copyright © 2005 pearson education, inc. publishing as benjamin cummings good morning! opener,...

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Good morning! Opener, 8/24/10

1. State what the standard deviation indicates. (1)

2. State the maximum number of ciliates and the month in which the maximum occurs. (1)


PowerPoint Lectures forBiology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon

Lectures by Chris Romero

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Biology: Exploring Life


A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds!!

• Brown pelicans

– part of the web of life in their environment


• The brown pelicans’ proximity to humans

trouble for the species

• Their connection to the environment

• Sets stage for the study of biology


THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology

• Life’s structural hierarchy

– Defines scope of biology, scientific study of life

Biosphere

EcosystemFlorida coast

CommunityAll organisms onthe Florida coast

PopulationGroup of brown

pelicans

OrganismBrown pelican

Organ systemNervous system

OrganBrain

TissueNervous tissue

CellNerve cell

OrganelleNucleus Molecule

DNA

AtomNucleus

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve

Figure 1.1


• An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a par ticular area

– As well as nonliving environmental components

• All the living organisms in an ecosystem

– Make up a communityBiosphere




pelicans



OrganBrain


CellNerve cell


DNA

AtomNucleus

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve


• A population

– Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species

• An individual living entity

– Is an organism

Biosphere




pelicans



OrganBrain


CellNerve cell


DNA

AtomNucleus

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve


• The hierarchy continues downward with

– Organ systems

– Organs

– Tissues

– Cells

– Organelles

– Molecules

Biosphere




pelicans



OrganBrain


CellNerve cell


DNA

AtomNucleus

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve


1.2 Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs

• Ecosystems characterized by cycling of chemical nutrients from atmosphere and soil

– To producers to consumers to decomposers and back to the environment


• Energy flows one-way through an ecosystem

– From the sun to producers to consumers and exits as heat

Sun

Air

CO2

O2 CO2

H2O

Chemicalenergy

Inflowof

lightenergy

Lossof

heatenergy

Producers

Cyclingof

Chemicalnutrients Consumers

Decomposers

Soil

Ecosystem

Figure 1.2


1.3 Cells are the structural & functional units of life

• A cell

– Is the basic unit of life


• New proper ties emerge

– From the complex organization of a system, such as a cell


• Eukaryotic cells

– Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus

• Prokaryotic cells

– Lack such organellesNucleus

(contains DNA)

cell

cell

DNA(no nucleus)

Organelles

25,0

00

Figure 1.3


EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY

1.4 The unity of life:

All forms of life have common features

• DNA is genetic information

– For constructing molecules that make up cells and organisms


• Each species’ genetic instructions

– Are coded in sequences of 4 building blocks making up DNA’s 2 helically-coiled chains

A

C T

A

T

A

C C

G

T

A G

T

A

Figure 1.4A


• All organisms share a common set of 6 features

– Ordered structures

– Regulation of internal conditions

Figure 1.4B Figure 1.4C


– Growth and development

– Energy use

– Response to environmental stimuli

– Ability to reproduce and evolve

Figure 1.4D Figure 1.4E


1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into 3 domains

• Organisms are grouped (classified)

– Prokaryotic domains

–Bacteria and Archaea

– Eukaryotic domain

–Eukarya


SE

M 2

5,0

00

Figure 1.5B

• Domains Bacteria and Archaea

SE

M 3

,25

0

Figure 1.5A


• Domain Eukarya includes

275

Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

KingdomPlantae

Figure 1.5C


1.6 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

• Charles Dar win

– Synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection

Figure 1.6A


1

2

3

Populations with varied inherited traits

Elimination of individuals with certain traits

Reproduction of survivors

• Natural selection is an editing mechanism

– occurs when populations/organisms, having inherited variations,

– exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others

Figure 1.6B


• All organisms have adaptations

– That have evolved by means of natural selection

Killer whale

Pangolin

Figure 1.6C


Video of Seahorses!


THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

1.7 Scientists use 2 main approaches to learn about nature

• Science

– Is a way of knowing

– Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena


Discovery Science

• Scientists describe some aspect of the world

• use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions


Hypothesis-Based Science

• Scientists attempt to explain observations by testing hypotheses


1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose & test hypotheses

• Hypothesis-based science involves

– Obser vations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions

– Deductions leading to predictions, & then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable


A Case Study from Ever yday Life

• Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows

– If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome


Figure 1.8A The hypothesis-driven scientific method (layer 1)

Observations

Question

Hypothesis # 1:Dead batteries

Hypothesis # 2:Burnt-out bulb

Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem

Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem

Test prediction Test prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis



Observations

Question








A Case Study of Hypothesis-Based Science

• experiments designed to test hypotheses

– The use of control groups and experimental groups

– helps to control variables

Per

cent

of

tota

l att

acks

on a

rtifi

cial

sna

kes

100

80

60

40

20

0

83%

17% 16%

84%Artificial king snakes

Artificial brown snakes

Coral snakesabsent

Coral snakespresent

Figure 1.8B Figure 1.8C

Figure 1.8D

Figure 1.8E


BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE CONNECTION

1.8 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways

– Environmental problems and solutions

– Genetic engineering

– Medicine

Figure 1.9


• technological advances

– Stem from scientific research

• science-technology-society relationship

– impor tant aspect of any biology course

Online Video Antibiotics & Their Resistance


Opener: Thursday, January 21st

What do error bars on graphs show?What do error bars on graphs show?

A. If the data is correct or not.

B. How variable the data is.

C. Which result is closest to the true result.

D. What statistical technique was used to eliminate incorrect results.


Quiz tomorrow…

• I DID put some chapter 1 (pelican book) questions on it– 9 multiple choice

• Also,

• 3 m choice for stats

• 8 short answer for stats


p. 13-Connecting the Concepts1. Biology can be described as having both a

vertical scale and a horizontal scale. Explain what that means.

Vertical - refers to hierarchy of biological organization: molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere. At each level, emergent properties arise from the interaction and organization of component parts.

Horizontal - refers to incredible diversity of living organisms, past and present, including the 1.8 million species that have been named so far that can be grouped into three domains–Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya–and divided among numerous kingdoms.


p. 13-Connecting the Concepts

2. Complete the following map organizing some of biology’s major concepts.

a. life; b. evolution; c. natural

selection; d. unity of life;

e. three domains (or numerous

kingdoms; 1.8 million species)


#15

• The graph below shows the results of an experiment in which mice learned to run through a maze.

a. State the hypothesis and prediction that you think this experiment tested.

b. Which was the control group and which the experimental? Why was a control group needed?

c. List some variables that must have been controlled so as not to affect the results.

d. Do the data support the hypothesis? Explain.


#15

a. Hypothesis: Giving rewards to mice will improve their learning. Prediction: If mice are rewarded with food, they will learn to run a maze faster.

b. The control group was the mice that were not rewarded. Without them, it would be impossible to know if the mice who were rewarded decreased their time running the maze only because of practice.

c. Both groups of mice should be about the same age. Both experiments should be run at the same time of day and under the same conditions.

d. Yes, the data show that the rewarded mice began to run the maze faster by day 3, and improved their performance (ran faster than the control mice) each day thereafter.


IB BOOKS

• Red Books, Green Books

• Get out your IB Journal Notebook—

• Example of Format:

copyright © 2005 pearson education, inc. publishing as benjamin cummings good morning! opener,...

Documents