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abortion, in colonial Brazil, 334Abreu, Capistrano de, 11Abyssinia, see Ethiopiaacademies
in Brazil, 7in Lisbon, 44
Acapulco, 96Aceh, 101, 214–215, 298, 326Acuna, Pedro de, 207Adal, sultanate of, 147Aden, 92–94, 98, 101Afonso IV (King of Portugal), 367Afonso V (King of Portugal), 74, 110, 177,
232, 360–363Afonso, Luıs, 393Africa (Africans), 60, 70, 72, 123–124, 164,
175, 288, 318–319, 360and Brazil, 123, 243and the contra costa, 123expansion into, 138–158 passim,
168first encounters in, 287miscegenation, 188 (see also sexual
relations and miscegenation)missionaries in, 270–271, 276Muslims in, 255and Portuguese control, 123–124,
148–157settlement of, 145, 165trading colonies in, 189See also Angola; Kongo; slave trade
Africa (Central), 109–114, 118–119, 124,148
emigration to, 176Jesuits in, 150–152and Kongo, 142–143migrations in, 216settlement of, 149, 177slave trade with, 120–123
Africa (East), 141–142, 145, 148, 185,283–285, 290, 298–299, 482
adventurers in, 302Dutch and English attacks in, 156emigration to, 176frontier encounters in, 290gold trade in, 142Jesuits in, 262, 271markets in, 91, 98, 123migrations in, 216Portuguese policy in, 146religion in, 187settlement of, 165, 169, 171, 174, 182trade with, 94, 102, 104, 165, 304 (see
also trade)Africa (North), 1–2, 22–23, 138
emigration to, 176fortresses abandoned in, 2, 22settlement of, 149
Africa (West), 109–112, 140, 145, 148, 288,293, 305–306, 318
centralization of power in, 221and the Dutch, 248
513
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Africa (West) (cont.)emigration to, 176and fetishism, 288frontier encounters in, 284, 290missionaries in, 110, 258, 296plundering and slave raiding in, 287Portuguese chroniclers and, 359, 361Portuguese influence in, 155settlement of, 169, 177trade with, 113, 165, 304 (see also trade)
Agadir, 138, 230, 283Agra, 90agriculture, 80, 104, 111, 124, 128, 131, 174,
184in Africa, 184–185in Brazil, 114–121, 184manioc, 111–112, 119See also cacao; sugar economy; tobacco
Akan, 110–113Alagoas, 186Albuquerque, Afonso de, 16, 80, 101,
201–202, 293, 464and art, 397in the chronicles, 323and diplomacy, 297–298and education, 373and foundation myths, 321Indian Ocean, plan for, 146and merchants, 373and messianic/millenarian ideas, 369, 492and miscegenation, 8, 372and renegades, 301
Albuquerque, Francisco de, 464Albuquerque, Luıs de, 462, 468, 470Alcacer Ceguer, 2, 22, 52Alcazarquibir, 138, 177, 301, 381aldeias, 186 (see also Amerindians)“Aleijadinho” (Antonio Francisco Lisboa),
441, 451–455Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, 243Alentejo, 176Aleppo, 98Alexandria, patriarch of, 155Alfonso the Wise, 358Algarve, and emigration, 164, 176alliances, see diplomacyal-Masudi, 498Almeida, D. Lourenco de, 289
Almeida, Francisco de, 201, 245Almeida, Onesimo Teotonio, 468, 470, 475Alorna, Marquis of, 339–343Alvares, Francisco, 377Alvaro I (King), 150–151Amadis of Gaul, 491Amazon, 114–116, 128, 167, 172, 233, 300,
502Ambon, 3, 207, 222, 226Ambuila, battle of, 2America, 96, 97, 117 (see also Brazil)American Revolution, 70, 130, 251Amerindians, 129, 187–188, 273–274, 277,
302–303, 308–309aldeias, 186–187, 273–274, 308–309Brazilian, 123–126, 188, 299–300demographic decline of, 124encounters and communication with,
286–288, 300enslavement of, 116–120, 264, 277,
292–293, 329–334, 383languages of, 263, 299, 384–385missionaries to, 307–308mortality of, 115religion of, 306–308resistance by, 172–173, 240sexual relations and miscegenation with,
172, 305Spanish American, compared, 249stereotypes of, 332–334
Amoy, 93–94Anchieta, Jose de, 273, 384–385Andrada, Gomes Freire de, 330, 335Angoche, 98Angola, 26, 33, 59, 72, 109–111, 123,
150–152, 162, 184, 237, 447and Brazil, 118–123diocese of, 259and the Dutch, 31–32, 61, 63, 118, 124,
338Inquisition in, 266Jesuits in, 150–152municipal councils in, 245resistance of local peoples in, 230, 293settlement of, 166–170, 172–173, 175,
177–178, 182, 247and the slave trade, 70, 116–119, 124,
129–130, 153, 243, 248
514
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trade with, 112–114, 122–123wars in, 154–157, 299See also Africa
Antonil, Andre Joao, 170Arabian Sea, 92, 167, 171, 176Arabs, 94, 161 (see also Islam; Muslims)Aragon, 138–139, 146, 464Arakan, 93, 104Araujo, Jose Soares de, 438arbitristas, 62, 328, 340–341Arguim, 5, 24, 53, 392aristocracy, 148, 225, 246 (see also nobility;
social classes)Armenians, 90, 95–96, 101, 104, 498Arruda, Diogo de, 393Arruda, Miguel de, 393–394, 422–423art and architecture, 390–455 passim
caskets, 405–408ivory, 397–399, 402–406religious, 255–257, 420–428textiles and tapestries, 410
Arzila, 2, 22, 52, 179, 230Asia, 172, 214–215, 221–222, 226, 283,
322, 332, 464, 480–481, 488–489,504
Anglo-Dutch offensive in, 112art and architecture in, 423, 447Dutch empire in, 112, 222East, 95, 101, 165European preconceptions about, 288frontier encounters in, 290–293and local powers, 297–300, 305manufacturing in, 92merchant communities in, 94–96, 99,
102–104, 182migration to, 168missionaries in, 273, 305–308Portuguese chroniclers and, 370renegades in, 301settlement of, 162–164, 178, 184,
187–188trade, 96–101, 104, 130, 226–229, 344,
481, 492, 496–497, 502, 508; bycasados and private traders, 102–105,214, 304, 326; intra-Asian, 76, 91–93,481, 508; with native groups, 304–305;trading posts in, 189, 224, 230–232
asientos, 112–113, 235
Atlantic Ocean, 109–113, 167, 462,481–483, 486–490, 506
islands, 21, 29, 51, 59, 117, 138–140,171–174, 177, 185, 218, 391–392 (seealso Azores; Canary; Cape Verde;Madeira; Sao Tome and Prıncipe)
and navigation, 122, 493–496and Portugal, 109–137 passim, 229–247
passimSouth, 10, 20–21, 34, 113, 117–119, 122,
124winds and currents in, 241, 493–496
Aubin, Jean, 14Augustinians, 260–263, 267Aveiro, 451Avis, dynasty of, 258, 358–359, 361, 377,
492Axim, 24Azambuja, Diogo de, 141, 392Azamor, 2, 22, 55Azores, 23, 54, 139, 161, 181, 218, 482
art of the, 420–423, 447captaincies in, 172, 237diocese in, 259emigration from, 168, 174immigration to, 176, 188Inquisition in, 266municipal councils in, 218, 244–245settlement of, 23, 177, 184and trade, 34, 236urban planning in, 394–395
azulejos, 430, 438, 443–444, 448
Bahia, 20, 26, 36African slaves in, 117, 129, 271art and architecture in, 429, 433, 445convents in, 269diocese in, 259–261Dutch conquest of, 5, 60, 320, 338, 382and family genealogies, 335government of, 239Inquisition in, 266Jesuits in, 273settlement of, 171, 179, 183–184sugar mills in, 25–26, 120tobacco from, 69–70, 121trade with, 67, 110, 119, 122, 126, 129See also Salvador
515
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Bahrein, 179Baker, Mathew, 475Baldaia, Afonso Goncalves, 284bananas, 111Banda Islands, 204Bandar Abbas, 90, 99–100Bandarra (prophecies), 384bandeirantes, 111, 117, 292, 303, 308, 318banias, 90, 101banking, 89, 103, 325–326Bantam, 86, 213, 226, 227, 298Bantu, 302, 362, 364Barbados, 32Barbosa, Duarte, 289, 498Barendse, Rene, 104baroque style, 382, 396, 411, 438–440,
446–447, 451Barreto, Francisco, 153–154, 216Barros, Joao de, 321–324, 346–347, 367,
369–371, 375, 381, 447Basra, 98–99, 203Bassein, 3, 64, 75, 104, 173, 185, 205–206Batavia, 225Beckman, Manuel, 330, 335Beijing, 275, 295, 298, 307Belem, 128, 188, 245Bell, Adam Schall von, see Schall, AdamBemoim, 143Benedictines, 261–262Bengal Bay, 28–29, 90
and Asian merchants, 90, 93–94, 100British in, 226–228, 502Dutch in, 223–226and renegades, 294, 302, 345settlement of, 168, 176, 178, 211–214,
223trade in, 4, 15, 29, 100, 104, 304, 502
Benguela, 113, 122–123, 129, 157Benin, kingdom of, 24, 141–143, 145, 148,
233, 296, 298, 398–401ivory from, 296slaves from, 296
Benzoni, Girolano, 144Berlin, Conference of, 2, 244Bermudes, Joao, 147Bernini, 440Bijapur, 29Bissau, 110
Bloch, Marc, 199Bocarro, Antonio, 168, 183, 185Bodin, Jean, 73, 199Boemus, 324Bolivia, architecture in, 447–448Bolswert, Schelte A., 415Bombay, 31, 178, 185–188, 227Borgia, Francis, 424Botero, Giovanni, 12, 199–200Boxer, Charles, 11, 124, 218, 256, 314Boyajian, James, 29, 103Brahmins, 340–343Brandao, Ambrosio Fernandes, 30Braudel, Fernand, 11Brazil, 1, 9–10, 20–21, 33, 103, 109,
348, 480–481, 493, 496, 502–503,506
administration of, 239–242agriculture in, 70, 111, 184, 509; and
sugar, 184, 483; and tobacco, 121Amerindians in, 286–287, 300, 302,
305–309and Angola, 118–123art and architecture in, 391–392,
394–395, 397, 419, 428–455and British North America, 250–252and Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 286–287,
465–467cattle breeding in, 126chroniclers of, 370, 377, 382–385confraternities in, 267–268convents in, 269–270demographic growth of, 179diamond mines in, 69, 179dioceses in, 259–261Dutch occupation of, 5, 31–32, 61–63,
75, 178, 241, 248, 382–383economy of, 29, 32–34, 70–71, 103, 128,
131–132, 184 (see also finances)Estado do, 114–116finances of, 61–62, 74–78 (see also
economy)and genealogies, 335–339gold mines in, 126–132, 179, 184, 320,
507government of, 4, 221–222, 229–233,
237–249 passimhistoriography of, 11
516
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independence of, 44, 51, 71–72, 118, 131,251–252
Inquisition in, 266–267languages in, 314militarization of, 16, 37, 68mining in, see Brazil, diamond mines in;
Brazil, gold mines inmissionaries in, see religionmutinies in, 241–242, 329–335planters in, 126ports in, 183and Portuguese control, 127religion in, 262–265, 267, 270–271,
274–277, 295settlement of, 4, 74, 124–126, 161,
164–189 passim, 290, 292, 324, 498slave interpreters in, 318–319slavery in, 69–70, 72, 110–114, 116–120,
129–132, 157, 243, 248southern frontier of, 41, 116–118trade with, 54–55, 58, 71, 118–123,
128–131, 185, 248, 501See also Bahia; Pernambuco; Rio de
Janeirobrazilwood, see dyewoodBristol, 491, 495British empire, see EnglandBrito, Filipe de, 302Brito, Francisco Xavier de, 442Brito, Manuel de, 442Buddhism, 256, 289, 296, 490Bude, Guillaume, 475Buenos Aires, 116, 118, 345bullion, in Asian trade, 96–97bulls, papal, 16, 164, 256Burhanpur, 90Burma, 93, 186
Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise, 317Cabo Frio, 233Cabot, John, 491, 495Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 337, 428, 465–466,
495and Brazil, 1, 286–287, 318in India, 200–201, 369, 372See also Brazil
cacao, 39–40, 114, 116, 130–131 (see alsoagriculture)
cachaca, 115–121Cacheu, 110, 116Cairati, Giovanni Battista, 395Cairo, 95, 98, 100Calcutta, 183, 226Calheiros, Antonio de Sousa, 449–451Calicut, 90–95, 102, 178, 201, 304, 346,
369, 464Pero Covilha’s visit to, 142Vasco da Gama’s arrival at, 162, 285–286,
371–372Ca Masser, Lunardo da, 24Cambay, 20, 29, 92–93, 99, 104, 215, 505Cambodia, 3, 504Cameroon, 142Caminha, Alvaro de, 145, 148Caminha, Pero Vaz de, 286, 288, 377Camoes, Luıs de, 320, 323, 369, 375–382,
470Campanella, Tommaso, 199Camphuys, Joannes, 226Canada, 114Canary Islands, 24, 139–140, 144, 164, 257,
482, 489, 506Cannanore, 179, 201, 504cannibalism, 152, 332, 334Canton, 93–94, 102, 182, 209, 294–295,
413Cao, Diogo, 142, 145, 362Cape Bojador, 74, 140, 258, 287Cape of Good Hope, 29, 96–97, 101, 167,
171–172, 182, 187, 285, 298, 303,504
as Dutch settlement, 158Portuguese exploration and, 142
Cape of Three Points, 110Cape Sao Roque, 167Cape Verde Islands, 54, 110–111, 161,
164–165, 230, 236, 276–277, 284, 304,309
diocese of, 259donatory-captaincy on, 232–233, 243emigration from, 168language of, 364municipal councils on, 244–246religion on, 260, 271, 277settlement of, 24, 144, 148, 171,
176–177, 184
517
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Cape Verde Islands (cont.)and slavery, 111–112, 144trade with, 110, 235
capitalism, 75, 81, 89, 346, 490, 492–493captains, 172, 217, 230–231, 237–240,
242–244 (see also donatory-captaincysystem)
Cardim, Fernao, 173, 385Cardozo, Manuel, 66Caribbean Islands, see West IndiesCarletti, Francesco, 303–304Carneiro, Antonio de Moniz, 185Carneiro, Francisco, 58Carraci, Agostino, 413Carreira da India, 26–29, 33, 55, 59–64, 98Cartagena, 186, 266cartazes, 27cartography, 139–142, 462Casa da India, 26, 68, 70casados, 102–105, 168, 180–181, 185, 211,
214, 224Castanheda, Fernao Lopes de, 323–324,
367–369Castelnau l’Estoile, Charlotte, 265castes, 96, 100, 220, 372Castile, 138–139, 361, 464, 484, 489Castilho, Joao de, 393Castro, D. Joao de, 373, 406, 447, 462–463,
468–472, 476Castro, Ines de, 366–367Catalonia
and Africa, 139and cartographers, 139–140
Catherine of Braganza (wife of KingCharles II), 31, 69, 227, 406
Catherine of Portugal (wife of King JoaoIII), 381, 398, 405
Catholicism, 188, 198–200, 257, 259, 276,305, 309, 317, 348
Amerindians and, 333–334in Ceylon, 296synods and, 261See also Christianity; evangelization;
missionaries; religioncattle, 38, 109, 125–126Ceara, 171, 179, 241, 295, 338 (see also
Brazil)censorship, 323, 366, 378
Ceutaconquest of, 1, 15, 51–53, 166, 221, 230,
255, 283, 291, 358–359Portuguese settlement of, 22, 177
Ceylon, 207–209, 211, 217, 220, 296–297,502
art and architecture in, 404–406casados in, 214Chinese and, 482Dutch in, 60, 223, 228expulsion of the Portuguese from, 4missionaries in, 262political power in, 208–209, 214, 220,
296–297, 308Portuguese language in, 373resistance in, 297revenue from, 30, 75settlement of, 3, 167, 170–171, 176, 207,
289trade and, 92, 300, 304, 502See also Colombo
Chantassin, Pouchot de, 276Charles II (England), 31, 227Charles V, 393, 398, 465Chaul, 3, 173, 180, 205, 256, 502chettis, 101China, 88, 161, 178, 186, 209–210,
298–299, 318, 374, 489, 503–504, 506,508
English East India Company (EIC) and,228
expatriates from, 289maritime ventures of, 482missionaries in, 260, 262–263, 265,
272–275, 295, 307, 385Fernao Mendes Pinto’s description of,
380–381, 505porcelain from, 413–415Portuguese knowledge of, 288–289, 321Russian empire and, 500–501silk from, 209, 410trade with, 89, 93–97, 100, 102–104See also Macao
Chittagong, 93chivalry and expansion, 491–492chivalry, romances of, 487Chola empire, 482Christianity, 177, 276, 288, 376, 490
518
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in Benin, 296in Brazil, 173in China, 274, 307–308in India, 180in Japan, 274–275, 307–308in Kongo, 270, 306in Monomotapa, 307See also Catholicism; evangelization;
missionaries; religionchronicles, 350–370 passimcinnamon, 92, 207–208, 296, 502 (see also
spices)Cistercians, 261cloves, 114 (see also spices)Cochin, 80, 173, 464–466
art and architecture in, 422Carreira da India and, 100confraternies in, 268diocese in, 259education in, 373fort at, 104, 201Inquisition in, 262political power in, 201–202, 346Portuguese factions in, 321religious orders in, 256settlement of, 171, 176, 178, 183, 304trade with, 26, 103, 324–329, 344
Coelho, Bento, 433Coelho, Caetano da Costa, 437Coelho, Duarte, 238Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 88, 226coffee, 40, 116, 130–132Coimbra, 365Colombo, 92, 104, 173, 207–208, 296, 373
(see also Ceylon)colonial culture, 314–349 passimcolonization, see settlementColumbus, Christopher, 318, 361, 491, 495,
497, 501, 506commerce, see tradecommercial companies, see trading
companiesCompanhia do Estanco do Maranhao, 115Companhia Geral do Grao Para e
Maranhao, 39, 41, 115–116, 128Companhia Geral do Pernambuco e
Paraıba, 39, 41, 129Conceicao, Jose da, 442
confraternities, 267–269Confucianism, 93, 289Congo, 111–112, 120, 143, 259 (see also
Kongo)Constantinople, 376, 419contra costa, 123conversion, see Catholicism; Christianity;
evangelization; missionaries; religioncopaıba balsam, 114copper, 112 (see also mining)Coromandel, 88, 93–95, 176, 178, 211–212,
304, 325, 345Correia, Gaspar, 323, 367, 406corruption, 76, 80–81, 86, 345, 376corsairs, see piracyCosta, Francisco da, 80, 324–329, 346Costa, Leonor Freire, 63Cortesao, Jaime, 124, 314cotton, 40, 43, 64, 88, 92, 103, 110, 116,
130, 162, 184 (see also textiles)Council of Trent, 255, 260, 270Counter-Reformation, 396, 403, 411Coutinho, Andre, 407Couto, Diogo do, 80, 367, 378, 381Covilha, Pero da, 142, 145–146cowrie, 119Cron, Ferdinand, 103crown judge (ouvidor), 173crusades, 138–139, 255–256, 258, 322, 370,
376Cuiaba, 128Cunha, Simao da, 442Cunha, Tristao da, 184, 245Curacao, 248Curnow, Kathy, 398–399Curto, Jose, 121
Dahomey, kingdom of, 113Daman, 3, 168, 173, 205, 374, 391
agricultural in, 104, 502economy of, 75, 185fort at, 291settlement of, 178
Dante, 377Daoism, see Taoismdecolonization, 161Dellon, Charles, 185, 266, 345–346Denmark, 189, 373, 487
519
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Dharmapala, Dom Joao, 207–208, 405–406diamonds, see miningDias, Bartolomeu, 1, 142, 145, 462, 468,
482Dias, Dinis, 284diplomacy, 152, 158, 203, 205, 296–299,
309, 327, 482with the Dutch, 31
diseases, 96, 110–112, 186, 250, 271, 333,482
Ditterlin, Wendel, 436Diu, 102–104, 205–206, 291, 368, 374,
470art and architecture in, 406, 447casados in, 102fort at, 166, 179, 291Gujaratis in, 103religion in, 206settlement of, 171, 178trade with, 99–100
Dominicans, 154–155, 210, 260–263, 267,308, 321 (see also Catholicism;evangelization; missionaries; religion)
donatory-captaincy system, 4, 74, 172–173,178, 181, 230–233, 236–239, 243–244
Duarte (King of Portugal), 257, 320, 363Duncan, T. Bentley, 28, 61, 64Dutch empire, 212, 222–229, 234, 496, 506,
508–509Ambon and the Moluccas, conquest of,
207Angola and, 118, 124, 156–157, 178, 338art and architecture in, 413in Asia, 112, 212in Brazil, 75, 117, 123, 125, 178, 320, 334,
338, 382and the British, 15, 21, 32, 88, 96, 189,
212, 223–229, 248, 346, 413, 504Calvinism in, 375at Cape of Good Hope, 158in Ceylon, 297, 373in Cochin, 329Estado da India and, 210, 214, 345in Goa, 102in the Gulf of Guinea, 248in the Indian Ocean, 88, 91, 97, 346in Japan, 275in Java, 502
and Kandy, kingdom of, 208and Luanda, conquest of, 157, 243Macao and, 209Malacca and, 215, 259, 326and the Portuguese, 6, 33, 104, 161,
224–225, 234, 326, 379religion in, 186settlement of, 165, 189slave trade and, 117in South Atlantic, 5, 60, 63Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
(VOC) and, 223–226, 228, 248West India Company and, 31, 60, 62,
132, 156, 248See also Netherlands
dyewood, 54, 65, 68–70, 75
Eanes, Gil, 140Eckhout, Albert, 419economy, 14, 19, 76–79, 81–82, 92,
112–114, 119 (see also finances; trade)Egypt, 93, 139, 142, 145Elizabeth I, 331El Mina, 5, 21, 85, 148, 235, 507
architecture of, 392–393Dutch conquest of, 31, 61, 156economy of, 24–25, 35, 54–55, 59–60settlement of, 166, 179–180slave trade and, 110–112, 392–393trade with, 126, 142, 144, 222, 234
Elvas, Antonio Fernandez de, 112emigration (to colonies), 111, 125–127, 164,
167–171, 175–177, 218, 224empire, theory of, 198–199empires, comparisons of, 8–9, 12–13,
222–229, 247–252, 309, 480–503encounters with native peoples, 283–295,
309engenhos, 25–26England, 186, 189, 215, 226–229, 250–251,
267, 331, 375, 486, 491, 502, 508Asia and, 112Brazil and, 31, 37, 39East India Company (EIC), 104, 186,
189, 202, 226–229, 413, 502Estado da India and, 214Hormuz, conquest of, 202Indian Ocean and, 32, 97
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Macao and, 210Portugal and, 31, 42, 69, 156, 161, 234,
373, 384and settlement of empire, 165–166, 189slavery and, 248trade with, 43, 97, 104–105, 120, 129–131
epic in Portuguese literature, 367–380 passimEspırito Santo, 126, 179Estado da India, 3, 4, 9, 26–29, 199,
219–220, 225, 240, 339–347as a commercial enterprise, 229dioceses in, 260Dutch attacks on, 223economy of, 21, 32–34, 57–59, 64, 70,
72, 75–79, 326government of, 224merchant communities in, 98–105power structures in, 200–222 passim, 247,
323settlement of, 164, 169, 171, 173,
175–181, 185, 187Ethiopia, 4, 33, 139–143, 146–149, 155–156,
186, 259–260, 272, 297, 377–378, 504ethnicity, 90, 102Europe, 188, 228, 338, 463, 470, 507–508
African slaves in, 176influence of art from, 392Chinese culture and, 274and Portuguese achievement, 323and trade with Asia, 91, 99, 103
European expansion, 486, 488, 490–492chivalry and adventurism as motives,
490–491expatriates and, 174–175, 185, 190historiography of, 189, 197–198imperial competition and, 223, 228and the Mar Pequena, 139
evangelization, 8, 162, 214, 224, 257in Africa, 262–263, 270–271, 273,
306–307in Asia, 204, 256, 272–275, 307–308in Brazil, 186, 271–272, 309–310, 333in literature, 361–362, 379See also Catholicism; Christianity;
missionaries; religionEvora, 182, 219exchanges, commercial, 109–110, 118 (see
also trade)
experience, idea of, see Portugal, scienceexports, see trade
factories ( feitorias), see trading postsfactors, see trading postsFalcao, Luıs de Figueiredo, 58Faro, Jorge, 52–53Febvre, Lucien, 199Fernandes, Garcia, 391, 397Fernando (King of Portugal), 320, 358Fernando the Catholic (King of Spain), 491Fernando Po islands, 177, 232Ferrarini, Carlo, 391, 423Ferreira, Antonio, 366–367Ferreira, Joao de Sousa, 331–334Ferrer, Jaume, 140fidalgos, 206Figueira, Luıs, 295finances, 15, 37, 49–87 passim, 115, 127 (see
also economy; Portugal)Fishery Coast, 262Flanders, 55, 59, 162Florence, 50, 91Fontana, Carlo, 446forts, 290, 392–393
in Africa, 179–181, 216, 234, 293architecture of, 392–395in Brazil, 180, 233costs of, 59–60at Indian Ocean sites, 20, 26, 180–181,
183, 201–202, 207in North Africa, 173, 226–227as towns, 53as trading posts, 230, 234
France, 4, 31, 189, 226, 364, 373, 486, 502Brazil and, 161, 179, 247, 338British empire and, 251corsairs and, 464emigration and, 502French Revolution and, 41, 42, 70, 488merchant networks and, 103population of, 484, 502Portuguese communities in, 162Portuguese students in, 365trading companies and, 129, 165West Indies and, 116
Franciscans, 256, 260–263, 267, 271,295–296, 321, 492
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Freyre, Gilberto, 11, 13frontiers, 290–295, 309Fugger (banking house), 103Fukien, 485Funchal, 258, 261, 319furs, 110, 114, 499Furtado, Francisco Xavier Mendonca, 40
Gaio, D. Joao Ribeiro, 261Gaio, Fernao, 232Galileo, 461Galvao, Duarte, 368–369Gama, Cristovao da, 143Gama, Vasco da, 316, 318, 504
in Calicut, 15, 91, 162, 285–286chivalry and, 491Hindu religion and, 272literature and, 323, 368, 371–372,
375–376in Southern Africa, 287voyage to India, 1, 25, 91, 145, 178, 200,
299, 304, 346, 364, 495Gambia River, 109, 141, 304Garrido, Joao, 316–322, 345, 349Gaur, 93genealogies in Brazil, 335–339, 344–347Genoese, 53, 189, 222, 485–486, 489
merchants, 49gentios, 288–289, 359–360geographic revolution, 461–462Germany, 103, 162, 413, 488Ghana, 141Gibraltar, Strait of, 138, 489globalization, 11, 96Goa, 20, 28–29, 42, 293–294, 300, 346,
374, 471art and architecture in, 391, 395, 397,
417, 421–425, 429, 505Brazil and, 64casados in, 103conquest of, 1, 4, 37, 161, 214, 344convents in, 269dioceses in, 259–260and diplomacy, 297–298the Dutch in, 102and education, 373Estado da India and, 245frontiers of, 291
government of, 200, 339–342, 347–348(see also Goa, power structures in)
hinterland of, 498Holy Cross of, 321–324Inquisition in, 186, 265–267, 306power structures in, 209, 210–211,
215–220, 325 (see also Goa,government of )
religion in, 262–263, 267–268;conversion, 206, 272–273, 276; Jesuits,102, 256, 265, 268, 307, 496;missionaries, 262–263, 267–268, 308
settlement of, 161–163, 165–168, 173,176–178, 181–182
sexual relations and miscegenation in,214
taxes in, 75trade with, 99–102, 104, 185
Godinho, Vitorino Magalhaes, 52–54, 56,58, 64–65, 198, 314–315
on emigration, 168on the fiscal system, 73on global economy, 11on merchant groups, 16on the merchant-knight, 9
Goens, Rijklof Van, 226Goias, 6, 13, 35, 67, 127–128, 170–171, 179,
183, 240, 242, 260Gois, Damiao de, 378Golconda, 100gold, see miningGold Coast, 69, 73, 148, 156Gomes, Diogo, 141, 143Gomes, Fernao, 232Gomes, Joao, 146Goncalves, Andre, 434Goncalves, Joao, 471Gonzaga, Aloysius, 424Gouveia, Andre de, 365governors, 175, 233, 242–243, 338Grao Para e Maranhao, Estado do, 114Great Britain, see EnglandGreeks, 485, 488Greenland, 189, 491Guaira-Tapes, 117Guangdong, 298, 300Guerreiro, Antonio Coelho, 210Guerreiro, Fernao, 396
522
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Guimaraes, Vitorino, 65Guinea, 53, 109, 155, 230, 234–235, 345
European powers and, 506interpreters in, 316religion in, 255, 271and the slave trade, 317See also Upper Guinea
Guinea, Gulf of, 24, 72, 74, 109–110, 161,248
bilateral system with Brazil, 122and gold, 141and local powers, 235Portuguese mercenaries in, 148settlement of, 168, 177slave trade and, 54, 111–112, 145trade with, 121, 232–234trading forts, 234–236
Guinea-Bissau, 162, 235Gujarat, 29, 93, 485
bankers in, 103casados in, 102–105and diplomacy, 205, 297manufacturing in, 92, 101merchants in, 90, 94–95, 99, 304settlement of, 178trade with, 88, 100–103and war, 291
gunpowder, 117
Habin, Irfan, 105Hadramaut, 91, 94, 98Haiti, 41, 43, 130, 242Hanson, Carl A., 56, 63, 65Harrison, John, 471Henrique, Cardinal Dom, 203Henry VII, 487Henry the Navigator
African expeditions and, 53, 141,283
Canary Islands and, 506chivalry and, 491literature and, 359, 362–363, 368–370and Order of Christ, 237, 258seignorial rights of, 74, 232, 244slave trade and, 287, 304, 306trading privileges of, 74
Hesiod, 485Hespanha, Antonio M., 56, 60, 65
hides, see cattle; leatherHideyoshi, Toyotomi, 417Hindus and Hinduism, 256, 266, 272, 288,
340–342, 375in Goa, 203, 347merchants and, 90, 94–95, 99–100social status of, 492
Hispaniola Island, 501Holanda, Francisco de, 447Holanda, Sergio Buarque de, 11Holland, see NetherlandsHomem, Diogo, 153Hooykaas, Reyer, 460, 471Hormuz, 20, 26, 28, 75, 92–94, 98–102,
104, 202, 212conquest of, 1and the Portuguese, 33, 60, 202–203,
206, 215, 220, 227settlement of, 166, 178–189
Horn of Africa, 487horses, 75Houckgeest, Van Braam, 276Hovhannes, 90Hughli, 104
Iberian Peninsula, 493Reconquest of, 257, 291, 293, 301
Iceland, 189, 487Imbangala, 152–154, 156imperialism, 124, 490, 504
Castilian, 486, 502–503, 506Chinese, 498, 500–501European, 480–481, 506modern, 480Portuguese, 481–486, 503, 505–506, 509
(see also Portugal)Russian, 498–500
Inconfidencia mineira, 7, 242India, 142, 147, 370–372
agriculture in, 96–97art and architecture in, 421–423, 389castes in, 100dioceses in, 258–260European empires and, 228–229,
506hinterland of, 168and languages, 299local powers in, 299
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India (cont.)manufactured goods from, 91–93and Maratha Confederation, 215markets in, 89–94, 99–100, 509merchants in, 90, 94–95, 100missionaries in, 256, 264–265, 271–273,
307, 318 (see also Catholicism;Christianity; evangelization; religion)
Northern Province of, 4, 217Portuguese presence in, 90–92, 99–100,
104, 165, 170–178, 179–185, 285, 298,315, 481, 502, 505
stereotypes of, 188and urban planning, 395
Indian Ocean, 88–90, 112, 123, 130, 145,147, 496–497
Africans and, 319bullion and, 97European impact on, 97European powers and, 104, 212,
222–229, 506markets and, 91–100, 142, 597merchants and, 102–103, 90–100,
327–328monsoon system and, 167and naval control, 76, 236, 346and Portuguese diplomatic network,
297–298Portuguese interests in, 76, 97–104, 123,
146–147, 153, 344and settlement around, 102–104,
212–214, 230trade and, 89–90, 288, 371
Indians, see Amerindiansindigenous peoples, 9, 103, 113, 166, 168,
188–189, 300–309, 333–334resistance by, 165, 197, 201, 208,
214–215, 230–231, 240, 329–330, 347See also Amerindians
indigo, 75, 89, 92, 97, 114Indo-Portuguese art, 402–404Indonesia, 88, 89, 93, 95–96, 165, 169, 176industrialization, 488, 490, 507Inhambane, 146Innocent VIII (Pope), 361Inquisition, 33, 186, 200, 214, 246–247,
265–267, 306, 342, 366, 378in Angola, 265–267
in Brazil, 265–267interpreters, 317Iran, 90, 98, 215Ireland, 251, 486–487Islam, 93–96, 142, 165, 202, 228, 258,
288–289, 297, 359–360, 376, 490 (seealso Muslims; religion)
Italy, 162, 274, 364–365ivory, 70, 91, 110, 112, 122–123, 397–399,
402–406
Jacques, Cristovao, 233Jaga, 2Jainism, 94, 96, 99, 490Jakarta, 222, 226Japan, 4, 20, 93, 171, 256, 298, 303,
485–486art in, 396, 427–428, 433Christianity in, 33, 308conversions in, 272, 275, 277, 374diocese in, 259languages in, 322, 374–375, 379missionaries in, 260, 262–263, 265,
271–272, 379, 385, 503Namban art, 391, 416–420Portuguese settlement in, 307trade with, 88, 97, 101–102, 209–210,
374Java, 223–224, 226, 228, 298, 482, 502jeribita, see cachacaJerusalem, 492Jesuits, 262–264, 268, 273, 277, 307
and Amerindians, 383in Angola, 119, 150–152, 243and art and architecture, 396–397, 414,
416, 423–424, 429–430, 433in Brazil, 4–5, 113, 173, 186, 246, 265,
273, 308, 329–333, 338in China, 272, 274–275and church hierarchy, 260in Ethiopia, 155–156expulsions of, 6, 39, 115, 129, 259, 265,
308finances of, 78, 102, 264–265in India, 256, 267–268, 272–273, 343institutions of, 261, 263–264in Japan, 182, 273–275, 303in Kongo, 150–151
524
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and languages, 318, 374–375, 379, 384–385and literature, 347in Macao, 182in Mozambique, 153, 181propaganda of, 263–264and theater, 496
Jews, 96, 101, 104, 110, 162, 232, 246, 288,371, 383, 488, 490 (see also NewChristians)
Jiddah, 98, 104Joao I (King of Portugal), 358–359, 363Joao II (King of Portugal), 235, 270, 285,
296, 316, 323, 361, 363–364, 368–369,398
Joao III (King of Portugal), 173, 174, 258,265, 296, 363, 365, 370, 398, 465
Joao IV (King of Portugal), 219, 383, 445Joao V (King of Portugal), 446John (Prince of Portugal), 74Jose I (King of Portugal), 116, 267, 384Julius III (Pope), 258Junior, Caio Prado, 11
Kagoshima, 374Kanara, 75–76, 99, 298Kano Domi, 417Kano Eitoku, 416Kano Misunobu, 417Kano Naizen, 417–419Kano Sanraku, 417Kano Tomonobu, 417Karanga, kingdom of, 146, 153–154, 158,
307Kassange, kingdom of, 113Kerala, 92, 100, 286, 288Kilwa, 75, 91, 94, 145–148kirishitan art, 417Klein, Herbert, 122Knytlinga, 482Koldam, 201Kongo, kingdom of, 166, 298, 362
art in, 401conflicts in, 124, 151–153, 156–157,
243diocese in, 110European impact on, 503language in, 362and mercenaries, 148–149
missionaries in, 142–143, 150, 306–307,361
settlement of, 177, 247See also Congo
Koster, Henry, 345Kotte (Ceylon), 207, 289, 296–297, 405Kwanza River, 152–153, 167, 178, 243, 293Kyoto, 298, 417
labor, 501–502in the Atlantic world, 111–115, 124, 129
Lagos, 316, 318, 359Laguna, 118Lahari Bandar, 99Lamu, 98, 104lancados, 3, 7, 8, 13, 25, 110, 149, 213, 304,
318, 362, 399Lancastre, Jose Luıs de, 415land grants, 30, 172, 174, 208, 217, 249, 293land rents, 30, 75Lane, Frederic C., 328languages, 298–299, 302, 309, 317
creoles, 364, 373–374Latin, 361, 364–365local, 248–249, 318, 321, 362, 364,
373–374, 384–385Laristan, 505Las Casas, Bartolome de, 273, 324Latin, 361, 364–365Lavanha, Joao Baptista, 474Lavradio, Marquis of, 241Leao, Gaspar de, 261leather, 126, 130 (see also cattle)Lei Mental, 238Lepanto, battle of, 376Levant, 189Libya, 487Lima, 186, 266Linschoten, Jan Huygen van, 345–346Lippe, Count of, 241Lisbon, 20–21, 114, 123, 131, 149, 163, 286,
325, 330, 503Africans in, 319and art, 390, 397, 406, 413, 415–416, 419,
429–430, 436, 445and the Carreira da India, 98citizens of, 182, 219and diplomacy, 295–297
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Lisbon (cont.)earthquake (1755), 69as economic center, 16, 24, 35, 62, 69,
79, 111, 122, 130, 378as literary center, 367, 370–372as port, 30, 98and religion, 257, 266, 270
Liverpool, 131livestock, see cattleLivy, 367, 371Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues, 382local powers, 197–198, 203, 206–208, 210,
235, 238, 296–298local resistence, 165, 197, 201, 208,
214–215, 230–231, 329–330, 339–343,347
Locke, John, 19London, 162, 228 (see also England)Lopes, Fernao, 358–359, 363Loronha, Fernao de, 232Loyola, St. Ignatius, 424, 430Luanda, 113, 118, 122–123, 129, 151, 178,
245, 291Dutch conquest of, 31, 157, 243foundation of the city, 293, 299
Luanda Island, 151lumber, 92 (see also dyewood)Luz, Francisco Mendes da, 58
Macao, 3, 20, 161–162, 169, 271, 374art and architecture in, 413–416, 423,
426, 433, 440, 445, 505Chinese control of, 102–104, 210concessionary voyages to, 28, 101convents in, 263, 269diocese in, 259–260and diplomacy, 300founding of, 178merchants in, 182, 300missionaries in, 274–275, 295municipal council of, 219, 300as “republic,” 314settlement of, 33, 166, 172, 176, 294,
307sexual relations and miscegenation in,
188, 309trade with, 26, 29, 102, 167, 209–210,
303–304
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 199, 331–332,367
Madagascar, 302Madariaga, Salvador de, 498Madeira, 23, 161, 319, 489
art and architecture on, 420–427, 447donatory-captaincy system on, 237and emigration, 168, 175–176expansion to as prototype, 111Inquisition on, 266merchants on, 26municipal councils on, 181, 218, 244and Order of Christ, 257production on, 54, 111settlement of, 23–24, 33, 74, 164–165,
172, 174–177, 184sexual relations and miscegenation on,
319and slavery, 111–112strategic position of, 230–231, 236and sugar, 111–112and urban planning, 394–395
Madeira, Diogo Simoes, 154, 216Madrid, 112, 324, 325, 328, 382, 419
Treaty of, 127–128, 165, 331Maetsuyker, Joan, 226Magellan, Ferdinand, 506Majorca, 489Makassar, 13, 15, 104, 302Malabar Coast, 161, 325
art and architecture on, 406interpreters from, 318local powers on, 200, 231, 298and markets, 100merchants on, 100, 296Portuguese forts on, 90, 92, 204settlement of, 168, 236, 304
Malacca, 20, 201, 209, 220, 505Aceh’s attacks on, 215and the Chinese, 289, 482commercial position of, 204and concessionary voyages, 28conquest of, 1, 293, 373diocese at, 259–261Dutch conquest of, 33, 61, 222–223as exchange center, 93fort at, 104languages of, 374
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merchant communities at, 94–95,100–102
and the Moluccas, 207Muslim traders and, 492settlement of, 169, 178trade with, 26, 29, 75, 100–102,
212–213, 303, 325–326malaria, 247Malay Peninsula, 186Malays, 95Malekandthil, Pius, 103Malindi, 91, 98, 145–146, 216Malocello, Lanzarotto, 135mamelucos, 330, 335Manchuria, 500Manila, 15, 28, 96–97, 186, 207, 210, 213,
263 (see also Philippines)manioc culture, 111, 118–119 (see also
agriculture)Manuel I (King of Portugal), 237, 286, 296,
315, 321, 326, 361, 363, 368–369and Brazil, 232and China, 298portrayed by Damiao de Gois, 378emblem of, 399, 413and literary culture, 365military orders and, 258millenarianism and, 492and municipal councils, 246and Morocco, 177
Manueline architecture, 421–422,429
Maranhao, 127, 168agriculture of, 40art and architecture in, 395captaincies in, 239–242cattle in, 125and commercial companies, 115diocese in, 259French settlement of, 161, 171, 338and language, 385local power in, 346–348rebellion in, 329–335, 344settlement of: French, 161, 171, 338;
Portuguese, 170–171, 179, 344slaves in, 5, 110and trade, 114, 121
Maratha Confederation, 4, 33, 215
Marchione, Bartolomeo, 54Maria I (Queen of Portugal), 267markets, 88–108 passim, 141, 223Mar Pequena, 139–141marriage, 181–182, 190, 203, 214, 217, 219,
246, 269, 334, 372 (see also casados;sexual relations and miscegenation;women)
Martellus, Henricus, 462Martins, Oliveira, 124Mascarenhas, Joao de (1st Marquis of
Fronteira), 416Mascarenhas, Jorge de, 242Mascarenhas, Vasco, 238Massachusetts, 250Masulipatnam, 100Matamba, kingdom of, 113, 124, 153,
156Mato Grosso, 161
agriculture in, 111captaincy of, 127, 240, 242fort in, 180mining in, 6, 35, 67settlement of, 170–171, 179, 183and trade, 128
Matos, Artur Teodoro de, 57Mauritania, 24Maurits, Johann, see Nassau-SiegenMauro, Frederic, 65Maxwell, Kenneth, 67–68Mazagan (El Jadida), 22, 179–180, 230–231,
393–394transfer of, 15
Mecca, 492Medina del Campo, 57Mediterranean, 93, 96–98, 139, 142, 222,
482, 486–487, 489Meliapor, 212Mello, Evaldo Cabral de, 61, 63Melo, D. Francisco Manuel de, 382Melo, Garcia de, 325–326Mendes, Alfonso, 156Meneses, Diogo de Sousa de, 154Meneses, Vasco Fernandes Cesar de, 242mercantilism, 14, 16, 19, 73, 174,
policies, 31, 34, 38–39mercenaries, 3, 103, 143–145, 147–148,
152, 212, 241, 504
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merchant communities, 80, 86, 88, 185, 315,504
in Africa, 94–95, 110, 112, 146, 148–149,300
in Asia, 10, 70, 89–108, 325–329, 373in Brazil, 75, 114, 128, 246, 330and intercontinental networks, 97in Lisbon, 16in relation to private trade and royal
monopoly, 20, 27Mesquita, Francisco Frias de, 395, 442messianism, 359, 383, 491–492 (see also
Sebastianism)mestico, 102 (see also sexual relations and
miscegenation)Methuen, Treaty of (1703), 35metropole, see Lisbon; London; Madrid;
Parismetropolis, 6–8, 20, 34–35, 41, 68–72, 129,
163, 174, 250, 252Mexico, 72, 186, 249, 266, 395,
423, 428–429, 438, 448,501
Middle East, 91–93, 98–99, 228military, 163
architecture, see fortsexpenditures, 77, 81–82mercenaries in Asia, 104, 301Portuguese soldiers, 159
military orders, 75, 257–259, 320millenarianism, 14Miller, Joseph, 117Mina, see El MinaMina Coast, 234Minas Gerais, 338
art and architecture in, 395, 429, 434,437–438, 440–441, 447–455
confraternities in, 268and gold, 16, 35–36, 66, 69Inconfidencia mineira, 7, 242and markets, 116, 118, 121, 125–128religious orders in, 267–268settlement of, 111, 168–171, 175,
183–184, 240Minho, 163, 175–176mining, 112, 118, 127–129
of diamonds, 6, 34, 37, 64, 68–71, 85,128–129, 132, 448, 507
of gold (mentioned), 19, 88, 95,109–110, 123, 169, 245, 320, 384, 448,481, 505–507
of gold, in Brazil, 6, 34–37, 66–70,126–134, 179, 183–184, 240–242
of gold, in Africa, 21, 23–24, 54, 91, 98,139–142, 144–147
of silver, 15, 28, 30, 32, 72, 88, 96, 111,118, 209, 505, 508
minting houses, 75miscegenation, 3, 5, 13, 102, 104, 188, 204,
219, 305policy regarding, 8See also sexual relations and
miscegenationMisericordias, 218, 268, 270, 273missionaries, 110, 114, 257, 302, 490
in Africa, 150, 155, 271–273, 307, 361in Asia, 204, 210, 220, 256, 262–264,
271–277in Brazil, 115, 186, 264–265, 300expulsion of, 259, 329–330across frontiers, 295and languages, 374–375nominated bishops, 261Protestant, 373rivalry among, 262–263, 277See also Catholicism; Christianity;
evangelization; religionmocambos, see quilombosMocha, 98Mogadishu, 91Mogador, 22Moghul empire, 92, 96, 205, 212, 227–228,
292, 299, 307, 503art and architecture in, 396, 406–410and nobility, 89
Moghul expansion, 33Moluccas, 29, 60, 917, 190, 204–207, 220,
222, 226, 331, 465, 509Mombasa, 91, 94, 98–104, 145–148, 179,
215–216, 236, 271, 291, 505Monomotapa, 3, 35, 91, 98, 126, 216–217,
307monsoons, 101, 167, 496–498Montesquieu, 336Montevideo, 118Morais, Francisco Teixeira de, 331–333
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Morineau, Michel, 67Morocco, 22, 51–54, 57–59, 138–140, 165,
177–181, 231, 283, 291, 301, 393Mozambique, 72, 104, 148, 185, 247–248
agriculture in, 111“Atlanticization” of, 130casados in, 102Catholicism in, 259–260, 271, 307and decolonization, 161and gold, 98, 142, 146–147government of, 216–218languages in, 162and local powers, 2–3, 220and military expeditions, 153–155prazos in, 217settlement of, 158, 167–170, 174, 176,
178–180, 185, 190, 293sexual relations and miscegenation in, 3and the slave trade, 130, 248and trade routes, 123See also Africa (East)
Mpinda, 111–112mulattoes, 110, 246 (see also sexual relations
and miscegenation)mule trade, 127–128, 170municipal councils, 73, 218–220, 244–249,
319, 330Muscat, 161, 178–179, 203, 215Muslims, 89, 91–96, 98–101, 110, 138–141,
153, 156, 203–204, 232, 255–257, 265,270, 283, 286, 296, 301, 360, 371, 376,492, 504 (see also Islam)
Mutapa, see Monomotapa
N’dongo, kingdom of, 113, 149–153,156–157, 293
Nagappattinam, 211–214Nagasaki, 3, 28, 101–102, 169, 178,
190, 300, 303, 307, 374, 416–417Namban art, 391, 416–420Napoleonic wars, 43, 130Nassau-Siegen, Johann Maurits van,
248natios, 104naus, 98–100Navarro, Joao Azpilcueta, 384Negreiros, Andre Vidal de, 243Nero, 331
Netherlands, 69, 103, 157, 219, 222, 484,503 (see also Dutch empire)
New Christians, 33, 59–60, 103, 186–188,220, 246–247, 265–266, 268, 325–328,383 (see also Jews)
New England, 250Newfoundland, 485Nicolao, Giovanni, 416Nicote, Filipe de Brito, 212–213Niger basin, 109Nigeria, 176Nile River, 504Njinga, Queen, 153, 156–157Nobili, Robert de, 265, 274–275nobility, 242 (see also aristocracy; social
classes)Nobrega, Manuel da, S.J., 173, 273Noli, Antonio da, 148Noronha, D. Fernando de, 291–292Noronha, Pedro Antonio de, 242North Sea, 482Northern Province, 4Norwegians, 487Novais, Paulo Dias de, 150–153, 177–178,
184, 243–244, 293, 299Nunes, Pedro, 468–471, 476nutmeg, 88, 502 (see also spices)
Obidos, Josefa de, 435Okinawa, 95Olinda, 242, 246, 259, 428–429Olivares, Count-Duke, 62Oliveira, Antonio de, 58, 61Oliveira, Fernando de, 256, 462, 469,
472–475Oman, 202Omanese empire, 4opium, 75Order of Avis, 258Order of Christ, 75, 237–238, 244,
257–258, 261, 270Order of Santiago, 258Order of the Temple, 258orders, see religious orders; military
ordersorientalism, 14Orta, Garcia da, 300, 468Ouidah, 37
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Oviedo, Andrea da, 155Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de, 323
Pacific Ocean, 96–97, 315, 373, 487, 496padroado regio, 16, 75, 198, 257–259, 267,
277padroes, 331, 375padroes de juro, 79Paiva, Afonso de, 142Palacio, Diego Garcia de, 474Palladio, Andrea, 475palm-wine, 75Panikkar, K. N., 11Para, 5
diocese in, 260government of, 241, 245, 385and markets, 128settlement of, 170–171, 179and slave trade, 110and trade, 40
Paraguay, 116Paranagua, 66Paraty, 128Paris, 162, 365Parısio, Cataldo, 364Pate, 98Patna, 90paulistas, 117–118, 127, 179, 242, 336–339,
344–348Pearl River, 209, 294pearls, 505Pedro, Prince D., 53Pedro II (King of Portugal), 156, 416Pegu, 3Peking, 447, 505pepper, 29, 54, 71, 80, 88–92, 98–103, 202,
324–328, 509 (see also spices)Pereira, Alexandre Machado, 492Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 461, 463–468, 472Pereira, Nuno Alvares, 154, 216Pernambuco
and Angola, 243diocese in, 259Dutch occupation of, 5, 31–32, 61, 63,
85, 248, 382genealogies in, 335government of, 233, 238Inquisition in, 266
settlement of, 171, 178–179, 184and the slave trade, 122and sugar, 25–26and trade, 38, 119, 121
Perry, Commodore, 308Persia (and Persian Gulf ), 92, 94, 98, 101,
161, 165, 178, 202–203, 482Peru, 25, 116, 249–250, 423, 428, 448, 501peruleiro network, 116–117Pescaria Coast, 3Petrarch, 377Philip I (II of Spain), 381Philip II (III of Spain), 244, 326, 436Philip IV, 80, 86Philippines, 90, 95, 189, 207, 255 (see also
Manila)Phoenicians, 485, 488Piauı, 125, 171Pigafetta, Filippo, 143Pigorini, Luigi, 399pillaging versus trade, 109, 113, 146, 152Pimentel, Luıs Serrao, 394Pina, Rui de, 360–363Pinto, Adriano, 274Pinto, Fernao Mendes, 379–381, 447,
504–505Pinto, Inacio Ferreira, 440Pinto, Virgılio Noya, 36, 66–68piracy, 22, 61–62Pires, Francisco, 291, 295, 393Pires, Tome, 209, 298Pires, Vicente Ferreira, 235Pita, Sebastiao da Rocha, 336Plato, 485Pliny, 475–476political order, conceptions of, 321–322,
332, 335, 340–341, 344, 347–348Poliziano, Angelo, 364Polo, Marco, 377Pombal, Marquis of, 4, 6, 34–35, 38–41,
116, 128–129, 267, 276, 384–385, 393porcelain, 91, 93, 410, 413–415port cities, 89–104Porto, 19, 219, 245, 449Portugal and Portuguese empire, 9, 42,
69–71, 77, 89, 126administration of, 78, 82, 239–243and Amerindians, 114
530
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art and architecture in, 386–451 passimand Brazil, 71, 131and the British empire, 77, 226–229,
250–251, 256and cartography, 142and centralization, 197, 200, 221,
240–245, 252and colonial institutions, 203–206,
208–211, 217–226, 230–234,341–342
in comparative perspective, 247–252and decolonization of Africa, 161and Dutch empire, 77, 117, 124–125, 157,
222–229, 248, 256, 335and emigration, 8, 163, 167–169,
172–176, 185, 190as “entrepreneurial domain state,” 73–74and expansion, 109–137 passim, 162–163,
229–247 passimfamily structures in, 163–164finances of, 59, 69, 71–82, 95, 99,
113–114and France, 71government of, 78, 82, 162–164,
217–218, 221–222historiography of, 9–11, 189, 193,
197–199, 348, 370, 384and imperial culture, 314–349 passimand Islam, 138language and literature of, 299, 358–386
passimand liberal revolution (1820), 71and local agents, 316–317, 347and local powers, 197, 201–208,
210–215, 217, 220–221, 230–231, 235,238, 296–298, 329–330
manufacturing in, 130maritime and naval achievements of, 140,
473, 494–495and nautical knowledge, 469–472,
494–498as “nebula of power,” 199–200, 221,
247, 249and nomadism, 377and the Overseas Council, 123–124, 243politics, culture and language of, 314–315,
320, 328, 330–332, 339–341, 344–347,349, 490
population of, 8, 80, 484postmodern view of, 198–199and religion, 198, 255–278 passimand renegades, 301–302and the Restoration, 113, 225, 260, 266,
394, 445and royal officials, 80–81, 110and royal patronage, 74, 81, 172, 320 (see
also padroado regio)and Russian empire, 498–501and science, 460–476 passimsettlement of, 74, 161–196 passimand soldados, see renegadesand Spanish empire, 249–250, 256, 508and spices, 298stereotypes of, 314, 345and trade, 71, 113, 146urban centers in, 182See also Brazil; Estado da India
Post, Frans, 419Potosı, 4, 15, 116Pozzo, Andrea, 440prazos (in Zambezi region), 30Prester John, 138–139, 142, 145–146,
377–378Prıncipe Island, see Sao Tome and PrıncipePropaganda Fide, Congregation of, 259,
277Protestants, 266, 276, 346, 373, 422Ptolemy, geography by, 142Pulicat, 93, 100
Queiros, Fernao, 289Quelimane, 146quilombos, 16, 123–124, 186, 337 (see also
slavery)quinine, 2, 244quintos, 66–68
race (and racism), 8Ramalho, Joao, 337Ramalho, Jose Cardoso, 448Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 324Ravenna, Benedetto da, 393Recife, 118, 242, 428–429, 445 (see also
Pernambuco)Red Sea, 91–101, 147, 165, 236, 504regimentos, 172
531
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religion, 86, 98, 318and empire, 255–279 passimand trade, 396–397and women, 269–270See also Catholicism; Christianity;
evangelization; Islam; missionariesreligious orders, 103, 262–265, 267–268,
271, 277, 379, 413, 419, 448 (see alsomilitary orders)
Renaissance, 322, 366, 377, 395, 398, 447,461–462, 468, 474–475
renegades, 214, 224, 301–302Resende, Andre de, 364Resende, Garcia de, 369resistance and revolts, 16–18
in Africa, 24in Brazil, 7, 242in Goa, 7
Restelo, 323Restoration (1640), 31, 62Ribeiro, Antonio Simoes, 433Ribeiro, Bernardim, 366Ribeiro, Gabriel, 435Ricci, Matteo, 274–275, 295, 414rice, 40, 116, 130–131 (see also agriculture)Rio de Janeiro, 6, 20, 114, 118–119, 178,
242administration of, 240–243agriculture in, 123, 130art and architecture in, 429, 437, 438,
442, 444–445, 448–449as capital of Brazil, 6, 67, 127convents in, 269diocese of, 259French occupation of, 338population of, 41, 169and royal bureaucracy, 163settlement of, 178–179and the slave trade, 116–119, 131in the South Atlantic complex, 114, 118,
122, 130, 243and Spanish America, 116–117and trade, 125–126as urban center, 182, 245–246
Rio de la Plata, 116–118, 125, 130, 167, 239,248, 324
Rio Grande de Sao Pedro, see Rio Grandedo Sul
Rio Grande do Sul, 38, 127, 171, 179,239
rivers, 3, 30, 167–170, 176, 178, 206, 243,293–294
in Africa, 109–111, 141, 143, 148,152–155, 158, 217, 302, 304
in America, 116, 167in Asia, 209, 294
Rocha, Jose Joaquim da, 437Rodrigues, Domingos, 430, 433Rodrigues, Joao, 374Rome, 155, 265, 307, 397, 419, 433,
446Rosario, Frei Antonio do, 42Rubens, 415, 430, 440Ruggieri, Michele, 274–275, 295, 414Russell-Wood, A. J. R., 37Russia, 90, 487, 498–500, 509
Sa, Dom Constantino de, 208Sa, Mem de, 173Sa, Salvador Correia de, 5, 123, 157,
243Sa de Miranda, Francisco, 365–366, 377Sa’adid monarchy, 138Sacramento, 118, 171, 331Safim, 2, 22, 55Sagres, 363Sahara, 110–111, 148, 360Said, Edward, 11Saint-Domingue, see HaitiSakai, 94Salazar regime, 13, 198, 316, 483Saldanha, Aires, 213Salomonic columns, 438, 440salt, 69–70, 117, 123, 484saltpeter, 92Salvador, 6, 182, 245
art and architecture in, 395, 397,428–429, 433–438, 441–443, 447
founding of, 173Misericordia, 246municipal council of, 245population of, 169and royal bureaucracy, 163, 239–240and trade, 33, 38, 41, 64See also Bahia
sandalwood, 88, 204
532
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Santa Catarina, 171, 174, 179Santos, 117Sao Francisco River, 125, 129Sao Jorge da Mina, see El MinaSao Luıs, 330Sao Paulo, 183, 241, 246, 309, 314
and agriculture, 116–117and Amerindian slavery, 5, 111, 303art and architecture in, 435and bandeirantes, 303diocese of, 260great families of, 335–339merchants in, 41and the mule trade, 127and paulistas, 6settlement of, 170–171, 179sexual relations and miscegenation in, 5,
188, 292and trade, 116–117
Sao Paulo de Luanda, see LuandaSao Tome and Prıncipe, 21, 111, 148,
161–162, 177, 232, 236African population of, 176and captaincies, 243decolonization of, 161diocese of, 259Dutch conquest of, 5, 61municipal council of, 245–246and native priests, 277and religious orders, 260settlement of, 24, 145, 165, 174and slavery, 144, 184and sugar, 24, 171and trade, 111–112, 141
Sao Tome de Meliapor, 28, 73, 211Sao Vicente, 178Saraswat Brahmins, 103Scandinavia, 486, 489Schall, Adam, 274Schorkens, Juan, 436–437Schwartz, Stuart, 117, 120science and technology, 460–476, 483,
486–490and experience, 460–476and medicine, 300–301
scientific revolution, 461–463, 488Scotland, 488Sea of Japan, 167
sea routes, 139–142, 145, 161, 175Sebastianism, 383–384 (see also messianism)Sebastiao (King of Portugal), 30, 138,
150–152, 231, 293, 301, 381Senegal, 140, 143, 148, 304Senegal River, 109, 141Senegambia, 23, 110, 141, 143–144, 148,
234Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, 289sertoes, 167–168sesmarias, see land grantssettlement, 148, 151–156, 165, 233, 245
and climate, 167geography of, 166–172patterns of, 161–196 passimand possession, 163religion and, 181–182rivers and, 167, 179structures of, 179–187settlers, 148–149, 172, 178, 187–188, 385in Africa, 123, 152, 154–156in Brazil, 114–115, 128, 246, 330, 334and migrants, 175–177
Setubal, 484Seven Years War, 228, 251Severim, Baltasar de Faria, 80Seville, 15, 162sexual relations and miscegenation, 3, 102,
104, 172, 188, 214, 219, 304–305, 319,372
shipbuilding, 78shipping, 89, 98, 140, 146shipwrecks, 27, 33Shirazis, 101, 104Siam, 33Siberia, 499–500, 509Sicily, 359Sideri, Sandro, 130Sierra Leone, 144, 149, 155, 173, 360,
398–400silk, 28–29, 93, 209, 304, 410, 505Silveira, Antonio da, 153silver, see miningSilves, Diogo de, 494Sindh, 29, 99Sintra, 447sisas, 73Slave Coast, 111, 121–122, 129
533
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slavery, 69, 109–112, 126, 128, 144, 232,318–319, 481, 506
in Africa, 4–5, 9, 10, 17, 23–24, 26, 33,39, 40–41, 64, 68, 153
and Amerindians, 334and Atlantic economy, 15, 20in Brazil, 115, 117, 120–122, 127, 173,
337and Canary Islands, 23challenges to, 7and diet, 107, 111, 119and insurrections, 112, 123, 125and the Jesuits, 115in Portugal, 23and religion, 271and slave interpreters, 316–319See also slave trade
slave trade, 109–124, 128–129, 157, 169,188, 247–248, 304, 318–319, 334,482–483, 503–504, 507–508
and Africa, 24, 144–145and Amerindians, 292–293, 334with Brazil, 117, 131, 176–177, 330condemnation of, 256duties on, 70and price of slaves, 32, 36, 117traders, 119, 299, 330See also slavery
Smith, Adam, 37smuggling, 75, 81, 98, 116, 294sobas, 152social classes, 81, 148, 225Society of Jesus, see JesuitsSocotra island, 142, 232Sofala, 26, 91, 98, 100, 102, 142, 145–147,
158, 171, 216Solis, Duarte Gomes, 80Solor, 210solteiros, 102–105Somalis, 147Sottomaior, Francisco de Gouveia, 151Sousa, Francisco de, 240Sousa, Luıs Antonio de (Morgado de
Mateus), 127–128Sousa, Martim Afonso de, 233, 293,
469–470South Africa, 224Southey, Robert, 345
Spain (and Castile), 32, 41, 189, 225, 321,488
and colonial architecture, 423and the dual monarchy, 373, 381empire of, 60, 72, 130, 249–250, 269, 276finances of, 72and imperialism, 501–503and Portugal, 32, 72, 120, 123–124, 160,
225, 323–324, 327and silver trade, 96–97and slave trade, 112, 144Tordesillas, Treaty of, 331universities in, 364
Speelmann, Cornelis, 226spices, 19, 34, 163, 499, 504, 509
competition for, 88, 223–226, 372production of, 91–93, 204, 223royal income from, 29, 55, 63–64trade in, 97–98, 101, 117, 142See also cinnamon; cloves; nutmeg;
pepperSpinola, Carlo, 423, 433Staden, Hans, 324Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 89sub-Saharan societies, 110, 117, 247Suez Canal, 487sugar economy, 19, 75, 162, 171, 246, 506
African slaves and, 4–6, 26, 111–119Amerindian slaves and, 4–6, 26in Brazil, 21, 25–26, 38, 43, 65–66,
68–69, 125–132, 184, 483in India, 97in Madeira, 23, 25–26, 54sugar cane liquor, see cachacaand trade, 39, 43in the West Indies, 32, 41, 248, 251, 501See also agriculture
sultans, 165–166, 169, 492Sumatra, 88, 101, 298Surat, 89–90, 99–100, 105Swahili Coast, 91, 94, 98, 104, 215–216,
236Sweden, 185, 487–488Syria, 139Syriam, 3
Tacitus, 332, 347Tamara, Francisco, 324
534
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Tangier, 22, 31, 48, 177, 320tangomaus, 110Taoism, 256, 289Taques de Almeida Pais de Leme, Pedro,
335–338, 346–347Tavares Chico, 395Tavora, Marquis of, 339, 346–347taxes, 86, 172, 220, 251, 340
in Africa, 148–149, 216in Asia, 95–96, 101, 206–210in Brazil, 127ecclesiastical, 257See also tithes
tax farmers, 82technology, see science and technologytencas, 79, 202Ternate, 504Tete, 154, 176Tetuan, 138textiles, 29, 44, 64, 93, 110, 410 (see also
cotton)Thevet, Andre, 324Thirty Years War, 124Tibet, 90, 272Tidore, 504Timor, 104, 162, 178, 210, 374
Catholicism in, 262, 276, 308political power in, 210–211, 220and sandal wood trade, 204,
210Timor Sea, 167tithes, 75, 77 (see also taxes)tobacco
in Brazil, 5–6, 65–66, 114, 126, 130, 132,184
monopoly of, 69–71, 80, 121in North America, 250, 501and South Atlantic complex, 5trade in, 33, 37–38, 64, 69–70, 96, 119,
121Tokugawa shogunate, 33Tomar, 258, 393Tomaz, Fernando, 56, 69Tomonobu, 417Tonga, 217Tordesillas, Treaty of, 331Torralva, Diogo de, 393Toscano, Goncalo, 316
trade, 27, 58, 70–73, 81, 98, 129–131, 171,206, 508
African, 94, 102–104, 109–113, 119, 145,165, 304
and art, 391Asian, 27, 76, 92–95, 99–104, 182, 185,
205, 223, 225, 326, 413, 504Atlantic, 498, 506Brazilian, 75, 111–113, 115–123, 126, 130,
174chartered companies and, 33, 39, 41, 115coastal, 89–90, 98–101, 111concessions, 20, 53, 74, 80–81, 232, 315,
330contraband, 37, 71, 118, 121and customs, 69–71, 75–76, 94–103in furs, 114, 499in gold, 142Indian Ocean, 91, 98, 145–147intercolonial, 109intercontinental, 111land routes for, 97, 110licences, 75long distance, 91, 94, 100–105, 170at Malacca, 95monopolies (and contracts), 74, 80, 232peddlers, 89, 101, 104in porcelain, 413private, 99, 102–103, 211, 233, 315, 327and religion, 396–397, 490retail and wholesale, 89and South Atlantic complex, 111in textiles, 92, 95, 110and trading firms, 102and trading rights and privileges, 81and trading ventures, 78and West Africa, 140–144
trading companies, 16Brazil Company, 32, 62–63Companhia do Estanco do Maranhao,
115Companhia Geral do Comercio de
Pernambuco e Paraiba, 39, 41, 129Companhia Geral do Comercio do Grao
Para e Maranhao, 39, 41, 115–116, 128Dutch and English trading companies,
33, 104, 186, 189, 202, 223–229, 248,413, 502
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trading companies (cont.)Portuguese East India Company, 33,
62trading posts ( feitorias ), 26–27, 76, 163, 174,
290in Africa, 123, 146, 148, 157, 178, 181,
216, 221–224, 232–236, 247in Asia, 178, 200–203, 206–207, 296in Brazil, 233British and Dutch, 226–229
Trancoso, Goncalves Fernandes, 265treaties, 16, 164, 173
Alcacovas, Treaty of, 164Madrid, Treaty of, 127–128, 165, 231Methuen, Treaty of, 35Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 500Santo Ildefonso, Treaty of, 331Tordesillas, Treaty of, 165, 331, 361, 464,
466Treaty of 1654 between Portugal and
England, 31Twelve Years Truce, 59
Tupi, 384–385, 496Turks, 55, 98–100, 205, 297, 376
United States, 43, 114, 124, 131, 487Upper Guinea, 109–110, 116, 304 (see also
Guinea)urban planning, 395
Valdelvira, Andres de, 423Valignano, Alessandro, 273–276, 307Van Leur, Jacob, 11Vasco, Grao, 496Vasconcelos, Diogo Mendes de, 319Vasconcelos, Luıs Mendes de, 152Vasconcelos, Simao de, 332Vasconcelos e Sousa, Pedro de (Count of
Castelo Melhor), 242Vatican Basilica, 440Veen, Otto van, 443Velho, Alvaro, 285, 299, 371–372Venice, 103, 189, 222
Verba, Friar Joao de, 320Verbiest, Ferdinand, 500Viamao, 128Vicente, Gil, 363–364Vieira, Antonio, S. J., 5, 115, 300, 329, 344,
382–385Vieira, Joao Fernandes, 243Vijayanagar, 93, 504Vilhena, Filipa de, 407Viterbo, Sousa, 390Voltaire, 336Volta River, 110Vorah, Virji, 89–90
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 11War of the Barbarians, 125War of the Spanish Succession, 68wax, 110Welser (banking house), 103West India Company, 156, 248West Indies, 116, 121, 250, 318, 501, 506West-Indische Compagnie (WIC), see West
India Companywind systems, 167, 241, 461, 493–496wine, 117, 119–120, 171women, 13, 17, 172, 182, 319
and religion, 269–270See also sexual relations and
miscegenation
Xavier, Francis, 272, 307, 373–374, 379,396, 424
Yemen, 94
Zambezi River, 3, 30, 153–155, 158,167–170, 176, 206, 209, 217, 302,309
Zanzibar, 97Zimbabwe, 447Zupanov, Ines, 265Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, 139, 284, 306,
324, 359–361
536
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