copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. cells part a

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cells Part A


Matter

•What is matter?

• Anything that has mass and takes up space

•What are the states of matter?

• Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

• Brownian Motion


Composition of Matter

• I. Elements

• Cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

• Each has unique properties:

• Physical properties

• Are detectable with our senses, or are measurable

• Chemical properties

• How atoms interact (bond) with one another


Composition of Matter

• Atoms

• Unique building blocks for each element

• Atomic symbol: one- or two-letter chemical shorthand for each element


Major Elements of the Human Body

• Oxygen (O)

• Carbon (C)

• Hydrogen (H)

• Nitrogen (N)

About 96% of body mass


Chemical Bonds

• I. Compounds

• Chemical combined elements, can be broken down by chemical means

• Has unique properties based on the arrangement of electrons and bonds between each element. (rem. Ionic, covalent, metallic)


Matter

• Physical Changes in Matter-

• Chemical Changes in Matter-


Mixtures

• II. Mixtures:

• Most matter exists as mixtures

• Two or more components physically intermixed

• Three types of mixtures

• Solutions

• Colloids

• Suspensions


Solutions

• Homogeneous mixtures

• Usually transparent, e.g., atmospheric air or seawater

• Solvent

• Present in greatest amount, usually a liquid

• Solute(s)

• Present in smaller amounts


Concentration of Solutions

• Expressed as

• Percent, or parts per 100 parts

• Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)

• Molarity, or moles per liter (M)

• 1 mole = the atomic weight of an element or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) of a compound in grams

• 1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 1023 molecules (Avogadro’s number)


Colloids and Suspensions

• Colloids (emulsions)

• Heterogeneous translucent mixtures, e.g., cytosol

• Large solute particles that do not settle out

• Undergo sol-gel transformations

• Suspensions:

• Heterogeneous mixtures, e.g., blood

• Large visible solutes tend to settle out

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 2.4

Solution

Soluteparticles

Soluteparticles

Soluteparticles

Solute particles are verytiny, do not settle out or

scatter light.

ColloidSolute particles are larger

than in a solution and scatterlight; do not settle out.

SuspensionSolute particles are very

large, settle out, and mayscatter light.

ExampleMineral water

ExampleGelatin

ExampleBlood


Mixtures vs. Compounds

• Mixtures

• No chemical bonding between components

• Can be separated physically, such as by straining or filtering

• Heterogeneous or homogeneous

• Compounds

• Can be separated only by breaking bonds

• All are homogeneous


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copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. cells part a

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