copyright 2002 by south-western, a division of thomson learning tm chapter 8 the payment system and...
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Copyright Copyright 2002 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning 2002 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning TMTM
Chapter 8Chapter 8The Payment System and Financial The Payment System and Financial Institution RelationshipsInstitution Relationships
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The Cash Flow TimelineThe Cash Flow Timeline
OrderOrder Order Order Sale Sale CashCash PlacedPlaced Received Received ReceivedReceived Accounts CollectionAccounts Collection < Inventory > < Receivable > < Float >< Inventory > < Receivable > < Float >
Accounts Disbursement Accounts Disbursement Time ==>Time ==>< Payable > < Float > < Payable > < Float > Invoice Invoice Payment Payment CashCash
Received Sent Received Sent PaidPaid
OrderOrder Order Order Sale Sale CashCash PlacedPlaced Received Received ReceivedReceived Accounts CollectionAccounts Collection < Inventory > < Receivable > < Float >< Inventory > < Receivable > < Float >
Accounts Disbursement Accounts Disbursement Time ==>Time ==>< Payable > < Float > < Payable > < Float > Invoice Invoice Payment Payment CashCash
Received Sent Received Sent PaidPaid
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Explain, understand, and calculate floatExplain, understand, and calculate float Explain the roles of the two major components of Explain the roles of the two major components of
the payment systemthe payment system Describe the major paper-based and electronic-Describe the major paper-based and electronic-
based payment systemsbased payment systems Understand the ACH and how its fits with the EDIUnderstand the ACH and how its fits with the EDI Use an availability scheduleUse an availability schedule Explain the uses of an account analysis statementExplain the uses of an account analysis statement
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Value of FloatValue of Float
The delay in value transfer from the time a check The delay in value transfer from the time a check is written until it finally is charged to the payor’s is written until it finally is charged to the payor’s account.account.
Value of float is based on differences in present Value of float is based on differences in present value based on time delay.value based on time delay.
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U.S. Payment SystemU.S. Payment System
Banking systemBanking system Payment mechanismsPayment mechanisms
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Financial InstitutionsFinancial Institutions
Product differences, Ex 8.1Product differences, Ex 8.1 Geographical restrictionsGeographical restrictions Safety considerationsSafety considerations
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Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System
Organization, Ex 8.2, 8-3Organization, Ex 8.2, 8-3 Fed’s involvement in payment systemFed’s involvement in payment system Check clearingCheck clearing
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Organization, Ex 8.2Organization, Ex 8.2
Board of GovernorsBoard of Governors FOMCFOMC Federal Advisory CouncilFederal Advisory Council District banks, Fig 8.2District banks, Fig 8.2 Member banksMember banks
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Fed’s InvolvementFed’s Involvement
Circulate new moneyCirculate new money Check processing, 16.5 billion checks/yrCheck processing, 16.5 billion checks/yr Check settlementCheck settlement ACHACH FedWireFedWire Regulate availability schedulesRegulate availability schedules
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Check ClearingCheck Clearing
MICR line, Exhibit 8.5MICR line, Exhibit 8.5 Clearing process, Exhibit 8.4Clearing process, Exhibit 8.4
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MICR Line, Exhibit 8.5MICR Line, Exhibit 8.5
2 digit Fed Bank Code2 digit Fed Bank Code 2 digit Fed Office Code2 digit Fed Office Code 4 digit ABA Code4 digit ABA Code 1 digit verification code1 digit verification code Account numberAccount number Sequence numberSequence number Encoded amountEncoded amount
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MICR CODEMICR CODE
Account NumberAccount Number
ABA Bank#ABA Bank#
Check DigitCheck DigitFed District CodeFed District Code
Fed Bank CodeFed Bank Code
$$Pay to the Pay to the
Order of Order of
DollarsDollars
Encoded FieldEncoded Field
Chk Sequence #Chk Sequence #
xxxxxxxx7.75xxxxxxxx7.75
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The Clearing Process, Exhibit 8.4The Clearing Process, Exhibit 8.4
writes checkwrites check1. Customer1. Customersends checksends check
2. Supplier (payee) receives2. Supplier (payee) receivescheckcheck
3. Supplier3. Supplierdepositsdepositscheckcheck
6. Supplier’s6. Supplier’saccount is account is creditedcredited
Clearing agent:Clearing agent:““on-us”, or Fed,on-us”, or Fed,or correspondent,or correspondent,or clearinghouse.or clearinghouse.
8. Customer’s8. Customer’sbank account isbank account isdebiteddebited
7. Check is 7. Check is presented forpresented forpayment to payment to customer’scustomer’sbankbank
7. Check is 7. Check is presented forpresented forpayment to payment to customer’scustomer’sbankbank
4. Check4. Checkforwardedforwarded
5. Supplier’s bank is 5. Supplier’s bank is credited credited
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Clearing MechanismsClearing Mechanisms
House/On-us checksHouse/On-us checks Local itemsLocal items Transit itemsTransit items
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““On-us” ItemsOn-us” Items
Payee deposits check in the bank on which it is Payee deposits check in the bank on which it is drawndrawn
Bank credit depositor’s accountBank credit depositor’s account Bank debits payor’s accountBank debits payor’s account
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Local ItemsLocal Items
Checks may be sent by courier to be swapped for Checks may be sent by courier to be swapped for checks drawn on itself at another bankchecks drawn on itself at another bank
Checks may be processed through correspondent Checks may be processed through correspondent bank relationshipbank relationship
Local clearing house may be usedLocal clearing house may be used
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Transit ItemsTransit Items
Direct sendDirect send Correspondent bankCorrespondent bank Fed ReserveFed Reserve
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Concept of FloatConcept of Float
Types of floatTypes of float Components of floatComponents of float
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Types of FloatTypes of Float
Collection floatCollection float Disbursement floatDisbursement float
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Components of FloatComponents of Float
Mail floatMail float Processing floatProcessing float Clearing floatClearing float
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Fed FloatFed Float
When the Fed grants the depositing bank credit When the Fed grants the depositing bank credit according to a preset availability schedule, but is according to a preset availability schedule, but is not always able to present the check to the drawee not always able to present the check to the drawee bank for payment within the same period.bank for payment within the same period.
Methods used to reduce floatMethods used to reduce float– check truncationcheck truncation
– high-dollar group sorthigh-dollar group sort
– inter-district transportation systeminter-district transportation system
– later presentment and deposit deadlineslater presentment and deposit deadlines
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Paper-Based PaymentsPaper-Based Payments
TypesTypes Ledger balanceLedger balance Collected balanceCollected balance
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TypesTypes
ChecksChecks DraftsDrafts DTCsDTCs
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Ledger BalanceLedger Balance
All credits and debitsAll credits and debits Not all spendableNot all spendable
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Collected BalanceCollected Balance
Adjusted ledgerAdjusted ledger Reg CC, (2 and 5 days)Reg CC, (2 and 5 days)
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Electronic-Based PaymentsElectronic-Based Payments
Wire transfersWire transfers Automated clearinghousesAutomated clearinghouses POS debit cardsPOS debit cards
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International Payment SystemsInternational Payment Systems
Paper-based systemsPaper-based systems– Giro systemsGiro systems
– Value datingValue dating
Electronic paymentsElectronic payments– Clearing House Interbank Payment System, CHIPSClearing House Interbank Payment System, CHIPS
– Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications, SWIFTTelecommunications, SWIFT
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Managing the Bank RelationshipManaging the Bank Relationship
ObjectiveObjective
to ensure that all the company’s banking services to ensure that all the company’s banking services are provided reliably at a reasonable costare provided reliably at a reasonable cost
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Managing the Bank RelationshipManaging the Bank Relationship
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Services ProvidedServices Provided
CollectionsCollections
PaymentsPayments
InformationInformation
CreditCredit
InvestmentsInvestments
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CollectionsCollections
Coin & currencyCoin & currency
Standard check processingStandard check processing
Lockbox servicesLockbox services
Electronic collectionsElectronic collections
Deposit reporting serviceDeposit reporting service
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PaymentsPayments
Demand deposit accountsDemand deposit accounts
Zero balance accountsZero balance accounts
Controlled disbursementsControlled disbursements
PayrollPayroll
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InformationInformation
Balance reporting servicesBalance reporting services
Account reconciliationAccount reconciliation
Electronic delivery systemsElectronic delivery systems
Advisory or consulting servicesAdvisory or consulting services
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CreditCredit
Shifting from a direct financing roleShifting from a direct financing role
Moving toward role of risk-sharing or guarantorMoving toward role of risk-sharing or guarantor
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InvestmentsInvestments
Repurchase agreementsRepurchase agreements
CDsCDs
Commercial paperCommercial paper
Corporate agency servicesCorporate agency services
TrendsTrends
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Bank Selection and Relationship Bank Selection and Relationship ManagementManagement
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Bank SelcctionBank Selcction
LocationLocation Bank/Company FitBank/Company Fit Service Quality and BreadthService Quality and Breadth Bank CreditworthinessBank Creditworthiness Bank SpecialtiesBank Specialties PricePrice
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Managing the RelationshipManaging the Relationship
Account Analysis Statement, Ex 8-14Account Analysis Statement, Ex 8-14 Required Compensating Balance CalculationRequired Compensating Balance Calculation
SC SCRCMP = -----------------RCMP = ----------------- ecr ecr (1-rr)(------)n (1-rr)(------)n 365 365
Balances vs. FeesBalances vs. Fees– Bank’s view: Advantages of BalancesBank’s view: Advantages of Balances
– Corp View: Disadvantages of balancesCorp View: Disadvantages of balances
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Bank’s View: Advanatages of Bank’s View: Advanatages of BalancesBalances
Effect of increasing deposits for the bankEffect of increasing deposits for the bank
Balances can be lentBalances can be lent
Form a cushion in case of loan defaultForm a cushion in case of loan default
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Corp View: Disadvantages of Corp View: Disadvantages of BalancesBalances
ECR is < investment rateECR is < investment rate
Fees are tax deductibleFees are tax deductible
Fees offer tangible expense that can be monitoredFees offer tangible expense that can be monitored
Fees are generally fixed and thus comparable, ECR Fees are generally fixed and thus comparable, ECR floatsfloats
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Daylight Overdrafts and the Daylight Overdrafts and the Availability ScheduleAvailability Schedule
Define: when a bank’s Federal Reserve account Define: when a bank’s Federal Reserve account book balance is negative during the daybook balance is negative during the day
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Optimizing the Banking NetworkOptimizing the Banking Network
Check listCheck list– what is bank’s compensation rate and how will it be paid, fees what is bank’s compensation rate and how will it be paid, fees
or balances, etc.?or balances, etc.?
– if balances, over what time period?if balances, over what time period?
– multiyear agreement available with capped price increases?multiyear agreement available with capped price increases?
– compare a proforma account analysis statementcompare a proforma account analysis statement
– who is the account officer?who is the account officer?
– who is the customer service rep?who is the customer service rep?
– how will float be computed?how will float be computed?
– what performance guarantees are offered?what performance guarantees are offered?
– penalties for customer overdrafts?penalties for customer overdrafts?
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NonBank Service ProvidersNonBank Service Providers
Pepsico’s loan to MarriotPepsico’s loan to Marriot
Almost half of all consumer and business loans Almost half of all consumer and business loans held by nonbank companiesheld by nonbank companies
Third-party vendors of information between banks Third-party vendors of information between banks and companiesand companies
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Financial System TrendsFinancial System Trends
Nationwide banking in the USNationwide banking in the US Economic unification of EuropeEconomic unification of Europe Both of these will be catalysts for an ongoing drift Both of these will be catalysts for an ongoing drift
toward concentration and globalization in the toward concentration and globalization in the banking industry.banking industry.
ImagingImaging Information servicesInformation services Banking on the InternetBanking on the Internet International aspects of banking relationshipsInternational aspects of banking relationships Global bank consolidationGlobal bank consolidation
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SummarySummary
We developed the uniqueness of the US payment We developed the uniqueness of the US payment system and its major componentssystem and its major components
We discussed the role the Federal Reserve playsWe discussed the role the Federal Reserve plays We discussed the payment system using paper-We discussed the payment system using paper-
based and electronic-based methodsbased and electronic-based methods We discussed bank selection and relationship We discussed bank selection and relationship
managementmanagement We concluded with financial system trendsWe concluded with financial system trends