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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

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Movement of Materials in Living

Organisms • Cell Membrane Structure and Function

• Diffusion and Osmosis

• Active vs. Passive Transport

• Human Respiration

• Kidney Function

Membrane Functions

• Isolates cell from world

• Regulates cell contents (Homeostasis)

• Allows the cell to communicate with

others

• Allows cells to attach to others


Plasma

Membrane

• Semi-permeable

• Permeable to:

- Water - Semi

- Gasses

- Lipid soluble

Materials

• Impermeable

- Ions

- Large molecules http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol1/balances/trans75.jpg

Cell Membrane Components

• Phospholipids

• Cholesterol – Eukaryotic cells

• Glycolipids – Cell cohesion and

recognition

• Glycoproteins – Cell recognition

• Proteins – Integral and peripheral

Cell Membrane Coloring

• Cholesterol = Yellow

• Phospholipids = Light Blue

• Integral protein = Red

• Peripheral protein = Orange

• Sugar of glycolipid / glycoprotein = Green

S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson (1972)

Fluid Mosaic Model

http://lamp.tu-graz.ac.at/~hadley/nanoscience/week4/membrane.jpg


polar head fatty acid tails glycerol

backbone

CH3 O

O O

CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2

(hydrophobic) (hydrophilic)

C-N-CH2 -CH2 -O-P-O-CH2 O

HC-O-C-

C-O-C-

CH3

H3

H2 CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH3

-CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH3

CH2 -

Phospholipids

phospholipid

hydrophilic heads

hydrophobic tails

hydrophilic heads

extracellular fluid (watery environment)

cytoplasm (watery environment)

bilayer


• Eukaryotic cells

• Adds stability

Holds FA together

• Helps with flexibility

Adds space in

membrane

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-2/ch11_cholesterol.jpg http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/cholesterol.jpg

Caribou

• Cell membranes of

the leg different

than rest of body

• Increased

unsaturated fatty

acids

• Kinky fats

http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/divisions/kindergarten_g12/curriculum/dene%20kede%20curriculum%20document/animals/caribou.htm


Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

• Recognition - allow body to recognize itself



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg


Cohesion- allow cells to bond to other cells

http://lamp.tu-graz.ac.at/~hadley/nanoscience/week4/membrane.jpg


Protein Function Cell

Junctions

Desmosomes

Tight

Junction

Gap Junctions

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/saladin/saladin3eppt/saladin3eppt/chapt05_lecture_files/frame.htm#slide0050.htm

Waterproof

Bond Cells

Channels


Protein Functions • Transport Protein

- Integral protein pathways - active

and passive

Aquaporins

• Water

channels

• Used in

special cells

• RBC

• Kidney

Protein Functions • Receptor Protein

- Acted upon by environment

- Signal cell to complete task

-Hormones

-Nerve receptors

Receptor Protein

• Neurotransmitter

bonds

• Opens special

pathway

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. http://kin450-neurophysiology.wikispaces.com/Synaptic+Transmission

Cocaine and Receptor

Proteins

• Cocaine blocks

dopamine

uptake

• Dopamine builds

up in neurons

• Euphoria

http://www.humanillnesses.com/Behavioral-

Health-Sel-Vi/Substance-Abuse.html

Mouse Party

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html


Movement of Materials Into Cells

• Passive – requires no cellular energy

- Diffusion

- Osmosis

- Facilitated diffusion

• Active – requires energy from the cell

- Active transport

- Phagocyctosis

- Pinocyctosis

- Exocytosis


Diffusion – The random

movement of molecules from

high concentration towards low

concentration

.

Water molecule

Drop of dye

Random Molecular Movement

Equilibrium – Highest Entropy

lipid-soluble molecules

(O2, CO2, H2O) (extracellular fluid)

(cytoplasm)

Simple diffusion Simple Diffusion – Requires no cellular energy


Osmosis – The diffusion of water

What does this mean to the cell?

• Cells are permeable to water

• Cells in low water conditions lose water

• Cells in high water conditions gain

water

Cell 75 % water

25 % other

Beaker contains

50% salt water

What

happens ?


S

E

M

IP

E

R

M

E

A

B

L

E

M

E

M

B

R

A

N

E

Diffusion- The random movement of molecules from areas

of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

HIGH WATER LOW WATER

CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION


S

E

M

IP

E

R

M

E

A

B

L

E

M

E

M

B

R

A

N

E

Diffusion leads to equilibrium / greatest entropy

EQUAL EQUAL

CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION

Cell

Shrinks

What would happen if ?



Hypertonic Solution Solution with higher solute concentration

Cell

75 % - Water

25 % - Other

Beaker

65 % - Water

35 % - Salt


Hypotonic Solution Solution with lower solute concentration

Cell

75 % - Water

25 % - Other

Beaker

85 % - Water

15 % - Salt


Isotonic Solution Two solution with equal solute

concentrations

Cell

75 % - Water

25 % - Other

Beaker

75 % - Water

25 % - Salt

• Sodium Chloride 0.9%I.V

1000ml Bag Loose

Baxters Saline 0.9% 1000

ml, Sodium Chloride, IV

injection, USP will

rehydrate your patients

quickly and effectively.

This sterile, isotonic

saline solution provides

the essential fluid and

electrolytes that many

patients need.


Isotonic solution

10 micrometers

Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution


Facilitated Diffusion

• Diffusion

through a

protein

pathway

• Passive

• Concentration

gradient

Ions, Glucose, Amino Acids

channel

protein

Facilitated

Diffusion

ATP

binding

site

ATP

Active Transport

(cytoplasm)

Transport

Protein ATP

bonds to

transport

protein


Active Transport Mechanisms

• Require cellular energy

• Can move materials with or against

concentration gradients

• Often driven with ATP

•Active Transport

•Endocytosis

•Exocytosis

Active Transport

ADP

+

P

Protein changes

shape pumping

material


Sodium Potassium Pump

Active transport

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__sodium-potassium_exchange_pump__quiz_2_.html

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter8/animation__sodium-potassium_exchange_pump__quiz_2_.html


End result of sodium

potassium pump

Electrical

Charge

(extracellular fluid)

(cytoplasm) food

vacuole

food particle

Endocytosis – Phagocytosis an Example

Endocytosis - Pinocytosis an Example


(cytoplasm)

Vesicle containing Extracellular Fluid (Liquid)


(cytoplasm)

1

nutrients

receptors

coated pit

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor proteins for specific molecules or complexes of molecules are localized at coated pit sites.

1

Exocytosis = Homer Moment

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