� 6WRUUDQN�� %�� +DXJHQ�� ,�� 0ROOHU�� 3�)�� /|IJUHQ�� 5�� 7KRUVWHLQVVRQ�� ,�� 5DJQDUVVRQ��+�� 1DWXUVNRJDU�L�1RUGHQ. Nord 1994:7.9LUNNDOD��5��$ODQNR��7�� /DLQH��7��7LDLQHQ�� -�� Population contraction of the white-backed woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Finland as a consequence of habitat alteration.%LRORJLFDO�&RQVHUYDWLRQ 66:47-53.

�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�KHPLERUHDO�QDWXUDO�ROG�EURDG�OHDYHGGHFLGXRXV�IRUHVWV��4XHUFXV��7LOLD��$FHU��)UD[LQXV�RU8OPXV��ULFK�LQ�HSLSK\WHV

PAL.CLASS.: 41.4151, 41.F2 (1997 version)

�� The hemiboreal natural old broad-leaved deciduous forest forms a transition between the WesternTaiga and the nemoral forests. The most common tree species are 4XHUFXV�UREXU,�8OPXV spp.,)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU��7LOLD�FRUGDWD or $FHU�SODWDQRLGHV. There is typically a considerable amount ofdead wood and a long continuity of woodland cover on the sites. The species-diversity of lichens,fungi, insects and soil-organisms is high. In many cases the forests have previously been used forgrazing or mowing.

�� Plants :� $OOLXP� XUVLQXP, $QHPRQH� QHPRURVD� &RU\OXV� DYHOODQD�� 'HQWDULD� EXOELIHUD�� +HSDWLFDQRELOLV�� /DWK\UXV� YHUQXV�� 0HUFXULDOLV� SHUHQQLV�� 0LOLXP� HIIXVXP�� 3RD� QHPRUDOLV�� 3RO\JRQDWXPPXOWLIORUXP; Bryophytes�� $QWLWULFKLD� FXUWLSHQGXOD�� +RPDOLD� WULFKRPDQRLGHV�� 2UWKRWULFKXP� spp.,3RUHOOD� SODW\SK\OOD�� =\JRGRQ� spp.; Fungi- $XULFXODULD� PHVHQWHULFD�� *DQRGHUPD� OLSVLHQVH�(LFKRPLWXV�FDPSHVWULV��0\FHQD�JDOHULFXODWD��7ULFKRORPD�DOEXP��7��VXOSKXUHXP��Lichens-�$UWKRQLDYLQRVD��%LDWRUHOOD�PRQDVWHULHQVLV��&OLRVWRPXP�FRUUXJDWXP��*\DOHFWD�IORWRZL��/REDULD�SXOPRQDULD�3KO\FWLV�DJHODHD

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: “2233 8OPXV�JODEUD –type” , “2234�)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU –type” , “2235�7LOLD

FRUGDWD –type” and “2236�4XHUFXV�UREXU�8OPXV�JODEUD�7LOLD�FRUGDWD –type”.

�� $OPJUHQ��*�� Ädellövskog - ekologi och skötsel. Skogsstyrelsen. Jönköping..LHOODQG�/XQG�� -�� A classification of Scandinavian forest vegetation for mappingpurposes. In: ,%3�L�1RUGHQ, No 11. Universitetsforl. Oslo.3HWWHUVVRQ��%��)LVNHVM|��$�� Lövnaturskogens flora och fauna. 1DWXUYnUGVYHUNHW�5DSSRUW3991.6DPXHOVVRQ�� -�� ,QJHO|I�� 7�� Den levande döda veden. Bevarande och nyskapande inaturen. ArtDatabanken. Uppsala.

�� 1DWXUDO�IRUHVWV�RI�SULPDU\�VXFFHVVLRQ�VWDJHV�RIODQGXSKHDYDO�FRDVW

PAL.CLASS.: 31.8, 41.B8, 41.C3, 44.2 (1997 version)

�� This type includes different types of deciduous, coniferous and mixed natural thickets and forestsdeveloped on land upheaval coasts of the Baltic sea. Characteristic for these habitats are stages ofprimary succession from shore grassland vegetation to climax forests or various wetland types. Alsosoil horizons are poorly developed, although podsol soils are otherwise typical for boreal forest. Theyoungest pioneer forests near the sea are often low or tall herb deciduous forests, thickets orswamps. Vegetation succession can also proceed from willow swamps through forest swamps to


mires. Alder and birch are dominant in the tree layer and willows are often common in the shrublayer. Grasses are abundant. Further inland the influence of the sea is weakened, the soils are oftenpoor in nutrients and coniferous forests are typical. Pine, and often also spruce, dominates the treelayer and dwarf shrubs dominate in the field layer. In the ground layer mosses are common, but inmany areas lichens are abundant.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: “2215 %HWXOD� SHQGXOD�9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV�'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD� –type”,

“2216 %HWXOD� SXEHVFHQV�0ROLQD� FDHUXOHD�6SKDJQXP� VSS�� –type”, coastal variants, “7213+LSSRSKDs�UKDPQRLGHV-type” . Many other units have unclassified and undescribed variantsoccurring in land upheaval areas.

�� +DYDV��3�� Zur ökologie der Laubwelder, insbesondere der Grauerlenwälder, an der Kusteder Bottenwiek. $TXLOR��6HU��%RW., 6: 314-346.9DUWLDLQHQ��7�� Succession of island vegetation in the land uplift area of the northernmostGulf of Bothnia, Finland. $FWD�%RWDQLFD�)HQQLFD, 115: 1-105

�� 1RUGLF�VXEDOSLQH�VXEDUFWLF�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�%HWXODSXEHVFHQV�VVS��F]HUHSDQRYLL

PAL.CLASS.: 41.B72 (1997 version)

�� Forests dominated by %HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV ssp. F]HUHSDQRYLL (mountain birch), occuring and oftendominating the subalpine belt of the Scandinavian mountain (fell) chain (”Fjällen”). Occur also inisolated northern Fennoscandian fells and in gently sloping or flat subarctic (hemiarctic) uplands,particularly in N Finland. Due to different ecological characteristics, vegetation varies from lichenpoor and dwarf shrub dominated types to those rich-in-tall-herbs.

�� Plants : Poor types; &ODGRQLD� spp�� 'LFUDQXP� spp�� (PSHWUXP� KHUPDSKURGLWXP�� +\ORFRPLXPVSOHQGHQV�� /LQQHD� ERUHDOLV�� 3OHXUR]LXP� VFKUHEHUL�� 6WHUHRFDXORQ� SDVFKDOH�� 7ULHQWDOLV� HXURSDHD�.9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV� Rich types; $FRQLWXP� O\FRFWRQXP�� &LFHUELWD� DOSLQD�� &RUQXV� VXHFLFD�*HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP�� *\PQRFDUSLXP� GU\RSWHULV�� +LHURFKORs� RGRUDWD�� 0HOLFD� QXWDQV�� 5XEXVVD[DWLOLV��7UROOLXV�HXURSDHXV

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 2211 %HWXOD� SXEHVFHQV� VVS�� F]HUHSDQRYLL�(PSHWUXP� KHUPDSKURGLWXP�

&ODGRQLD� VVS�-type, 2212 %HWXOD� SXEHVFHQV� VVS�� F]HUHSDQRYLL�9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV�'HVFKDPSVLD�-type , 2213 %HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV�VVS��F]HUHSDQRYLL�*HUDQLXP�V\OYDWLFXP�5XEXVVD[DWLOLV� -type, 2214 %HWXOD� SXEHVFHQV� VVS�� F]HUHSDQRYLL�*HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP�$FRQLWXPO\FRFWRQXP-type .

�� $XQH��(�,�� Forest vegetation in Hemne, Sør-Trøndelag, Western Central Norway. .��QRUVNH9LGHQVN��6HOVN��0LVFHOODQHD, 12.+lPHW�$KWL�� /�� Zonation of the mountain birch forests in northernmost Fennoscandia.$QQ��%RW��=RRO��)HQQ� 9DQDPR�7RP� 34 (4), 127 pp.2NVDQHQ��/��9LUWDQHQ��5�� Topographic, altitudinal and regional patterns in continentaland suboceanic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia.�$FWD�%RW��)HQQLFD 153: 1-80.

�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�KHUE�ULFK�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�3LFHD�DELHVPAL.CLASS.: 42.C22, 42.C4 , 42.C3 (1997 version)


�� This type occurs in areas of brown forest soils with mull, often in low-lying areas, ravines andslopes with fine sediment and a favourable water regime. The succession of this vegetation typenormally leads to the dominance of spruce in the tree layer, although the broad-leaved trees oftencomprise a significant element. Tall herbs and ferns dominate, but the species composition variesgreatly between northern, southern and western Fennoscandia. The forests are characterized bydistinct layers of vegetation. The bottom layer is covered unevenly by bryophytes, the field layer isdominated by herbs and grasses, the bush and tree layers are well developed including a variety ofspecies. Several vegetation types have been described, the main groups being dry, mesic and moistgrass-herb forests. Sometimes ground water is flowing near the ground surface, which give rise to aspecific species rich ”wet-forest” flora and invertebrate fauna.

�� Plants :�$FWDHD�VSLFDWD��$��HU\WKURFDUSD��%RWU\FKLXP�YLUJLQLDQXP��&DO\SVR�EXOERVD��&DUH[�UHPRWD�&LFHUELWD� DOSLQD�� &UHSLV� SDOXGRVD�� &\SULSHGLXP� FDOFHROXV� 'LSOD]LXP� VLELULFXP�� (SLSRJLXPDSK\OOXP��*HUDQLXP�V\OYDWLFXP��,PSDWLHQV�QROL�WDQJHUH��0DWWHXFFLD�VWUXWKLRSWHULV��0HOLFD�QXWDQV�0LOLXP� HIIXVXP�� 3DULV� TXDGULIROLD�� 9LROD VHONLUNLL�� Mosses-� %UDFK\WKHFLXP� spp�� &LUULSK\OOXPSLOLIHUXP��(XUK\QFKLXP�VSS��3ODJLRPQLXP�spp�

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 2124 3LFHD� DELHV�2[DOLV� DFHWRVHOOD�0HOLFD� QXWDQV -type, 2125 3LFHD� DELHV�

'U\RSWHULV� VSS�-type and 2126 3LFHD� DELHV�*HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP�$FRQLWXP� O\FRFWRQXP-type .

�� 0lNLULQWD��8�� Haintypenuntersuchungen im mitteleren Süd-Häme, Süd-Finnland. $QQ��RW�)HQQ��5: 34-64..RSRQHQ��7�� On the dynamics of vegetation and flora in Karkali Nature Reserve, SouthernFinland. $QQ��%RW��)HQQ., 4:121-218.

�� &RQLIHURXV�IRUHVWV�RQ��RU�FRQQHFWHG�WR��JODFLRIOXYLDOHVNHUV

PAL.CLASS.: -

�� This type includes Fennoscandian conifer forests found on or close to eskers. The top of an esker isoften characterized by 3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV and the slopes sometimes by 3LFHD�DELHV, although deciduousspecies may occur. Eskers are glaciofluvial gravel and sand formations which consist of relativelysorted material, often forming ridges over 20 meters high. In terms of ecological site factors they aremore variable than the surrounding forest on flatter ground. In particular the microclimate differsnotably between shaded and sunny slopes. Thus aspect and slope inclination, which reflect theeffects of solar radiation and soil and air temperatures are important ecological factors. As a resultof ecological characteristics, vegetation on sunny esker slopes is often relatively rich in species andparticularly contains many leguminous plants as well as some eastern steppe plant species.

�� Plants : $QWHQQDULD�GLRHFD��$QWK\OOLV�YXOQHUDULD�subsp��IHQQLFD��$VWUDJDOXV�DOSLQXV��%UDFK\SRGLXPSLQQDWXP�� &DODPDJURVWLV� DUXQGLQDFHD�� &DUH[� HULFHWRUXP�� &�� SHGLIRUPLV�� 'LDQWKXV� DUHQDULXV�)UDJDULD�YHVFD��+LHURFKORs�DXVWUDOLV, +\SRFKRHULV�PDFXODWD��-XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV��/DWK\UXV�QLJHU�/��YHUQXV��0HOLFD�QXWDQV��2[\WURSLV�FDPSHVWULV��3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV��3RO\JRQDWXP�RGRUDWXP��3XOVDWLOODSDWHQV,� 3�� YHUQDOLV,� 3WHULGLXP� DTXLOLQXP�� 5XEXV� VD[DWLOLV�� 6LOHQH� QXWDQV�� 7K\PXV� VHUS\OOXP�9DFFLQLXP��YLWLV�LGDHD�and 9LROD�UXSHVWULV�subsp��UXSHVWULV

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 2114b 3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV� �� )UDJDULD� YHVFD -variant, 2115 3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV� �

/DWK\U\V�VSS��5XEXV�VD[DWLOLV-type .


�� Stands of esker forests on sunny slopes are often characterized by a relatively open tree structureand in addition the undergrowth often consists of species of warmer climate (e.g. &DUH[�SHGLIRUPLV�3XOVDWLOOD�SDWHQV��3��YHUQDOLV��*\SVRSKLOD�IDVWLJLDWD) and some endangered butterfly species. Aboutsix different forest site types of eskers have been described, representing a gradient from xericlichen rich forests to humid herb-rich forests.

�� +HLNNLQHQ��5�.�� ) - Multivariate analysis of esker vegetation in southern Häme, S Finland.$QQ��%RW��)HQQ� 28: 201-224.-DODV�� -�� - Besondere Züge der Vegetation und Flora auf der Osen. $UFK�� 6RF�� =RRO�� %RW�)HQQ��9DQDPR, 16 Suppl. 25-33�5DMDNRUSL��$�� - Topographic, microclimatic and edaphic control of the vegetation in thecentral part of the Hämeenkangas esker complex, western Finland.�$FWD�%RW��)HQQLFD� 134: 1-70.8RWLOD��3�� - Ecology and area of 3XOVDWLOOD� SDWHQV (L.) Mill. in Finland. $QQ�� %RW�� )HQQ��6:105-111.

�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�ZRRGHG�SDVWXUHVPAL.CLASS.: -

�� A vegetation complex in which the tree layer varies from sparse forest to small copses of trees andshrubs and patches of open grassland. These habitats have a representative mosaic of copses of trees(usually deciduous trees) and grassland with a long continuity of grazing. The tree layer consistseither of deciduous broad-leaved species such as 4XHUFXV�UREXU, )UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU��7LOLD�FRUGDWD�%HWXOD spp., $OQXV� LQFDQD or conifers (3LFHD�DELHV��3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV). Particularly in Sweden thereare pastures with old, large oaks. A rich assemblage of threatened lichens, fungi, and invertebratesare associated with the bark and dead or decaying wood. The type also includes (particularly inFinland) deciduous forests established after slash-and-burn cultivation, that was a characteristicfeature of the former land use in FinlandIn Finland scattered in the whole of the country, mostly in Southern and Central Finland; very rareor extinct in northern boreal zone. In Sweden scattered over the whole country. Regional variationis considerable. Wooded pastures are usually dominated by birch, pine, alder ($OQXV� LQFDQD) orspruce (spruce-dominated are often degraded types); in hemiboreal zone there are also subtypesdominated by e.g. 4XHUFXV��)UD[LQXV and &RU\OXV..

�� Plants : $JURVWLV� FDSLOODULV�� $OQXV� LQFDQD�� $QWHQQDULD� GLRLFD�� %RWU\FKLXP� spp�� &DPSDQXODSHUVLFLIROLD�� &RHORJORVVXP� YLULGH�� )UDJDULD� YHVFD��*HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP��0HODPS\UXP� FULVWDWXP�3UXQHOOD� YXOJDULV�� 5DQXQFXOXV� SRO\DQWKHPRV�� 6XFFLVD� SUDWHQVLV�� 9HURQLFD� FKDPDHGU\V�� 9�RIILFLQDOLV�

�� During recent decades the tree layer of wooded pastures has in many cases become thicker and thetypical structure has then been obscured. In wooded pastures vegetation is dominated by grasslandspecies with elements of grassland vegetation.

�� (NPDQ��+��3HWWHUVVRQ��%�� Ekarnas hagar. LT:s förlag.+lJJVWU|P��&��$�� Den nordiska hagen. 1RUGHQVNM|OGV�6DPIXQGHWV�7LGVNULIW, 47: 68-90.

�� )HQQRVFDQGLDQ�GHFLGXRXV�VZDPS�ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 44.9112, 44.915, 44.A14 (1997 version)

�� Deciduous swamps are under permanent influence of surface water and usually flooded annually.They are moist or wet, wooded wetlands with some peat formation, but the peat layer is usually verythin. Ash ()UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU) in the hemiboreal zone and black alder ($OQXV�JOXWLQRVD) reaching the


middle boreal zone are typical tree species. Gray alder ($OQXV�LQFDQD), silver birch (%HWXODSXEHVFHQV) and willows (6DOL[ spp.) are also common. A mosaic of patches with different waterlevel and vegetation is typical for the type. Around the tree stems are small hummocks, but wetflooded surfaces are dominant.Deciduous swamp woods are most common in Finland� in the southwestern archipelago and othercoastal areas. On the mainland they are rare. In Sweden they are common throughout the wholeregion.

�� Plants : &DUH[��FDHVSLWRVD��&��GLDQGUD��&��GLVSHUPD��&��HORQJDWD��&��OROLDFHD��&��UK\QFKRVSRUD��&�WHQXLIORUD��&DODPDJURVWLV�FDQHVFHQV��&�� FKDO\EHD��&�� VWULFWD��&DOOD�SDOXsWULV��*O\FHULD� OLWKXDQLFD�,ULV� SVHXGDFRUXV�� /\FRSXV� HXURSDHXV�� /\VLPDFKLD� WK\UVLIORUD�� /\WKUXP� VDOLFDULD�� 6RODQXPGXOFDPDUD�� 7KHO\SWHULV� SDOXVWULV; Mosses- &DOOLHUJRQ� FRUGLIROLXP�� +HORGLXP� EODQGRZLL�3VHXGREU\XP�FLQFOLGLRLGHV��6SDJQXP�VTXDUURVXP��6��WHUHV��6��ILPEULDWXP��6��ULSDULXP

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 2241 $OQXV�LQFDQD�-type, 2242�$OQXV�JOXWLQRVD��/\FRSXV�HXURSDHXV -

type, 2243 $OQXV� VSS�� )LOLSHQGXOD� XOPDULD� �� &DUH[� HORQJDWD -type, 3413 $OQXV� VSS�� %HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV��6DOL[�VSS��)LOLSHQGXOD�XOPDULD -type.

�� Associated with the habitat type: Residual alluvial forests (91E0)

�� 5XXKLMlUYL��5�� The Finnish mire types and their regional distribution. In: Gore,A.J.P. (ed.) (FRV\VWHPV�RI�WKH�:RUOG��%��0LUHV��6ZDPS��ERJ� IHQ�DQG�PRRU��5HJLRQDO�VWXGLHV, 47-67.Elsevier, Amsterdam.(XUROD��6��.DDNLQHQ�� (�� Key to Finnish mire types. In: Moore, P.D. (ed.). (XURSHDQPLUHV, 11-117. Academic Press, London

)RUHVWV�RI�WHPSHUDWH�(XURSH

�� /X]XOR�)DJHWXP�EHHFK�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 41.11

�� )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD and, in higher mountains, )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD-$ELHV� DOED or )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD-$ELHVDOED-3LFHD� DELHV forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domain of central andnorthern Central Europe, with /X]XOD� OX]XORLGHV, 3RO\WULFKXP� IRUPRVXP and often 'HVFKDPSVLDIOH[XRVD, &DODPDJURVWLV�YLOORVD, 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV, 3WHULGLXP�DTXLOLQXP.The following sub-types are included:41.111 Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forestsAcidophilous )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD forests of the lesser Hercynian ranges and Lorraine, of the collinarlevel of the greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine periphery, of the western sub-Pannonic and the intra-Pannonic hills, not or little accompanied by self sown conifers, and generallywith an admixture of 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD, or in some cases 4XHUFXV�UREXU, in the canopy.41.112 Medio-European montane woodrush beech forestsAcidophilous forests of )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD, )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD and $ELHV�DOED or )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD, $ELHVDOED and 3LFHD�DELHV of the montane and high-montane levels of the greater Hercynian ranges, fromthe Vosges and the Black Forest to the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Jura, the Alps, the Carpathiansand the Bavarian Plateau.

�� Plants: )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�� $ELHV� DOED�� 3LFHD� DELHV�� /X]XOD� OX]XORLGHV, 3RO\WULFKXP� IRUPRVXP andoften 'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD, &DODPDJURVWLV�YLOORVD, 9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV, 3WHULGLXP�DTXLOLQXP.


�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "2221 )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD�9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV�typ"

�� /LQGJUHQ��/�� Beech forest vegetation in Sweden - a survey. %RW��1RWLVHU 123:401-421.

�� $WODQWLF�DFLGRSKLORXV�EHHFK�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�,OH[�DQGVRPHWLPHV�DOVR�7D[XV�LQ�WKH�VKUXEOD\HU��4XHUFLQLRQURERUL�SHWUDHDH�RU�,OLFL�)DJHQLRQ�

PAL.CLASS.: 41.12

�� Beech forests with ,OH[, growing on acid soils, of the plain to montane levels under humid Atlanticclimate. The acid substrate corresponds to alterations of acid rocks or to silt with flints more or lessdegraded or, to old alluvial deposits. The soils are of acid brown type, leaching or with an evolutiontowards podsol type. The humus is of moder to dysmoder type. These beech forests present differentvarieties:a) subatlantic beech-oak forests of the plains and hill levels with ,OH[�DTXLIROLXPb) hyper-Atlantic beech-oak forests of the plains and hill levels with ,OH[ and 7D[XV, rich in epiphytesc) pure beech forests or acidophilous beech-fir forests of the montane level, with ,OH[�DTXLIROLXP in thefield layer.

�� Plants: ,OH[� DTXLIROLXP, 7D[XV� EDFFDWD, 5XVFXV� DFXOHDWXV, 'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD, +LHUDFLXPVDEDXGXP, +�� XPEHOODWXP, 3WHULGLXP� DTXLOLQXP, 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV, /RQLFHUD� SHULFO\PHQXP,0HODPS\UXP�SUDWHQVH, 7HXFULXP�VFRURGRQLD, +ROFXV�PROOLV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W14 )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�5XEXV� IUXWLFRVXV woodland" pp and "W15

)DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD woodland p.p.".German classification: "43070502 bodensaurer Buchenwald der planaren Stufe".

�� Oak may dominate in some of these forests due to the coppice-with-standards regime of the pastcenturies. If the intensity of the management decreases beech and also ,OH[ often regeneratespontaneously.

�� $VSHUXOR�)DJHWXP�EHHFK�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 41.13

�� )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD and, in higher mountains, )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD-$ELHV� DOED or )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD-$ELHVDOED-3LFHD�DELHV forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus (mull), of themedio-European and Atlantic domains of Western Europe and of central and northern CentralEurope, characterised by a strong representation of species belonging to the ecological groups of$QHPRQH� QHPRURVD, of /DPLDVWUXP� (/DPLXP)� JDOHREGRORQ, of *DOLXP� RGRUDWXP and 0HOLFDXQLIORUD and, in mountains, various 'HQWDULD spp., forming a richer and more abundant herb layerthan in the forests of 9110 and 9120.Sub-types :

41.131 - Medio-European collinar neutrophilous beech forestsNeutrocline or basicline )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD and )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�4XHUFXV� SHWUDHD�4XHUFXV� UREXUforests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, of


the Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the Carpathians and a fewlocalities of the North Sea-Baltic plain.

41.132 - Atlantic neutrophile beech forestsAtlantic beech and beech-oak forests with +\DFLQWKRLGHV�QRQ�VFULSWD, of southern England, theBoulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins.

41.133 - Medio-European montane neutrophilous beech forestsNeutrophile forests of )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD, )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD and $ELHV� DOED, )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD and3LFHD�DELHV, or )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD, $ELHV�DOED and 3LFHD�DELHV of the montane and high-montanelevels of the Jura, the northern and eastern Alps, the western Carpathians and the great Hercynianranges.

41.134 - Bohemian lime-beech forests)DJXV�V\OYDWLFD or )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�$ELHV�DOED forests rich in 7LOLD spp., of the Bohemian basin.

41.135 - Pannonic neutrophilme beech forestsNeutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the hills of the Pannonic plain andits western periphery.

�� Plants: )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�� $ELHV� DOED�� 3LFHD� DELHV�� $QHPRQH� QHPRURVD, /DPLDVWUXP� (/DPLXP)JDOHREGRORQ, *DOLXP�RGRUDWXP� 0HOLFD�XQLIORUD, 'HQWDULD spp.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W12 )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�0HUFXULDOLV� SHUHQQLV woodland p.p." and

"W14 )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�5XEXV�IUXWLFRVXV woodland p.p.".Nordic classification: "2222 )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�/DPLDVWUXP� JDOHREGRORQ�0HOLFD� XQLIORUD-typ" and

"2223 )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV�$OOLXP�XUVLQXP-typ".

�� %HUJHQGRUII��&�� ODUVVRQ��$��1LKOJnUG��%�� . 6\GOLJD� O|YVNRJVEHVWnQG� L� 6YHULJH�� 6WDWHQVQDWXUYnUGVYHUN. Rapport. SNV PM 1278, Solna, 68 pp.

�� 0HGLR�(XURSHDQ�VXEDOSLQH�EHHFK�ZRRGV�ZLWK�$FHU�DQG5XPH[�DULIROLXV

PAL.CLASS.: 41.15

�� )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD woods usually composed of low, low-branching trees, with much sycamore ($FHUSVHXGRSODWDQXV), situated near the tree limit, mostly in low mountains with oceanic climate ofWestern Europe and of central and northern Central Europe. The herb layer is similar to that of theforests of 9130 or locally of 9110 and contain elements of the adjacent open grasslands.

�� Plants: )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD��$FHU SVHXGRSODWDQXV��5XPH[�DULIROLXV.

�� 0HGLR�(XURSHDQ�OLPHVWRQH�EHHFK�IRUHVWV�RI�WKH&HSKDODQWKHUR�)DJLRQ

PAL.CLASS.: 41.16

�� Xero-thermophile )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD forests developed on calcareous, often superficial, soils, usuallyof steep slopes, of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central andnorthern Central Europe, with a generally abundant herb and shrub undergrowth, characterized bysedges (&DUH[� GLJLWDWD, &DUH[� IODFFD, &DUH[� PRQWDQD, &DUH[� DOED), grasses (6HVOHULD� DOELFDQV,%UDFK\SRGLXP� SLQQDWXP), orchids (&HSKDODQWKHUD spp., 1HRWWLD� QLGXV�DYLV, (SLSDFWLV� OHSWRFKLOD,(SLSDFWLV� PLFURSK\OOD) and thermophile species, transgressive of the 4XHUFHWDOLD� SXEHVFHQWL�


SHWUDHDH. The bush-layer includes several calcicolous species (/LJXVWUXP� YXOJDUH, %HUEHULVYXOJDULV) and %X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQV can dominate.Sub-types :

41.161 - Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forestsMiddle European sedge and orchid beech woods of slopes with reduced water availability.

41.162 - North-western Iberian xerophile beech woods)DJXV�V\OYDWLFD forests of relatively low precipitation zones of the southern ranges of the PaisVasco and of superficially dry calcareous soils of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with %UDFK\SRGLXPSLQQDWXP ssp. UXSHVWUH, 6HVOHULD�DUJHQWHD ssp. KLVSDQLFD, &DUH[�EUHYLFROOLV, &DUH[�RUQLWKRSRGD,&DUH[� VHPSHUYLUHQV, &DUH[� FDXGDWD, &HSKDODQWKHUD� GDPDVRQLXP, &�� ORQJLIROLD, (SLSDFWLVKHOOHERULQH, (SLSDFWLV�PLFURSK\OOD, 1HRWWLD�QLGXV�DYLV.

�� Plants: )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD�� &DUH[� GLJLWDWD, &�� IODFFD, &�� PRQWDQD, &�� DOED�� 6HVOHULD� DOELFDQV,%UDFK\SRGLXP� SLQQDWXP�� &HSKDODQWKHUD spp., 1HRWWLD� QLGXV�DYLV, (SLSDFWLV� OHSWRFKLOD, (SLSDFWLVPLFURSK\OOD��%X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQV.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "2223 )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV�$OOLXP�XUVLQXP -typ".

�� 6XE�$WODQWLF�DQG�PHGLR�(XURSHDQ�RDN�RU�RDN�KRUQEHDP�IRUHVWV�RI�WKH�&DUSLQLRQ�EHWXOL

PAL.CLASS.: 41.24

�� Forests of 4XHUFXV�UREXU (or 4XHUFXV�UREXU and 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD) on hydromorphic soils or soils withhigh water table (bottoms of valleys, depressions or in the vicinity of riparian forests). The substratecorresponds to silts, clayey and silt-laden colluvions, as well as to silt-laden alterations or to siliceousrocks with a high degree of saturation. Forests of 4XHUFXV�UREXU or natural mixed forests composed of4XHUFXV�UREXU, 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD, &DUSLQXV�EHWXOXV and 7LOLD�FRUGDWD. (QG\PLRQ�QRQ�VFULSWXV is absentor rare.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV� UREXU, &DUSLQXV� EHWXOXV, $FHU� FDPSHVWUH, 7LOLD� FRUGDWD, 6WHOODULD� KRORVWHD, &DUH[EUL]RLGHV, 3RD� FKDL[LL, 3RWHQWLOOD� VWHULOLV, 'DFW\OLV� SRO\JDPD, 5DQXQFXOXV� QHPRURVXV, *DOLXPV\OYDWLFXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "430703 Stieleichen-Hainbuchenwald feuchter bis frischer Standorte".Nordic classification: "2223 )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD�0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV�$OOLXP�XUVLQXP-typ".

�� Not to be confused with forests of 4XHUFXV�UREXU arising from the management of beech-oak forests ascoppice or coppice-with-standards on well drained soils.

�� 'LHNPDQQ�� 0�� Decidious forest vegetation in Boreo-nemoral Scandinavia. $FWD3K\WRJHRJU��6XHF. 80:1-112.

�� *DOLR�&DUSLQHWXP�RDN�KRUQEHDP�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 41.261


�� 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD�&DUSLQXV�EHWXOXV forests of regions with sub-continental climate within the centralEuropean range of )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD, dominated by 4XHUFXV� SHWUDHD and with 6RUEXV� WRUPLQDOLV,6RUEXV�GRPHVWLFD, $FHU�FDPSHVWUH, /LJXVWUXP�YXOJDUH, &RQYDOODULD�PDMDOLV, &DUH[�PRQWDQD, &DUH[XPEURVD, )HVWXFD�KHWHURSK\OOD.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV� SHWUDHD� &DUSLQXV� EHWXOXV�� 6RUEXV� WRUPLQDOLV, 6�� GRPHVWLFD, $FHU� FDPSHVWUH,/LJXVWUXP�YXOJDUH, &RQYDOODULD�PDMDOLV, &DUH[�PRQWDQD, &��XPEURVD, )HVWXFD�KHWHURSK\OOD.

�� Corresponding categoryNordic classification: "2224 &DUSLQXV�EHWXOXV-typ".

��

�� 7LOLR�$FHULRQ��IRUHVWV�RI�VORSHV��VFUHHV�DQG�UDYLQHVPAL.CLASS.: 41.4

�� Mixed forests of secondary species ($FHU� SVHXGRSODWDQXV�� )UD[LQXV� H[FHOVLRU�� 8OPXV� JODEUD�� 7LOLDFRUGDWD) of coarse scree, abrupt rocky slopes or coarse colluvions of slopes, particularly on calcareous,but also on siliceous, substrates (7LOLR�$FHULRQ Klika 55). A distinction can be made between onegrouping which is typical of cool and humid environments (hygroscopic and shade tolerant forests),generally dominated by the sycamore maple ($FHU�SVHXGRSODWDQXV) - sub-alliance /XQDULR�$FHUHQLRQ,and another which is typical of dry, warm screes (xerothermophile forests), generally dominated bylimes (7LOLD�FRUGDWD��7��SODW\SK\OORV) - sub-alliance 7LOLR�$FHUHQLRQ.The habitat types belonging to the &DUSLQLRQ�should not be included here.

�� Plants: /XQDULR�$FHUHQLRQ - $FHU� SVHXGRSODWDQXV�� $FWDHD� VSLFDWD�� )UD[LQXV� H[FHOVLRU�� +HOOHERUXVYLULGLV��/XQDULD�UHGLYLYD��7D[XV�EDFFDWD��8OPXV�JODEUD. 7LOLR�$FHUHQLRQ - &DUSLQXV�EHWXOXV��&RU\OXVDYHOODQD��4XHUFXV sp., 6HVOHULD�YDULD��7LOLD�FRUGDWD��7��SODW\SK\OORV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W8 )UD[LQXV� H[FHOVLRU�$FHU� FDPSHVWUH�0HUFXULDOLV perennis

woodland" and "W9�)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU�6RUEXV�DXFXSDULD�0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV woodland".German classification: "430604 Sommerlinden-Begulmen-Blockschuttwald", "430603 Ahorn-Linden-

Hangschuttwald (wärmere Standorte)", "430602 Eschen-Ahorn-Schlucht- bzw. -Hangwald(fleucht-kühle Standorte)", "430601 Sommerlinden-Hainbuchen-Schuttwald".

Nordic classification: "2233 8OPXV� JODEUD -typ", "2235 7LOLD� FRUGDWD -typ" and "2236 4XHUFXVUREXU�8OPXV� JODEUD�7LOLD� FRUGDWD-typ". In Boreal region corresponding species-poorcommunities often with $QHPRQH�QHPRURVD, &RU\GDOLV spp., 3ULPXOD�YHULV.

�� Slight changes in the conditions of the substrate (especially "consolidated" substrate) or humidityproduce a transition towards beech forests (&HSKDODQWKHUR�)DJHQLRQ�� /X]XOR�)DJHQLRQ) or towardsthermophile oak forests.

�� %HUJHQGRUII��&��/DUVVRQ��$��1LKOJnUG��%�� 6\GOLJD� O|YVNRJVEHVWnQG� L�6YHULJH��6WDWHQVQDWXUYnUGVYHUN��Rapport. SNV PM 1278, Solna, 68 pp.

�� 2OG�DFLGRSKLORXV�RDN�ZRRGV�ZLWK�4XHUFXV�UREXU�RQVDQG\�SODLQV



�� 41.51 - Acidophilous forests of the Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of 4XHUFXV�UREXU, %HWXODSHQGXOD and %HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV, often mixed with 6RUEXV�DXFXSDULD and 3RSXOXV�WUHPXOD, on veryoligotrophic, often sandy (or moraine) and podsolized or hydromorphic soils; the bush layer,poorly developed, includes )UDQJXOD�DOQXV; the herb layer is formed by 'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD andother grasses and herbs of acid soils (sometimes includes 0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD), and is often invadedby bracken. Forests of this type often prevail in the northern European plain and occupy morelimited edaphic enclaves. Syntaxa: 4XHUFR�%HWXOHWXP��0ROLQR�4XHUFHWXP��7ULHQWDOR�4XHUFHWLPURERULV.

41.54 - Forests of 4XHUFXV�UREXU and, sporadically 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD or hybrids, on podzols, with aherb layer formed by the group of 'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD, with 0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD and 3HXFHGDQXPJDOOLFXP. Syntaxa: 3HXFHGDQR�4XHUFHWXP�URERULV.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�UREXU, %HWXOD�SHQGXOD� %��SXEHVFHQV��6RUEXV�DXFXSDULD� 3RSXOXV�WUHPXOD.

�� Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "2231 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD/UREXU-0HODPS\UXP�SUDWHQVH�'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD-

typ" and "2232 4XHUFXV�UREXU�0HOLFD spp.-typ".

�� 5�KOLQJ��c��7\OHU��*�� Vegetation i sydsvenska ekskogar-en regional jämförelse�� 6YHQ�%RW��7LGVNU� 80:133-143.

��$� 2OG�VHVVLOH�RDN�ZRRGV�ZLWK�,OH[�DQG�%OHFKQXP�LQ�WKH%ULWLVK�,VOHV

PAL.CLASS.: 41.53

�� Acidophilous 4XHUFXV� SHWUDHD woods, with low, low-branched, trees, with many ferns, mosses,lichens and evergreen bushes.Sub-types :

41.531 - Irish sessile oak woods4XHUFXV� SHWUDHD woods of Ireland, particulary rich in evergreen bushes, including $UEXWXVXQHGR.

41.532 - British sessile oak woodsAcidophilous 4XHUFXV� SHWUDHD woods of western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Wales,Northern England and South Western England.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD��,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��%OHFKQXP ssp.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W10 4XHUFXV spp.-3WHULGLXP� DTXLOLQXP�5XEXV� IUXWLFRVXV

woodland p.p.", "W11 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD�%HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV�2[DOLV�DFHWRVHOOD woodland p.p."and "W17 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD�%HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV�'LFUDQXP�PDMXV woodland p.p.".

��%� 7KHUPRSKLORXV�)UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD�ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 41.86

�� Non-alluvial, non-ravine formations dominated by )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD, often mixed with 4XHUFXVSXEHVFHQV or 4��S\UHQDLFD.Sub-types :

41.861 - Sicilian narrow-leaved ash woods)UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD woods of western Sicily.


41.862 - Iberian narrow-leaved ash woods)UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD woods of the Iberian peninsula.

�� Plants: )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD.

��&� �&DOHGRQLDQ�IRUHVWPAL.CLASS.: 42.51

�� Relict, indigenous pine forests of 3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV var. VFRWLFD, endemic in the central and north easternGrampians and the northern and western Highlands of Scotland and associated %HWXOD�and -XQLSHUXVwoodlands of northern character within this area. They are mostly open and have a ground layer richin ericaceous species and bryophytes, in particular +\ORFRPLXP� VSOHQGHQV, and often harbouringabundant� 'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD, *RRG\HUD� UHSHQV�� /LVWHUD� FRUGDWD�� &RUDOORUKL]D� WULILGD�� /LQQDHDERUHDOLV��7ULHQWDOLV�HXURSDHD��3\UROD�PLQRU��0RQHVHV�XQLIORUD��2UWKLOLD�VHFXQGD. The dominant treesare: 6RUEXV�DXFXSDULD��%HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV��%��SHQGXOD��-XQLSHUXV�FRPPXQLV��,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��3RSXOXVWUHPXOD.

�� Plants: &RUDOORUKL]D� WULILGD�� 'HVFKDPSVLD� IOH[XRVD�� *RRG\HUD� UHSHQV�� /LQQDHD� � ERUHDOLV�� /LVWHUDFRUGDWD��0RQHVHV� XQLIORUD��2UWKLOLD� VHFXQGD�� 3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV var. VFRWLFD�� 3\UROD�PLQRU�� 7ULHQWDOLVHXURSDHD��Bryophytes��+\ORFRPLXP�VSOHQGHQV��3OHXUR]LXP�VFKUHEHUL.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: the majority of Caledonian forests belong to "W18� 3LQXV

V\OYHVWULV�+\ORFRPLXP� VSOHQGHQV woodland"; however, not all of these forests aresemi-natural. Stands dominated by -XQLSHUXV� belong to the category "W19 -XQLSHUXVFRPPXQLV ssp. FRPPXQLV�2[DOLV�DFHWRVHOOD woodland".

��'�� %RJ�ZRRGODQGPAL.CLASS.: 44.A1 to 44.A4

�� Coniferous and broad-leaved forests on a humid to wet peaty substrate, with the water levelpermanently high and even higher than the surrounding water table. The water is always very poor innutrients (raised bogs and acid fens). These communities are generally dominated by %HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV�)UDQJXOD�DOQXV��3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV��3LQXV�URWXQGDWD and�3LFHD�DELHV, with species specific to bogland or,more generally, to oligotrophic environments, such as 9DFFLQLXP� spp., 6SKDJQXP� spp., &DUH[� spp.[9DFFLQLR�3LFHHWHD: 3LFHR�9DFFLQLHQLRQ� XOLJLQRVL (%HWXOLRQ� SXEHVFHQWLV�� /HGR�3LQLRQ) i.a.]. In theBoreal region, also spruce swamp woods, which are minerotrophic mire sites along margins ofdifferent mire complexes, as well as in separate strips in valleys and along brooks.Sub-types :

44.A1 - Sphagnum birch woods44.A2 - Scots pine mire woods44.A3 - Mountain pine bog woods44.A4 - Mire spruce woods

In most of the Irish sites, these forests represent sub types of raised bogs, generally degraded andinvaded by commercial forestry species; however, those stands dominated by %HWXOD� SXEHVFHQV or3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV may be of interest. In Greece, formations with 3LQXV� V\OYHVWULV are confined to thenorthern mountains, where forests of 3LFHD�DELHV on a sphagnum rich ground layer also occur.


�� Plants: $JURVWLV�FDQLQD��%HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV��%��FDUSDWLFD��&DUH[�FDQHVFHQV��&��HFKLQDWD��&��QLJUD��&�URVWUDWD�� )UDQJXOD� DOQXV�� -XQFXV� DFXWLIORUXV�� 0ROLQLD� FDHUXOHD�� 7ULHQWDOLV� HXURSDHD�� 3LFHD� DELHV�3LQXV�URWXQGDWD��3��V\OYHVWULV��6SKDJQXP spp., 9DFFLQLXP�R[\FRFFXV��9��XOLJLQRVXP��9LROD�SDOXVWULV; inspruce swamp woods also: &DUH[� GLVSHUPD�� &�� WHQXLIORUD�� 'LSOD]LXP� VLELULFXP�� +\ORFRPLXPXPEUDWXP�and�5K\WLGLDGHOSKXV�WULTXHWUXV.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "W4 %HWXOD�SXEHVFHQV�0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD woodland".German classification: "430101 Birken-Moorwald", "440104 Latschen-Moorwald", "440101 Fichten-

Moorwald", "440103 Spirken-Moorwald", "440102 Waldkiefern-Moorwald".Nordic classification: "311 Skogsmossevegetation", "321 Skogs-och krattkärrvegetation".

�� Forests on the edge of upland bogs or transition mires may form a transition towards swamp forests($OQHWHD�JOXWLQRVD��$OQR�8OPLRQ pp.).

�� 'LHUVVHQ��%��'LHUVVHQ��.�� Kiefernreiche Phytocoenosen oligotropher Moore im mittlerenund nordwestlichen Europa. Überlegungen zur Problematik ihrer Zuordnung zu höheren synsystematischen Einheiten. In:Dierschke, H. (ed.) 6WUXNWXU� XQG�'\QDPLF� YRQ�:lOGHUQ. Ber. Intern.Symp. IVV 1982, pp. 299-331.

��(�� $OOXYLDO�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�$OQXV�JOXWLQRVD�DQG�)UD[LQXVH[FHOVLRU��$OQR�3DQGLRQ��$OQLRQ�LQFDQDH��6DOLFLRQ�DOEDH�

PAL.CLASS.: 44.3, 44.2 and 44.13

�� Riparian forests of )UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU and $OQXV�JOXWLQRVD, of temperate and Boreal Europe lowlandand hill watercourses (44.3: $OQR�3DGLRQ); riparian woods of $OQXV� LQFDQDH of montane andsub-montane rivers of the Alps and the northern Apennines (44.2: $OQLRQ� LQFDQDH); arborescentgalleries of tall 6DOL[� DOED�� 6�� IUDJLOLV and 3RSXOXV� QLJUD, along medio-European lowland, hill orsub-montane rivers (44.13: 6DOLFLRQ�DOEDH). All types occur on heavy soils (generally rich in alluvialdeposits) periodically inundated by the annual rise of the river (or brook) level, but otherwisewell-drained and aerated during low-water. The herbaceous layer invariably includes many largespecies ()LOLSHQGXOD� XOPDULD�� $QJHOLFD� V\OYHVWULV�� &DUGDPLQH spp., 5XPH[� VDQJXLQHXV�� &DUH[ spp.,&LUVLXP�ROHUDFHXP) and various vernal geophytes can occur, such as 5DQXQFXOXV� ILFDULD�� $QHPRQHQHPRURVD��$��UDQXQFXORLGHV��&RU\GDOLV�VROLGD.This habitat includes several sub-types: ash-alder woods of springs and their rivers (44.31 - &DULFLUHPRWDH�)UD[LQHWXP); ash-alder woods of fast-flowing rivers (44.32 - 6WHOODULR�$OQHWXP�JOXWLQRVDH);ash-alder woods of slow-flowing rivers (44.33 - 3UXQR�)UD[LQHWXP��8OPR�)UD[LQHWXP); montane greyalder galleries (44.21 - &DODPDJURVWL� YDULDH�$OQHWXP� LQFDQDH Moor 58); sub-montane grey aldergalleries (44.22 - (TXLVHWR�K\HPDOLV�$OQHWXP�LQFDQDH Moor 58); white willow gallery forests (44.13 -6DOLFLRQ� DOEDH). The Spanish types belong to the alliance 2VPXQGR�$OQLRQ (Cantabric atlantic andsoutheast Iberia peninsula).

�� Plants: Tree layer - $OQXV�JOXWLQRVD��$OQXV�LQFDQDH��)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU��3RSXOXV�QLJUD��6DOL[�DOED��6�IUDJLOLV;� %HWXOD� SXEHVFHQV�� 8OPXV� JODEUD; Herb layer - $QJHOLFD� V\OYHVWULV�� &DUGDPLQH� DPDUD�� &�SUDWHQVLV�� &DUH[� DFXWLIRUPLV�� &�� SHQGXOD�� &�� UHPRWD�� &�� VWULJRVD�� &�� V\OYDWLFD�� &LUVLXP� ROHUDFHXP�(TXLVHWXP� WHOPDWHLD�� (TXLVHWXP� spp., )LOLSHQGXOD� XOPDULD�� *HUDQLXP� V\OYDWLFXP�� *HXP� ULYDOH�/\FRSXV�HXURSDHXV��/\VLPDFKLD�QHPRUXP��5XPH[�VDQJXLQHXV��6WHOODULD�QHPRUXP��8UWLFD�GLRLFD.

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W5 $OQXV� JOXWLQRVD�&DUH[� SDQLFXODWD woodland", "W6 $OQXV

JOXWLQRVD�8UWLFD�GLRLFD woodland)" and "W7�$OQXV�JOXWLQRVD�)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU�/\VLPDFKLDQHPRUXP woodland".


German classification: "43040401 Weichholzauenwald mit weitgehend ungertörterÜberflutungsdynamik", "43040402 Weichholzauenwald ohne Überflutung", "430403Schwarzerlenwald (an Fließgewässern)", "430402 Eschenwald (an Fließgewässern)", "430401Grauerlenauenwald (montan, Alpenvorland, Alpen).

Nordic classification: "2234 )UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU-typ" and "224 Alskog".

�� Most of these forests are in contact with humid meadows or ravine forests (7LOLR�$FHULRQ). Asuccession towards &DUSLQLRQ�(3ULPXOR�&DUSLQHWXP) can be observed.

�� %UXQHW��-�� Vegetation i Skånes alm- och askskogar. 6YHQ��%RW��7LGVNU� 85:377-384.

��)� 5LSDULDQ�PL[HG�IRUHVWV�RI�4XHUFXV�UREXU��8OPXV�ODHYLVDQG�8OPXV�PLQRU��)UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU�RU�)UD[LQXVDQJXVWLIROLD��DORQJ�WKH�JUHDW�ULYHUV��8OPHQLRQ�PLQRULV�

PAL.CLASS.: 44.4

�� Forests of hardwood trees of the major part of the river bed, liable to flooding during regular rising ofwater level or, of low areas liable to flooding following the raising of the water table. These forestsdevelop on recent alluvial deposits. The soil may be well drained between inondations or remain wet.Following the hydric regime, the woody dominated species belong to )UD[LQXV, 8OPXV or 4XHUFXVgenus. The undergrowth is well developed.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�UREXU, 8OPXV� ODHYLV, 8��PLQRU, 8�JODEUD, )UD[LQXV�H[FHOVLRU, )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD,3RSXOXV� QLJUD, 3�� FDQHVFHQV, 3�� WUHPXOD, $OQXV� JOXWLQRVD,� 3UXQXV� SDGXV, +XPXOXV� OXSXOXV, 9LWLVYLQLIHUD ssp. V\OYHVWULV, 7DPXV� FRPPXQLV, +HGHUD� KHOL[, 3KDODULV� DUXQGLQDFHD, &RU\GDOLV� VROLGD,*DJHD�OXWHD, 5LEHV�UXEUXP.

�� Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "43040501 Hartholzauenwald mit weitehend ungestörter

Überflutungsdynamik", "43040502 Hartholzauenwald ohne Überflutung".Nordic classification: "2223 8OPXV�JODEUD-typ", "2236 4XHUFXV� UREXU�8OPXV�JODEUD�7LOLD� FRUGDWD

typ".

�� These forests form mosaics with pioneer or stable forests of soft wood trees, in low areas of the riverbed; they may develop also from alluvial forests of hard wood trees. This habitat type often occurs inconjunction with alder-ash woodlands (44.3).

��*� �3DQQRQLF�ZRRGV�ZLWK�4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD�DQG�&DUSLQXVEHWXOXV

PAL.CLASS.: 41.2B, 41.266, 41.267

�� Forests with 4XHUFXV�SHWUDHD and &DUSLQXV�EHWXOXV, on different soil types (on calcareous but alsoon siliceous substrate), shrub- and herb layer are dominated by subcontinental and submediterraneanplant species (&DULFL� SLORVDH�&DUSLQHWXP�� 3ULPXOR� YHULV�&DUSLQHWXP�� )UD[LQR� SDQQRQLFL�&DUSLQHWXP). They occur in shady, humid valleys and slopes, particularly on deep soils but also onhill tops with shallow, oligotrophic substrates.


�� Plants: &DUH[� SLORVD�� (XSKRUELD� DPLJGDORLGHV�� 6\PSK\WXP� WXEHURVXP�� 'HQWDULD� EXOELIHUD�*OHFKRPD�KLUVXWD��)HVWXFD�KHWHURSK\OOD��&DUSLQXV�EHWXOXV��4XHUFXV�SHWUDH��4��UREXU��7LOLD�FRUGDWD�(YRQ\PXV� YHUUXFRVD�� $FHU� FDPSHVWUH�� 6RUEXV� WRUPLQDOLV�� *DOLXP� V\OYDWLFXP�� 9LROD� PLUDELOLV�*DJHD�VSDWKDFHD�

�� These habitats may form a transition towards xerophile oak woods (4XHUFXV�SHWUDHDH�FHUULV forestsand 4XHUFXV�SXEHVFHQV woods).

�� 0XFLQD��/��*UDEKHUU��*��:DOOQ|IHU��6�� Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil III,S. 199.1HXKlXVO� 8�� 1HXKlXVORYD�1RYRWQD� �� Übersicht der Carpinion-Gesellschaften derTschechoslowakei.

��+� �3DQQRQLDQ�ZRRGV�ZLWK�4XHUFXV�SXEHVFHQVPAL.CLASS.: 41.7374

�� Xerophyle oak woods dominated by 4XHUFXV�SXEHVFHQV on extreme dry, southern exposed locationson shallow, calcareous soils. Because of these extreme site conditions, the woods are oftenfragmentary and low-growing, sometimes only shrubby. The herb layer is rich in species and oftencontains xerothermic species from dry grasslands or forest fringes. The center of distribution is inthe southern parts of Eastern Europe.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV� SXEHVFHQV�� 4�� FHUULV�� )UD[LQXV� RUQXV�� 6RUEXV� GRPHVWLFD�� 6�� WRUPLQDOLV�� &ROXWHDDUERUHVFHQV�� &RUQXV� PDV�� 3\UXV� S\UDVWHU�� $UDELV� SDXFLIORUD�� $�� WXUULWD�� %XJORVVRLGHVSXUSXUFDHUXOHD�� &DPSDQXOD� ERQRQLHQVLV�� &DUH[� PLFKHOLL�� (XSKRUELD� SRO\FKURPD�� /DFWXFDTXHUFLQD�� /LPRGRUXP� DERUWLYXP�� 0LOLWWLV� PHOLVVRSK\OXP�� 2UFKLV� SXUSXUHD�� 3RWHQWLOOD� DOED�� 3�PLFUDQWKD�� 3XOPXQDULD� PROOLV� ssp�� PROOLV�� 7DQDFHWXP� FRU\PERVXP�� 9LROD� VXDYLV�� (XSKRUELDDQJXODWD.

�� White-oak woods often form mosaics with dry grasslands.

��,� �(XUR�6LEHULDQ�VWHSSLF�ZRRGV�ZLWK�4XHUFXV�VSS�PAL.CLASS.: 41.7A

�� Xero-thermophile oak woods of the plains of south-eastern Europe. The climate is very continental,with a large temperature range. The substrate consists of 'Loess' (Chernozem soils). 4XHUFXV�UREXU�4XHUFXV�FHUULV�and 4XHUFXV�SXEHVFHQV dominate in the treelayer of this habitat type, which is rich incontinental stepic vegetation elements and geophytes of the $FHUL�WDWDULFL�4XHUFLRQ�Zólyomi 1957.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV� FHUULV�� 4�� SXEHVFHQV�� 4�� UREXU�� 4�� SHWUDHD�� $FHU� FDPSHVWUH�� 6RUEXV� WRUPLQDOLV�&RUQXV�VDQJXLQHD��&UDWDHJXV�PRQRJ\QD��(XRQ\PXV�YHUUXFRVD��/LJXVWUXP�YXOJDUH��3UXQXV�VSLQRVD�3\UXV�S\UDVWHU��5KDPQXV�FDWKDUWLFD��8OPXV�PLQRU��%XJORVVRLGHV�SXUSXURFDHUXOHD��&DUH[�PLFKHOLL�'DFW\OLV� SRO\JDPD��*HXP� XUEDQXP�� /DWKU\UXV� QLJHU�� 3RO\JRQDWXP� ODWLIROLXP�� 3XOPRQDULD�PROOLVspp. PROOLV��7DQDFHWXP�FRU\PERVXP��9LQFHWR[LFXP�KLUXQGLQDULD�

�� This habitat type, which formed the natural vegetation of south-eastern Europe, is today veryfragmented. In Austria they are often degraded by invasion of 5RELQLD.


��-� �7D[XV�EDFFDWD�ZRRGV�RI�WKH�%ULWLVK�,VOHVPAL.CLASS.: 42.A71

�� 7D[XV�EDFFDWD woods with 6RUEXV�DULD or 0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV�of dry valleys and scarps of the chalkof south-east England, very locally of the Durham Magnesium limestone, Morecambe Bay andelsewhere. They also occur in the forest of Muckross (Killarney, Ireland).

�� Plants: %X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQV��,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV��6RUEXV�DULD��7D[XV�EDFFDWD�

�� Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W13 7D[XV�EDFFDWD woodland".

0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�GHFLGXRXV�IRUHVWV

�� $SHQQLQH�EHHFK�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�7D[XV�DQG�,OH[PAL.CLASS.: 41.181, 41.185 and 41.186

�� Thermophilous beech forests, highly fragmented and harbouring many endemics, with 7D[XV�EDFFDWDand�,OH[�DTXLIROLXP (*HUDQLR�QRGRVL�)DJLRQ��*HUDQLR�VWULDWL�)DJLRQ).This habitat type includes: Monte Gargano Foresta Umbra, rich in 7D[XV� EDFFDWD (41.181);silicicolous beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Calabria with 7D[XV�EDFFDWD, 3RSXOXV�WUHPXOD�6RUEXV�DXFXSDULD and %HWXOD�SHQGXOD (41.185); Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and,very locally, the monti Peloritani, with ,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��'DSKQH� ODXUHROD��&UDWDHJXV�PRQRJ\QD and3UXQXV�VSLQRVD (41.186).

�� Plants: )DJXV�V\OYDWLFXV��,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��7D[XV�EDFFDWD.

�� $SHQQLQH�EHHFK�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�$ELHV�DOED�DQG�EHHFK��IRUHVWV�ZLWK�$ELHV�QHEURGHQVLV

PAL.CLASS.: 41.186 and 41.187

�� Beech forests of the hill level, on sites colder than those of 41.181, highly fragmented and harbouringmany endemics, with $ELHV� DOED and $ELHV� QHEURGHQVLV (*HUDQLR� QRGRVL�)DJLRQ�� *HUDQLRVWULDWL�)DJLRQ). Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and, very locally, the monti Peloritani,with ,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��'DSKQH�ODXUHROD��&UDWDHJXV�PRQRJ\QD and 3UXQXV�VSLQRVD (41.186); isolatedbeech forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species (41.187).

�� Plants: $ELHV�DOED�� $��QHEURGHQVLV��)DJXV�V\OYDWLFD.

�� *DOLFLR�3RUWXJXHVH�RDN�ZRRGV�ZLWK�4XHUFXV�UREXU��DQG4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD

PAL.CLASS.: 41.6


�� 4XHUFXV��S\UHQDLFD -dominated forests (4XHUFLRQ�URERUL�S\UHQDLFDH�.Sub-types :

41.61 - Central Iberian 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forestsSupra- and sometimes meso-Mediterranean 4XHUFXV� S\UHQDLFD forests of western Iberia, theLeonese interior, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo and the SierraMorena.

41.62 - Cantabrian 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forests0HODPS\UR�SUDWHQVH-4XHUFHWXP�S\UHQDLFDH, /LQDULR�WULRUQLWKRSKRUDH-4XHUFHWXP S\UHQDLFDH4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD formations of medio-European character, of the collinar and montane levelsof the Cantabrian chain and its satellite ranges west to the Sierra de Picos de Ancares in Galicia,characteristic of areas with comparatively low precipitation, in the rain shadow of the coastwardranges or the interior oro-Cantabrian hills.

41.63 - Maestrazgan 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forests&HSKDODQWKHUR�UXEUDH-4XHUFHWXP�S\UHQDLFDH4XHUFXV� S\UHQDLFD forests of the sub-Mediterranean siliceous enclaves of the Maestrazgo andeastern Catalonian ranges, reduced to a very few relicts in the Penagolosa and Prades massifs.

41.64 - Baetic 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forests$GHQRFDUSR�GHFRUWLFDQWLV- 4XHUFHWXP�S\UHQDLFDH4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forests of siliceous supra-Mediterranean areas with sub-humid climate of thewestern Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Alfacar, the northern flanks of the Sierra de Cazulas and theSierra Tejeda; in more humid locations )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLXV and $FHU�JUDQDWHQVH accompany4��S\UHQDLFD.

41.65 - French 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forests%HWXOR�4XHUFHWXP�S\UHQDLFD i. a.4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD forests of south-western France north to the Sologne where they constituterelatively extensive formations on poor soils, with %HWXOD� SHQGXOD, /RQLFHUD� SHULFO\PHQXP,'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD, +ROFXV�PROOLV, 0ROLQLD�FDHUXOHD, 7HXFULXP�VFRURGRQLD.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�S\UHQDLFD��4��UREXU.

�� 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD�DQG�4XHUFXV�FDQDULHQVLV�,EHULDQ�ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 41.77

�� Forests and woods dominated by 4XHUFXV� IDJLQHD, 4XHUFXV�FDQDULHQVLV or 4XHUFXV�DIDUHV. Thehumid formations of south-western Iberia (41.772 and 41.773) are forest types of unique character inEurope and of extreme biological importance.Sub-types :

41.771- Spanish 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD forests6SLUDHR� RERYDWDH�4XHUFHWXP� IDJLQHDH, &HSKDODQWKHUR� ORQJLIROLDH-4XHUFHWXP� IDJLQHDH, 9LRORZLONRPPLL-4XHUFHWXP� IDJLQHDH, 'DSKQR� ODWLIROLDH-$FHUHWXP� JUDQDWHQVLV, )UD[LQR� RUQL-4XHUFHWXP�IDJLQHDHXero-mesophile 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD formations of slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of theSpanish Meseta and associated ranges.

41.772 - Portuguese 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD forests$ULVDUR-4XHUFHWXP�IDJLQHDHHumid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD forests of Portugal, restricted to a very fewisolated localities.

41.773 -Andalusian 4XHUFXV�FDQDULHQVLV forests5XVFR�K\SRSK\OOL-4XHUFHWXP�FDQDULHQVLV

Humid and hyper-humid, luxuriant 4XHUFXV�FDQDULHQVLV forests of the sierras of extreme southernSpain, limited to the Aljibe and a very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda.

41.774 - Catalonian 4XHUFXV�FDQDULHQVLV stands


&DULFL�GHSUHVVDH�4XHUFHWXP�FDQDULHQVLVFormations of Catalonia rich in 4XHUFXV�FDQDULHQVLV.

41.775 - Balearic 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD woods$FHUL�4XHUFHWXP�IDJLQHDH p.Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�IDJLQHD��4��FDQDULHQVLV.

�� 4XHUFXV�WURMDQD�ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 41.78

�� Supra-Mediterranean, and occasionally meso-Mediterranean woods dominated by the semi-deciduous 4XHUFXV�WURMDQD or its allies (4XHUFHWXP�WURMDQDH).Sub-types :

41.781 - Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woodsUsually low formations dominated by 4XHUFXV� WURMDQD, often with junipers or maples, ofMacedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the Vardarvalley of Paeonia.

41.782 - Apulian Trojan oak woodsRelict woods, sometimes of considerable height, of 4XHUFXV� WURMDQD and 4�� SXEHVFHQV, oftenwith an admixture of 4�� LOH[ and its associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle,foresta Gaglione).

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�WURMDQD.

�� &DVWDQHD�VDWLYD��ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 41.9

�� Supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean &DVWDQHD�VDWLYD-dominated forests and old establishedplantations with semi-natural undergrowth.

�� Plants: &DVWDQHD�VDWLYD.

�� +HOOHQLF�EHHFK�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�$ELHV�ERULVLL�UHJLVPAL.CLASS.: 41.1A

�� )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD forests with reduced medio-European character and high endemism, characterisedby the presence of $ELHV� ERULVLL�UHJLV, 'RURQLFXP� FDXFDVLFXP, *DOLXP� ODFRQLFXP, /DWK\UXVYHQHWXV, +HOOHERUXV�F\FORSK\OOXV ()DJLRQ�KHOOHQLFXP).

�� Plants: )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD��$ELHV�ERULVLL�UHJLV.


�� 4XHUFXV�IUDLQHWWR�ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 41.1B

�� )DJXV� V\OYDWLFD or )DJXV� PRHVLDFD forests, more thermophile than those of 41.19 and 41.1A,occurring in the transition zone between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels, characterisedby the presence of numerous species of the 4XHUFLRQ�IUDLQHWWR.

�� Plants: )DJXV�V\OYDWLFD��4XHUFXV�IUDLQHWWR.

�� &XSUHVVXV�IRUHVWV��$FHUR�&XSUHVVLRQ�PAL.CLASS.: 42.A1

�� Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, dominated by� &XSUHVVXV� VHPSHUYLUHQV�� &XSUHVVXVDWODQWLFD�or�&XSUHVVXV�GXSUH]LDQD�($FHUR�&XSUHVVLRQ).

�� Plants: &XSUHVVXV�VHPSHUYLUHQV.

��$� 6DOL[�DOED�DQG�3RSXOXV�DOED�JDOOHULHVPAL.CLASS.: 44.141 and 44.6

�� Riparian forests of the Mediterranean basin dominated by 6DOL[�DOED��6DOL[�IUDJLOLV or their relatives(44.141). Mediterranean and Central Eurasian multi-layered riverine forests with 3RSXOXV spp.,8OPXV spp., 6DOL[ spp., $OQXV spp., $FHU spp., 7DPDUL[ spp., -XJODQV� UHJLD, lianas. Tall poplars,3RSXOXV�DOED, 3RSXOXV�FDVSLFD, 3RSXOXV�HXSKUDWLFD (3RSXOXV�GLYHUVLIROLD), are usually dominant inheight; they may be absent or sparse in some associations which are then dominated by species ofthe genera listed above (44.6).

�� Plants: 6DOL[�DOED��3RSXOXV�DOED.

��%� 5LSDULDQ�IRUPDWLRQV�RQ�LQWHUPLWWHQW�0HGLWHUUDQHDQZDWHU�FRXUVHV�ZLWK�5KRGRGHQGURQ�SRQWLFXP��6DOL[�DQGRWKHUV


�� Distinctive, relict thermo- and meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, steep-sided valleys, with5KRGRGHQGURQ�SRQWLFXP ssp. EDHWLFXP, )UDQJXOD�DOQXV ssp. EDHWLFD, $ULVDUXP�SURERVFLGHXP and arich fern community including 3WHULV� LQFRPSOHWD, 'LSOD]LXP� FDXGDWXP, #&XOFLWD� PDFURFDUSD(44.52).Relict�%HWXOD�SDUYLEUDFWHDWD riparian galleries. The dominant species, an extremely local endemic,is accompanied by 0\ULFD JDOH, )UDQJXOD� DOQXV,� 6DOL[� DWURFLQHUHD, *DOLXP� EURWHULDQXP, 6FLOODUDPEXUHL (44.54).

�� Plants: 5KRGRGHQGURQ� SRQWLFXP ssp. EDHWLFXP, )UDQJXOD� DOQXV ssp. EDHWLFD, $ULVDUXPSURERVFLGHXP��%HWXOD�SDUYLEUDFWHDWD.


�� The 5KRGRGHQGURQ-alder galleries are often in contact with humid to hyper-humid 4XHUFXVFDQDULHQVLV forests (41.773) and with 6DOL[�SHGLFHOODWD formations (44.1271).

��&� 3ODWDQXV�RULHQWDOLV�DQG�/LTXLGDPEDU�RULHQWDOLV�ZRRGV�3ODQWDQLRQ�RULHQWDOLV�


�� Forests and woods, for the most part riparian, dominated by 3ODWDQXV�RULHQWDOLV (oriental plane) or/LTXLGDPEDU�RULHQWDOLV (sweet gum), belonging to the 3ODWDQLRQ�RULHQWDOLV alliance.Sub-types :

44.71 - Oriental plane woods (3ODWDQLRQ�RULHQWDOLV)Forests of 3ODWDQXV�RULHQWDOLV.

44.711 - Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forests3ODWDQXV� RULHQWDOLV gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses,temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland andarchipelagos, colonising poorly stabilised alluvial deposits of large rivers, gravel orboulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, thebottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. Theaccompanying flora may include 6DOL[�DOED, 6�� HODHDJQRV, 6�� SXUSXUHD, $OQXV� JOXWLQRVD,&HUFLV� VLOLTXDVWUXP, &HOWLV� DXVWUDOLV, 3RSXOXV� DOED�� 3�� QLJUD, -XJODQV� UHJLD, )UD[LQXVRUQXV, $OQXV�JOXWLQRVD, &UDWDHJXV�PRQRJ\QD, &RUQXV�VDQJXLQHD, 5XVFXV�DFXOHDWXV, 9LWH[DJQXV�FDVWXV, 1HULXP� ROHDQGHU, 5XEXV spp., 5RVD� VHPSHUYLUHQV, +HGHUD� KHOL[, &OHPDWLVYLWDOED, 9LWLV� YLQLIHUD ssp. V\OYHVWULV, 5DQXQFXOXV� ILFDULD, $QHPRQH� EODQGD, $ULVWRORFKLDURWXQGD, 6DSRQDULD� RIILFLQDOLV, 6\PSK\WXP� EXOERVXP, +\SHULFXP� KLUFLQXP, &DODPLQWKDJUDQGLIORUD, 0HOLVVD� RIILFLQDOLV, +HOOHERUXV� F\FORSK\OOXV, &\FODPHQ� KHGHULIROLXP, &�UHSDQGXP, &��FUHWLFXP, *DODQWKXV�QLYDOLV ssp. UHJLQDH�ROJDH, 'UDFXQFXOXV�YXOJDULV, $UXPLWDOLFXP, %LDUXP� WHQXLIROLXP, %UDFK\SRGLXP�V\OYDWLFXP, 'DFW\OLV�JORPHUDWD and may berich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which 3WHULGLXP� DTXLOLQXP is often abundant.Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation inthe composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularly wellrepresented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important local complexes existin Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in the Peloponnese,particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300m, in Euboea and inCrete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other Aegean islands, such as Rhodes,Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. Restriction to gorges is increasingly pronounced towards thesouth.

44.712 - Hellenic slope plane woods3ODWDQXV� RULHQWDOLV woods on colluvions, detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorlystabilised substrates, of Greece.

44.713 - Sicilian plane tree canyonsRelict 3ODWDQXV�RULHQWDOLV-dominated or 3��RULHQWDOLV -rich galleries of the Cassabile, theAnapo, the Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the Iblei range of south-eastern Sicily, of thegorge of the Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some of these formations, inparticular, in the gorges of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true plane tree woods.Others, such as on the Sirmeto, are 3RSXOXV� DOED, )UD[LQXV� DQJXVWLIROLD, 6DOL[ spp.formations with 3ODWDQXV�RULHQWDOLV; as they grade into each other, and because of the veryisolated occurrence, and great biogeographical and historical interest of 3ODWDQXVRULHQWDOLV in Sicily, they are all listed here. Plane tree woods have had a much greaterextension in Sicily and probably in Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, existed onthe Alcantara, where the species is now extinct.

44.72 - Sweet gum woodsRiverine forests dominated by the Tertiary relict /LTXLGDPEDU�RULHQWDOLV, with very limited rangein south Asia Minor and Rhodes.


44.721 - Rhodian sweet gum woods/LTXLGDPEDU� RULHQWDOLV� gallery forest of the Petaloudhes Valley, on Rhodes, with poorlydeveloped undergrowth and a ground layer dominated by $GLDQWXP�FDSLOOXV�YHQHULV in dampareas. This forest constitutes the only European formation of this species and harbours theunique, concentrated aggregation of Jersey Tiger Moths, 3DQD[LD�TXDGULSXQFWDULD.

�� Plants: 3ODWDQXV�RULHQWDOLV��/LTXLGDPEDU�RULHQWDOLV.

��'� 6RXWKHUQ�ULSDULDQ�JDOOHULHV�DQG�WKLFNHWV��1HULR�7DPDULFHWHD�DQG�6HFXULQHJLRQ�WLQFWRULDH�

PAL.CLASS.: 44.81 to 44.84

�� Tamarisk, oleander, and chaste tree galleries and thickets and similar low ligneous formations ofpermanent or temporary streams and wetlands of the thermo-Mediterranean zone and south-westernIberia, and of the most hygromorphic locations within the Saharo-Mediterranean and Saharo-Sindianzones.The formations with 7DPDUL[�DIULFDQD should not be taken into account.

�� Plants: 1HULXP�ROHDQGHU��9LWH[�DJQXV�FDVWXV��7DPDUL[ spp., 6HFXULQHJD�WLQFWRULD��3UXQXV�OXVLWDQLFD�9LEXUQXP�WLQXV.

0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�VFOHURSK\OORXV�IRUHVWV

�� $HJHDQ�4XHUFXV�EUDFK\SK\OOD�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 41.735

�� Stands of 4XHUFXV�EUDFK\SK\OOD, often associated with 4XHUFXV�PDFUROHSLV or 4��LOH[.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�EUDFK\SK\OOD.

�� 2OHD�DQG�&HUDWRQLD�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 45.1

�� Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian woodland dominated by arborescent 2OHD�HXURSDHD ssp.V\OYHVWULV, &HUDWRQLD�VLOLTXD, 3LVWDFLD�OHQWLVFXV, 0\UWXV�FRPPXQLV or, in the Canary Islands, E\�2OHDHXURSDHD ssp. FHUDVLIRUPLV and 3LVWDFLD� DWODQWLFD. Most formations will be listed as arborescentmatorral (35.12), but a few stands may have a sufficiently tall, closed canopy to qualify for this unit.Sub-types :

45.11 - Wild olive woodland2OHD� HXURSDHD ssp. V\OYHVWULV - dominated formations. A climax olive forest, with &HUDWRQLDVLOLTXD and 3LVWDFLD� OHQWLVFXV exists on the north flank of Djebel Ichkeul in northern Tunisia.Elsewhere, the communities most resembling olive forest are found in southern Andalusia (7DPR


FRPPXQLV-2OHHWXP� V\OYHVWULV: extinct?), in Menorca (3UDVLR� PDMRULV�2OHHWXP� V\OYHVWULV),Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Crete.

45.12 - Carob woodland&HUDWRQLD�VLOLTXD - dominated formations, often with 2OHD�HXURSDHD ssp. V\OYHVWULV and 3LVWDFLDOHQWLVFXV. The most developed examples, some truly forest-like, are to be found in Tunisia, onthe slopes of the Djebel, where they constitute carob-dominated facies of the wild olivewoodlands (45.11), in Mallorca (&QHRUR�WULFRFFL�&HUDWRQLHWXP�VLOLTXDH), in eastern Sardinia, insouth-eastern Sicily, in Puglia, in Crete.

45.13 - Canarian olive woodland2OHD�HXURSDHD ssp. FHUDVLIRUPLV and 3LVWDFLD�DWODQWLFD formations of the Canary Islands.

�� Plants: 2OHD�HXURSDHD ssp. V\OYHVWULV, &HUDWRQLD�VLOLTXD, 3LVWDFLD�OHQWLVFXV, 0\UWXV�FRPPXQLV, 2OHDHXURSDHD ssp. FHUDVLIRUPLV, 3LVWDFLD�DWODQWLFD.

�� 4XHUFXV�VXEHU�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 45.2

�� West-Mediterranean silicicolous forests dominated by 4XHUFXV�VXEHU, usually more thermophile andhygrophile than 45.3.Sub-types :

45.21 - Tyrrhenian cork-oak forests4XHUFLRQ�VXEHULVMostly meso-Mediterranean 4XHUFXV�VXEHU forests of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, France andnorth-eastern Spain. They are most often degraded to arborescent matorral (32.11).

45.22 - South-western Iberian cork-oak forests4XHUFLRQ�IDJLQHR�VXEHULV4XHUFXV�VXEHU forests, often with 4��IDJLQHD or 4��FDQDULHQVLV, of the south-western quadrant ofthe Iberian peninsula.

45.23 -North-western Iberian cork-oak forestsVery local, exiguous 4XHUFXV�VXEHU enclaves in the 4��S\UHQDLFD forest area of the valleys of theSil and of the Mino (Galicia).

45.24 - Aquitanian cork-oak woodlandIsolated 4��VXEHU-dominated stands occurring either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak forests orin a very limited area of the eastern Landes.

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�VXEHU.

�� 4XHUFXV�LOH[�DQG�4XHUFXV�URWXQGLIROLD�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 45.3

�� Forests dominated by 4XHUFXV�LOH[ or 4��URWXQGLIROLD, often, but not necessarily, calcicolous.Sub-types :

45.31 - Meso-Mediterranean holm-oak forestsRich meso-Mediterranean formations, penetrating locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded to arborescent matorral (32.11), and some of thetypes listed below no longer exist in the fully developed forest state relevant to category 45; theyhave nevertheless been included, both to provide appropriate codes for use in 32.11, and becauserestoration may be possible.

45.32 - Supra-Mediterranean holm-oak forests


Formations of the supra-Mediterranean levels, often mixed with deciduous oaks, $FHU spp. or2VWU\D�FDUSLQLIROLD.

45.33 - Aquitanian holm-oak woodlandIsolated 4XHUFXV�LOH[-dominated stands occurring as a facies of dunal pine-holm oak forests.

45.34 - 4XHUFXV�URWXQGLIROLD woodlandIberian forest communities formed by 4��URWXQGLIROLD. Generally, even in mature state, less tall,less luxuriant and drier than the fully developed forests that can be constituted by the closelyrelated 4��LOH[, they are, moreover, most often degraded into open woodland or even arborescentmatorral. Species characteristic of the undergrowth are $UEXWXV� XQHGR, 3KLOO\UHD� DQJXVWLIROLD,5KDPQXV�DODWHUQXV, 3LVWDFLD� WHUHELQWKXV,�5XELD�SHUHJULQD, -DVPLQXP�IUXWLFDQV, 6PLOD[�DVSHUD,/RQLFHUD�HWUXVFD, /��LPSOH[D�

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�LOH[, 4��URWXQGLIROLD.

�� 4XHUFXV�PDFUROHSLV�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 41.79

�� Woods dominated by the semi-deciduous 4XHUFXV� PDFUROHSLV, often fairly open, mostly of themeso-Mediterranean zone.Sub-types :

41.791 - Hellenic valonia oak woods4XHUFXV�PDFUROHSLV formations of continental Greece and its archipelagos, as well as of adjacentAlbania; well developed forests exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and on Lesbos; moremodified, grove-like, stands, exist on the maritime slopes of the low mountains bordering the gulfof Arta and in western Etolia, in the north-western Peloponnese, in Thessaly, in Attica, inThrace.

41.792 - Apulian valonia oak woodsRelict 4XHUFXV�PDFUROHSLV formations of Salento (Tricase).

�� Plants: 4XHUFXV�PDFUROHSLV.

�� 0DFDURQHVLDQ�ODXUHO�IRUHVWV��/DXUXV��2FRWHD�PAL.CLASS.: 45.61 to 45.63

�� Humid to hyper-humid, mist-bound, luxuriant, evergreen, lauriphyllous forests of the cloud belt of theMacaronesian islands, extremely rich in floral and faunal species, among which many are restricted tothese communities (3UXQR�/DXUHWDOLD). Genera such as 3LFFRQLD�� 6HPHOH�� *HVQRXLQLD�/DFWXFRVRQFKXV��,[DQWKXV are entirely endemic to these communities, while others, such as ,VRSOH[LV�9LVQHD and 3K\OOLV, reach in them their maximum development; in addition, each of the formations ofthe various archipelagos harbours distinctive endemic species.This habitat type includes:- lauriphyllous forests of the Azores (45.61� (ULFHWDOLD� D]RULFD p.), where the humid forests of thecoastal areas (0\ULFR�3LWWRVSRULHWXP�XQGXODWL p.) have been totally or almost totally degraded, largelyinvaded by the introduced Australian 3LWWRVSRUXP�XQGXODWXP; a better representation survives of thehyper-humid forests (&XOFLWR�-XQLSHULRQ�EUHYLIROLDH p.) of higher elevations;- lauriphyllous forests of Madeira (45.62 �3UXQR�/DXUHWDOLD�D]RULFD) still occupying a relatively largesurface, of the order of 10,000 ha ;- lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands (45.63 ,[DQWKR�/DXULRQ� D]RULFDH); the laurel forests ofeach island harbour a distinctive set of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified by the species of


the composite genus 3HULFDOOLV, the well-marked races of the chaffinch )ULQJLOOD�FRHOHEV or the carabidfauna.

�� Plants: $SROORQLDV�EDUEXMDQD��$UGLVLD�EDKDPHQVLV��$VSDUDJXV� IDOOD[��&DQDULQD� �FDQDULHQVLV��&DUH[FDQDULHQVLV�� &�� HUHJULQD�� &OHWKUD� DUERUHD�� &RQYROYXOXV� FDQDULHQVLV�� &U\SWRWDHQLD� HOHJDQV�� (ULFDDUERUHD�� (XSKRUELD� PHOLIHUD�� (�� VW\JLDQD�� )UDQJXOD� D]RULFD�� *HUDQLXP� FDQDULHQVLV�� +HEHUGHQLDH[FHOVD��+HGHUD�FDQDULHQVLV�� ,OH[�FDQDULHQVLV�� ,��SHUDGR�VVS��D]RULFD�� ,��SHUDGR�VVS��SHUDGR�� ,VROH[LVFDQDULHQVLV�� ,[DQWKXV� YLVFRVXV�� -XQLSHUXV� EUHYLIROLD�� /DXUXV� D]RULFD�� 0\ULFD� ID\D�� 2FRWHD� IRHWHQV�3HUVHD� LQGLFD�� 3LFFRQLD� D]RULFD�� 3�� H[FHOVD�� 3LWWRVSRUXP� FRULDFHXP�� 3OHLRPHULV� FDQDULHQVLV� 0\UVLQH�FDQDULHQVLV��3UXQXV�OXVLWDQLFD��3��O��ssp��D]RULFD��3��O��ssp��KL[D��5XELD�SHUHJULQD��5XEXVEROOHL��5XVFXV�VWUHSWRSK\OOXV��6DPEXFXV�ODQFHRODWD�� 6��SDOPHQVLV��6HPHOH�DQGURJ\QD��6HQHFLR�DXULWXV� 6��PDGHUHQVLV��6LGHUHWLV�FDQDULHQVLV��6��PDFURVWDFK\V��6PLOD[�DVSHUD��6��FDQDULHQVLV��6��GLYDULFDWD�6RQFKXV�IUXWLFRVXV��7DPXV�HGXOLV��7HOLQH�PDGHUHQVLV�� &\WLVXV�PDGHUHQVLV��9DFFLQLXP�F\OLQGUDFHXP�9��SDGLIROLXP��9LEXUQXP�WLQXV ssp. VXEFRUGDWXP��9LVQHD�PRFDQHUD.Animals:�&ROXPED�EROOHL��&��MXQLRQDH��&��WURFD]��)ULQJLOOD�FRHOHEV ssp. RPEULRVD��)��WH\GHD��)��W. ssp.SRODW]HNL.

�� 3DOP�JURYHV�RI�3KRHQL[PAL.CLASS.: 45.7

�� Woods, often riparian, formed by the two endemic palm trees, � 3KRHQL[� WKHRSKUDVWL and 3KRHQL[FDQDULHQVLV.The palm groves of Crete are restricted to damp sandy coastal valleys; they include the extensive forestof Vai, where the luxuriant palm growth is accompanied by a thick shrubby undergrowth rich of1HULXP� ROHDQGHU, and about four other smaller coastal groves, notably on the south coast of theprefectorate of Rethimnon.The Canarian palm groves are mostly characteristic of the bottom of barrancos and of alluvial soils,below 600 metres; particularly representative examples are found at Fragata, Maspalomas andBarranco de Tirajana in the Gran Canary, Valle Gran Rey in La Gomera, Masca in Ténériffe and BrenaAlta in La Palma.

�� Plants: 3KRHQL[�FDQDULHQVLV��3KRHQL[�WKHRSKUDVWL.

�� )RUHVWV�RI�,OH[�DTXLIROLXPPAL.CLASS.: 45.8

�� Communities dominated by arborescent ,OH[�DTXLIROLXP, relict of various forests with a field layer rich in,OH[ and sometimes with 7D[XV (42.A7), of the supra-Mediterranean level on various substrates. Thesewoods correspond to the senescence stage of a forest with a undergrowth with 7D[XV and ,OH[ (belongingamong others to the ,OLFL�4XHUFHWXP�LOLFLV), after the fading of the tree layer. They generally form patchesinside or outside forests.

7HPSHUDWH�PRXQWDLQRXV�FRQLIHURXV�IRUHVWV


�� $FLGRSKLORXV�3LFHD�IRUHVWV�RI�WKH�PRQWDQH�WR�DOSLQHOHYHOV��9DFFLQLR�3LFHHWHD�

PAL.CLASS.: 42.21 to 42.23

�� Sub-alpine and alpine conifer forests (dominated by 3LFHD�DELHV�and 3LFHD�RULHQWDOLV�.Sub-types :

42.21 - Alpine and Carpathian sub-alpine spruce forests. 3LFHHWXP�VXEDOSLQXP�3LFHD�DELHV forests of the lower sub-alpine level, and of anomalous stations in the montane level,of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps; in the latter, they are often in continuity with themontane spruce forests of 42.22. The spruces are often stunted or columnar; they areaccompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly sub-alpine affinities. 3LFHD� DELHV forests of thelower sub-alpine level of the Carpathians.

42.22 - Inner range montane spruce forests. 3LFHHWXP�PRQWDQXP�3LFHD�DELHV forests of the montane level of the inner Alps, characteristic of regions climaticallyunfavourable to both beech and fir. Analogous 3LFHD�DELHV forests of the montane and collinarlevels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a climate of highcontinentality.

42.23 - Hercynian sub-alpine spruce forestsSub-alpine 3LFHD�DELHV forests of high Hercynian ranges 26.

�� Plants: 3LFHD�DELHV��9DFFLQLXP spp.

�� $OSLQH�/DUL[�GHFLGXD�DQG�RU�3LQXV�FHPEUD�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 42.31 and 42.32

�� Forests of the sub-alpine and sometimes montane levels, dominated by /DUL[� GHFLGXD or 3LQXVFHPEUD; the two species may form either pure or mixed stands, and may be associated with 3LFHDDELHV or 3LQXV�XQFLQDWD.Sub-types :

42.31 - Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and arolla forests. /DULFL�&HPEUHWXP.Sub-alpine /DUL[�GHFLGXD, 3LQXV�FHPEUD, or /DUL[�GHFLGXD-3LQXV�FHPEUD forests of the easternand central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, usually on siliceous substrates, with an oftenspecies-poor undergrowth comprising 9DFFLQLXP� P\UWLOOXV, 5KRGRGHQGURQ� IHUUXJLQHXP,&DODPDJURVWLV�YLOORVD, /X]XOD�DOELGD.

42.32 - Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and arolla forests. /DULFHWXP, /DULFL�&HPEUHWXPUKRGRGHQGUHWRVXP�KLUVXWLSub-alpine and montane /DUL[� GHFLGXD, /DUL[� GHFLGXD� �� 3LFHD� DELHV, 3LQXV� FHPEUD or /DUL[GHFLGXD�3LQXV� FHPEUD forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the outer ranges, oncalcareous substrates, with a usually species-rich undergrowth including (ULFD� KHUEDFHD,3RO\JDOD�FKDPDHEX[XV, 5KRGRGHQGURQ�KLUVXWXP or 3LQXV�PXJR.

�� Plants: /DUL[�GHFLGXD� 3LQXV�FHPEUD.

�� 6XEDOSLQH�DQG�PRQWDQH�3LQXV�XQFLQDWD�IRUHVWV� �LI�RQ�J\SVXP�RU�OLPHVWRQH�

PAL.CLASS.: 42.4

26 %D\HULVFKHU�:DOG��+DU]��DERYH��P��DQG�(U]JHELUJH�


�� Mountain pine (3LQXV�XQFLQDWD) forests, usually open and with a very developed shrubby understory,of the subalpine and montane levels; on limestone, gypsum or siliceous substrate in a cool orthermophile situation depending on the region. Sometimes mixed with 3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV, more rarelywith /DUL[�3LQXV�FHPEUD.Two major types: 42.41 - mountain pine forests of the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyreneanubacs, developed on siliceous or decalcified soils of the subalpine level with a predominatelyericaceous undergrowth comprising 5KRGRGHQGURQ�IHUUXJLQHXP (5KRGRGHQGUR�9DFFLQLRQ p.); 42.42 -xerocline mountain pine forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and ofPyrenean adrets, accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which 5KRGRGHQGURQ� IHUUXJLQHXP isabsent or rare (-XQLSHUR�3LQLRQ p., (ULFR�3LQLRQ p.)

�� Plants: $UFWRVWDSK\ORV� DOSLQD�� $�� XYD�XUVL�� $VWUDQWLD� PLQRU�� &DOOXQD� YXOJDULV�� &RURQLOOD� YDJLQDOLV�&RWRQHDVWHU�LQWHJHUULPXV��&UHSLV�DOSHVWULV��'DSKQH�VWULDWD��'HVFKDPSVLD�IOH[XRVD��'U\DV�RFWRSHWDOD�(ULFD�KHUEDFHD��+RPRJ\QD�DOSLQD��+XSHU]LD�VHODJR��-XQLSHUXV�KHPLVSKDHULFD��-��QDQD��/\FRSRGLXPDQQRWLQXP��3LQXV�XQFLQDWD��3RO\JDOD� FKDPDHEX[XV��5KDPQXV� VD[DWLOLV��5KRGRGHQGURQ� IHUUXJLQHXP�5KRGRGHQGURQ�KLUVXWXP��7KHVLXP�URVWUDWXP��9DFFLQLXP�P\UWLOOXV��9��XOLJLQRVXP�

�� In association with bog woodland (44.A), 3LQXV�PXJR scrub (31.5) and sometimes pioneer phases of firor spruce in disturbed zones.

0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�DQG�0DFDURQHVLDQ�PRXQWDLQRXV�FRQLIHURXVIRUHVWV

�� 6RXWKHUQ�$SHQQLQH�$ELHV�DOEDPAL.CLASS.: 42.15

�� Relict $ELHV�DOED woods associated with the beech forests of the *HUDQLR�YHUVLFRORUL�)DJLRQ�

�� Plants: $ELHV�DOED.

�� $ELHV�SLQVDSR�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 42.19

�� Forests and stands of the endemic $ELHV� SLQVDSR of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level.Calcicolous forests; ultra basic serpentine outcroppings.

�� Plants: $ELHV�SLQVDSR�

�� Geographical distribution: Spain.

�� 6XE��0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�SLQH�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�HQGHPLF�EODFNSLQHV

PAL.CLASS.: 42.61 to 42.66


�� Forests of the montane-Mediterranean level, on dolomitic substrate (high tolerance to magnesium),dominated by pines of the 3LQXV�QLJUD group, often with a dense structure.Sub-types :

42.61 - Alpino-Apennine 3LQXV�QLJUD forests - 3LQXV�QLJUD s.s. forests of the eastern Italian, Austrianand Slovenian Alps and of the Apennines;

42.62 - Western Balkanic 3LQXV� QLJUD forests - 3LQXV� QLJUD ssp. QLJUD� of the Dinarides, thePelagonides; 3LQXV�GDOPDWLFD�forests of the Dalmatian coastal areas;

42.63 - Salzmann’s pine forests - 3LQXV� VDO]PDQQLL forests of Spain (Pyrenees, northern IberianRange, sierra de Gredos, serrania de Cuenca, Maestrazgo, sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz,calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada) and the Causses;

42.64 - Corsican laricio pine forests - 3LQXV� ODULFLR forests of the mountains of Corsica (1000 to1800 m) on granitic soils;

42.65 - Calabrian laricio pine forests - 3LQXV�ODULFLR var. FDODEULFD�forests of the Sila (Sila Greca,Sila Grande, Sila Piccola), the Aspromonte and Etna;

42.66 - Pallas’s pine forests - montane forests of 3LQXV� SDOODVLDQD� of Greece and the Balkanpeninsula.

�� Plants: 3LQXV�ODULFLR��3LQXV�QLJUD��3LQXV�SDOODVLDQD��3LQXV�VDO]PDQQLL�Animals: 6LWWD�ZKLWHKHDGL�

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�SLQH�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�HQGHPLF�0HVRJHDQSLQHV

PAL.CLASS.: 42.8

�� Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic woods of thermophilous pines, mostly appearing as substitutionor paraclimactic stages of forests of the 4XHUFHWDOLD� LOLFLV or &HUDWRQLR�5KDPQHWDOLD. Long-established plantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with anundergrowth basically similar to that of paraclimactic formations, are included.Sub-types :

42.81 - Maritime pine forestsForests and plantations of 3LQXV�SLQDVWHU ssp. DWODQWLFD of south-western France and the westernIberian peninsula.

42.82 - Mesogean pine forestsForests of 3LQXV� SLQDVWHU ssp. SLQDVWHU (=3LQXV� PHVRJHHQVLV) of the western Mediterranean,mostly in siliceous meso-Mediterranean, upper meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterraneansituations of Spain, Corsica, south-eastern France, north-western Italy, Sardinia and Pantelleria.

42.821 - Iberian mesogean pine forests3LQXV� SLQDVWHU forests of the Iberian peninsula, appearing mostly as substitutioncommunities of 4XHUFXV� URWXQGLIROLD, 4�� S\UHQDLFD or, locally, 4�� VXEHU, 4�� IDJLQHDwoodlands.

42.822 - Corbières mesogean pine forestsIsolated 3LQXV�SLQDVWHU - dominated woods of the Corbières.

42.823 - Franco-Italian mesogean pine forests3LQXV�SLQDVWHU forests of siliceous lower meso-Mediterranean areas of Provence, of marlsand limestones of the upper meso-Mediterranean level of the Maritime Alps and theLigurian Alps, and of mostly siliceous or clayey soils of the hills of Liguria and Tuscany.

42.824 - Corsican mesogean pine forests3LQHWXP�SLQDVWUL, (ULFR�$UEXWHWXP p., *DOLR�3LQHWXP p.3LQXV�SLQDVWHU-dominated forests of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Corsica,mostly on granitic substrates; they are very developed, accompanied by a maquis-likeunderstory, in the meso-Mediterranean zone, mostly in its upper levels; they occur locally


within the supra-Mediterranean zone, on adrets and at lower altitudes, as facies of lariciopine forests.

42.825 - Sardinian mesogean pine forests3LQXV�SLQDVWHU formations on granitic substrates of northern Sardinia, with $UEXWXV�XQHGR,4XHUFXV�LOH[, 5RVPDULQXV�RIILFLQDOLV, (ULFD�DUERUHD, *HQLVWD�FRUVLFD, /DYDQGXOD�VWRHFKDV,5XELD�SHUHJULQD, &DOLFRWRPH�VSLQRVD, 3LVWDFLD�OHQWLVFXV, 7HXFULXP�PDUXP.

42.826 - Pantellerian mesogean pine forests3LQXV�SLQDVWHU woods of Pantelleria.

42.83 - Stone pine forestsMediterranean forests and old naturalised plantations of 3LQXV�SLQHD. Old introductions in manyareas often makes the distinction between self sown forests and long-established formations ofartificial origin difficult. These are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificial grovesare not.

42.831 - Iberian stone pine forests3LQXV�SLQHD forests of the Iberian peninsula, where they reach their greatest development.

42.832 - Balearic stone pine woods3LQXV�SLQHD formations of the Balearic Islands, native only on Ibiza and Formentera.

42.833 - Provence stone pine woods3LQXV� SLQHD formations of Provence, possibly spontaneous on coastal sands and in theMaures area.

42.834 - Corsican stone pine woods3LQXV�SLQHD formations of the littoral of Corsica, some of which may be of natural origin,in particular on old dunes of the east coast.

42.835 - Sardinian stone pine forests3LQXV�SLQHD formations of Sardinia.

42.836 - Sicilian stone pine forests3LQXV�SLQHD formations of the Monti Peloritani, north-western Sicily, of probable nativeorigin.

42.837 - Peninsular Italian stone pine forestsLarge, ancient, 3LQXV�SLQHD plantations of the Tyrennian, and locally, Adriatic coasts of theItalian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, Campania, Emilia-Romana (Ravenna) andFriuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado).

42.838 - Greek stone pine forests3LQXV�SLQHD woods of the littoral and coastal hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Creteand Aegean islands, rather local but probably in part, at least, spontaneous; a splendidexample exists, in particular, on Skiathos.

42.84 - Aleppo pine forestsWoods of 3LQXV�KDOHSHQVLV, a frequent colonist of thermo- and calcicolous meso-Mediterraneanscrubs. The distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificialorigin is often difficult. The latter are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificialgroves are not.

42.841 - Iberian Aleppo pine forests3LQXV� KDOHSHQVLV forests of Spain, considered native for at least two-thirds of theirconsiderable expanse; they are mostly restricted to eastern regions on the Mediterraneanslope of the Catalonian mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic ranges of the upperGuadalquivir basin, the southern Andalusian mountains; they penetrate farther inland inthe Ebro basin and around the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadalquivir systems.

42.842 - Balearic Aleppo pine forests3LQXV�KDOHSHQVLV formations of the Balearics, present and probably native on all the majorislands.

42.843 - Provenço-Ligurian Aleppo pine forestsMostly lower meso-Mediterranean 3LQXV�KDOHSHQVLV forests of Provence and of the lowerslopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedlynative.

42.844 - Corsican Aleppo pine woods


Rare and local 3LQXV� KDOHSHQVLV woods of the Corsican coasts, some, at least, possiblynatural.

42.845 - Sardinian Aleppo pine woods3LQXV�KDOHSHQVLV formations of Sardinia, where certainly native woods occur on Isola diSan Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente.

42.846 - Sicilian Aleppo pine woods3LQXV� KDOHSHQVLV formations of Sicily and peripheral islands (Egadi, Lampedusa,Pantelleria).

42.847 - Peninsular Italian Aleppo pine forests3LQXV�KDOHSHQVLV formations of the Italian peninsula; extensive, probably at least partiallynative ones are individualised in the subdivisions below.

42.848 - Greek Aleppo pine forests3LQXV� KDOHSHQVLV formations of Greece, where the species is relatively widespread,particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of the Peloponnese and of central continentalGreece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros.

42.85 - Aegean pine forests3LQXV� EUXWLD forests of Crete and eastern Aegean islands. Eastern vicariants of Aleppo pineforests (42.84), they comprise, however, taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, formations.Disjunct formations of this pine or of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasianregion (3LQXV�SLW\XVD, 3LQXV�VWDQNHZLF]LL, 3LQXV�HOGDULFD) have been included..

42.851 - Aegean pine forests of Crete3LQXV�EUXWLD-dominated forests of Crete and its satellite islands Gavdos and Gaidaronisi,pure or mixed with &XSUHVVXV�VHPSHUYLUHQV; they are widespread in particular in the WhiteMountains, the Psiloriti range, the Dikti range and, locally, in the Sitia mountains and theAsterousia mountains.

42.852 - Aegean pine forests of LesbosExtensive 3LQXV�EUXWLD forests of Lesbos, occupying Mount Olympus and surrounding hillsin the south-eastern quadrant of the island, as well as parts of the Kuratsonas range in thenorth-west; these forests harbour the only European population of the nuthatch Sittakrueperi and the most significant one of the orchid &RPSHULD�FRPSHULDQD.

42.853 - Aegean pine forests of Samos3LQXV�EUXWLD forests covering large expanses of Samos, in particular in the Ambelos range,the Kerki mountains, the southern hills and the north-eastern peninsula.

42.854 - Aegean pine woods of ChiosRemnant forests of Chios with a composition and stratification similar to those of theforests of Samos.

42.855 - Aegean pine forests of ThasosBroad 3LQXV�EUXWLD belt on the lower reaches of Thasos, up to about 400 to 500 metres,mixed with 3LQXV�SDOODVLDQD in the higher areas.

42.856 - Aegean pine woods of SamothraceMostly sparse 3LQXV�EUXWLD formations of the lowlands of Samothrace.

42.857 - Aegean pine forests of RhodesRemnant 3LQXV� EUXWLD forests of Rhodes, still represented by some relatively naturalformations with rich scrub undergrowth.

42.858 - Aegean pine forests of KarpathosFairly extensive 3LQXV� EUXWLD forests of Karpathos, distributed, in particular, in thenorthern coastal area, the southern interior and the middle elevation of Kali Limni.

42.859 - Aegean pine forests of the Dodecanese3LQXV�EUXWLD formations of the islands of Simi, Kos, Leros and Ikaria.

�� Plants: 3LQXV� SLQDVWHU ssp. DWODQWLFD�� 3LQXV� SLQDVWHU ssp. SLQDVWHU (=3LQXV� PHVRJHHQVLV), 3LQXVSLQHD��3LQXV�KDOHSHQVLV��3LQXV�EUXWLD��3LQXV�PXJR��3LQXV�OHXFRGHUPLV.


�� &DQDULDQ�HQGHPLF�SLQH�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 42.9

�� Forests of endemic 3LQXV� FDQDULHQVLV, of the dry montane level at around 800 to 2000 metres(locally down to 500 and up to 2500 metres) in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with&KDPDHF\WLVXV�SUROLIHUXV, $GHQRFDUSXV� IROLRORVXV, &LVWXV� V\PSK\WLIROLXV, /RWXV�FDPS\ORFODGXV, /�KLOOHEUDQGLL��/��VSDUWLRLGHV, 'DSKQH�JQLGLXP, -XQLSHUXV�FHGUXV, 0LFURPHULD spp.; these forests, ofwhich well-preserved examples have become rare, are the only habitat of )ULQJLOOD� WH\GHD,'HQGURFRSRV�PDMRU�FDQDULHQVLV and '��P��WKDQQHUL.Sub-types :

42.91 Canary pine-rockrose forestsClimax 3LQXV� FDQDULHQVLV forests within the main zone of altitudinal occurrence, with anundergrowth characterised and often dominated by &LVWXV� V\PSK\WLIROLXV and comprising&KDPDHF\WLVXV� SUROLIHUXV, /RWXV� FDPS\ORFODGXV, /�� KLOOHEUDQGLL, /�� VSDUWLRLGHV, -XQLSHUXVFHGUXV, %\VWURSRJRQ�RULJDQLIROLXV, $UJ\UDQWKHPXP�DGDXFWXP.

42.92 Canary pine-dry scrub forestsFormations of dry, south-facing slopes in the lower part of the 3LQXV�FDQDULHQVLV belt, transitionaltowards juniper formations and their degradation scrubs, with an undergrowth often formed by&LVWXV� PRQVSHOLHQVLV, (XSKRUELD� REWXVLIROLD ssp.� UHJLV�MXEDH, 6DOYLD� FDQDULHQVLV, 0LFURPHULDK\VVRSLIROLD, (FKLXP�DFXOHDWXP.

42.93 Canary pine-heath forestsFormations of humid, fogbound north- and north-west-facing slopes in the lower reaches of the3LQXV�FDQDULHQVLV belt, with an abundance of (ULFD�DUERUHD and 0\ULFD�ID\D, and occasionallywith ,OH[� FDQDULHQVLV and $UEXWXV� FDQDULHQVLV; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as are densecarpets of mosses, in particular, +\SQXP�FXSUHVVLIRUPH. These woods are the main habitat of5HJXOXV�WHQHULIIDH.

42.94 Canary pine-broom woodsFormations of the highest altitudes of the 3LQXV�FDQDULHQVLV belt, invaded by species of the supra-Canarian level, in particular $GHQRFDUSXV�YLVFRVXV.

42.95 Canary pine-juniper woods-XQLSHUR�FHGUL�3LQHWXP�FDQDULHQVLV3LQXV� FDQDULHQVLV and -XQLSHUXV� FHGUXV formations of steep, rocky slopes of high altitudes ofTenerife and La Palma.

�� Plants: 3LQXV�FDQDULHQVLV��&KDPDHF\WLVXV�SUROLIHUXV, $GHQRFDUSXV�IROLRORVXV, &LVWXV�V\PSK\WLIROLXV,/RWXV� FDPS\ORFODGXV, /�� KLOOHEUDQGLL�� /�� VSDUWLRLGHV, 'DSKQH� JQLGLXP, -XQLSHUXV� FHGUXV,0LFURPHULD spp.

�� (QGHPLF�IRUHVWV�ZLWK�-XQLSHUXV�VSS�PAL.CLASS.: 42.A2 to 42.A5 and 42.A8

�� Medium altitude forest formations dominated by -XQLSHUXV�spp. The arborescent matorrals (32.13 and31.3) should not be included.Sub-types :

42.A2 - Spanish juniper woods (-XQLSHURQ�WKXULIHUDH) - forest formations dominated by -XQLSHUXVWKXULIHUDH of Spain (calcareous substrates in the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Rangeand neighbouring plateaux, often with 3LQXV�V\OYHVWULV��3��VDO]PDQQLL��-XQLSHUXV�KHPLVSKDHULFD and%HUEHULV�KLVSDQLFD; enclaves on the periphery of and within the Sierra de Guadarrama, occurringboth on rare local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous stations; dry, warm, rocky, calcareoussouthern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between the Rio Pisuerga and the Rio Luna, with-XQLSHUXV�QDQD��-��VDELQD��%HUEHULV�YXOJDULV�ssp. FDQWDEULFD��5KDPQXV�DOSLQXV��9LEXUQXP�ODQWDQD;gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with 5KDPQXV�O\FLRLGHV; clay soils of the Campo de Montiel;


Sierra Taibilla), southern France (Montagne de Rie); warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopesof the south-western Alps, in Drôme, Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, between 700 and1200 metres; warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the Isère valley, in the western Alps,between 300 and 500 metres; valleys in the interior of Corsica -Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia -sometimes mixed with 3LQXV�ODULFLR;

42.A3 - Grecian juniper woods (-XQLSHUHWXP�H[FHOVDH) - forest formations dominated by�-XQLSHUXVH[FHOVD, of the 2VWU\R�&DUSLQLRQ zone of the mountains of northern Greece (up to 900-1000m,around lake Prespa);

42.A4 - Stinking juniper woods - forest formations dominated by -XQLSHUXV�IRHWLGLVVLPD on adrets ofthe upper supra-Mediterranean level in Greece;

42.A5 - Syrian juniper woods - -XQLSHUXV�GUXSDFHD woods of the northern slopes of Mount Parnon,Greece;

42.A8 - Macaronesian juniper woods - -XQLSHUXV�FHGUXV formations of the high altitudes in Tenerife,La Palma, Gomera, Gran Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes; �-XQLSHUXV�SKRHQLFHD formationsof Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera (0D\WHQLR�-XQLSHULRQ� SKRHQLFHDH p.);endemic -XQLSHUXV�EUHYLIROLD formations of the Azores (-XQLSHULRQ�EUHYLIROLDH p.).

�� Plants: -XQLSHUXV� EUHYLIROLD�� -�� FHGUXV�� -�� GUXSDFHD�� -�� H[FHOVD�� -�� IRHWLGLVVLPD�� -�� R[\FHGUXV�� -�SKRHQLFHD��-��WKXULIHUD.

�� The arborescent matorrals of -XQLSHUXV� WKXULIHUD (32.136), -XQLSHUXV� H[FHOVD� and� -�� IRHWLGLVVLPD(32.133), -XQLSHUXV� GUXSDFHD (32.135) and the ericoid-dominated facies of the Macaronesian-XQLSHUXV�formations (31.3) are generally associated in the field, but they should not be included in thishabitat type.

�� 7HWUDFOLQLV�DUWLFXODWD�IRUHVWVPAL.CLASS.: 42.A6

�� Xero-thermophile forests of Arbor-vitae (7HWUDFOLQLV� DUWLFXODWD); 3HULSORFLRQ� DQJXVWLIROLDH:$ULVDUR�7HWUDFOLQLGHWXP�DUWLFXODWDH��0D\WHQR�3HULSORFHWXP�DQJXVWLIROLDH.

�� Plants: $VSDUDJXV� DOEXV�� $�� VWLSXODULV�� $ULVDUXP� YXOJDUH�� %UDFK\SRGLXP� UHWXVXP�� &KDPDHURSVKXPLOLV��/DYDQGXOD�GHQWDWD��/LWKRGRUD�IUXWLFRVD��3HULSORFD�ODHYLJDWD��5KDPQXV�O\FLRLGHV��7HWUDFOLQLVDUWLFXODWD��7HXFULXP�FDUWKDJLQHQVH��7K\PXV�JODQGXORVXV.

�� 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ�7D[XV�EDFFDWD�ZRRGVPAL.CLASS.: 42.A72 and 42.A73

�� Woods dominated by 7D[XV�EDFFDWD, often with ,OH[�DTXLIROLXP, of very local occurrence. This habitattype may have two origins: senescent phase of a beech wood or beech-fir wood, made up of clusters of7D[XV�after the fall of the tall species, surrounded by layered stands of beech-yew; residual 7D[XVstand with disappearance of the tall species, both above and in the proximity of 7D[XV.Habitat sub-types included:42.A72 - Corsican yew woods - Formations of 7D[XV�EDFFDWD��,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��%X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQVrestricted to cool, montane areas in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range and the Cap Corsemountains;42.A73 - Sardinian yew woods - 7D[XV� EDFFDWD� and ,OH[� DTXLIROLXP woods of the Catena delMarghine and the Mount Limbara system.


In the north and centre of Portugal there are 7D[XV� EDFFDWD relicts, sometimes in small isolatedformations (Serras do Gerês and Estrela), that may be included in this habitat type.

�� Plants: %X[XV�VHPSHUYLUHQV��,OH[�DTXLIROLXP��0HUFXULDOLV�SHUHQQLV��6RUEXV�DULD��7D[XV�EDFFDWD�


TABLE OF CONTENTS

(ANNEX I HABITAT TYPES)

&2$67$/�$1'�+$/23+<7,&�+$%,7$76��23(1�6($�$1'�7,'$/�$5($6 �

1110 SANDBANKS WHICH ARE SLIGHTLY COVERED BY SEA WATER ALL THE TIME 81120 * POSIDONIA BEDS (326,'21,21�2&($1,&$() 81130 ESTUARIES 91140 MUDFLATS AND SANDFLATS NOT COVERED BY SEAWATER AT LOW TIDE 91150 * COASTAL LAGOONS 101160 LARGE SHALLOW INLETS AND BAYS 101170 REEFS 111180 SUBMARINE STRUCTURES MADE BY LEAKING GASES 12

6($�&/,))6�$1'�6+,1*/(�25�6721<�%($&+(6 ��1210 ANNUAL VEGETATION OF DRIFT LINES 121220 PERENNIAL VEGETATION OF STONY BANKS 121230 VEGETATED SEA CLIFFS OF THE ATLANTIC AND BALTIC COASTS 131240 VEGETATED SEA CLIFFS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTS WITH ENDEMIC /,021,80 SPP. 141250 VEGETATED SEA CLIFFS WITH ENDEMIC FLORA OF THE MACARONESIAN COASTS 14

$7/$17,&�$1'�&217,1(17$/�6$/7�0$56+(6�$1'�6$/7�0($'2:6 ��1310 6$/,&251,$ AND OTHER ANNUALS COLONISING MUD AND SAND 141320 63$57,1$ SWARDS (63$57,1,21�0$5,7,0$() 151330 ATLANTIC SALT MEADOWS (*/$8&2�38&&,1(//,(7$/,$�0$5,7,0$() 151340 * INLAND SALT MEADOWS 16

0(',7(55$1($1�$1'�7+(502�$7/$17,&�6$/70$56+(6�$1'�6$/7�0($'2:6 ��1410 MEDITERRANEAN SALT MEADOWS (-81&(7$/,$�0$5,7,0,) 171420 MEDITERRANEAN AND THERMO-ATLANTIC HALOPHILOUS SCRUBS (6$5&2&251(7($)587,&26,) 171430 HALO-NITROPHILOUS SCRUBS (3(*$12�6$/62/(7($) 18

6$/7�$1'�*<3680�,1/$1'�67(33(6 ��1510 * MEDITERRANEAN SALT STEPPES (/,021,(7$/,$) 181520 * IBERIAN GYPSUM STEPPES (*<3623+,/(7$/,$) 181530 * PANNONIC SALT STEPPES AND SALT MARSHES 19

%25($/�%$/7,&�$5&+,3(/$*2��&2$67$/�$1'�/$1'83+($9$/�$5($6 ��1610 BALTIC ESKER ISLANDS WITH SANDY, ROCKY AND SHINGLE BEACH VEGETATION AND

SUBLITTORAL VEGETATION 191620 BOREAL BALTIC ISLETS AND SMALL ISLANDS 201630 * BOREAL BALTIC COASTAL MEADOWS 201640 BOREAL BALTIC SANDY BEACHES WITH PERENNIAL VEGETATION 211650 BOREAL BALTIC NARROW INLETS 22

&2$67$/�6$1'�'81(6�$1'�,1/$1'�'81(6��6($�'81(6�2)�7+(�$7/$17,&��1257+�6($�$1'�%$/7,&�&2$676 ��

2110 EMBRYONIC SHIFTING DUNES 222120 SHIFTING DUNES ALONG THE SHORELINE WITH $0023+,/$�$5(1$5,$ (WHITE DUNES) 232130 * FIXED COASTAL DUNES WITH HERBACEOUS VEGETATION (GREY DUNES) 232140 * DECALCIFIED FIXED DUNES WITH (03(7580�1,*580 252150 * ATLANTIC DECALCIFIED FIXED DUNES (&$//812�8/,&(7($) 252160 DUNES WITH +,3323+$(�5+$012,'(6 252170 DUNES WITH 6$/,;�5(3(16�SSP.�$5*(17($�(6$/,&,21�$5(1$5,($� 262180 WOODED DUNES OF THE ATLANTIC, CONTINENTAL AND BOREAL REGION 26


2190 HUMID DUNE SLACKS 2721A0 MACHAIRS ( * IN IRELAND) 27

6($�'81(6�2)�7+(�0(',7(55$1($1�&2$67 ��2210 &58&,$1(//,21�0$5,7,0$( FIXED BEACH DUNES 282220 DUNES WITH (83+25%,$�7(55$&,1$ 282230 0$/&2/0,(7$/,$ DUNE GRASSLANDS 282240 %5$&+<32',(7$/,$ DUNE GRASSLANDS WITH ANNUALS 292250 * COASTAL DUNES WITH -81,3(586�SPP. 292260 &,672�/$9(1'8/(7$/,$�DUNE SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUBS 292270 * WOODED DUNES WITH 3,186�3,1($ AND/OR 3,186�3,1$67(5 29

,1/$1'�'81(6��2/'�$1'�'(&$/&,),(' ��2310 DRY SAND HEATHS WITH &$//81$ AND *(1,67$ 302320 DRY SAND HEATHS WITH &$//81$ AND (03(7580�1,*580 302330 INLAND DUNES WITH OPEN &25<1(3+2586 AND $*5267,6�GRASSLANDS 302340 * PANNONIC INLAND DUNES 31

)5(6+:$7(5�+$%,7$76��67$1',1*�:$7(5 ��

3110 OLIGOTROPHIC WATERS CONTAINING VERY FEW MINERALS OF SANDY PLAINS

(/,7725(//(7$/,$�81,)/25$(� 313120 OLIGOTROPHIC WATERS CONTAINING VERY FEW MINERALS GENERALLY ON SANDY SOILS OF

THE WEST MEDITERRANEAN WITH ,62(7(6�SPP. 323130 OLIGOTROPHIC TO MESOTROPHIC STANDING WATERS WITH VEGETATION OF THE

/,7725(//(7($�81,)/25$(� AND/OR ,62(72�1$12-81&(7($ 323140 HARD OLIGO-MESOTROPHIC WATERS WITH BENTHIC VEGETATION OF &+$5$ SPP. 333150 NATURAL EUTROPHIC LAKES WITH�0$*12327$0,21 OR +<'52&+$5,7,21 - TYPE VEGETATION343160 NATURAL DYSTROPHIC LAKES AND PONDS 343170 * MEDITERRANEAN TEMPORARY PONDS 343180 * TURLOUGHS 35

5811,1*�:$7(5 ��3210 FENNOSCANDIAN NATURAL RIVERS 363220 ALPINE RIVERS AND THE HERBACEOUS VEGETATION ALONG THEIR BANKS 363230 ALPINE RIVERS AND THEIR LIGNEOUS VEGETATION WITH 0<5,&$5,$�*(50$1,&$ 373240 ALPINE RIVERS AND THEIR LIGNEOUS VEGETATION WITH 6$/,;�(/$($*126 373250 CONSTANTLY FLOWING MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS WITH */$8&,80�)/$980 373260 WATER COURSES OF PLAIN TO MONTANE LEVELS WITH THE 5$181&8/,21�)/8,7$17,6�AND

&$//,75,&+2�%$75$&+,21�VEGETATION 373270 RIVERS WITH MUDDY BANKS WITH &+(1232',21�58%5,� P.P. AND %,'(17,21 P.P. VEGETATION383280 CONSTANTLY FLOWING MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS WITH 3$63$/2�$*5267,',21 SPECIES AND

HANGING CURTAINS OF 6$/,; AND 3238/86�$/%$ 383290 INTERMITTENTLY FLOWING MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS OF THE 3$63$/2�$*5267,',21 39

7(03(5$7(�+($7+�$1'�6&58%��4010 NORTHERN ATLANTIC WET HEATHS WITH (5,&$�7(75$/,; 394020 * TEMPERATE ATLANTIC WET HEATHS WITH (5,&$�&,/,$5,6 AND (5,&$�7(75$/,; 394030 EUROPEAN DRY HEATHS 404040 * DRY ATLANTIC COASTAL HEATHS WITH (5,&$�9$*$16 414050 * ENDEMIC MACARONESIAN HEATHS 414060 ALPINE AND BOREAL HEATHS 414070 * BUSHES WITH 3,186�08*2 AND 5+2'2'(1'521�+,568780�(08*2�5+2'2'(1'5(780+,5687I) 434080 SUB-ARCTIC 6$/,; SPP. SCRUB 434090 ENDEMIC ORO-MEDITERRANEAN HEATHS WITH GORSE 44

6&/(523+<//286�6&58%��0$7255$/��


68%�0(',7(55$1($1�$1'�7(03(5$7(�6&58% ��5110 STABLE XEROTHERMOPHILOUS FORMATIONS WITH %8;86�6(03(59,5(16 FORMATIONS ON ROCK

SLOPES (%(5%(5,',21 P.) 465120 MOUNTAIN &<7,686�385*$16 FORMATIONS 465130 -81,3(586�&20081,6 FORMATIONS ON HEATHS OR CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS 465140 * &,6786�3$/+,1+$( FORMATIONS ON MARITIME WET HEATHS 47

0(',7(55$1($1�$5%25(6&(17�0$7255$/ ��5210 ARBORESCENT MATORRAL WITH -81,3(586�SPP. 475220 * ARBORESCENT MATORRAL WITH =<=,3+86 485230 * ARBORESCENT MATORRAL WITH /$8586�12%,/,6 48

7+(502�0(',7(55$1($1�$1'�35(�67(33(�%586+ ��5310 /$8586�12%,/,6 THICKETS 495320 LOW FORMATIONS OF EUPHORBIA CLOSE TO CLIFFS 495330 THERMO-MEDITERRANEAN AND PRE-DESERT SCRUB 49

3+5<*$1$� ��5410 WEST MEDITERRANEAN CLIFFTOP PHRYGANAS ($675$*$/2�3/$17$*,1(780�68%8/$7$() 505420 6$5&2327(5,80�63,12680 PHRYGANAS 515430 ENDEMIC PHRYGANAS OF THE (83+25%,2�9(5%$6&,21 51

1$785$/�$1'�6(0,�1$785$/�*5$66/$1'�)250$7,216��1$785$/�*5$66/$1'6 ��

6110 * RUPICOLOUS CALCAREOUS OR BASOPHILIC GRASSLANDS OF THE $/<662�6(',21�$/%, 526120 * XERIC SAND CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS 526130 CALAMINARIAN GRASSLANDS OF THE 9,2/(7$/,$�&$/$0,1$5,$( 536140 SILICEOUS PYRENEAN )(678&$�(6.,$ GRASSLANDS 536150 SILICEOUS ALPINE AND BOREAL GRASSLANDS 546160 ORO-IBERIAN )(678&$�,1',*(67$ GRASSLANDS 546170 ALPINE AND SUBALPINE CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS 546180 MACARONESIAN MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS 55

6(0,�1$785$/�'5<�*5$66/$1'6�$1'�6&58%/$1'�)$&,(6 ��6210 SEMI-NATURAL DRY GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBLAND FACIES ON CALCAREOUS

SUBSTRATES()(678&2�%520(7$/,$) ( * IMPORTANT ORCHID SITES) 566220 * PSEUDO-STEPPE WITH GRASSES AND ANNUALS OF THE 7+(52�%5$&+<32',(7($ 576230 * SPECIES-RICH 1$5'86�GRASSLANDS, ON SILICEOUS SUBSTRATES IN MOUNTAIN AREAS (AND

SUBMOUNTAIN AREAS, IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE) 576240 * SUB-PANNONIC STEPPIC GRASSLANDS 586250 * PANNONIC LOESS STEPPIC GRASSLANDS 596260 * PANNONIC SAND STEPPES 596270 * FENNOSCANDIAN LOWLAND SPECIES-RICH DRY TO MESIC GRASSLANDS 596280 * NORDIC ALVAR AND PRECAMBRIAN CALCAREOUS FLATROCKS 60

6&/(523+,//286�*5$=('�)25(676��'(+(6$6� ��6310 DEHESAS WITH EVERGREEN 48(5&86 SPP. 61

6(0,�1$785$/�7$//�+(5%�+80,'�0($'2:6 ��6410 M2/,1,$ MEADOWS ON CALCAREOUS, PEATY OR CLAVEY-SILT-LADEN SOILS (02/,1,21&$(58/($() 616420 MEDITERRANEAN TALL HUMID HERB GRASSLANDS OF THE 02/,1,2�+2/26&+2(1,21 626430 HYDROPHILOUS TALL HERB FRINGE COMMUNITIES OF PLAINS AND OF THE MONTANE TO ALPINE

LEVELS 626440 ALLUVIAL MEADOWS OF RIVER VALLEYS OF THE &1,',21�'8%,, 636450 NORTHERN BOREAL ALLUVIAL MEADOWS 63

0(623+,/(�*5$66/$1'6 ��6510 LOWLAND HAY MEADOWS ($/23(&8586�35$7(16,6, 6$1*8,625%$�2)),&,1$/,6) 646520 MOUNTAIN HAY MEADOWS 656530 * FENNOSCANDIAN WOODED MEADOWS 65


5$,6('�%2*6�$1'�0,5(6�$1'�)(16��63+$*180�$&,'�%2*6 ��

7110 * ACTIVE RAISED BOGS 667120 DEGRADED RAISED BOGS STILL CAPABLE OF NATURAL REGENERATION 677130 BLANKET BOG ( * IF ACTIVE BOG) 677140 TRANSITION MIRES AND QUAKING BOGS 687150 DEPRESSIONS ON PEAT SUBSTRATES OF THE 5+<1&+26325,21 697160 FENNOSCANDIAN MINERAL-RICH SPRINGS AND SPRINGFENS 69

&$/&$5(286�)(16 ��7210 * CALCAREOUS FENS WITH &/$',80�0$5,6&86 AND SPECIES OF THE &$5,&,21�'$9$//,$1$( 707220 * PETRIFYING SPRINGS WITH TUFA FORMATION (&5$721(85,21) 707230 ALKALINE FENS 717240 * ALPINE PIONEER FORMATIONS OF &$5,&,21�%,&2/25,6�$752)86&$( 72

%25($/�0,5(6 ��7310 * AAPA MIRES 727320 * PALSA MIRES 73

52&.<�+$%,7$76�$1'�&$9(6��6&5(( ��

8110 SILICEOUS SCREE OF THE MONTANE TO SNOW LEVELS ($1'526$&(7$/,$�$/3,1$( AND

*$/(236(7$/,$�/$'$1,) 748120 CALCAREOUS AND CALCSHIST SCREES OF THE MONTANE TO ALPINE LEVELS (7+/$63,(7($52781',)2/,,) 748130 WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND THERMOPHILOUS SCREE 758140 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SCREES 768150 MEDIO-EUROPEAN UPLAND SILICEOUS SCREES 768160 * MEDIO-EUROPEAN CALCAREOUS SCREE OF HILL AND MONTANE LEVELS 77

52&.<�6/23(6�:,7+�&+$6023+<7,&�9(*(7$7,21 ��8210 CALCAREOUS ROCKY SLOPES WITH CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION 778220 SILICEOUS ROCKY SLOPES WITH CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION 788230 SILICEOUS ROCK WITH PIONEER VEGETATION OF THE 6('2�6&/(5$17+,21 OR OF THE 6('2�$/%,-9(521,&,21�',//(1,, 798240 * LIMESTONE PAVEMENTS 80

27+(5�52&.<�+$%,7$76 ��8310 CAVES NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC 818320 FIELDS OF LAVA AND NATURAL EXCAVATIONS 818330 SUBMERGED OR PARTIALLY SUBMERGED SEA CAVES 828340 PERMANENT GLACIERS 82

)25(676��)25(676�2)�%25($/�(8523( ��

9010 * WESTERN TAÏGA 839020 * FENNOSCANDIAN HEMIBOREAL NATURAL OLD BROAD-LEAVED DECIDUOUS FORESTS

(48(5&86��7,/,$��$&(5��)5$;,186 OR 8/086) RICH IN EPIPHYTES 849030 * NATURAL FORESTS OF PRIMARY SUCCESSION STAGES OF LANDUPHEAVAL COAST 849040 NORDIC SUBALPINE/SUBARCTIC FORESTS WITH %(78/$�38%(6&(16 SSP. &=(5(3$129,, 859050 FENNOSCANDIAN HERB-RICH FORESTS WITH 3,&($�$%,(6 859060 CONIFEROUS FORESTS ON, OR CONNECTED TO, GLACIOFLUVIAL ESKERS 869070 FENNOSCANDIAN WOODED PASTURES 879080 * FENNOSCANDIAN DECIDUOUS SWAMP WOODS 87

)25(676�2)�7(03(5$7(�(8523( ��9110 /8=8/2�)$*(780 BEECH FORESTS 889120 ATLANTIC ACIDOPHILOUS BEECH FORESTS WITH ,/(; AND SOMETIMES ALSO 7$;86 IN THE

SHRUBLAYER (48(5&,1,21�52%25,�3(75$($(�OR�,/,&,�)$*(1,21) 899130 $63(58/2�)$*(780 BEECH FORESTS 89


9140 MEDIO-EUROPEAN SUBALPINE BEECH WOODS WITH $&(5 AND 580(;�$5,)2/,86 909150 MEDIO-EUROPEAN LIMESTONE BEECH FORESTS OF THE &(3+$/$17+(52�)$*,21 909160 SUB-ATLANTIC AND MEDIO-EUROPEAN OAK OR OAK-HORNBEAM FORESTS OF THE &$53,1,21%(78/, 919170 *$/,2�&$53,1(780 OAK-HORNBEAM FORESTS 919180 * 7,/,2�$&(5,21 FORESTS OF SLOPES, SCREES AND RAVINES 929190 OLD ACIDOPHILOUS OAK WOODS WITH 48(5&86�52%85 ON SANDY PLAINS 9291A0 OLD SESSILE OAK WOODS WITH ,/(; AND %/(&+180 IN THE BRITISH ISLES 9391B0 THERMOPHILOUS )5$;,186�$1*867,)2/,$ WOODS 9391C0 * CALEDONIAN FOREST 9491D0 * BOG WOODLAND 9491E0 * ALLUVIAL FORESTS WITH $/186�*/87,126$ AND )5$;,186�(;&(/6,25 ($/12�3$1',21�$/1,21�,1&$1$(��6$/,&,21�$/%$() 9591F0 RIPARIAN MIXED FORESTS OF 48(5&86�52%85, 8/086�/$(9,6 AND 8/086�0,125, )5$;,186(;&(/6,25 OR )5$;,186�$1*867,)2/,$, ALONG THE GREAT RIVERS (8/0(1,21�0,125,6) 9691G0 * PANNONIC WOODS WITH 48(5&86�3(75$($ AND &$53,186�%(78/86 9691H0 * PANNONIAN WOODS WITH 48(5&86�38%(6&(16 9791I0 * EURO-SIBERIAN STEPPIC WOODS WITH 48(5&86 SPP. 9791J0 * 7$;86�%$&&$7$ WOODS OF THE BTRITISH ISLES 97

0(',7(55$1($1�'(&,'8286�)25(676 ��9210 * APENNINE BEECH FORESTS WITH 7$;86�AND ,/(; 989220 * APENNINE BEECH FORESTS WITH $%,(6�$/%$ AND BEECH FORESTS WITH $%,(6�1(%52'(16,6989230 GALICIO-PORTUGUESE OAK WOODS WITH 48(5&86�52%85 AND 48(5&86�3<5(1$,&$ 989240 48(5&86�)$*,1($ AND 48(5&86�&$1$5,(16,6 IBERIAN WOODS 999250 48(5&86�752-$1$ WOODS 1009260 &$67$1($�6$7,9$ WOODS 1009270 HELLENIC BEECH FORESTS WITH $%,(6�%25,6,,�5(*,6 1009280 48(5&86�)5$,1(772 WOODS 1019290 &835(6686 FORESTS ($&(52�&835(66,21) 10192A0 6$/,;�$/%$ AND 3238/86�$/%$ GALLERIES 10192B0 RIPARIAN FORMATIONS ON INTERMITTENT MEDITERRANEAN WATER COURSES WITH

5+2'2'(1'521�3217,&80, 6$/,; AND OTHERS 10192C0 3/$7$186�25,(17$/,6 AND /,48,'$0%$5�25,(17$/,6 WOODS (3/$17$1,21�25,(17$/,6) 10292D0 SOUTHERN RIPARIAN GALLERIES AND THICKETS (1(5,2-7$0$5,&(7($�AND 6(&85,1(*,217,1&725,$() 103

0(',7(55$1($1�6&/(523+<//286�)25(676 ��9310 AEGEAN 48(5&86�%5$&+<3+<//$ FORESTS 1039320 2/($ AND &(5$721,$ FORESTS 1039330 48(5&86�68%(5 FORESTS 1049340 48(5&86�,/(; AND 48(5&86�52781',)2/,$ FORESTS 1049350 48(5&86�0$&52/(3,6 FORESTS 1059360 * MACARONESIAN LAUREL FORESTS (/$8586��2&27($) 1059370 * PALM GROVES OF 3+2(1,; 106

7(03(5$7(�02817$,1286�&21,)(5286�)25(676 ��9410 ACIDOPHILOUS 3,&($ FORESTS OF THE MONTANE TO ALPINE LEVELS (9$&&,1,2�3,&((7($) 1079420 ALPINE /$5,;�'(&,'8$�AND/OR�3,186�&(0%5$�FORESTS 1079430 SUBALPINE AND MONTANE 3,186�81&,1$7$ FORESTS (* IF ON GYPSUM OR LIMESTONE) 107

0(',7(55$1($1�1'�0$&$521(6,$1�02817$,1286�&21,)(5286�)25(676 ��9510 * SOUTHERN APENNINE $%,(6�$/%$ 1089520 $%,(6�3,16$32 FORESTS 1089530 * (SUB-)MEDITERRANEAN PINE FORESTS WITH ENDEMIC BLACK PINES 1089540 MEDITERRANEAN PINE FORESTS WITH ENDEMIC MESOGEAN PINES 1099550 CANARIAN ENDEMIC PINE FORESTS 1129560 * ENDEMIC FORESTS WITH -81,3(586�SPP. 1129570 * 7(75$&/,1,6�$57,&8/$7$ FORESTS 1139580 * MEDITERRANEAN 7$;86�%$&&$7$ WOODS 113

corine classification

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