4111~nnCrrsp Sc~r~nrJo~m~al . Vol.1. Nu. 2 . W . 151-157. 1W3 Il l2l 9730B3 $ Ill (nlr 11 (H)

Prinlrd in Ken!a All nghls rr\m.r<l 0 1YU3 Airicnn Crop ScictircScr.tcly

ChtlrJlc Agr~~.ullurrl ~cscan l l Slal~an. PO. Hor Illclb, l.llnnp\~r, hl,\law~ 'Prcsenl aildrc.ir: L.ahc>rolo~rr dl. I ' l ~ ) l o ~ a ~ h ~ ~ I c ~ ~ t ~ IHIlO/(.IRAD.

U I' 503.5. 34032 MOIIIPCIII~~. h i ~ n c c .

I'hr ellerl? 1mile1nper8lar~ an lnrlnhatlon pcriwl, inirrt ion frequency. lesion dinntrlrr. Irnlurpn dnmo~r, rurlulr ruplurr.and ~ s o r a l u l i ~ ~ n upre auanlified hlr sir nrllllndlllll ~ r n ~ l ~ n ~ s . ~ c ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I i n ~ r t ~ ~ ~ - r e ~ i ~ ~ a n ~ . , .. rnd ~ u u r p l l h l r rraclluns vlillln dela,,hrd Iva\n. ItuU at\rluprd dn all yn~undntol prnoltpr'al 10. I<. 211. 2 ; nnd YI ( 19t41 nu1 sl ZS md 411 1'. ln tu l8~l i !~n p c r ~ d dc(rln.td uolh tnrrrnsr In Icmlwrltlurr Itul in

r~~ucplolslr Crnaolll>c5 81 mob1 Irlnycmltsrm In rrrlrl8#lll pvnttl!pr<, thr ( r ~ ~ ~ ~ n l . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f l ~ a ~ I # t . ~ ~ r#spl#trcd ",,. ~ t ~ g h r s ~ .,I I< t ' IWI d , , r ,md nl zn, zc, dnd 311 ( ' wah II>V C U ~ ~ I I ~ , ~ tor \I ,A, I-1191, .,I WI ,

r ;po ru lu l I~~~~ fins high61 nns~~\rrpl i l~lrpen~~l)pu~ul 2Oand 2.W'. Hr\irlnal ,!rn~!l!pc$ hod hil l, r pn r~~ l r l l t t n $31 ISor 10 ( ' l l ln td l~ l~esrcdal hiphcrlcmprrd. I u r c ~ ~ i I 1 1 I h c ~ ~ ~ P p l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i N ( ' A c 170°)lt. H~~~YIIIIII ,!?n<,I!p~li had kpnprr incuhatiun pcrIm~I. lowrr inrerlitbn ire,l~%mcirr. rtnnllvr leuiotl*, redurrd tlsa11,rr or r f~ l t l l l r s l pa~lulrsluaersplrublion,rndlri~farrvdama~r l l r rn the~u* rup l i l ~ lagc~~o l~p~ . l'hrdillerrr~rcsl~rlurre suweplible and r a i r l m l genulyper in rums u l the cuapunents mere Iaqc only s l cerlsin Icmyrralurer

I 'mdommil~cmcnl d n k u i l l r ~ . In d l rh i rurr d n pu\lulcr, ul la hprulalll,n an1 416 Oalt16r puur ~ l x ~ rno l )ma d'urachide gui p&enlenl rur Irn Luille* deq r(nrlionr dc rkislnnce el surrenllhilil4 ;i la rosillr. ~. i n roai ik c de>rk,pp gur Isus k nrnlH!pn n In. IS. 10.25 rl 311'('. nus pas P 35 el 40'1'. I a pCrincle d'~ncubnlimdlminurqu~ndIaIemp(ralurraugmmlr,mairp~urI~~~nnl)pacrptihln~rllrau~mml~~ de nou%rru s 30 C. Lcr f r i quen~d ' l n l c r l l un slml I?% plus r l r d 1 ('pour In p~nol!pes ruwepl lh l t~ cl b 30 1' pbur IN 8enol)pn mnntanlr. In dium+lrm der h l r \ *urn usnl lm plus pal ls a IS C, mslq ~rmdi~wn!qwndLslrmpcratureiupmen~c.I.a trmpcraturroplimalrpur Irdiumlrrdml~lnrurer~~rll

lSuhmillcd ass he It~lcrnnl~onal Cntps Research lnst~lulc lor Serni-Arid Iropjc$ IICRISAT).

IS1

IS? P SlJRRAHMANYAM r r n l

dc.U)"C p r la pluparldcig6nsl)p1 1.8 I ~mpi l r~ IUr~ l~ l l l~m~Iep(U I r I 'rnd~ll lnlagCnle~~I dm kuilll.%4lall d r W C pour I ng6no t )p r ~ u s c r p l i h l n ~ I d r 15.311'C pclul Icr dnol!pm r f~ ic lsnl r . Plkcluc IlW)O dFs l,urlt~lm *In1 dkh i r i r v rur In p6no l ,$p ~ i l w r p l i l ~ l c r h l o l l l n Irv I rn lprn l l~rr r ; . I'#!tbr Ir. ~ i . lw l ) l ~ , tr\ i ' l~lnl% h. l "~t r rc , t t l i~~r de r t , l p l l l l lr plur l t ~ u l h IS ' I ' r l lli#irillllr h 211, 1 5 d 311 I'.*$#II~~IIII h( ql 171WOool i l m l ntnrinturn b .Wl'. 1.8 rl,tu.uloll~m clvil Is plur l le t t r pour In g C n ~ i t ) p n ~ ~ w l ' p l l h l ~ ~ L l o t ) 2VC. La rporulull~,n dcu ~ 6 n n l y p r rtri=+lonl% e'it hsulr I I S rl 20°C el dlnilnt~c quand lu tmtp(.rnlurr mtmle. <nut pcntr Hr Ar I7RPlI. L n e6nnl)pn r6sislnnlv an1 dcr pPrI tdn d'lnruhnti<>n plus Ivngar.. dn r rh~ucncmd' inr~r l i~~n(~ l~ahn~*n ,dmI~ l~~urn( r lu . i~~~ I i IF I .m#~in~dr r l # p l t ~ r ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ . ~ I ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l n ~ i t ~ ~ , plu* lui l , l t * ,et~tt~~in~~lrd~,m~sufic~nu~ ~ c t ~ l l l t ~ ~ ( a r l ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l y p r s r u w r p l l l ~ l c ~ . I ' ~ ~ s r r r r l e l t ~ r ~ n ~ e + ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i l t ~ l ~ , l ~ ~ ~ ~ l l ~ ~ r ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l r r l ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ~ t ~ l ~ u w ~ ~ ~ l i l ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ n l ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ I I I v ~ I I ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I I I ~ lrllbll~! "Iltre,

Rut! o l p o ~ ~ n d t ~ ~ i ! I,.\,,>( I I ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c I L . ~ , ~ ; ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ I,! PI(( CU!I<Z , ! r~rc~/ t ,</~~ SF&,, I< znn tntpt!mtnl iliar..l\c tn 1111h1 111:1)11r g l l l l l t ld l l~ l l gr(lUIII&! ~ o t i t ~ l t ~ r r ~ \ e I ~ ~ . ~ l > ~ ~ ~ : ~ ! i y i t n l C I ( 1 1 , I V S O SV\'CI~II \IIIIIC~\ 0 4 IC~I\I:III'~C IO ru\I Itavc l r r i i i d ~ n l t l ~ v i l l ~ l ! ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ l l l ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ l l l a~ td M ~ i ) ~ ) t u ~ l d , lV871. ~IIII~IIR

<wr co~ l t c r t!,bc,\llg,$lion\ 011 c t ~ I l r p ~ ~ n r t l l ~ <>f ttw\tani.c 10 g ~ i ~ ~ t t ~ ~ l ~ r ~ i l rrtrt. neitlrrr Ihr * ~ f e , rio~. lllc hettue~lc) 01' \II,III;II.~ uc l c rorlclit lci l u l t l ~ lli1<1 rr\tct;mcr cS,lhr;~Ii~~lat,?;~n~ i~!tt l h l iU~ l l , l l d . ~ ' I X ~ ~ . I ' I ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I C ~ ~ C ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ . I I C ~ L ~ I I ~ P ~ I ~ \t!l(.il&~.i ,11111 f i le ~'UIIFLI\ ~ ~ ~ I c r c d IIII<IU~II stoa~tial,~ tnr \ lx ' i l lve 01 uh r l l i r r o genr l lyp wuiti 1111111unr. rc+istant o r ~uscep t~ l r l r to rurl. Howcvcr, it, t,rlntttnr pcnol!lrr illc luapu* died allotliy i t l l r r cnk.r!ng !he \u i~\~<m,,ct i cnwty, l l ~ f l c r n c ~ ~ CII

lc.\i<I;tncc ILL-I? i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l c ~ l uill! ~ l1 I l~ l c11 i .e~ il l c\!ent o f l ny<e l~ :~ l t ic\vi<>ll inrnl u l l h i n l l !cc; t \~I ) ,,nil WII~IIII i r . ~ f I I ~ \ U C I S t ~ h t i ~ l u n i ~ ~ ~ y i t l ~ ~ ('I ill. liVK3a :I!KI l1~UIl,t I<NII~ 111.11 111 rt!\ l resi\l,inl ~ C I I O I ~ I K ~ tlic lp.1111opc11 I~;t<l ~r~crr , !wt I i ~ i t ~ u h i ~ l ~ o n ~ ~ t i n l , d r ~ r c , ~ r c i l ~ t r l c r I i ~ ~ t t II~~IICIIL y.:111111riIur~d puclule \ i / c . ,pi)rr ~ ~ ~ ~ I I C ~ I I I I I , it1111 \ P I I I C

prrn,in;*hil~ty I I~~acrct.l~l!leirkno~v~~c~~~tcc~~~t~~g llle eflccl\ <>I tetnprrilture .~nd $15 irllcruclion N t i l l

ha%t genirl)pe\ 011 c ~ t n ~ p o ~ ~ c n l r o f rc*tilancc l u gmundnuf r11*1.

l l t r paper d e * c r ~ k s ~r tvc<l~g,~l i~,nr on Ihc r l l cc t \ o f ~ c r ~ i l ~ ~ a t u r e rrn ~ n i t l h ~ i l l n n per~crl. infectloll Ircqurnc), lerlon dmn~clcr, leal areu dwlagc, puslule rupluie. ;tnd spi1rula11olt o f SIX

groundnut gcnolypeq. reprc<cnl$og ru.l-rc*i~li~nl andsu rep~ ih l c reartton\. l u l l u u ~ n p ~ n ~ i ~ n o c y c l ~ c i l~ fect ion i n the luhrratory.

Six g~ounc l~ t~ i l gr t lo l ) l~ei uvrc 1 ! 1 ~ r ~ t i ~ z 1 r c d , l h ~ g r t t n t y ~ i . T h l V ? i t ~ ~ d J I I u cr? Itrtls! ~t l i r rpI ih l t to pr~~\ l ! tdn~l t lust l \ r ~ ~ r c l l (1 <),I a Y.,I<>>!lt \'illr sll l l l :! l l l l l . l l lyil l l lcI~~/. I ' IXl,l l '7'11~ pL'IIoI>,*..N1~ i l c 1711141uinnic~\l IL~\I\I,IIII I\C(IIC 1.21 Ioll<~ne,j h j 1'1,405 112 l \ r o t r 2 41,1:('704'4h lZU?1l~uotr 2 81. LIII~ i'l 2 W 1 7 l ~ c o t r A.01 i S ~ ~ h r : t l , ~ n * t ~ ~ ) ; i ~ ,,I~I/., l11X3i11 S ~ C ~ ~ \ U ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I I ISr l r i ~I$IIII~IC,

p I i t \ l~c [pol\ 111 111r g r ~ , c ~ t l ~ o ~ i ~ ~ ~ . I,<IIII \?cclr R C K

\ l t%l l I l l cilcll pol ;,11,l Ill,, \~~c,ll l l lg< *?I,! I;,I?~ I~IIIIII(~~ 1<1I\v111)01 I . 11\1,1)11I\ bet? UIUL~ I<lre;ich gcni,l)lh'. Air I r l l l l ~ r r , l l ~ ~ ~ c ill lltc grrcnl lo t~~r ritspcd front ? 5 l u 7lII'C durt~ lg lllc plsnl gruull, pcrittcl, AI 40 <l>iy\ after w w i ~ l g , lhe 111iddIv loaf on Ihr main *art, n l r e rh p l~ tn l w.15 crctsal l I l r ~ ~ ! i ~ l ~ I l t c p ~ i l v ~ n ~ ~ ~ 81t10 il- ;llc:iu i t~nl r i l~ulc, lh) Irdcinp 11s oul l i l~c altd ITIP~~\I I ! ! I~~ lllr ilred x l lh a I c a f ~ t r c a ~ ~ ~ c l e r ~ l l ~ y a ~ t t i I )~~ I I~o I ICO. I~ I~ ,l'ukjcl, J t i p , ~ ~ ~ ) . Thc deloiltcd Iri irt,r II~III <l~l l r rcnl gctlol!pc\ wetr ;~rr i~r tpoi v ~ l h ~ l t c ~ t pcli<llc\ hur~e,i 111 \ l t . r ~ l ~ / c ~ i I>\?! , i~t~tl in pl,~\l ic It,!), IS, x 2 5 x 5 r l n l In ~ s ~ ~ i l o ~ o i r r ( l lblntkr ~IIII 11) rrplicnl~r~n, 111 cart> grnrrr! I~~.OII~IP~I~IIIIIC o l i l lrc;llll;fI1I (me Icitl. Sand III tl lr tray, uin IIIIII\ICIIC~ ~ i t l ~ I li!t$gI:ut<l'a nulrlenl YIII!~IO~I. Ira!' u c r f C O L C I L ~

u ~ t i l 111111, p ia\ t~c s t ~ e e l ~ illti1 incula;lcd hefiln i ~ n r u b ~ i o n k1r24hr!n;tgriraIttcl1amkrll'crc1i1I Rcltigcr.it i,~~~ and Mix. CII., BCKII~C, IIIW~, US,j , ul 25°C' with I 2 lhr p l i ~ ~ l ~ ~ p e r i ~ ~ ~ l .

Llredinio\pir~c\ ucrc pnr lurct l 1111 ~ r ~ n ~ c r l , 11c1;tchcd leaves nf the rust n ~ r c c p r ~ h l r penor)p 'TMV 2 in u growl11 chnmher. I lrrrl i~,io~p~,rcr wrrc harvested w ~ t l i a Cyclone s p r e collec~nr (1.RI Instrun~cnl Shop, Iowa Slate I l n~v r r s i~ ) .

GENOTYPE

rpvre I Ellecl of teniperature o l i (A) lncubat~on period. (0) tnlect~on frequency, (C) leslon d~arneler, ,pilealaiea darnagp. (E) pustulp rupture, and IF) sporulatlon 01 Puccrnia aiachidrsorl two susceptible ( ~ v 2 and J 11) and four resislnnl (NC Ac 17090, P I 259747. EC 76446 (292). and PI 4051321 @ndnuI genolypes Slandard errors IS€) ale shown In vertical bars lor each dlsease parameter.

mr5, 10u.i. L'SAI .,nil \u\l,c~ltletl l n r l r r t lc I.IC)III X tiil!\ i t l lcl ~!I~>CU~:IIIIIII, I~ i l \ .ch U P I C

b$lllled %.,lcr L~IIIIIII~II~~ I WL%-~~.XO chn~~l t r~ccl ckd~ly ;!IIC! 11~6rnkr\ <?I \851l?le u rc~ l l~ l~ i ! , ,p,~~,,,!~tl~!lc~!c WI~VI,~II n t o ~ i ~ x ~ l ~ ~ : ! l c i l l l l< l r ,~p\ ~~ rcq>cc l tbc 01 % l ~ c ~ l ? c r rul7t<cmd or UIIII~[~~UIC~. lf,[in,l ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 n 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ 1 ~ ~ t ~ ~ l l ~ ~ S l 1 . l U ~ i * ? ~ c r c c ~ ~ r ~ l v ~ l ten GI.!>\ alter IIIC c c \ \ t ~ t ~ ~ n <?I pac5 ml-1. L.ca~r\ wrrc ~ ~ i ( > r ~ l . ~ l ~ d UIIII ihc i lstly i r ~ ~ r c i t \ c 111 IIIIZIIIK.~~,IU~L~JIIII:I. IC:I~I wL.rc ~ l n ~ o \ ~ ~ r c * u \ y s n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l r p r . ~ ? c i l ~ ~ ~ r w t t l l a p l o ~ ~ l r \c;$nncd I h n l u ~ h .I \ lercon~tcrr i \c~~pr? (111 a om,,~r. I.eave9 ucrc l l icn ~ t~ ruha lcd inil i;~lly in ~n. ipnl l i i ;d~<>n 111 7(l XI, and t ~ u ~ ~ l l x . r \ < > f ruplured *dark lor a 24 111. ysrlcil st 2.5 C a d were ;ind ~no,~~rul,l~trcd urcdtnta wcrc rcco~<lcd 'l'hc av~ ld rub requen l l ) a1 111. 15.20.25.30.35or degrcr n f ~prrru l i l l l l r i~ was Incnrurcdoti i t 5.polnl Uj.Cu.itha I ? h r p l ~ o ~ n p r ~ d u n ~ l l l h e e n d ~ t i h \ ~ ; i l c I 1 = IN> \(wrcrlaltoe and 5 = chlcnvvc

, , p n ~ ' s I ~ \iw>rul;$l~or~). 1 hr dw1nelcr5 of five randnrnly

scls led urcdlnin on cach:lcallct o f thc leal leaf tcmperdtsrcr. Among the rerirlant nen,avm< (i.e.. 20 pustules leaf1) w e n mm.i~~rrd uvnp an NCAc 17l~~l. t l tcmtatre~i~ta11110~ri11~nrl111~~~,~ ocular micron~elrr. n t c DeKcnlaee of the arcac~f hati lnnscr incuhttion mri~dt ;nt 2U. 25. nntl l o q r - . !he test lenvcr danlaged'hy rurl. khiclt inclurled than other p r ~ t u l y y c i f i 8 . 1 A). . . yellowing and Inccrurls, wna es l~~nn tcd hy InSecl~un hequcncicr(F~p. l B I n n ~ l ~ ~ c e p l t h l ~ comparison w l h dinpmhdcpic l ing leavcv wilh ycnolypcs w e n high at ?OnC; hnwevcr, lhrw know1tpen.cnlnfcslO.S.1.2.S. I~I.20.3S.JO.7S, wrre no diffcrencrq RI nther Icrnpemturc~. and I l K f f i o f arca aft'ccled. I ~ ~ f c c l i o n f ~ u u c n f i e s ~ ~ ~ ~ r c ~ i s l a t l t c e n ~ ~ l ~ m s were

From the\e data the f o l t n a ~ n g dircarc chari~ctenu,crr detem~~aed: I )lnt.alxrrb~rt/wrt,x/~ nulnhcr 01 rl.~).; hclwecn i~toeulal ion iatlcl :ap,w:lr<!,l'~c 0 1 511': a31 tltr lpu.lrdlc\, 3 1 /!!It? I,,,,,

]r<,qt,r,r<j i innl rn~nlhr~ of po\lulcr 1wrcn1~ ,?I Ir;~l arca. 31 Lrriorl 'bearrrcr: tncan diat t~clc~ (111 1r111~)ofantl~l0111~~1t1ple11furedt1tia.4)/'1~1~ ot1ar.t. Ir,r,f orro Ji,,rnrqr,i: area u f ~ ~ ~ o c u l a t u d lc;tl d;slaaged hy rust 81 CI perccntagc ol at ;~l Ieilurca. 51 Runrrerd p~,(l~rlp.~: wrc~nlnges nf ruplurcd

. .. . htphrsl nl 3ll"C. 111ferIin11 f r c ~ ~ t ~ c r ~ c ~ r ~ ~ r c \ifn~l'!cttntly (I' 5 11 Ill I l ~ i f l ~ r r {III ~11~cc1~11hIc ,!Cl,,ll"~?'\ Illill, Lll, lP*I~I.IIII P(.lllll\ I*.\.c\l.?i.i:,ll, .dl IS. 211. :~!nl ?5'(' 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ 0 1 . 1 1 l i.~ll lx.l:! l l~~r I,,, IIIICCI~OII I r cq~ tc r~ r ) 1111 I M Y ? { \~~~cep t th l ( pctn,typr*i wit*al?II"T,~ltd 11'1 il'*i~litnt gettnt)p\ at 3 0 ' r (FIR I HI,

01, hot11 lhc T U ~ C ~ ~ I I I ~ I C :III~I r ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ t ~ ~ gcoot?p$. lc5iollr u c r \lll;lllu~l ;h i5'T trip. I C l and gradually illctcu\rd ill dtit~~teter ullh . .

pu\ntler foreuch genotype at all telnperatun.\, h i Illcrroqr In 1cmper:ttllrc. 7 ! r Ic\ion\ u rrc I:trprg Px~r~rlor,otl .s< 0r.c.r iur caclt eenotvne ill ;!I1 ~ , n lrlllt Ihc rusccnllllle ilnd rc~\l\l:ltlt r rnol \ nrr 81

' l l t r c c ~ o c c c r ~ ~ ~ r c x p r ~ n ~ e t t l ~ wcrc l r r lbn~rd . l'hc data iroln ;III CAIK.~~IIICII~~ were cntnh~nrd und an i#naly*~r n i varlancc w:lr canted 1,111 tor cach dl.iea\e cltar;~rter.

Ruu devcliqx-d on all groundnut grnvty lm at nll test trtnpernturcs except 35 ilnd 4 V C LPBVC* ~ncuhalctl at lllcsc lrlnpernlurer wrre cx;lnllnc~l rmtll 110 d;tyr ilflcr in,rulat~on hut no vi%ihlc r i ~ \ t i lcvr lop~nr i l l w;t\ rh*cr\cO AI Ill C'. \yinpl<tln\ aplsiired \cry 1.1tc on it11 ar t io l )p* i i nc t lh :~ l~o~~ prr1m1 over 511 di~!\i. and ~t ic i~ni~i j? l \ t l daln could IIOI hc oht;\inod hut;,u\c v i thr dcvclirl~nlcnt o i

. ., 3 l l~ ( ' . R t ~ ~ ~ ~ I , t ~ l l ~ c t l o t j lw\ ltnd \ i ~ ' t ~ i ( ~ c ,d!tlly ( [ I>< I1 t I I l \111~llcr I ck i l~n \ I~I:III l l l r \ i t ~ ~ r l ~ l ~ l ~ l ~ gcllolypcr, c\lrrrially al 25 tlrld 30CC ll,tg I(')

l .cf~fare~t du~ t~ i tpc~ l ll',!!. I 111 ~ I I \LI \CCOI~I>I~ pcnillypcr uar luucr l ;$I IS"('. 1h11t \1~111I1ci~ntl) 111'5 l l~lli incn.u\r<I :I[ 20 81n~I 25-C l l ~ ~ w e ~ c t , Ill? pcrccnlll~c lcllf arcil a l l r c l c~ l %;I\ Ioucr ;I(

30'C. 'l'lte !m!\i LIIIIIIII:I/ IcIIIpcr,~tI~re C I ~ l c i \ f ; l r~~~ d;~rn~gc nn au\ceptihlr gcuut)l~c* a;)\ .,I 25°C. On rerlrtanl grnnlyws, lllc peri~cnt Icnf arrn 11amilgCJ war iowcr :!I l u u tvn\prr:xtli,r\ hut ~ ~ l c r r i i * ~ d 81 higher ICIIIPI.I~~IIITP~ .I I)? IP?I\I:I~I ,!c~loIypc\ 11;~l ~ip!,~I~c:i!~tly 11' ~1, l t I l I h ~ v r pcrcertl:~pr 01' Ir,bl ;IIC;I i l , ~ ~ t ~ ; i g r < l 111111 t l~c \u~i.cl~tihl? gcl!olylrr'i lil ;dl lrnlprt;~lure~ (l ' ip I D l .

\vr.;llrr-suolrcd ncclotlc Ic*ionaon the lerflclr and 1 he pcrccnlagcc of rulrtutrd par lu lu~ i1.1p I r u b ~ e u u e ~ ~ t r . ~ ~ l o ~ t ~ / , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! t l o l l c u f l c ~ i hv\;tt,ronhvl~c E l werr chrw 10 l i n l l fill ~ ~ ~ ~ c r p l ~ l ~ l e i!cttol\ne\ . , , . fungi (~ i rc i l~~ ; t~~ndn l l yA / ro rttlrio \pp.l ill the dead . . Ilssucs. I l e~~cc . r~n lyd .~ ta f r~~rn 15.?0.?5a11d3O~C are prewnled in this repnn (Fig. i A lo Fl.

A l l groundnut genotypes rhowed longe*l incuhullon wr i i r l r at l.SYC-IPiu. I A). Ill ru\l- resi\tanl gcnntype*. the ~ncuhal ion lpcricrtl dccwdsed with incrcax in lempeidlurc. Wllile III suxeptihle petv~lyper incuhatiun~rilddccreaced from about 2K daya at 15'C lo 9.3 duya a1 25'C. then was an increae in incubation period a1 30°C. RUSI-suscep~~ble genolypcs had siuniiicanIlv~P 50.01 lshoncrincuhationocriod~

. . ,, ;II 1111 lelnprrtlllrc\ wit11 all cxcrpllnli r l l J l l 81

3(1'C. 'rltcrc xcrc rna~hcd r f l rct \ nl Irl,,prt;tlure on percenlapo of puhtulcr ruplurcd ncl rchl*lanl grnnlypr.Thcresi~lantpeai~lype~slourdI~ighc~t plCUlIdlfC\ o f pu\lulr.* 111plurer1 111 15'r hu~ dcrrr,i\edat otl~crlc~nperoturc\ u i lh the rxc~plinn i r i NC Ac 17090 which allowetl a a~pn~l'ica~tt (Ps 0.01) increuvi1t30~C. Tltc\ucccpt~blcgcnrr~jix.r had hlphesl percenlnecc of rupturrd pu~tulesthu . . rhc rzsnlanl genot)pes >nu ~ h c d~ll.?en;:\ ucrr tt:o.l c \~den l at 20. 2 snd 3I'C .I:!,' I L:,

For the suscrplihle pcnotypes. thc I11glic\1 rprulal ion (score $1 mcurrcd al 20 and 2S"C

u ,. . than the rust-reststant genotypes at a l l

.I~I% p r w y l r I l r r l l l igll splmll;~lion nr 15 and BY 8114 IIW III 20 rnal ?T°C. Ihr ~ r r i s l n ~ l l pp")~~*'. ' Il:al \iplilic:lnlly (I' '; 0.I I I I I hu r r ,I*milntinntb:tn l l ~ c sa~ccp l i l ~ le gesolyjws el all l L I I t p ra~~~~s (Fig. 1 F).

lhrcr.r ~ l r r r l~,pn!r t t l in ~llntl l ' i invoI \ r% V~IIIIII\

,,lcr Irt:l~b.ll ~ p t w m c \ CXII $11 ~ l l i ~ l , I B I : ~ ~ IC ,,lflllcl~l~d 11) ~ ~ ~ \ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ r ~ ~ l . l I r:tv1,11s a\ 18cll :I\ b,,,t a l , , l ~ ~ ~ l l l ~ ~ , ! ~ l l grl lnl) r,. 'I cl,lpclslllfc Ill IIIC r,l,,Ecol 20-25°C i % : ~ s ~ r p ~ ~ ~ I r , l l ~ ~ h c n l ~ l i t ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ k l r , , ~ , t ~ ~ l ! ~ l r ~ ~ r r ~~llllill.llillli o f g~o l~ l l i l l l i l l r l t l l (;,~h!.llllll.ln)vl~ :tlnl h l r l ) ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ l ~ l , 1987). I il,l#i t'in'tl lux alttl a l vwr l \r.:t< l o u n ~ l 10 ~ ~ l h i l ~ ~ l , , , r , l l o i~~yv~ r~ g c n ~ l i ~ ~ a t t ~ ~ ~ ~ (St~bml~~nnn).:!tl~ i t r l c l

h{r[)i,n;!lil. It1H7). Avi~il;$tult!y o f walrr n ~ l t l ~ . le,,l ~,~rr,!ccq for over 6 IN i q ~ ~ c c ~ w r y ror , , , ~ < l ~ ~ ~ i o ~ p n ~ c ~ r ~ l ~ ~ ? f ~ : l l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ac~tl 111frc1iutb ( I i:111)!- yl,,, I W i ) . III Ihc prr r rn l in\cslignllon. l rnvrr %(IC i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l a l ~ ~ ~ l ant1 ~IICLI~:!IC~ a1 I t i g I~ r r l ; ~ l i +c l,illl~~lli~y ill lltr il iuk lclr 21 lbr 111 ? S T l l l l lr p , l n i i l ~ ~ ~ g o ~ ~ l i ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ l l ro l !< l~ l~<r l i \ l i b , IIII~CI!~!! '111~ kx$r$ v c ~ c ~uI~~c~I I~I I I I~ I I I V \ ~ ~ I : I I ~ ~ a1 d1rfcrr111 lF , , , l >p r , ,~ t~~~~ 1,) ~ I I V C \ I ~ ~ . I I C IIIC c r r ~ ~ ! , I~IIIIIPI.III!IL' ,111 111\1 ~CVPI~I~~IIICIII in lllr lal!t- lx,nc!~:t!ic>~~ ~pIti~<c or ho\t ~t:~ l l~ngcn i ~ ~ l r r a c l i ~ ~ ~ ! . l],c rtl~l,l*nllmlli of rcki\lniire i ~ n d l y ~ c ~ l in I I I ~ ,,,~c\1~(1,111~~11 nlc conri~lcrccl lo Ir nlpr?al v:lh#r ," $3 p~~~rlic,nl :I\ wel l ; a ) ~ ~ p ~ ~ i c ~ ~ i i o l < ! p i c i $ l p.~i~~rr.t ivc(I '.~rlc\ licr. 1Y7s. Z a d o L i a ~ I Sc l l c l~~ . 1d1'11

No ~I<ILII? t t n l p!t\I l~lcs or Irsit\nq we!? ,,~~rrvccl 1 1 35 or ~ I I I oC cbrn a1 MI dab< :rllrr ,,,(XIII:IIN>II i ~ ~ ~ I i c , ~ l i n g III:II tcmpcralurrs o r ?5"(: ,s l ; t~uc ~nhi l r i lcd grou~ld in~l rust ~levclolsnrnt. lioue\rr. III 11115 %lu(ly uc 11111 no! d r l r ! t ~ t ~ ~ ~ r ul,~lltrr ll!r p:blllopm wa. k l l lcd or rmnninrd y;~icscrtll ill ll le I l o r l lir<,lvs a l t l lcrc l l ip l l ~~tnc!.tl i lrcr. Rlrrit dcvrlolrrd at IOaC on all

. . .. (rriui war Ibigl~crl a1 IS'C ;it>d drcrcasnl with l ' ;~ l : tnc l~c~~~.At l~ l l~ r :~ P ! a d e ~ l ~ ( S ~ ~ l r r a l ~ ~ ~ l a ~ ~ y f l t ~ n ~ ~ d tl,r~ncrcarr ill l c n l ~ r ~ t u r e bul again increnwtl al Mr lknla ld. 1987) a l~d otllcr Im'a l i~~l l \ ill Ill<l:u yt"C sr ohwrved by o l l r r workrrs (Lianp-(iao. (hlayce. IYR7i hnse F ~ ~ W I I l l lnl rllql t l r vc lnpn~ml 1tS7, hln)rr. IOX7. S:lvnry. I')X7). I lowrvrr . ill i s v c ~ y ~ ~ ~ J ~ I ~ ~ : I ~ I ~ ~ I I I C ~ I ~ ~ C I I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ L . ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ O I I ~ ~ ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ I I I I ~

crops pmwn durlny the rainy seasoti (Juse- ocrobcr) when te~pcratums arc not exucnic. However, ~stdcvclonnentirsluwllnd lessoevere during the p l n t ~ ~ y w a r m (December-May). During the early pun of t l r lmsrmlny n s m n (December-February). day temperature? arc Dplimurn (25-30T) for rust develnpmst whilc night temperatures arc low (~15°C) . I n the larcr part ofthe xa'inn (Awl -May) day tempcraturrs

and scvcrity I n lllr present ~t l \c\ l ig: t l i r ln. pnlandnt~t lci~,es tncuhitted st 35 rind 411 C 11111

n~?l\l>c,w;u~y i ~ ~ ~ l ~ l r v r l ~ ~ l r ~ , t c n l c \ r ~ ~ n r t t ~ ~ 110~t.1vr nt'~~truhitlbnn. Alllrxtgh rurl ;tlrlr:!rnl at Ill ,III~

I SSC.the d c \ e l ~ ~ p ~ n c t ~ t war \,cry rlo\t, ;~tnl Ir\ion\ wrre "cry mmoll. Thew rr\ultr clcsrl: indir.:,lc tt1i11 trrnpr;~ttlrr\ at 7SSC itnd .~lu,vc nr .it IS'(' ; ~ t t ~ I k l ~ ~ w ~ i r c ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l t ~ ~ i ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t c v c l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , I n I l ~ e rattly \cnwn crops i t war cwrntiled llint thr pittllupcn ct>tnplrte* 6-9 rrpr,ulortive c)rles. whtle un p,*lrultly \ea*art crops 11 Its* 1,111: !4 cycles(Mtyee. 1'417). lnaddiln,nt<,tro,pcralltn', other environmental factor6 such ur r ; l t~~f i t l l itttil relative hutliidity a lw inflscnce pruulldrlut ru\t developn~mt(M.~llaiah. 1976: Mayecatid Knkatr. 1987: Siddnralnuiah r r of.. 1980)

Thc prcsenl tnvertlgatlnn show.; t l i i \ l 01;

resistant pcni>lypcs tttr pathugen ~ ; I I I ~ I{, succcrsfully i ~ ~ ~ a d c t h e I ~ o u l i r ~ ~ ~ r * a t a l l ~ ~ ~ l c r t ~ i ~ ~ t sites re<ulli l~g ill Inw infeclioti I~~LICIICY. I:VCII 11 llte pd~hoprti ~ovader. the h ~ n t rc;stlott r l ~ ~ w * down Ihediuenre devrlopnicnt rcrultt~tg in longer incubalinn pcr~,rl, s~iialler lea~wir w ~ t l i \parse sporulat~ott a$ wrrr round In prcvnlu* rrpnlt* (I.in. 1YR2: Sokhi und Jhaoty. 1412: Subr;lhmnn)an n 01.. 1983a and IYX3b. Muyee. 1987). The differencer hetween huuceptihlc and restslant pem,l!pe* in qomc of Ilie<e co!nponmlr were large only st crrlain lenlpcraulrr\. P ~ I example, the ~u~cep t lh l c and re\i*tanl gcno ty l r~ could be besld~flercntiated ft>r ~ncuhatiitti perirld and infection frequency at IS. 20, ZIIICI 25°C. for lesion diameter st 25 atid 3O"C, anrl lor lraf u r n damage at 20, 25 and 30°C. The elfeels of tenlpcralure and hual pcnutype on rust dcveloprnent is especially imponant In discax re#i?lance hrecdlng programmes. Tcmpraturs k y o n d opIlmal range may be Ic5r ilccurate for differentiating the genotypic effects on rust development.

REFERENCES

Lianppno.2. IUR7. llv pruut~dnut ru\t situattm III the Pc~,plc's Repuhliv nl ('liinn. Ill P n ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ f ~ l t r l ) t . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ t o ~ ~ (;, C~I,,, M w t i q noG,r~ar~~b1, ,rR1nrI )r~ro,r .?4-2X Septctnkr l'JR4. l('RlSATCe~ilcr. Pi~ti~nrheru. Atldhrs P~ndcsh 502 324. lndin pp. 103-lith.

1.in.Y.S. IqXI FN'~~~~~~~~IKI ;~I I~I I~~OIICCII I~I I I I~, n!! the rr~iutitncr nl p<..,tlt~l\ 111 1'11(11111,~ G I ! ~ III~I,\ S I ~ ! .J~~,III,~ 4 A V I ~ C t ~ l ~ u r ~ , ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C I I ~ C I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I 311 7 Z t ,771

hl:~ll:~i,~h. K V 1471, \!I<>Ic r t m \~:~\~,O,~I~II;III~~, III!III(!I?.~I~oI~I~!I~~~~~I ~~I~)~~II~I~\ I ! I 111\1 I'I~,!~.,,, ,At !r !!( c , ~ l ~ j , l i t , J 15:!1>

Ma!ec. C.1) 1917, Ku\ l dll l.: l<~ ill ~~IIUII~IIIII 11,

h l ~ \ h : ~ r ~ t \ l ~ t ~ ; ~ \l;ttc 01 lncl~,, 111 I'~C~~P,~~I,,I~T~,~ 1 / , ? 1 ) , \ , ~ , , ~ , , , , , ~ ~ ; , < ~ , ! / > A f ~ < ~ l r , , ~ <~,,l;,<l,,!,,l,,,,,

R,,,I /I,,,,,J,,.. ?.I :n S C ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ , ~ ~ 1~1x4, ITKISAl'Cc~!tcr.P;ll;i~lcllrru, ,Z11~1l11uI'rdJ~,h SO2 324. Itit lt;~ pp. HI-U'l.

hI;~yec,(' 1) :~ndKokt[tr,\ ' N 1'187 I,II\II,~I\II\~I~I fn r c l a t t ~ ~ ~ ~ 10 lnc~~h;!I!o!~ [per#v,l ctl ~ 1 0 ~ 1 n ~ l t t ~ ~ r w l , III~I<III P / ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ i / ~ o l ~ ~ ~ ~ 40 i>l-l+P,

P~~rlcs l~et , J F, 1079, COIII~~I>CICII~~ rv,.i,!s~~~,~ ths1 re<lur? 111~- rttt? o f t~p~( Ic t i~ t? ~ t c % ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ? n ~ , 4 , , , ~ ~ 1 Rc,,~H 01 I ' / I I I ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ / / I ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ I7 2 0 3 . 222

l?t t lcbl~c~, J,I: 8t11<l KII~(%C.<, 1 1 J. Ic)77, I';IIII,,I r?\t\t:u!cr 01 tb,~rlv\ 1 0 I r , ~ l t \ ~ \ l , / ' r , 8 r01 i , ,

/,<,,</<,I, l V . l ~ l l ~ ~ I ~ ~ l C,lIll\,l, , l ~ l ~ t ~ l , . ~ c l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , \ , ~ " , \t;tgc IIII inI?clioti I I C ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~ , / ~ t f ~ ~ I ! v i ~ ~ ~ ?h.240..?55.

S;lv;trv. S, 111X7, i:le(lrr r. l!~<l<~lrl i~Ii,gi~ll lcr \ar I;, ~ o t ~ ~ l l c dc I ' i~r i~cbi i l r cli ('Ac i l ' l uo i~ r . 1'h.D 711c%!\. In\ t i tu l Flitt,qi!i\ i l? II~r11rrch1 Sc l~o l i f i que puur Ir I~l'vrloppctncnt en rrtop$rrl~nn. Pnr~s. I.r;lnrr. Ir 155.

Si~l~t:tritmai;~h, A I,, l > t w i , S A , t l ~ y l c , R K un,! Ja); t r~m:~i~l i . 11. lcJNlt Vtl?r1 n f d ~ l l c r c ~ t ~ d$tle\ o f rou'tng I ~ I gtcwndnul rut rust dcvel~rp!~vnt III Kanl;~ldks. P ~ o r e r ~ i ~ n # % 01 Irnlm,> Norronul .Sr ,r.rtcr Aicnlt,rrir 4h:3Xq. 792

S<rkhi, S.S. ;tnd Jh<n~ly. I S 1482. Factr,r\ er\oci;~ted with reuftance to Pt,r,<.,,~ia u~~c / l i d i , r . PPUIIIII S( I~III r 0:9&Y7.

Suhrahn~t~nyam. f'. and Mclklnuld. D. IYR7. (;rotlndnal ntsl di\cnse cp~dcnriolopy and control. In: I'rwecdirty, of rhc Ihverri,,n Grn~ ip hlc<, l i~~g or! i;rr,~r!ld~ler H~rsr 1)rrrarr.

Comparntr or resiauac lo pmundnu~ rust 137

2 6 2 8 ScpIember 19U. ICRISAT Ccnnr, inPurit1iaamhidrr.Pltyplrhdogj73:726 Palunchr~ P.O.. Andhn R d e a h 502 324. 729. India. pp. 27-39. Suhrahmnnyam. P.. Reddy. L.I.. Gibtmnr. R.W.

SubrPhmanynm,P..Mchald.D.. Gihbm~.R.W. and M c h l d . D. 1985. Prna111 furl: a lnajor snd Subb. Rao. P.V. 198.11. Componcnlr of threat to punul pduc l ion in lllc 8cn11-and re~ir lsnrr to Purrinio ararhrdrs in peanuts. unpics. Plant Dirrasr hU:8l,ldI9. Phy~o,wrholo~y 73:25>2Sh. Zwlnks.J.C andScheia. R.D. 1979. Epirirn#iolop,v

Suhr:~l~~n.myatn. P.. McDonald. D. and Suhha attd Plonr D ~ t r a r r Mlrllo~rnlrnt. Oxford Kw. P.V. IYR3h. l18llucnrr olhint FClB<~lype llnivenity h s s , New York. USA. 427 pp. on um&spm pmluction and gcnninnhilily