copyright © 2008 delmar. all rights reserved. unit two biological and neurological foundations of...

Copyright © 2008 Delmar. All rights reserved.

Unit Two

Biological and

Neurological Foundations

of Communication


Chapter 3

The Role of Genetics in the Development

of Communication and Communication Disorders


3

Genetics

• Genetics is the study of:– Genes– Chromosomes– DNA


4

The Human Genome Project

• Human Genome Project website

• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml

• FAQs about the project

• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/faq/faqs1.shtml


5

Genetic Effects

• Direct effect – Specific gene causes a disorder or

anomaly

• Indirect effect– Problem is secondary to a genetic error


6

Syndromes

• A complex of signs and symptoms resulting from a common etiology


7

What to examine?

• Head

• Face

• Eyes

• Ears

• Dental condition

• Hands/fingers

• Feet


Chapter 4

Neurological Foundations

of Communication


9

Central Nervous System

• Brain

• Cerebellum

• Brainstem

• Spinal cord

• Function of CNS– Communication of nerve impulses from

neuron to neuron


10

Central Nervous System


11

The Brain

• Right hemisphere

• Left hemisphere

• Hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum


12

Functions of the Left Hemisphere

• Dominant for language and speech

• Processing rapidly changing information

• Perceiving and analyzing information in a sequential order

• Feeling and control of movement of the right side of body


13

Language Processing and Auditory Comprehension Skills

• Sensation

• Attention

• Auditory discrimination

• Auditory association

• Auditory memory

• Auditory cohesion


14

Speech Production

• Broca’s area located in left frontal lobe

• Plans, sequences, coordinates, and initiates motor movements


15

Functions of the Right Hemisphere

• Attention

• Orientation

• Visual perception

• Emotional experience and expression

• Cognition

• Feeling and control of movement of the left side of body


16

Cognition

• Attention

• Memory

• Organizing

• Planning

• Reasoning

• Problem Solving


17

Cerebellum

• Coordinates muscle groups for smooth and accurate motor movements

• Helps to maintain balance and equilibrium


18

Brain Stem

• Connects brain to the spinal cord

• Three components of the brain stem:– Midbrain– Pons– Medulla oblongata


19

Cranial Nerves

• Twelve pairs of cranial nerves

• Cranial nerves exit the brain stem – Extend to mouth, face, neck, and

shoulders


20

Cranial Nerves

I: Olfactory VII: Facial

II: Optic VIII: Auditory

III: Oculomotor IX: Glossopharyngeal

IV: Trochlear X: Vagus

V: Trigeminal XI: Accessory

VI: Abducens XII: Hypoglossal


21

Spinal Cord

• Conducts sensory and motor impulses of the body to and from the brain

• Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate from the cord and innervate every muscle of the body below the face


22

Peripheral Nervous System

• Allows CNS to communicate with the body

• PNS composed of:– Cranial nerves that exit brain stem– Spinal nerves that exit spinal cord

copyright © 2008 delmar. all rights reserved. unit two biological and neurological foundations of...

Documents

neuron slide

body slide

equilibrium slide

genetic error slide

common etiology slide

corpus callosum slide

central nervous system

genes chromosomes dna