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•Epithelia•Nerves•Bone•Connective•Muscle•Ligaments•Blood•Adipose (Fat)
(10/2) Bellringer: TissuesBR: Which of the following are
tissues?
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Tissues
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CH 4 - Histology
• Histology: study of tissues - collections
of cells & cell products that perform
specific, limited fxns
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Figure 4-1
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4-2: Epithelial Tissue• 2 types:
– Epithelia – cover internal/external surfaces– Glands – secreting cells
• Characteristics:
1. Cells closely bound
2. Have apical (exposed) surface – May contain microvilli and/or cilia
• Microvilli – ↑ SA for absorption/secretion• Cilia – move materials across cell surface
3. Attached to underlying CT by basement membrane
4. Avascular (no blood vessels)
5. Regeneration of damaged cells by stem cells (germinative cells)
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4-2: Epithelial Tissue
• Fxns:
1. Protection
2. Control permeability
3. Provide sensation
4. Specialized secretions (glands)
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4-3: Epithelia Classification
• layers
– Simple: 1 layer of
cells
– Stratified: >1 layer
• shape
– Squamous: thin & flat
– Cuboidal : square-
shaped
– Columnar : tall,
slender rectangles
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4-4
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Simple squamous cell Nucleus
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Nuclei of simple squamous cell Red blood cells
Lumen of venule
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4-4
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Simple cuboidal cell
Basement membrane Nuclei
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Microvilli Basement membrane
Nucleus Proximal convoluted tubule
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium Cuboidal cell Duct of sweat gland
Dense irregular connective tissue (dermis)
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4-4
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Simple columnar cell Goblet cell Microvilli
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4-5
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Stratified squamous epithelium Squamous cells
Muscularis mucosa
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Stratified squamous epithelium Squamous cell
Lamina propria
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Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized Dermal papillae
Dermis
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4-5
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Cilia Pseudostratified columnar cells Goblet cells
Lamina propria
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Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4-5
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Round apical cells Nuclei
Basement membrane
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Cell Junctions – 3 Types
1. Tight junctions – prevent H20 & solutes from passing
between cells (digestive tract)
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2. Gap junctions –
allow small
molecules & ions to
pass btwn cells
• (cardiac muscle)
• cells held
together by
connexons
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3. Desmosomes – hold cells tightly together, epidermis
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GlandsA. Endocrine Glands – release hormones into blood/ECF
A. Exocrine Glands – produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts • Merocrine: secretions released by vesicles (exocytosis)
– Ex: sweat, saliva, mucin (mucus)A.Apocrine: shed cytoplasm
A.Ex: mammary gland (milk)• Holocrine: cells rupture
A.Ex: sebaceous gland (oil)
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Figure 4-6
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Bell Ringer
• Describe the following types of epithelial tissue:
1.Stratified Columnar
2.Simple Squamous
3.Simple Cuboidal
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)• Structure
1. Specialized cells
2. Protein fibers
3. Ground substance (fluid) - protein fibers & ground substance form the matrix
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)
• Fxns:
1. Support & protection
2. Transportation of materials
3. Store E
4. Immune defense
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)A.Connective Tissue
Proper Cells:
• Fibroblasts & fibrocytes: produce fibers, ground substance
• Macrophages – attack pathogens
• Adipocytes – fat cells
• Mast cells – release chemicals after injury/infection
• Fibers: collagen, elastin, reticular
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)
• Loose CT (areolar)– Ground sub. > fibers – fill spaces, cushion &
support– Ex: adipose tissue
(fat)
• Dense CT– Fibers > ground sub.– tough, durable– Ex: tendons,
ligaments, capsules
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)
B. Fluid CT: blood & lymph– Watery matrix w/ dissolved proteins– Blood contains:
• Plasma (matrix)• Red & white blood cells • Platelets (blood clotting)
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)C. Supporting CT
1. Cartilage
• Avascular
• Provides shock absorption & protection
• Gel-like matrix
• Chondrocytes surrounded by lacunae (chambers)
• Perichondrium covers cartilage
2. Bone
• Calcium Salts & Collagen Fibers
• Osteocytes depend on diffusion through canaliculi
• Bone is surrounded by periosteum
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)• Types
a. Hyaline• tough, flexible; reduces friction b/w bones• in joints
b. Elastic• in external ear
c. Fibrous• prevents bone-to-bone contact, absorbs shocks• b/w vertebrae
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Bell Ringer
• What is the primary difference between the 3 types of connective tissue?
• Name the 3 types of cartilage.
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Create Flashcard Matching Game
• 2 Index Cards Per Tissue Type• Loose Connective, Adipose, Dense, Hyaline
Cartilage, Elastic, Fibrous, Blood, Bone, Lymph
• 1 card: Location & Function• 2 card: Picture
• Or a combination of either
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Connective Tissue Proper
Figure 4-9
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Connective Tissue Proper
Figure 4-9
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Connective Tissue Proper
Figure 4–9
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4-4: Connective Tissue (CT)2. Bone (osseous tissue)
– calcium salts provide strength
– collagen fibers provide flexibility
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Types of Cartilage
Figure 4-10
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Types of Cartilage
Figure 4-10
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Types of Cartilage
Figure 4-10
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4-5: Membranes
• Membranes - consist of epithelium supported by CT
– cover & protect structures & tissues
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4-5: Membranes
1. Mucous (mucosae)
– line digestive, respiratory,
urinary, & reproductive
tracts
– moist surface:
• reduces friction
• absorption & secretion
– CT is called lamina propria
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4-5: Membranes
2. Serous
– serous fluid reduces
friction btwn parietal &
visceral layers of body
cavities
1. Pleura: lungs
2. Peritoneum: abdominal organs
3. Pericardium: heart
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4-5: Membranes
3. Cutaneous (skin)
– waterproofing,
protection
4. Synovial – line joint
cavities
– incomplete epithelium
– synovial fluid reduces
friction (lubricant)
– protect ends of bones
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4-6: Muscle Tissue
• Specialized for contraction
• Allows for movement
1. Skeletal muscle – striated voluntary
2. Cardiac muscle (heart) – striated involuntary
3. Smooth muscle – nonstriated involuntary
• found in walls of hollow organs (blood vessels; bladder; respiratory, digestive, & reproductive tracts)
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Muscle Tissue
Figure 4-13
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Muscle Tissue
Figure 4-13
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Muscle Tissue
Figure 4-13
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4-7: Neural (nervous) Tissue
• Brain & spinal cord
– specialized for conducting electrical impulses
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4-8: Injury & Repair
Step 1: Inflammation (inflammatory response)
– mast cells cause blood vessels to dilate & become more
permeable effects?
• swelling, redness, heat, pain– triggered by:
• Trauma (injury)
• Infection: presence of pathogens (disease-causing organisms)
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4-8: Injury & Repair
Step 2: Regeneration (repair)
– fibroblasts create scar tissue
– fibrosis: permanent replacement of normal tissue w/
fibrous CT
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4-9: Aging
• Speed & efficiency of tissue repair decrease w/ age due to:
– Slower metabolism
– Poor nutrition
– Hormonal changes
– Reduced activity