copyright © pearson education 2011 mastering the world of psychology 4e samuel e. wood, ellen green...

Copyright © Pearson Education 2011

MASTERING THE WORLD OF PSYCHOLOGY 4eSamuel E. Wood, Ellen Green Wood, Denise Boyd

11


Links to Learning Objectives

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES

11.1 What concepts did Freud propose to explain personality?

11.2 What is the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory?

11.3 How do modern psychologists evaluate Freud’s ideas?

11.4 How do the views of the neo-Freudians differ from those of Freud?

HUMANISTIC THEORIES

11.5 How do humanistic theorists explain personality?

11.6 What have psychologists learned about self-esteem?


A person’s characteristic

patterns of behaving,

thinking, and feeling

ersonality

Psychoanalytic Theories


Freud and Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis:

Freud’s term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders


Freud’s Theory of Personality

LO 11.1 What concepts did Freud propose to explain personality?

ID

Superego

Ego

Conscious: Everything we are thinking about at any given moment

Preconscious: Thoughts and feelings we can easily bring to mind

Unconscious: Thoughts and feelings that are difficult to call up because they have been repressed


DenialDenial

RepressionRepression

ProjectionProjection

Refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation

RationalizationRationalization

RegressionRegression

Reaction FormationReaction Formation

DisplacementDisplacement

SublimationSublimation

Defense Mechanisms


Involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness or barring disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses from consciousness

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









Attributing one’s own undesirabletraits, thoughts, behavior, orimpulses to another

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









Supplying a logical, rational, or socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action or event

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









Reverting to a behavior that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









Expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of disturbing, unconscious impulsesand desires

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









Substituting a less threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









Rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable

Defense Mechanisms

DenialDenial









The Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentLO 11.2 What is the role of the psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory?

The Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentLO 11.2 What is the role of the psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory?

When: Birth to 1 year

What occurs: Weaning;

oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting

When: 5 or 6 years to puberty

What occurs: Period of sexual calm;

interest in school, hobbies, same-sex

friends

When: 3 to 5 or 6 years

What occurs: Oedipal conflict; sexual curiosity;

masturbation

When: 1 to 3 years

What occurs:Toilet training; gratification

from expelling and withholding feces

When: Begins at puberty

What occurs: Revival of sexual

interests; establishment of mature sexual

relationships

LATENCY STAGE

LATENCY STAGE

ANAL STAGEANAL

STAGE

GENITAL STAGE

GENITAL STAGE

ORAL STAGEORAL

STAGE

PHALLIC (OEDIPAL)

STAGE

PHALLIC (OEDIPAL)

STAGE

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL

STAGES


Evaluating Freud’s Contribution

Freud is credited with calling attention to:• The unconscious

• The importance of early childhood experiences

• The role of defense mechanisms

However, his theory is often criticized because it defies scientific testing.

LO 11.3 How do modern psychologists evaluate Freud’s ideas?


The Neo-Freudians

LO 11.4 How do the views of the neo-Freudians differ from those of Freud?

Carl JungCarl Jung

Personality consists of three parts:• Ego • Personal

unconscious• Collective

unconscious (archetypes)


Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler

The Neo-Freudians

Predominant force of the personality is the drive to:

• Overcome and compensate for feelings of weakness and inferiority

• Strive for superiority or significance


Karen HorneyKaren Horney

The Neo-Freudians

Work centered on two main themes:• The neurotic

personality

• Feminine psychology

Humanistic Theories


Two Humanistic Theories LO 11.5 How do humanistic theorists explain personality?

Abraham

MaslowAbraham

MaslowCarl

RogersCarl

Rogers

Self-actualization: Developing to one’s fullest potential

Peak experiences:Experiences of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within oneself and with the universe

Conditions of worth: Conditions on which the positive regard of others rests

Unconditional positive regard: Unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another


Self-EsteemLO 11.6 What have psychologists learned about self-esteem?

One source of variations in self-esteem arises from comparisons of actual to desired traits.

Self-esteem is fairly stable from childhood through the late adult years.

By age 7, most children have a sense of global self-esteem.


Personality and Culture

LO 11.10 How do personality traits vary across cultures?

Individualist cultures:Encourage people to view themselves as separate from others and to value independence and assertiveness

Collectivist cultures:Emphasize social connectedness among people and encourage individuals to define themselves in terms of their social relationships


Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control

Self-efficacy:

The perception a person has of his or her ability to perform competently whatever is attempted

LO 11.12 What do self-efficacy and locus of control contribute to personality?


Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control

Locus of Control:Internal: People who see themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences

External: People who perceive what happens to them to be in the hands of fate, luck, or chance

copyright © pearson education 2011 mastering the world of psychology 4e samuel e. wood, ellen green...

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