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Core 2 critical qestion 2.notebook 1 November 03, 2017 Mar 197:45 AM Syllabus Mar 197:45 AM Critical Question 2 Big Heading: How can Psychology affect Performance? Heading: Motivation Motivation is an eternal state that activates, directs and sustains behaviour. Without motivation, athletes: are unable to push themselves experience a decrease in performance become easily distracted experience higher levels of stress and anxiety www.youtube.com/watch?v=obdd31Q9PqA#t=23

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Page 1: Core 2 - critical qestion 2.notebook - Stage 6 PDHPE 2017-18erinahscpdhpe.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/8/6/5486528/core_2_-_critica… · Core 2 critical qestion 2.notebook 3 November 03,

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Syllabus

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Critical Question 2Big Heading: How can Psychology affect 

Performance?

Heading: Motivation

Motivation is an eternal state that activates, directs and sustains behaviour. 

Without motivation, athletes:• are unable to push themselves• experience a decrease in performance• become easily distracted• experience higher levels of stress and anxiety

www.youtube.com/watch?v=obdd31Q9PqA#t=23

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Sub: Positive MotivationOccurs when an athlete performs due to making them feel happy, content or satisfied.• Relies on reinforcement, self or others• To maintain high levels of positive motivation, coaches must find ways of reinforcing the desired behaviour• Dot point some more positive motivators

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Sub:Negative Motivation Characterised by an improvement in performance out of fear of the consequences of not performing to expectations.· May work on occasions but has shortfalls· Results in indecision, lack of creativity, fear of risk‐taking and susceptibility to choking.

· Players opt for the safe option· Can destroy confidence, initiative and self‐belief.· Dot point some negative motivators

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pu4LNx1GAe0

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Video­ Psychology in sport

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Sub: Intrinsic Motivation (Internal)

· A self‐propelling force that encourages athletes to achieve due to interest or enjoyment.

· Doing things that are their own reward.· Inner feelings that drives a need to succeed, 

accomplish or perform· Self‐sustaining and self‐reinforcing· Preferred type of motivation as it is stronger 

than any motivation from outside the person

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Sub: Extrinsic Motivation (External)

· Comes from sources that are outside the person such as parents and coaches

· Focuses on the product rather than the process· Can be praise, material rewards or money.· Enjoyment and satisfaction should be the focus 

for children; rewards may change the purpose of the activity.

· Not useful if the reward is not fulfilling.

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QuestionEvaluate the most appropriate forms of motivation for a golfer vs a boxer

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Heading: Anxiety and Arousal

Sub: Trait and State Anxiety Anxiety is predominantly a psychological process characterised by fear or apprehension in anticipation of confronting a situation perceived to be potentially threatening. Increased anxiety levels can be detrimental to the performance of all athletes. Some signs include:• Butterflies or even vomiting• Constant feeling of tension• Twitchy• Difficulty concentrating 

Trait Anxiety is a person’s general level of anxiety linked to daily living. Certain personalities respond to everyday stresses and how they respond determines their level of trait anxiety.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=llcyVL9esME

Mar 19­7:45 AM

State Anxiety is situational, it relates to how a person responds to a certain situation. This anxiety can change from moment to moment e.g penalty shot.

Two variable affect state anxiety:· Importance of the situation· Uncertainty of the outcome

A certain amount of state anxiety can be useful in sports that involve aggression. 

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Sub: StressStress can be described as the imbalance between what is demanded of you and your perceived ability to meet those demands. When you perceive a large imbalance between the two you become stressed. 

Stress can be good or bad but the physiological reactions in the body are basically the same:

· Increased blood supply to skeletal muscles· More oxygen to the lungs· Increased glucose production to provide extra fuel· Increased sweat production to cool body· Tightened muscles to prepare the body for action

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Sub: Sources of StressInternal: e.g. self‐esteem, self‐expectations, level of preparation, fear of failure, desire to win/succeed, attitude to situation.

External: Reaction to opposition, pressure from coach, aspects of environment,  media, expectations, crowd. 

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Sub: Optimum ArousalArousal is the degree of preparedness, alertness and excitement present in a performer. Arousal is different from anxiety. While anxiety is predominantly psychological state, arousal is essentially a physiological state. 

Arousal is necessary in sport, but a balance is required. Under­arousal or over­arousal will lead to poor performance.

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Cont...The optimal level of arousal varies from one skill to the next.

Generally, when it’s a difficult task involving few or finer muscle groups, focusing more on accuracy, levels of arousal need to be lower to be optimal. eg shooting or golf putt. 

In other activities – that seem simpler but require more speed and strength, as well as utilising large muscle groups, require a higher level of arousal for performance to be optimal. e.g. running or weight lifting.

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Questions

1. What are some sources of stress?

2. What would indicate under arousal?

3. What would indicate over arousal?

4. What is the optimal arousal zone?

5. Outline some factors which could affect arousal?

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Questions

1. What are some sources of stress?Financial concerns, selection concerns, injury concerns, contract concerns, crowds, preperation, expectations etc

2. What would indicate under arousal?

Lack of concentration, yawning, slow movement,

unenthusiasm etc

3. What would indicate over arousal?

nervouseness, excitedness, sweating, fatigue, inability to

concentration, irritation, self doubt and worry, lack of

rhythm, muscle tension

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Questions

4. What is the optimal arousal zone?The narrow range of arousal levels that produces the best performance in a particular activity.

5. Outline some factors which could affect arousal? Stress, anxiety, self esteem, motivation

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Heading: Psychological  Strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxietyThe importance of a strong and focused mind in sport is now widely recognised. Various strategies can be used to enhance motivation and manage anxiety:

> Concentration/attention skills (focusing)> Mental rehearsal/visualisation/imagery> Relaxation techniques> Goal­setting

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Sub: Concentration/Attention Skills

Concentration is the ability to completely focus your attention on appropriate cues to enable optimum performance.

Athletes must take into consideration internal and external factors that affect their concentration in order to deal with it. Inexperienced athletes have trouble dealing with all the stimuli. To maintain focus in a sporting context athletes:

· Select the important cues on which to focus, ignore the rest.· Turn concentration on and off to conserve energy· Practise strategies to account for situations· Can centre themselves – bringing themselves to the present task

Experienced­ The kick

In­experienced­ Happy Gilmore

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Sub: Mental Rehearsal, Visualisation and ImageryMental Rehearsal allows an athlete to experience the skill before it has actually happened. 

Some key guidelines are:•  The skill should be performed from the athlete’s point of view, as in the first person.•  They should always be successful.•  The skill should be visualised in real time, from start to finish.•  Once rehearsed, the athlete should attempt the skill without delay for maximum effect.

Visualisation involves creating and focusing on a range of positive mental images and experiences, to achieve specific psychological benefits.

Dot point some things an athlete might visualise

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Dont Copy

Jack Nicolas..Golfing Legend

'I never hit a shot in practice without first having a picture of it in my head... It's like a colour movie...first I see the ball where I want it to land nice & white on the green...then the scene changes & I see the ball going through the air...its trajectory its shape, even how it moves in the wind... then there's a fadeout & the next scene shows me making the shot I need...

Only then do I select a club & walk up to the ball...

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Don't copy

· Michael Phelps continually uses mental rehearsal and has commented:

· There are times in my sleep when I literally dream my race from start to finish. Other nights, when I’m about to fall asleep, I visualize to the point that I know exactly what I want to do: dive, glide, stroke, flip, reach the wall, hit the split time to the hundredth, then swim back again for as many times as I need to finish the race.

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Sub: Relaxation Techniques Used to get to correct level of arousal, manage anxiety and calm nerves· Meditation – narrowing thoughts using simple images and sounds

· Massage· Music· Progressive muscular relaxation · Controlled breathing, relaxing the mind, gaining a ‘floating’ feeling.

· Self­hypnosis – power of suggestion

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Sub: Goal Setting· Setting goals allows an athlete’s progress to be planned and monitored over a period of time. It can increase motivation and lead to increased confidence. 

·  It can also increase motivation and commitment levels of the athlete.

·  Goals may relate to areas such as the overall performance, nutritional, training, lifestyle and fitness.

· Establishing effective goals (SMARTER)> Specific> Measurable> Action Plan> Realistic> Timeframe> Evaluated

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Sub: Goal Setting

Goal setting needs the goals to be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time specific. An example of this is running 100m in less that 10 sec within the next 6 months is specific, can be measured, is attainable if you are already running 100m in the low 10s, relevant if you are in a sport that requires running 100m quickly, such as a sprinter and time specific. 

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Questions

1. Distinguish between mental rehearsal and visualisation?

2. Set yourself 3 Short and 3 Long terms goals using

the SMARTER acronym

3. Explain the difference between anxiety and arousal

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Test yourselves 1) A coach tell his players that a poor performance in their next match may result in them being replaced in the team. What type of motivation is this?A) Positive and intrinsic

B) Positive and extrinsic

C) Negative and intrinsic

D) Negative and extrinsic

2) Which of the following is necessary for athletes to achieve optimal performance?A) A balance between anxiety and arousal

B) A balance between mental rehearsal and stress

C) Maximum levels of stress

D) Maximum levels of arousal 

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Test yourselves 3) Which of the following is an example of positive extrinsic motivation?a) Athletes give themselves an extended rest period after a hard training session

b) A school sporting team is given an extra training session after a poor performance

c) Athletes give themselves an extra training session every time they lose a match

d) A school sporting team is promised a free lunch by the school if it wins a tournament

4)During a grand final match, an athlete becomes negatively affected by the pressure and significance of the occasion. Which of the following is the athlete experiencing?a) High self­esteem b) High concentration

c) Trait anxiety d) State anxiety

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Test yourselves 

5) Which psychological performance strategy are athletes using if they are able to perceive themselves winning an event before the event has taken place?a) Meditation b) Goal Setting c) visualisation  d) mental rehearsal

6) What does the inverted U hypothesis suggest about the arousal­performance relationship?a) As optimal arousal increases, performance increases

b) There is a level of arousal that creates optimal performance

c) There is a level of performance that creates optimal arousal

d) The relationship between arousal and optimal performance is constant

Mar 19­7:45 AM

Test yourselves 1) A coach tell his players that a poor performance in their next match may result in them being replaced in the team. What type of motivation is this?A) Positive and intrinsic

B) Positive and extrinsic

C) Negative and intrinsic

D) Negative and extrinsic

2) Which of the following is necessary for athletes to achieve optimal performance?A) A balance between anxiety and arousalB) A balance between mental rehearsal and stress

C) Maximum levels of stress

D) Maximum levels of arousal 

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Test yourselves 3) Which of the following is an example of positive extrinsic motivation?a) Athletes give themselves an extended rest period after a hard training session

b) A school sporting team is given an extra training session after a poor performance

c) Athletes give themselves an extra training session every time they lose a match

d) A school sporting team is promised a free lunch by the school if it wins a tournament

4) During a grand final match, an athlete becomes negatively affected by the pressure and significance of the occasion. Which of the following is the athlete experiencing?a) High self­esteem b) High concentration

c) Trait anxiety d) State anxiety

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Test yourselves 5) Which psychological performance strategy are athletes using if they are able to perceive themselves winning an event before the event has taken place?a) Meditation b) Goal Setting c) visualisation  d) mental rehearsal

6) What does the inverted U hypothesis suggest about the arousal­performance relationship?a) As optimal arousal increases, performance increases

b) There is a level of arousal that creates optimal performancec) There is a level of performance that creates optimal arousal

d) The relationship between arousal and optimal performance is constant

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Questions

1) Describe two different types of motivation that can affect performance. Provide examples. (3 marks) 

BOS 2012

2) How can psychological strategies enhance motivation and manage anxiety in athletes? Include examples in your answer. (8 marks)

BOS 2013