cooling india january 2013

Vol. 8 No. 10 January 2013 ` 70/Annual Subscription ` 800

Visit us atACREX 2013

Stand No. N 37-9 March 2013

Bombay Exhibition Centre Mumbai

Pravita IyerPublisher & Director

ublisher’s Letter

4 January 2013January 2013

Developments over the last decade in Heating, ventilation and Air conditioning industry are phenomenal. There are far more advanced, energy efficient

and Green products available in market today for industrial as well as domestic applications. An article 'A Brief Guide to HVAC Pre-planning' highlights HVAC systems are major energy consumer in both industrial and domestic applications. In process cooling an HVAC energy consumption may vary from 20% to 60% of total energy consumption depending on process requirements.

A Direct Structure Cooling System in a building uses minimal energy, has zero water loss and helps reduce global warming. It is also affordable, since it uses simple local equipment, inexpensive materials and has near zero running cost, thus becoming a sustainable solution. Overall, study on 'An Analysis Of Direct Structure Cooling' showed that even by introducing Direct Structure Cooling only at the roof, a large amount of heat could be prevented from reaching the occupant, thus achieving their thermal comfort.

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. While the practices or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived is discussed in 'Green Building and Renewable reducing Environmental Impact.' Also worth reading is an interesting project on Comfort Cooling at Patanjali Yogpith Trust, Haridwar that runs the ashram, to install an evaporative cooling system in Yoga Hall.

Do visit us at ACREX 2013 during March 7-9, at Bombay Exhibition Centre, Mumbai.

We express gratitude to our patrons, authors and well wishers who besides providing overwhelming support are our partners on a long way.

Please do send your comments at [email protected]

Technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving

Publisher's Note.indd 4Publisher's Note.indd 4 1/16/2013 5:25:55 PM1/16/2013 5:25:55 PM

Vol 8 • No 10, January 2013CCONTENTSONTENTS


44

Water Demand in Commercial Building by AC System and Methodology for its reductionThe need to conserve water, its high scarcity and undependable supply in many parts of the country has made MEP design engineers study each new building project carefully to evaluate the possibility of maximum water savings. All the Municipality norms, Eco Housing and green building guide lines also gives higher priority to water efficient Building service features.

Green Building & RenewablesGreen building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not- building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you contribute to sprawl, you have just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.26

Telecom operations encompass two major components. The first one is the data centre and the second one is the transmission centre. In both operations, computers and servers play the major role. Air conditioners are used to maintain the inside working environment, and transformer, UPS, capacitors and other switch gears are used to maintain & regulate the electricity supply.

Energy Saving Opportunities in a Telecom industry to reduce CO2 emission

22

38

The world has seen tremendous growth over the last decade and energy requirements have soared consequently. It is no secret that the scarce energy sources are depleting fast and therefore the increased demand is putting a thrust on the prices of available energy sources, especially fossil fuel. It is only a matter of time when the world will have to resort on to new energy alternatives. At the same time, environmental concerns are gaining importance not only in theory but practice. Thankfully, we have an unlimited source of energy, our Sun. Though there are developments in other alternative energy options as well, solar energy looks to be most promising and sustainable solution to our future needs.

Multi-effect Solar Absorption Chiller

30

Developments over the last decade in HVAC (Heating ventilation and Air conditioning) industry are phenomenal. There are far more advanced, energy efficient and Green products available in market today for industrial as well as domestic applications.

A Brief Guide to HVAC Project Pre-planning

Artic

les

Contents.indd 6Contents.indd 6 1/16/2013 5:54:34 PM1/16/2013 5:54:34 PM

... at a Glance


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Cooling of Electronics using Phase Change Materials 80

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Cooling Storage System for Load end energy management 72

DEPARTMENTS

PUBLISHER’S LETTER..................................................................... 04

EDITORIAL......................................................................................10

NEWSLINE...................................................................................... 12

COMPANY PROFILE........................................................................84

PRODUCT REVIEW..........................................................................86

IAI COLD CHAIN EXPO 2012...........................................................91

PRODUCT PROFILE.........................................................................98

PRODUCT FEATURE...................................................................... 100

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS...............................................................101

COOLING MUSEUM......................................................................102

Cooling Technology, Green Building and Renewable, Cooling Storage

and Water Management

FOCUS ONIn

terv

iew

s

The Supreme Industries Ltd'Manufacturing unit in four locations'

Atul Khanna, General Manager

50

Lti Ventilatoren 'To be the first three ventilation product supplier in Indian subcontinent'

Gaurav Vasudev, Country Head

42

Wastewater Management in Commercial Buildings

With rising urbanization & industrialization, growing population & improving standard of living, water demand & consumption is increasing at a rapid rate. To add to it, the fresh water supplies are themselves limited by the nature and at the same time, drought, depleting water table and aquifers, deforestation, climate change and pollution have disturbed the availability patterns of potable water.

54

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Direct Structure Cooling- An Analysis 58

48Baba Ramdev’s ashram in Hardwar called Patanjali Yogpith is the spiritual destination of large numbers of Indian and foreign devotees. The Yoga Hall, where thousands of people practice YOGA in the presence of celebrated Yoga Guru – Baba Ramdev, is a mammoth hall with an area of 200,000 sq ft, large enough to accommodate 30,000 persons. It is 115 meters wide, 165 meters long and 13 meters high.

Comfort Cooling for 200,000 sq ft Yoga Hall

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Large Manufacturers of HVAC Products need to come together and start School for HVAC Equipment 56

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Feature_ Cost effective thermal insulation solutions from The Supreme Industries 85

Contents.indd 8Contents.indd 8 1/16/2013 5:54:38 PM1/16/2013 5:54:38 PM

E d i t o r i a lEE d i t o r i a lE d i t o r i a lPublisher Pravita Iyer

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Editor: Gopal Krishna Anand


Indian Green Building Council aims to facilitate India to be one of the global leaders in sustainable built environment by 2025. And, for this to happen Infrastructure development is expected to grow continuously.

Buildings are major consumers of energy, hence construction industry needs to promote in developing sustainable building technologies, incorporating the green building concept. The benefits of green buildings include 20-30% energy savings and 30-50% water savings and this boosts marketability of the projects. Other benefits include day lighting utilization to the maximum, good indoor environmental quality, material selection, and optimum utilization of natural resources.

Green Building market is growing at a rate of 30-35% per year. Presently, there are about 1,745 eco-friendly building projects with over 1.21 billion sq ft registered with the IGBC, which expects building footprint of about 2 billion sq ft by 2015. Also, it is estimated that by 2015, the market potential for green building products and technologies in India will be about $100 billion. In this direction, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy in association with The Energy and Resources Institute developed the GRIHA rating system to promote the green building concept. The system rates buildings on a 1-5 star scale, with 5 stars signifying the most energy-efficient green buildings.

IGBC has licensed LEED Green Building Standard from the U.S. Green Building Council. Tamil Nadu Government in consonance with plans to build solar powered green houses for rural poor, allotted Rs 1,080 Crore for construction of 60,000 houses. Green building movement in India was sparked by the first Platinum Green Building in India; CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad as per the LEED Rating system that put India on the global map of green building movement. IGBC Green Homes Rating System is designed for rating new residential buildings such as individual homes, existing residential buildings which retrofit and redesigned and high rise apartments in accordance with IGBC criteria.

Green building movements certainly progress with government initiatives to encourage sustainability in the society. The exclusive planning, technology and design creativity will obviously ensure the efficient use of resources and energy, lowers environmental impact of building, overcomes the challenge of climate change, improves employees productivity and contributes to better quality of life.

Gopal Krishna Anand

Green Buildings for Sustainable Environment

Editorial.indd 10Editorial.indd 10 1/16/2013 5:29:33 PM1/16/2013 5:29:33 PM

NewsNews


Trane Interactive Solutions: range of interactive Split Air Conditioners and interactive Electronic Lock

Ingersoll Rand has recently ventured into the Indian market with “Trane Interactive Solutions” which offer

the range of interactive Split Air Conditioners and interactive Electronic Lock, targeted towards the premium segment. The products can interact with each other through a new generation wireless technology called Zig Bee, allowing two-way communications between multiple devices and a single controller. Trane interactive controller, therefore allows the consumer to control the Trane interactive AC and the interactive Lock together, without having to be in their direct line of sight. India is the first market, outside of the US market, for Ingersoll Rand to launch the brand “Trane”. Powered with Zig Bee technology, Trane interactive solutions are one of its kind solutions for any market in the world. These devices are also a first in the home automation segment, where the AC and the lock interact with each other and can be controlled with a single interactive controller. The products bring in simpler yet technologically evolved levels of interactivity, control, customization and operation for modern living. They create home environments which promise new levels of comfort, efficiency and security. The wireless protocols and technologies used in these products essentially use very low power and are very reliable. These are also very safe and simple to use. The Trane 3 star 1.0 ton AC is priced at Rs 37,000, 1.5 ton at 42,000; and the 5 star 1.0 tons would cost Rs 42,300 and 1.5 ton Rs 52,500. The main door electronic mortise lock is priced at Rs 24,500. The Trane Interactive products are aimed at providing high degree of convenience, comfort and control that one always needs and make everyday living simple & intuitive. �

A world leader in heat transfer, centrifugal separation and fluid

handling – has acquired the US-based company Air Cooled Exchangers, LLC (ACE), a leading manufacturer of custom-engineered air-cooled heat exchangers, used to cool air, natural gas, oil and water in the natural gas market as well as other energy-related end markets. Lars Renström, President and CEO of the Alfa Laval Group, comments, “The acquisition of ACE brings a new product range into our heat transfer offering, at a time when demand for air-cooled heat exchangers is accelerating - especially in the natural gas industry. Together, Alfa Laval’s overall position is further strengthened, and we’re even better positioned to serve the energy-related industries.” ACE is expected to generate sales of approximately SEK 350 million in 2012, with profitability well above the average for the Alfa Laval Group. The intention is to integrate Air Cooled Exchangers, LLC into Alfa Laval’s Energy & Environment segment, within the Process Technology division. The company was acquired on December 31, 2012. �

Mitsubishi Electric is using its presence at Ecobuild (ExCel,

London, March 5–7) to highlight real world building projects that are using existing renewable technologies to improve energy performance and lower both carbon emissions and in many cases, energy bills. The company’s stand details the improvements made in both new build and retro-fit projects in domestic and commercial settings, through energy saving equipment and renewable technology such as the award-winning Ecodan air source heat pump. �

Alfa Laval acquires leading provider of niche heat transfer products

Mitsubishi Electric shows what Renewables can Achieve

Danfoss acquires full ownership of Danfoss Turbocor Compressors

Danfoss acquired full ownership of the joint venture company Danfoss Turbocor

Compressors, in which Danfoss has had a 50 percent owner’s share since 2004. The company develops, produces and markets high efficiency variable speed compressors in the capacity range of 75-200 ton per unit which are primarily used in very large commercial air-conditioning applications. Ricardo Schneider, CEO, Danfoss Turbocor Compressors commented, “We believe that Danfoss is the ideal single owner of this business because Danfoss is a global compressor manufacturer, a well-respected leader in our industry and committed to the long- term success of our business and our customers’ businesses. Danfoss Turbocor is a strong link in the Danfoss strategy to differentiate by innovation with variable speed high efficiency compressors. We are delighted to become 100 percent part of Danfoss, which will support Danfoss Turbocor in executing our ambitious plans”. Danfoss Commercial Compressors already has a strong position in the market for residential and commercial compressors, where the Danfoss inverter scroll compressor range is used in applications including rooftops, data centers, chillers, VRF. Acquisition of Danfoss Turbocor is set to secure company’s leading position in variable speed compressor technology and thereby give the Danfoss Group decisive strategic advantages in the global air-conditioning and refrigeration market. According to Arup Majumdar, VP marketing, strategy & inverter scrolls of Danfoss Commercial Compressors, the development of large capacity variable speed compressors addresses a global demand for more energy- efficient solutions for cooling and heating. �

Newslines.indd 12Newslines.indd 12 1/16/2013 6:26:00 PM1/16/2013 6:26:00 PM

NewsNews


Sea Trials proving Value of Carrier Transicold’s Efficient NaturaLINE Natural Refrigerant Container SystemCarrier Transicold reports smooth sailing for its new NaturaLINE unit, the world’s first natural refrigerant container refrigeration system, which has been successfully navigating a rigorous sea trial program throughout 2012. Carrier Transicold helps improve global transport and shipping temperature control with a complete line of equipment for refrigerated trucks, trailers and containers, and is a part of UTC Climate, Controls & Security, a unit of United Technologies Corp. The NaturaLINE units have been performing at predicted levels during sea trials, proving the practicality of a natural refrigerant-based system for high-efficiency marine applications. To date, NaturaLINE sea trial units have logged hundreds of thousands of nautical miles and tens of thousands of service hours for customers, successfully delivering a wide spectrum of products, including Caribbean-grown bananas, Belgian beer, European wines, cookie dough, ice cream, meats and cheeses. The units have been operating over temperature set points ranging from -22 degrees Celsius to 13 degrees Celsius on Atlantic and Pacific routes ranging from four to 29 days. More sea trial units will be deployed over the next several months. Using carbon dioxide as its refrigerant, the NaturaLINE unit can help alleviate container shipping industry concerns about the use of conventional synthetic refrigerants, which have higher global warming potential (GWP). Combined with its outstanding energy efficiency, the NaturaLINE unit is proving itself to be the most environmentally sound alternative available for overseas shipping of frozen and refrigerated goods. It also has been validated by UL Environment as having a 95 percent recyclability rate, joining Carrier’s PrimeLINE unit as the only container refrigeration units to achieve recyclability validation. �

Glass industry releases new evidences of glazing benefits to sustainable buildings

Glass for Europe releases new evidences of glazing benefits to

sustainable buildings. The latter were gathered by David Strong Consulting in a recent study on the distinctive benefits of glazing, which highlights the socio-economic contributions of glazed areas to sustainability in the built environment. “Getting daylight into buildings is a key element of sustainable building design. It not only saves energy but it greatly enhances the health, happiness and well-being of occupants”, explained David Strong after having analysed the positive impact of daylight in healthcare, educational buildings, workplace, retails buildings and living places. “Glass is unique among building materials because of its ability to transmit daylight and sunlight and to provide a view to the outside world. Therefore, glass influences the interior quality of buildings in many more ways than does any other construction material” said Rick Wilberforce, Chairman of the External Relations Committee of Glass for Europe. At a time when focus on sustainable building design is growing, Glass for Europe firmly believes that policy-makers and architects need to be aware of the socio-economic aspects of sustainability linked to the provision of daylight into buildings and its benefits to occupants as a way to ensure that new buildings are truly sustainable. “The incredible advances in glass making technologies in the last quarter of a century have given architects a whole pallet of products, which can be net contributors of energy to buildings. It means architects now have freedom of design in the amount of glazing in the facades that was never previously possible”, added Rick Wilberforce. �

Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc., a business of Emerson has

launched a new mobile application designed to help HVAC contractors upgrade their old sliding cardboard refrigerant charge calculators. The new HVAC Check & Charge provides an on-site refrigerant charge calculator for air conditioning applications. The application allows contractors to easily calculate correct system refrigerant charge for R-22 or R-410A. Contractors can simply choose subcooling, superheat, or airflow and enter the specified system temperatures along with the latent and sensible environmental loads. These values are then used to determine the proper system charge and whether the charge amount needs to be altered based on these conditions. �

Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential

Buildings, is open for advisory public review from Jan. 4-Feb. 3, 2013. The addendum proposes changes to definitions for computer rooms and data centers in Standard 90.1 to create a distinction between facilities covered by 90.1 and those which are intended to be under the scope of ASHRAE Standard 90.4P, Energy Standard for Data Centers and Telecommunications Buildings, proposed by ASHRAE in late 2012. The definition proposed for computer rooms more closely aligns with ASHRAE Standard 100, Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings, and the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). In addition, the definition is consistent with Uptime Institutes’ “Tier Standard: Topology” and the Telecommunications Industry Association ANSI/TIA-942 class rating for low-risk Tier I data centers. �

Emerson Climate Technologies launches HVAC Check & Charge

ASHRAE seeks Input on Revisions to Data Centers in 90.1 Energy Standard


NewsNews


Eaton-Williams targets energy efficiencies at Data Centre World 2013

GEA Refrigeration North America to introduce Bock piston compressors

Eaton-Williams is a recognised solutions provider when it comes to reducing energy usage. Its award winning products deliver

an integrated, efficient and reliable approach to managing heat in datacentres. With a focus on energy efficient cooling solutions Eaton-Williams exhibits at Data Centre World 2013 will include a range of Rear Door Heat Exchangers capable of delivering up to 55kW of cooling with 100% heat rejection at source; the CD6 cooling distribution unit that can be connected up to 12 rear door heat exchangers and deliver up to 260kW of cooling; and the new FleXaire close control system. FleXaire delivers precision air control in data centres and any other environment where temperature control is critical. Efficient use of humidification technology in data centres can help reduce static electrical discharges that can damage servers and IT equipment. Installing VapaWall in an air handling unit can provide efficient and effective humidity control with the benefit of free cooling, depending on the application. Floor grilles can determine the effectiveness of air distribution in data centres. Colman's fan assisted floor grille tackles hot spots by delivering cool air to the rack where it is most needed. It replaces standard 600mm x 600mm floor tiles and is fitted with a 230V supply as standard, offering simple plug and play connectivity. Eaton-Williams Service (EWS) will be advising on maximising efficiencies of HVAC equipment. Savings of 20% or more can be achieved using its diagnostics and optimising tool kit as part of a comprehensive maintenance programme. Eaton-Williams, a global, diversified company whose many market-leading brands deliver broad capabilities and a wide array of innovative, technology-driven products and solutions for lifestyle improvement at home and at work. �

GEA Refrigeration Technologies will introduce its GEA Bock piston compressors to the United States and

Canadian markets at the 2013 AHR Expo, Jan. 28 – 30, in Dallas. With this addition, GEA Refrigeration North America can now offer piston and screw compressors from 5 to 6100 CFM using various refrigerants including R-134a, R-404a, CO2, NH3 and others. GEA Bock’s diverse offering from 5 to approximately 200 CFM is ideal for various applications in the cooling and refrigeration industry. GEA Bock compressors can be found in bus and train cooling systems, refrigerated transport vehicles, supermarket refrigeration systems, comfort air conditioning and marine refrigeration applications, to name a few. GEA Bock compressors are manufactured in Germany and will be sold in the United States and Canada through GEA Refrigeration North America, Inc. GEA Bock compressors such as this GEA Bock F18 model, offer displacements up to approximately 200 CFM. They are now available in the USA and Canada. GEA Group Aktiengesellschaft, one of the largest suppliers of process technology and components for the food and energy industries, achieved consolidated revenues in excess of EUR 5.4 billion in 2011. Dr Helmut Schmale, CFO of GEA Group, estimated the group’s order intake for fiscal year 2012, subject to the final audit, to be approximately EUR 5.9 billion at an investor conference in New York on January 15, 2013. This represents a year-on-year increase of 5 percent and is thus in line with expectations. GEA will issue preliminary key figures for fiscal 2012 and the outlook for 2013 at the annual financial press conference in Düsseldorf on February 6, 2013. �

The theme "Dedicated to an eco-friendly environment" of ACREX

India 2013 offers a perfect platform for Air Conditioning, Refrigeration and allied Building Services such as Electrical, Lighting, Plumbing and Water Treatment, Fire and Safety, Automation and Fenestration, to showcase technologically innovative, Environmental Friendly & Energy saving and sustainable products & services to meet the ever growing, demanding market of India. The 14th edition of ACREX India to be held from March 7-9, 2013 at Mumbai organized by Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) with the professional expertise of UBM India, aims to surpass the expectations of the previous shows and set new precedents and standards for all such future Exhibitions. Concurrent Workshops, Seminars and Interactive Panel Discussions ACREX India 2013, while providing the right platform for companies to showcase their products, will also be a very educative and informative event with series of technical workshops, seminars and interactive panel discussions held concurrently with the exhibition. �

Systemair AB acquired 70 percent of the shares of the Turkish

company HSK, the Turkey's leading manufacturer of air handling units. Systemair acquired a further 20 percent of the shares in HSK on December 21. "We are pleased for the opportunity to increase our ownership and that the founding family will remain with 10 percent ownership in order to maintain continuity and to participate in the continued expansion" says Gerald Engström, Systemair's President and CEO. The business has changed its name to Systemair-HSK and a merger with Systemair's previous sales company in Turkey has begun. �

ACREX India 2013March 7-9, Mumbai

Systemair increases ownership in HSK, Turkey


NewsNews


High Performance Building Solutions drive Efficiency and Savings for Unique Needs of Financial Institutions

Free ASHRAE Session at AHR Expo focuses on Acoustics

Financial institutions handle critical data every day, data that requires specialized environments to

ensure that information is processed without interruption. If a data center goes down for even 15 minutes, an organization could lose millions of dollars in information. Data centers have significant and specialized cooling needs in order to handle the heat loads associated with computational processes. Hot spots and inadequate cooling can cause costly disruptions and are daily concerns. Mission critical operations are happening at financial institutions 24/7, with increased demands on thermal management, airflow, cooling and humidity control. Reliable, efficient and capable heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are critical to achieving optimal performance. Server density continues to increase to meet the demands of global organizations and their data storage requirements. The Department of Energy estimates that cooling and humidification control accounts for 40 to 60 percent of a data center’s physical operating costs, making efficiency a primary concern. Financial institutions and data centers are growing and consolidating rapidly and depend on uninterrupted operations to move at the speed of the global economy. By taking a systems approach, Trane helps financial institutions understand how the requirements of financial data processing impact building performance as well as how to manage downtime and keep systems running 24/7. By tying all of the building systems together, Trane can help financial institutions increase their efficiency while saving dollars. Systems like the Tracer XT help data centers manage risk. By combining building controls system with GE Intelligent Platforms’ Proficy Software platform, building operators can visualize, analyze, model, monitor and diagnose systems. �

Designing HVAC systems with good acoustic performance can be a challenge, Miller-Klein said. “This session

addresses three common issues to improve acumen for sound and vibration, including the idiosyncrasies of selecting fans that optimize acoustic and energy performance for improved system design and the physics of sound that explains the performance and limitations of silencers and acoustic louvers.” The 2013 Winter Conference runs Jan. 26-30 at the Sheraton Dallas. The International Air-Conditioning, Heating, Refrigerating Expo, held in conjunction with the Winter Conference, runs Jan. 28-30 at the Dallas Convention Center. The noise produced by a fan depends not only on its duty point but also on its type and size. For a given duty point a fan that is the wrong type and/or the wrong size can be as much as 30 dB louder than the optimum selection. This presentation will show examples of quiet and noisy fan selections and offer simple guidelines for selecting fans to minimize excessive fan noise. HVAC silencers or sound attenuators are used on many different types of HVAC equipment. Silencer manufacturers have various models designed to meet specific dynamic insertion loss and static pressure drop requirements. A properly selected silencer can reduce noise levels significantly across the entire frequency spectrum. However, if a silencer is improperly selected, issues in acoustic performance, pressure drop and self-noise may arise. The silencer itself may even become another noise source! This presentation will explain silencer definitions, testing procedures and how to properly select silencers to ensure the maximum performance is gained without disrupting the HVAC system. Understanding how noise can be an annoyance and what the goal criteria sounds like gives you, the designer and contractor the tools to be successful on the acoustic front. �

DJayakuamar (Ramesh), MD of Shravan Engineering Enterprises

Pvt Ltd, is one of the trustees of Swami Vivekananda Rural Community College (SVRCC), Tamil Nadu. SVRCC is a four-year old community college founded and managed by Sadguru Sri Gnanananda Seva Trust, Keezhputhupattu village near Puducherry. The college is offering One year full time Diploma course in Refrigeration & Air conditioning Mechanism. Every year about 25 students are completing the Course and placed in various companies in the RAC industry. The courses are recognised by the Tamil Nadu Open University. For the last two years some of the students are awarded Gold Medal for their best performance by the University. The College is selected as model community college and every year teachers & beginners from various parts of India and abroad are sent for training to SRVCC, Pondicherry. Our Industry can approach the College for selecting right candidate with best attitude for placement in their organisation & get benefitted. �

CSR Activity of Shravan Engg

The multiple benefits of investing in energy efficient new and existing

buildings, generates govt. income through increased economic activity and creation of local jobs. Moreover, it makes buildings future-proof, reduces energy bills and lowers CO2 emissions & EU’s dependency on fossil fuel imports. Still 19 Member States have not fully implemented Energy Performance of Buildings Directive adopted in 2002 & recast in 2010. Commission launched infringement procedures for non-communication in Sept. 2012 against 24 Member States that did not declare full transposition at that time. Since then, four more countries sent their notification of transposition. Eight countries have not submitted any declaration while eleven others have partially implemented the directive. �

Buildings Directive: Member States miss to stimulate the economy


NewsNews


GEA Refrigeration Technologies will present its optimized,

energy-efficient GEA Bock compressors at Moscow's Chillventa Rossija (February 5–7, 2013). These innovative products are fully in line with motto of the trade fair: “Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency.” The new 8-cylinder GEA Bock F18 and the GEA Bock HG88e will be on display. New GEA Bock mexxFlow valve system will be employed for the first time in the new F18 compressor. This system introduces a double ring fin design for the valve plate with perfected flow technology, in combination with a cylinder head especially designed and fitted to the valve plate. GEA has improved efficiency over compressors with conventional valve plate technology by about 15 per cent. This means that F18 achieves new levels of efficiency ratings for this compressor type. �

GEA Refrigeration Technologies at Chillventa Rossija

Emerson Climate Technologies releases a List of the Top 10 States to work in HVACR

UK-GBC member homebuilders demonstrate consistent improvement in sustainability performance

HVACR contractors looking for plentiful job opportunities, should head for the Golden Coast or the Buckeye State,

according to a list of top states to work in HVACR complied by Emerson Climate Technologies, a business segment of Emerson. One of the key challenges facing the HVACR industry is a shortage of qualified technicians. Emerson created the list after talking to contractors and HVACR students and instructors about what motivates young people to pursue careers in this industry. According to Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), an estimated additional 57,000 skilled workers are needed each year to work in the HVACR industry. Bob Labbett, Vice President, Marketing, Distribution Services, Emerson Climate Technologies said, “This list is an interesting way to draw attention to the important issue facing our industry-recruiting talented people from across the country to take the place of an aging workforce.” Emerson’s top 10 ranking draws on HVACR salary and employment data from the U.S. Department of Labor; trade school locations recognized by the Partnership for Air-Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration Accreditation; heating and cooling degree days calculated at DegreeDays.net; residential home values from the U.S. Census, and certified contractors by state from North American Technician Excellence (NATE). Emerson Climate Technologies Top 10 States to Work in HVACR are California, Ohio, Florida, Texas, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina and Georgia. “Illinois is a great state to work in the HVAC/R trade. Commercial refrigeration service is in high demand due to all the businesses related to food service and the restaurants in the Chicago area. We stay busy year round thanks to Chicago's extreme weather conditions,” said Mitch Byrne of Northeast Cooling LLC. �

According to the results of the 2012 NextGeneration benchmark, The Berkeley

Group is the UK’s most sustainable homebuilder, with Crest Nicholson maintaining last year’s second position. The NextGeneration benchmark annually ranks the top 25 UK homebuilders’ performance in delivering sustainable homes and brings together homebuilders with government, investors, industry experts and leaders to share best practice in sustainability. The comprehensive benchmark exercise takes over six months to complete and assesses those developers responsible for constructing over 60% of new homes in the UK each year with a combined construction value of £5 billion. Homebuilders are assessed based on their own sustainability performance as a company, including Governance and Risk Management and the amount of energy consumed in their offices and onsite, as well as the sustainability of the homes and communities they create. Paul King, UK Green Building Council CEO, commented: "It's great to see the latest NextGen benchmarking study of house-builders launched today. In times when industry leadership on sustainability is more important than ever, the report highlights the progress of our leading house-builders who have taken some great strides over recent years, and who recognise that sustainability is inseparable from good quality and customer satisfaction. Congratulations to Berkeley who have come top once again, but also to all the developers for taking part and continuing to raise the bar." �

Bryan Steam LLC introduces its new Universal Communication

Gateway, an external, high performance, low cost building automation multi-protocol gateway for integrating boiler/burner controls into building management systems. This gateway is preprogrammed to support BACnet, Metasys, LonWorks and Modbus protocols. No additional software, downloads or programming required at the job site and common data points are preconfigured at the factory. Everything is included within a 10” x 12” x 6” NEMA Type 1 control panel with connections for 120 Vac and device communication cable. The gateway also offers bi-directional data flow between devices on selected points. �

Integrating Boiler/Burner Controls into Building Management Systems



Case StudyCase Study

A Case Study

Energy Saving Opportunities in a Telecom

industry to reduce CO2

emission

Telecom operations encompass two major components. The first one is the data centre and the second one is the transmission centre. In both operations, computers and servers play the major role. Air conditioners are used to maintain the inside working environment, and transformer, UPS, capacitors and other switch gears are used to maintain & regulate the electricity supply.

The power consumption of the telecom equipment are in watt and the power consumption by utilities are in kilo-watt. In most cases a

scientific approach is missing to identify energy saving measures. Therefore, a close look at these utilities is inevitable in the present scenario of acute energy shortage. An energy audit conducted in a telecom company showed electricity saving potential of 178.456 MWh per annum & the estimated CO2 emission saving is 192.73 tonn per annum.

The company is located in an African Island and the spectrum of services provided, covers Fixed line telephony, GSM mobile, Plug and Play Internet, Broadband, Mobile Data Services and Value Added services. Another specialized area of the company’s service spectrum is remote location based services for sectors like shipping. The company has administrative building, technical engineering centre, commercial centre for customer service, GSM Data centre, two transmission centers and one ware house. The major utilities installed are Transformers, HVAC and lighting. The

main campus has three buildings housing customer service centre, two GSM Data centre and these buildings are supplied with 11 KV HT supply through a 500 kVA transformer and the standard operating voltage is 415 V. Engineering services and Ware house are in a single compound and electricity is supplied through LT connection. The other two transmission centers receive supply through a HT line having separate connection through a 200 kVA and 315 kVA transformers. The major load connected in all the buildings are air conditioners and lighting. The energy distribution in main campus is shown in Table 1.

The main campus has almost 90% of the electrical load is of non IT equipments mainly air conditioners and lighting. Therefore the energy audit was focused to identify opportunities to reduce energy consumed by non-IT equipment. The non-IT load distribution in the main campus is shown in Table 2. The distribution shows that the air conditioners contribute nearly 78% of the utility load and then lighting. In this article we present the energy saving opportunities identified in air conditioners.

Mathematical ModelsTo generalise the analysis so that similar industries

can adopt the same methodology, the following mathematical equations were used in the energy performance analysis:

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23January 2013January 2013

Case Study Case Study

Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)PUE is defined as the ratio of the

total power to run the data center facility to the total power drawn by all IT equipment.

An average data center has a PUE of 2.0; however, several recent super-efficient data centers have been known to achieve a PUE as low as 1.1.Data Centre Infrastructure Efficiency (DCIE)

It is defined as the ratio of the total power drawn by all IT equipment to the total power to run the data center facility, or the inverse of the PUE:

Energy consumed by HVAC systems

Where,AECac = Annual Energy consumption by HVAC systemn = Number of HVAC systemskWac = Active power consumed by each HVAC systemhd = No of hours operation per day

(20 hrs per day considered in this report)Dy = No of days in the year ‘y’. (300 days for office and 365 days for data centre).Annual Energy Saving

Where:

AES = Annual energy savingPEC = Present Energy consumptionEEC = Expected Energy Consumption after implementing energy saving measuresAnnual Cost Saving in SR

Where,ACS = Annual Cost Saving in INRAES = Annual Energy Saving in kWh.CE = Cost of Energy in INR/kWh (the cost of energy is considered as SR 4.00 in this report).Return on Investment (ROI)

where,I = Investment in SRCb = Basic Cost of the equipmentTr = Cost of TransportationTax = Govt. Tax & DutyIC = Installation and commissioning costACS = Annual cost saving.

The basic cost of system/equipment is considered in this study.Estimation of CO2 emission

The corresponding CO2 emission is estimated using the eqn.(4)

Where, ESi energy source i electricity or fuel wood/Briquette and EF is Emission Factor for the fuel type. EFe = 1.08 tCO2/ MWh. For diesel based power generation the emission factor is 0.85 tCO2/ MWh EFe is emission factor for electricity use. (Source: Central Electricity Authority, Govt. of India).

Energy Performance AnalysisIt is observed from Table 2 that

power consumption is maximum for air conditioners at 78% followed by IT equipment and Lighting. The Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) is

calculated at 2.65 and the standard value is 2.00. The Data Centre Infrastructure Efficiency (DCIE) is calculated at 38% and the standard value is 50%. It shows that there exists significant scope to improve the data centre efficiency by introducing energy efficient servers, resizing of HVAC systems and proper designing of UPS systems.

Study on HVAC systemA detailed measurement was

taken in all air conditioner which were working during the study period. The various electrical parameters measured in few selected air conditioners are listed in Table 3.

RecommendationsIt is observed from Table 3 that

the packaged air conditioners installed are working at its full load. These Air conditioner are more than 10 years old and it has single compressor of 55 HP each (41 kW). The inside temperature at data centre was measured at 22. These Air conditioner could be replaced with variable refrigerant Flow (VRF) split air conditioners of 25 HP each (18.5kW*2). The new air conditioners will have intelligent controllers to ensure optimum use of the compressor as per data centre internal environment. The new energy efficient air conditioners will have an energy efficiency ratio (EER) >9. The estimated energy saving would be 20%. Therefore the energy saving by replacing the existing packaged air conditioner with new energy efficient Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Air conditioners having split compressors would be 87600 kWh/annum. The cost reduction would be INR 14.72 lakh per annum. The approximate cost of new air conditioner would be INR 10.5 lakhs for two units. The ROI would be 9 months.

The other split air conditioners are of 24000 BTU and are operated with single phase supply. Those air conditioners installed in 2009 which are less than five years old are working in good condition. The other

Category Telecom house (Main Campus)

% Share

IT equipment Loads

19.63 10.45

Non IT equipments

168.25 89.55

Total 187.88 100Table 1: Energy distribution in

main campus

Category kW % shareLighting 21.3 10.95IT Equipments 22.07 11.35Air conditioners 151.15 77.70Total 194.52 100.00

Table 2: Non-IT load distribution in Main campus of the company

PUE = Total Facility Power/ IT Equipment Power

Standard Good Better

2.0 1.4 1.1

DCiE = 1/ PUE = IT/ Equipment Power Total Facility Power

Standard Good Better0.50 0.70 0.9

AEC n kW h Dacac 1

nac d y) ) )=

=/

ROIACS

C T Tax ICb r= + + +

CO Emission ES * EFi2

i 1

n

==

/

AES PEC EEC= -

ACS AES CE)=



Case StudyCase Study

air conditioners more than five years old should be replaced with STAR rated energy efficient units. Further, in one of the Carrier make air

conditioner the fan runs continuously irrespective of the compressor operation and consumes 172 W that leads to power wastage. The estimated annual energy loss due to the redundant running of this fan for 8 hrs a day comes to 502 kWh per annum. The financial loss is estimated at INR 8540 per annum. By changing this with new star rated air conditioner the total redundant running time of the fan will be eliminated in addition to the 20% energy saving due to energy efficient compressor in the new air conditioner.

It is recommended to go for Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) based air conditioners which reduce energy consumption by 20%. We suggest replacing all split air conditioners which are more than five years old with new generation star rated (VRF) based air conditioners. As per the

measurement made, it is presumed that about 78% of energy (kW) is consumed by air conditioners. The estimated energy consumption and

saving along with economic benefits by replacing old air conditioner for presented in Table 4.

The study shows that air conditioners are the main contributors for the energy consumption of telecom Industries. In the present case the energy saving potential comes to a tune of 178.456 MWh of the total energy consumption and the expected CO2 emission is 192.73 tonne per annum. Therefore installing star rated energy efficient air conditioners with Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) and replacing air conditioners which are more than five years old will certainly bring down the energy consumption in telecom Industries. �

Location A (A) Pf (a) kVA (T) kW (T)

Main campus Packaged Air conditioners-1, Make: ACSON, 144000 BTU, 3 phase

67.40 0.58 79.89 45.9

Main campus Packaged. Air conditioner-2, Make: ACSON, 144000 BTU, 3 phase

64.17 0.60 72.64 43.46

Main campus, split Air conditioner-1,Make: ACSON, 1602 W/24000 BTU, single phase

7.03 - - 1.55

Main campus, split Air conditioner -2, Make: Carrier, 1602 W/24000 BTU, single phase

7.3 - - 1.48

Table 3: Power measurement in Air conditioners

A-Current in Ampere; pf-Power factor; kVA-Kilovoltampere; kW-Kilowatt; a-Average of all 3φ; T-Total of all 3φ

Building Present Air conditionerconsumption in kWh/Annum (75% of Total)

% Reduction in kWh/Annum

(20%)

Reduction in CO2 emission,

tonn/annum

Cost reduction/Annum (INR)

Investment (INR)

ROI (Months)

Engineering service centre 12097.56 2419.51 2.61 40852.52 88241.44 25

Main Campus 129874.25 25974.85 28.05 438575.12 1030651.58 28

Office building 740940.00 148188.00 160.04 1251048.04 2652221.84 25

Transmission centre-1 9369.75 1873.95 2.02 31640.91 60434.14 22

Total 892281.57 178456.31 1755299.00 3816724.74 26

Table 4: Energy Savings and economic benefits identified in air conditioners

❁Preethiya T is Electronics and Communication Engineer from PTR College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai and Master of Engineering in Computer and Communication from, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindugul. Presently she is working as Assistant Professor (Gr-II) in the ECE Department of Kalasalingam University, Tamilnadu. She has four years teaching experience. Her fields of interest are wireless sensor networks and energy management.

Aneesh is bachelor in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Trivandrum University. Presently he is working with Triassic Solutions Pvt. Ltd as Chief Technical Officer. He has 20 years of industrial experience. His field of interest is developing soft ware, net working and design of intelligent controllers and energy management.

M T Sambandam is Mechanical Engineer from Thiagarajar College of Engineering & MTech from School of Energy, Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. Presently working as Asst. Professor (Senior Grade) with Kalasalingam Centre of Excellence for Energy Studies and Research, Kalasalingam University. He has 15 years of industrial & 11 years of teaching experience. He is a certified energy auditor by BEE, Govt. of India & conducted 300 plus energy audits in various types of industries.


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Green Building

& RenewablesReducing environmental impact

Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, so the very first rule is: the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built. New construction almost always degrades a building site, so not- building is preferable to building. The second rule is: every building should be as small as possible. The third rule is: do not contribute to sprawl (the tendency for cities to spread out in a disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you contribute to sprawl, you have just defeated your purpose. Urban infill sites are preferable to suburban "Greenfield" sites.

Buildings account for a large amount of land. According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately

107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. An International publication release estimates that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

Goals of Green BuildingThe concept of sustainable

development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives for building green, including

environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of existing structures. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy among the practices used.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques, and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques are used, such as using wood as a building material, or

using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water.

While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived: Sitting and Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.

On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a

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Green Building

building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)A life cycle assessment (LCA) can

help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental, social and economic concerns by assessing a full range of impacts associated with all cradle-to-grave stages of a process: from extraction of raw materials through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. Impacts taken into account include (among others) embodied energy, global warming potential, resource use, air pollution, water pollution, and waste.

In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from a prescriptive approach, which assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment, toward the scientific evaluation of actual performance through LCA.

Although LCA is widely recognized as the best way to evaluate the environmental impacts of buildings (ISO 14040 provides a recognized LCA methodology), it is not yet a consistent requirement of green building rating systems and codes, despite the fact that embodied energy and other life cycle impacts are critical to the design of environmentally responsible buildings.

In North America, LCA is rewarded to some extent in the Green Globes rating system, and is part of the new American National Standard based on Green Globes, ANSI/GBI 01-2010: Green Building Protocol for Commercial Buildings. LCA is also included as a pilot credit in the LEED system, though a decision has not been made as to whether it will be incorporated fully into the next major revision. The

state of California also included LCA as a voluntary measure in its 2010 draft Green Building Standards Code.

Although LCA is often perceived as overly complex and time consuming for regular use by design professionals, research organizations such as BRE in the UK and the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute in North America are working to make it more accessible.

In the UK, the BRE Green Guide to Specifications offers ratings for 1,500 building materials based on LCA.

In North America, the ATHENA EcoCalculator for Assemblies provides LCA results for several hundred common building assembles based on data generated by its more complex parent software, the ATHENA Impact Estimator for Buildings. (The EcoCalculator is available free at www.athenasmi.org.) Athena software tools are especially useful early in the design process when material choices have far-reaching implications for overall environmental impact. They allow designers to experiment with different material mixes to achieve the most effective combination.

A more product-oriented tool is the BEES (Building for Environmental & Economic Sustainability) software, which combines environmental measures with economic indicators to provide a final rating. Particularly useful at the specification and procurement stage of a project, BEES 4.0 includes data on 230 products (including generic and manufacturer brands) such as siding and sheathing.

Energy efficiency Green buildings often include

measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.

As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied

energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.

To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency Reducing water consumption and

protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet



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g flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiency Building materials typically

considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete etc.The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust.

Indoor environmental quality enhancement

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting quality.

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed ventilation system (passively/naturally or mechanically powered) to provide adequate ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low VOC emissions will improve IAQ. Most building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit gases, some of them toxic, such as many VOCs including formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health, comfort, and productivity. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ. LEED, HQE and Green Star contain specifications on use of low-emitting interior. Draft LEED 2012 is about to expand the scope of the involved products. BREEAM limits formaldehyde emissions, no other VOCs.

Also important to indoor air quality is the control of moisture accumulation (dampness) leading to mold growth and the presence of bacteria and viruses as well as dust mites and other organisms and microbiological concerns. Water intrusion through a building's envelope or water condensing on cold surfaces on the building's interior can enhance and sustain microbial growth. A well-insulated and tightly sealed envelope will

reduce moisture problems but adequate ventilation is also necessary to eliminate moisture from sources indoors including human metabolic processes, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other activities.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of daylight and electrical light sources will improve on the lighting quality and energy performance of a structure.

Solid wood products, particularly flooring, are often specified in environments where occupants are known to have allergies to dust or other particulates. Wood itself is considered to be hypo-allergenic and its smooth surfaces prevent the build-up of particles common in soft finishes like carpet. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of American recommends hardwood, vinyl, linoleum tile or slate flooring instead of carpet. The use of wood products can also improve air quality by absorbing or releasing moisture in the air to moderate humidity.http://en.wik iped ia .org/wik i /Green_building - cite_note-29

Interactions among all the indoor components and the occupants together form the processes that determine the indoor air quality.

Operations and Maintenance optimization

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the



Green Building

O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction & demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling & air quality enhancement take place.

Waste reductionGreen architecture also seeks to

reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings. During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.

To reduce the amount of wood that goes to landfill, Neutral Alliance (a coalition of government, NGOs and the forest industry) created the

website dontwastewood.com. The site includes a variety of resources for regulators, municipalities, developers, contractors, owner/operators and individuals/homeowners looking for information on wood recycling.

When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste – building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make renovations easier.

To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are

used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process. �

Rajesh Deshpande, Managing Director of Energetic Consulting Pvt Ltd (ECPL), is also BTech, Chemical.

❁


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Developments over the last decade in HVAC (Heating ventilation and Air conditioning) industry are phenomenal. There are far more advanced, energy efficient and Green products available in market today for industrial as well as domestic applications.

Project Pre-planningA Brief Guide to

HVACHVAC

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HVAC P

roject

We also see a shift from common product use in various applications to more customized

products available for different applications such as a Centrifugal/Screw compressor chilled water based system or Glycol based screw chiller systems for sub zero application are a core in process air conditioning, whereas VRF (Variable refrigerant flow) AC systems are gaining popularity in India particularly in Office building applications as well as commercial multistory buildings.

Few specific application such a electrical panel AC system and refrigeration based portable liquid/ fuel cooling systems are also worth mentioning in customized application products.

Running cost of a AC system has become a pivotal decision maker while selecting a HVAC system over the initial capital cost of the equipment.

I always advice HVAC professionals to work out the life cycle cost of the equipment calculated, based on a 10-Year operating cycle rather then just going for the initial capital cost of the equipment and specific energy consumption in kW/TR basis.

Here are few considerations which are extremely important to access and recommend need of a HVAC system.

Identify & Analyze your Requirement

Since HVAC systems are major energy consumer in both industrial and domestic applications. In process cooling an HVAC energy consumption may vary from 20% to 60% of total energy consumption depending on process requirements whereas in domestic it goes roughly to a ratio of 80:20 between HVAC and Lighting.

An office application also includes IT infrastructure which can sometime be substantial so the energy consumption can be approximated to a ratio of 55:30:15

for HVAC, IT Equipment & Lighting respectively. This is primarily based on few installation based in composite climate region in India.

Henceforth, I advise professional to follow Rule –

E R A S E to define qualification of project HVAC requirement. Eliminate need of Air-conditioning

The requirements of Air conditioning most of the time comes from MEP consultants which is not always looked into. We need to see if the Air-conditioning is for a process application or for human comfort.

A process application can further be analyzed into what impact it has on the quality of deliverables in process and product quality and final impact into product cost as well.

Asking Five Why Questions can simply justify the need.Reduce the heat load

Generally it is taken un-questioned, what ever TR load is recommended by HVAC consultant. A cursory study of heat load sheet can very well tell us about where to cut down the heat load in the building hence capital cost of the equipment. Few measures can be: • For a new construction,

reconsider orientation of the building, It may be avoided to provide more then required windows at the west side where the sun gain is maximum.

• Consider installation of heat & fumes emitting equipment outside the conditioned space, the mistake is commonly done with the heavy motors. Review if there can be minimum equipment inside air conditioned area - a better layout can reduce the heat load by 20-30% approximately.

• Use false sealing with thermally insulated tiles to reduce air conditioned volume. For a RCC roof building, providing under deck insulation is very effective particularly for low temperature zones below 21 Deg C.

• Installed door closers to reduce heat load.

• Reduce thermal gain of the section by influence of some other machinery and by providing out through ducting for hot air discharging equipment/ condensers OR heat exchangers.

Alternate Method (Evaporative cooling) We must carefully see wherever

the air-conditioning is being done for human comfort especially in workshops, assembly shops etc. There is always a better option to implement evaporative cooling systems. These have very low operating cost and work very well in Hot & Dry climate.

For a less populated work area, spot cooling can be provided by evaporative air coolers rather then providing cooling to entire building.Separate AC Zone from Non AC zones

There are many cases where, just to meet requirement of a few critical machine, the whole manufacturing line is provided in an air conditioned zone. There can be huge saving by layout modifications providing air conditioning only in required zones by separate partition walls with air curtains/doors on all openings either side.

Separate zones should be provided for areas with critical conditioning requirements for dust level and climate control. Eliminate the leakages in building envelop design and process equipment

The leakages through building envelop should be targeted in advance at the design stage of the building, in case of an existing building, a little investment to eliminate building envelop inefficiencies can lead to considerable project cost saving as well as low running cost of HVAC system. Few measures are listed for reference: • Use of thermally non transparent

material for false sealing and under desk insulation in an existing RCC roof and prefabricated -Metal sheet building.



HVA

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t • Tinted glass film to reduce heat gain through windows

• Use of double jacket glass windows with minimum U value (Thermal transmittance); ( recommended H igh performance Glass (SC North: <0.3; Others:<0.2);U-value, as per IGBC:LEED green building standards)

• Implementing Green practices such as guided in IGBC-LEED standard OR TERI- GRIHA Standards. With one of my Green Building project, We could achieve LEED India-GOLD rating with hardly 5 % incremental cost of total project cost and that too has a payback period of less then 03 years

• Use of air curtains on door and windows equipped with auto door closer

• Thermal insulation in chilled water piping’s & its accessories such as valves, NRVs, Filters etc with removable insulation fittings.

Selection and Sizing of Equipment

For a project manager from non-core HVAC industry, selection of equipment is normally left open on the discretion of consultant. And a consultant, obviously being familiar with many new market updates and products, can surely suggest a new uptrend product for your application. But at times the recommendations from consultant may be biased due to following: • When a consultant is also

assigned to finalize selection of equipment and installation, Consultant’s own references of contractors play a major role. Who work for them and their limited resources are what becomes a bank of available choices to pick one.

• Consultant’s own risk appetite on suggesting new products in market rather then years old but proven technology available in market.

• Owner’s unclear requirement

and inclination on initial project cost, Energy efficiency, Aesthetics etc after all a consultant has to satisfy a person in charge first and then a project.

• Consultant's other projects in hand and its own economy of scale

• Consultant’s own margins on various choices given to owner/ planner.

• Consultant’s own technical skills and previous work experience.It is expected from owners to

keep few things in note before giving a final go ahead to proposal on selection of equipment.Type of usage & Technical requirements

Is this process conditioning OR Comfort air conditioning? In a process cooling you may need to specify, Temperature range, Relative Humidity, Air pressure (negative OR positive) of conditioned space as well as dust level requirement. Necessary controls and contingency options to be built in from day one what if the system experiences a breakdown or power failure for a longer period. Consequences of gas leakages OR water leakages and it’s impact on process should also well thought during planning. However a comfort cooling becomes relatively less critical where only temperature & relative humidity is what is sought after but a need of standby equipment should not be left untouched in first technical requirements. These areas may be offices of very important persons in company and IT, Server rooms and UPS rooms which need to be live 24 x 7.Type of refrigerant

Though this would have been talked about in above topic itself, but it needs a special emphasis as the refrigerants are what have caused unrecoverable damage to environment and our protection umbrella of Ozone layer. Few CFC refrigerants such as R11, R12, R13 developed in early years of HVAC

developments has potential to remain in environment for 45 - 100 Years and one CFC molecule can kill (Disintegrate) up to 100000 molecules of Ozone layer. Now since CFC is phased out and HCFC and HFC refrigerant such as R22 (HCFC), R123 (HCFC) and R134A (HFC), R407A (HFC) and R410A (HFC) etc are in use. We should always strongly recommend using HFC refrigerant only. They have Zero Ozone depletion potential. Thus we may perform our tiny part not to save environment but to save humankind. We tend to forget that earth has its own natural system to sustain; it is only we who are trying doing a little to save ourselves. Recent Japan Tsunami is a best example of this.Operating hrs, Mode of control and Automation

This is very important to decide on the need to sophistication required such as BMS (Building management system), Automatic climate control with reports generation through SCADA connectivity and operating hrs of HVAC system. There are few applications where sub zero temperature glycol based chillers are used with a thermal storage system to provide back up in case of power outage and to slash electrical demand in peak hrs. The thermal storage back up is sufficient even for 5-6 hrs a day when operating to maintain 20+-1 deg C climate control in a dedicated area. Sizing of equipment

Interestingly, there are capacity margins taken in HVAC systems right from heat load analysis of building, System design, Selection and procurement to onsite installations. Total TR capacity of equipment and capacities of pumps and AHU Blowers are selected in such a way that they operate at lower loading factor then best efficiency point, for example in case of a water cooled chiller system capacities are taken about 30-40 % higher then of desired capacities be it a Chiller machine,



HVA

C Pr

ojec

t Air handling unit, Cooling tower, Chilled water & Condenser water circulation pumps and similar components in any other HVAC system. This is deliberately done basically to cover inefficiencies of leakages in building envelop during design, in-efficiencies of installations and in-efficiencies of maintenance after installation. Make a note that a over capacity equipment always runs under efficient then optimal capacity equipment, reason being the best efficiency of an equipment actually arrives after 5-15 minutes of startup and there is a loss due to frequent unloading and loading of over sized equipment and running of equipment away from it’s best efficiency point. Inefficiency of building envelops and maintenance can never be traced on surface with such oversized installations.Energy efficiency measures

It is a normal conception that buying best technology energy efficient equipment will give you maximum return but planning and design creativity can prove mediocre efficiency equipment in suit to site conditions far more energy efficient then any other best technology and expensive equipment with an unsuitable application. I endorse this fact with a self experience of installing a VRF AC system (360 TR) in office building with multiple AC zones unlike a centralized AC system installed in old office block. This VRF system has proved 16% more energy efficient despite having less COP 3.5 compared to COP 6 of chilled water based AC systems. This is due to the fact that VRF is just suitable for offices with modular layout since the office also works in extended hrs every day for 01-02 hrs with very little occupancy with respective few indoor units ON. Whereas other wise a central AC is run at least at 40% load for whole building resulting into energy wastages in non-occupied areas. Duct losses are also a key

consideration with sheet metal ducts, some solutions such as pre-insulated high density sandwich panel ducts offer better leakage control and uniform insulation strength across the lengths.Project expansion plans

The capacities of equipment should be selected in accordance with future expansion plans. Selecting in multiples of same equipment and add-ons as the project expansion takes place, can be helpful from standardization point of view hence reduced variety of spares requirement in future. Consideration of expansion plans will also determine process layout and HVAC system layout with provision of vacant spaces to accommodate add-ons equipment. For example in one of my recently completed project, we considered one water cooled chiller foreseen as future requirement for a new facility coming in and plumbing design, selection of condenser water & chilled water pumps etc are done in accordance so that only a third chiller is added to existing bank of 02 nos chiller machine and condenser water and chilled water flow is distributed equally though balancing valve at each of the chillers and Air handling units.Contingency planning for critical areas

We shall hardly obtain additional budget approval from corporate planning for standby equipment even for critical areas but creating standby within system is a design innovation. I remember such an project where standby for critical metrology laboratory was created by extending chilled

water line to it’s Air handling unit from a nearby assembly line water cooled chiller plant, which was essentially for comfort cooling in assembly shop. And, actually in a case of breakdown with critical area’s HVAC equipment, same was managed with a sacrifice on comfort air cooling of assembly shop.Fire safety controls

Often missed out, fire safety controls are as necessary as breathing to life. Installation and fire suppression system or only detection and alarm system is entirely call of the planner. Available energy sources on site for VAM applications

VAM (Vapor absorption machine) HVAC systems are a wonderful energy saving application to sites where there is a heat resource available - often neglected as waste fumes discharge from a process heating, exhaust gases of DG sets or used steam out of a process.

Conclusion Referring to the energy scenario

in India today, where the industry accounts for approx 50% energy consumption compared to 10% in domestic applications, it is need of the time to optimally design and install suitable and energy efficient, Zero ODP HVAC systems. A basic awareness of these systems to site owners/ site managers can contribute to the cause. Increasing climate change awareness is really a positive sign and developing Green buildings, Green factories and Net Water Positive factories are surely leading us towards a sustainable economy. �

Vivek Gupta, An engineer & post graduate in management, BEE certified Energy Manager and an accredited professional from IGBC (Indian Green building council) with over 12 year experience in HVAC Design, Projects and Utility Operations Management with India’s top automobile companies.

❁


Chill

ers


Multi-effect

AbsorptionSolar

ChillerThe world has seen tremendous growth over the last decade and energy requirements have soared consequently. It is no secret that the scarce energy sources are depleting fast and therefore the increased demand is putting a thrust on the prices of available energy sources, especially fossil fuel. It is only a matter of time when the world will have to resort on to new energy alternatives. At the same time, environmental concerns are gaining importance not only in theory but practice. Thankfully, we have an unlimited source of energy, our Sun. Though there are developments in other alternative energy options as well, solar energy looks to be most promising and sustainable solution to our future needs.

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Chillers

Solar energy is now widely used for producing electricity using variety of technologies. However, the cost of

production is still not viable in many parts or the world for various reasons. For one, the cost of technology is high. Transmission and distribution losses add to the cost which makes it unviable especially for the regions where power prices are subsidized.

Since a major portion of world energy is used for cooling and heating purposes, direct conversion of solar energy for these applications is a better way than producing the electricity and again converting it to cooling or heating. Though solar heating is a relatively simple concept and has gained popularity, directly using solar energy for cooling has developed more in recent past. Solar Cooling using absorption chillers is a fairly widespread concept in Europe and increased efficiency of collectors has facilitate high efficiency solar cooling of late.

However, solar energy is highly unreliable. Higher temperature can be easily achieved in clear skies but temperature of how water produced during overcast conditions falls down drastically. Temperatures vary substantially according to time of

the day/month as well resulting in varied temperature output from solar collectors. Typical the temp. varies from 90 to 170OC.

Conventionally absorption chillers available in the market are single effect or double effect. Single effect can work on energy available at lower temperature however COP achieved is also low. Double effect

chiller can produce refrigeration with substantially lower energy consumption however they require higher temperature heat source cannot work at lower temperature heat source.

This puts solar system engineer in dilemma. If he selects single effect chiller so that hours of solar cooling available is large enough he has to provide double the energy, large solar field increasing the capital cost and space required. Selection of double effect chiller brings down solar field space and cost .But this will at the cost of lower utilization hours as during lower solar radiation hours desired higher temperature level cannot be achieved.

Normally, when concentric collector is working at its full capacity the losses in the system due to convection and radiation form a small percentage of heat generation capacity. Based on the temperature of the fluid to be heated the absolute heat loss (Kw) remains same for the given system. When there is cloud cover & substantial diffused radiation the heating capacity reduces drastically, the percentage loss may exceed more than 50% .In such a case two times higher COP of double effect chiller over single effect will delivers lesser refrigeration output than that of single effect chiller. In such scenario, it is advisable to reduce system temperature to reduce the losses and operate the system in single effect mode.

Most of the time solar system is given heat backup utilizing fossil or biomass fuel energy. Since the COP of single effect chiller is low, the heat demand for refrigeration is nearly double than double effect chiller. Utilizing the above fuels for driving a single effect machine will in fact increase the carbon emission more than conventional refrigeration cycles and defeat basic purpose of solar deploying energy.

A Special design of absorption chiller has solved this enormous challenge. This absorption chiller works in single effect mode when temperature level achieved are low,

Various types of solar collectors and the temperature ranges

Motion Collector type Absorber type

Concentration ratio

Indicative temperature range (OC)

Stationary Flat plate collector (FPC) Flat 1 30-80

Evacuated tube collector (ETC) Flat 1 50-140

Compound parabolic collector (CPC)

Tubular 1-5 60-240

Single-axis tracking

5-15 60-300

Linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) Tubular 10-40 60-250

Parabolic trough collector (PTC) Tubular 15-45 60-300

Cylindrical trough collector (CTC) Tubular 10-50 60-300

Two-axes tracking

Parabolic dish reflector (PDR) Point 100-1000 100-500

Heliostat field collector (HFC) Point 100-1500 150-1500

Table 1 Note: Concentration ratio is defined as the aperture area divided by the receiver/absorber

area of the collector

Comparison of refrigeration produced from one unit of heat energy and temperature

level required

Mode Heat source temperature

COP

Sinlgle-effect 80-90OC 0.7-0.75

Double-effect 150-170OC 1.2-1.45

Table 2



Chill

ers works both single as well as double

effect mode in series when temperature level achieved are at medium level and works as purely double effect chiller when sufficiently higher temperature levels are available. This new invention is called as Multi effect solar absorption chiller.

Salient features • The machine is designed in such

a way that a single unit is capable of running in the whole range of heat source temperatures.

• Single-double cycle in Multi Effect Solar Chiller operates as single effect mode when the hot water temperature is below 110OC, single-double effect mode when the hot water temperature is the range of 110-150OC. Double effect mode if the temperature available is more than 150OC. Conventionally these single-double effect chiller are used to cater two different heat sources at different temperatures for example D.G (Diesel generator)set hot water at 90OC and exhaust gas above 200OC. The construction & cycle of operation is different as two heat sources at two different temperatures are used while in case of solar chiller only single heat source is available.

• The chiller can work from 90OC to 180OC and able to enhance it’s COP automatically as the available heat source temperature from solar raises.

• When the machine operates in single effect mode due to lower temperature from solar energy,

the capacity achieved is less due to lower COP. Balance capacity arrangement is made by means of additional heat sources (steam/firing/any other heat source) with Double effect COP.

Technical Challenges faced • To Design a single –double cycle

with single Heat source with fluctuating temperatures. Conventional cycles use two different heat source temperatures.

• To devise Control system to automatically enhance the COP of the chiller when heat source available temperature is raising from solar.

• To design the cycle with double effect COP for balance capacity with additional heat source when solar cycle is running in single effect mode.

Benefits by using this product for solar cooling • The space required for solar

panels for same capacity is reduced by 30% than conventional systems.

• The solar energy availability TR hours in a year is increased by 40%.

• The average COP of the system is increased by 30%. Currently, triple effect chillers

are developed which are highly suitable for solar air-conditioning efforts are underway to develop single-double-triple effect chillers which will maximize the productivity of solar air conditioning system and make it more robust as well making it economically viable. The COP of the Triple Effect Solar Absorption system is 1.75 & it has been acknowledged and appreciated by the Prime Minister of India. World’s highest efficiency solar cooling system is installed in Solar Energy Center in Gurgaon and has been developed by Thermax Limited in joint collaboration by Solar Energy Center and was inaugurated by Dr. Farooq Abdullah, MNRE, Government of India. �

Solar hot water chiller installation in Europe

Parametric table

Mode Solar hot water Temp. Range

COP

Single-effect 90-115 0.7-0.75

Single-Double-effect 115-150 1.0-1.2

Double-effect more than 150

1.2-1.45

❁P Babu has done Mechanical Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, and Anna University and is working for the past 16 years in Thermax Ltd., Pune as Head Innovation on Absorption chillers and heat pumps. He has improved COP of licensed products by more than 25%. He also introduced world first Lithium Bromide double effect chiller working at Zero degree centigrade and also has introduced new products for Thermax viz, Absorption Heat Pumps, Trigeneration and Direct Exhaust driven chillers. He has received three national innovation awards for product innovations in Absorption chillers. He has applied 10 patents including 4 international patents in the field of absorption chillers. His paper on “Development of Advanced & Customized Absorption chillers” was presented on ASME international Engineering Congress - Chicago in 2006.

Vikas Tripathi is working with Thermax as Head- Marketing (Cooling Business). His specialization areas are Strategic Marketing and Business Development.


InterviewInterview


Lti Ventilatoren, deals in indoor air quality (IAQ), an important ingredient of life from past ten plus years. With the long history and experience of manufacturing of ventilation products with their colleagues having more than 30 years of experience, Lti Ventilatoren have been able to setup few production plants across the globe. Sevcon India & Lti Singapore are having common vision towards customer satisfaction, innovation and quality of product and deliveries, being in the Ventilation business and industry for decades. Sevcon-Lti brand, is now established in India producing complete range of fans with modern technologies to serve our customers.

Gaurav Vasudev, Country Head, Lti Ventilatoren India in an exclusive interview to Cooling India, sharing his views said that in addition to the modern facility, the

product design & testing is having very important role in

the product devlopment.

'To be the first three ventilation product supplier in Indian subcontinent'

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InterviewInterview


What is the scope of ventilation industry in India and what was the concept behind establishing Lti Ventilatoren in India?

India is a growing economy even in this slow down time & everyone

is eyeing on its economy. Indian HVAC market is around INR 3,000 Cr & on an average it grows by 15% every year. The ventilation is sharing a good percentage in the total market size today. Our Clients are getting awareness of IAQ & new norms of building certifications is also giving increment to the ventilation industry in India, which is a good hope to ventilation product manufacturers like us. This is what has given us opportunity to start our operations in India.

Could you brief about product range and the products being marketed in India?

Sevcon-Lti brand, have ventilation products for all market e.g. domestic/

residential, commercial sector, Industrial applications & infrastructure projects. Sevcon-Lti products basket is having centrifugal In-line fans, Double skin/Single skin centrifugal fans, axial fans of all types e.g. direct driven, bifurcated axial, belt driven, axial roof fans, wall/glass mounting fans & tunnel fans upto 3m diameter.

What is the demand of the ventilation system in the domestic market? And where in India the company’s plant is located?

The increased awareness of IAQ by our clients today, is giving new

ways to ventilation design in domestic market in India. New buildings are more tight & air conditioned than in the earlier days. So the old ventilation designs (e.g. cross ventilation) are getting eliminated from the building designs. This is giving way to new ventilation designs & new products are getting introduced to Indiandomestic ventilation market. We have started our operations with marketing and sales activities in India at this moment and no production facility has been introduced as on today.

What strategic plans do you have for the supply or the distribution of your products?

Lti Ventilatoren (Asia) Pte Ltd, has joined hands with Sevcon India

Pvt Ltd, for sales in Indian subcontinent. We produce products in Singapore and sales is being taken care by our partner Sevcon in India under our joint brand name Sevcon-Lti. Sevcon is having around 10 offices in all major cities across India. Sevcon-Lti is also in the process hiring distributor/dealers for Indian market. We welcome the queries for joining hands with companies who work in the area of ventilation.

What would you say on the quality, standards maintenance, and R&D efforts for production? What guarantee would you give to the customers when it comes to the installations or servicing of the products?

Lti Ventilatoren production plant at Singapore is very well equipped

with all modern production facilities to handle the high quality product manufacturing. In addition to the modern facility, the product design & testing is having very important role in the product development. Our products are tested and certified to AMCA for air flow/pressure & sound values. High temperature products are tested in accordance with BS/EN standards. The published product technical data always match the product performance on site. The quality of our products gives confidence to us for offering standard warranty of three years against any manufacturing defects. Our sales & services teams are well trained & equipped to provide our customers pre-sales and post-sales services across the country.

Could you share the developments taking place in the ventilation industry specific to cooling and refrigeration industry?

Cooling & refrigerations has developed a lot in past so many

years and in comparison to that

ventilation industry is smaller in Indian domestic/residential & commercial sectors. The better ventilation design in the new residential buildings, offices, malls and commercial places is helping ventilation industry to grow faster today. This is inviting the new products & new concepts to enter India from other parts of the world. The growth rate of our ventilation market today, is estimated to be 21-23% every year from the existing market size of INR 650 Cr. Do you have plans to launch innovative products or exploring addition of production plants?

At Lti we look at developing the new products for new/different

markets. For Indian market, we have come up with a product named as Big Smart fans. These are basically high volume low speed fans normally used for ventilation of bigger areas e.g. production plants, warehouses, community/party halls & school auditoriums. This fan works well with both evaporating cooling & air conditioning. Big smart fans eliminates the long ductings & hassel-free installation. Easy or no maintenance makes the product more attractive as it has single phase or three phase motors maximum size up to 2.2 kw. For more details you may please logon to www.sevcon-lti.com

What do you envision for the company in the next two years?

We entered in Indian market with a long term prospect

and player to serve our market with new trends & innovative products. Our vision for next two year is to have one or two production plants in two different parts of our country. Sevcon-Lti will be increasing our sales force & will be opening new offices to reach the remote areas. We are in the process of increasing our dealer network across the country at this moment with the goal to be the first three ventilation product supplier in Indian subcontinent. �

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Wat

er S

avin

g


Methodology for its reduction

Water Demand inCommercial Building

by AC System and

The need to conserve water, its high scarcity and undependable supply in many parts of the country has made MEP design engineers study each new building project carefully to evaluate the possibility of maximum water savings. All the Municipality norms, Eco Housing and green building guide lines also gives higher priority to water efficient Building service features.

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Water S

aving

Any commercial building is going to have air conditioning system to provide comfort atmosphere to its occupants.

The following chart will give you the water chart of any commercial building.

Now, once the water requirement is clear, the designer or client has to submit water demand at Statutory Authority. Simultaneously, various options has to work out to use STP water, ground water and rain water harvesting which we all know.

Now, let us discuss, how we can save the water demand itself, which again has various sub categories such as- • Defining fix and floating

population. • Proper Calculation of domestic

and flushing water requirement. • Proper land cap irrigation and • Off course water requirement

for services.All we know that we should

not do any compromise on fire fighting water requirement, but off course value engineering is required to reduce water requirement of air conditioning units.

As shown in the chart herein, Chiller Units need a good

quantum of portable water, the designer’s ahs to think various ways to tackle this issue. The services consultant has to take the first step how to reduce the portable water requirement by a chilling plant off course with a

techno commercial comparison of availability and cost of water versus same of electricity.

Reducing the Heat LoadThe first step an MEP Engineer

should do is to reduce the heat load. It will directly reduce Electrical power consumption and water demand. All the green building bodies always give priority to reduce heat load of the building.

Various ways to reduce heat load: • Roof insulation is first on the

list. Roof can be laid with brickbat coba waterproofing, screed, white China mosaic tiling and good SRA materials. Again it can be fully covered with PV (photo voltaic) cells, Over head tanks, Chilling units etc resulting in a U value of 0.21 W/cm.K.

• Wall insulation was then added on all sides of the bedrooms, using 25 mm glass wool covered with Gypsum board.

• Glass windows can be of double glazed sandwich type with a U value of 2.1 W/m.K.

• The light fittings should be LED type fixtures.

• Treated Fresh air has to be provided.

• Fresh air intake locations has to be properly cross checked and instead of drawing air near the fan coil units, it was drawn from a window panel facing the landscaped area where outdoor air temperature is lower because of water bodies in the surrounding area.

• CO2 sensors were installed in the occupied area to check the FA levels.Note: In each case several

different materials has to be considered to evaluate the best alternative.

With all these measures the final heat load can be reduced up to 675 sq ft/ton, instead of 150 sq ft/ ton of normal practice. The reduction of heat load can help in reducing demand of portable water up to one fourth. Say instead of 7 Liters per Ton can be reduced to 1.5 liters per ton per hour. Same way, the total electrical demand of the building also got reduced.

Water Demand Calculation

Description

Total Carpet Area (sqft)

Pop

Domestic Flush Total Water Requirement

Balance Treated water HVAC Load (TR)

Water Req per day

Total Water RequirementWater Water excl. flush

@ 20/L/P/D @ 25L/P/D ( Litr/Day ) TR/Hr Litr/Day Litr/Day

IT Park 1,00,000 1,250 26,688 32,375 59,063 15,978 500 58,800 69,510

Shopping Mall 1,00,000 1,667 35,583 43,167 78,750 21,303 625 52,500 66,780

Hospital 1,00,000 1,667 35,583 43,167 78,750 21,303 833 49,000 63,280

80% of domestic Water can be re used in flushing

With more treatment, rest balanced treated water can be used for air conditioning

AC water requirement in percantage over total water requirement 40.00

Note: Water Req per day with 24 hours operation for IT Park and Hospital, 12 Hr for shopping Mall

Note: Permanent Population @1person / 80sqft in IT park, @1person/60 Sqft in shopping Mall and Hospital

Water Demand Chart for Few Buildings



Wat

er S

avin

g

Note: Water requirement for Air Conditioning system got reduced from 40% of total building water requirement to 14%.

Selecting AC SystemNow that the plant capacity was

determined, various options were considered and a central chilled water system was selected for maximum flexibility. • Geothermal Air Conditioning

System stands first in the row. It used ground water for air conditioning system.

• Ground water cooled chiller Units are also good alternatives. Unused Bore well had a water temperature in the summer months of 260C maximum. Further cooling of this source of

water to 80C through a small capacity water-cooled packaged chiller could give us the chilled water required for the Fan Coil Units in the air conditioning areas.

• Water Cooled VRV Units also saves water demand compared to water cooled chillers with better power consumption benefit.

• Air Cooled units (VRV and

Chillers) can be fruitful if requirement is less.

ConclusionWater scarcity is a global

problem and we all designers and planners have to work together to sort it out. Air Conditioning engineer in good coordination with Plumbing Engineer can definitely save upto 25% of total water demand of a building. �

Firoj Kumar Jena is a mechanical Engineer working as Executive Associate- MEP with Clancy Global Consulting Engineers. He is a

member of ISHRAE, ASHRAE, CEEAMA and IPA.

❁

Water Demand Calculation

Description

Total Carpet Area (sqft)

Pop

Domestic Flush Total Water Requirement

Balance Treated water HVAC Load (TR)

Water Req per day

Total Water RequirementWater Water excl. flush

@ 20/L/P/D @ 25L/P/D (Litr/Day) (TR/Hr) (Litr/Day) (Litr/Day)

IT Park 1,00,000 1,250 26,688 32,375 59,063 15,978 125 14,700 25,410

Shopping Mall 1,00,000 1,667 35,583 43,167 78,750 21,303 160 13,440 27,720

Hospital 1,00,000 1,667 35,583 43,167 78,750 21,303 210 12,348 26,628

80% of domestic Water can be re used in flushing

With more treatment, rest balanced treated water can be used for Air Conditioning

AC water requirement in percentage over total water requirement 14.58

Note: Water Req per day with 24 hours operation for IT Park and Hospital, 12 Hr for shopping Mall

Note: Permanent Population @1person / 80sqft in IT park, @1person/60 Sqft in shopping Mall and Hospital

If we put the same assumption in above water demand chart


Com

fort

Coo

ling


Comfort Cooling for 200,000 sq ftYoga Hall

Baba Ramdev’s ashram in Hardwar called Patanjali Yogpith is the spiritual destination of large numbers

of Indian and foreign devotees. The Yoga Hall, where thousands of people practice YOGA in the presence of celebrated Yoga Guru – Baba Ramdev, is a mammoth hall with an area of 200,000 sq ft, large enough to accommodate 30,000 persons. It is 115 meters wide, 165 meters long and 13 meters high. The hot and dry climate of Haridwar is ideally suited for evaporative cooling. Therefore, Patanjali Yogpith Trust that runs the ashram, decided to install an evaporative cooling system in Yoga Hall. We received the order to execute this project.

Design

Outdoor design conditions in Hardwar can be quite severe in the

summer at 44OC with very low humidity. During the monsoon, RH goes up to 85% at 32OC. The winter temperature is 12OC minimum, and

one can do without heating. There is no feasibility of ducting in the space. Due to the large width, air throw of 55m would be required. Peak occupancy would be 25-30,000. The indoor design temperature to be achieved was specified at 26 to 28OC during summers. We considered 30 air changes per hour.

Equipment Entire hall has been air cooled

with just 22 symphony coolers, eleven on each side of the hall. Each cooler is ducted into a plenum in the hall. We achieved 85% efficiency of the coolers by using 20HP motors for each unit. We could have gone up to 95% using 25HP motors, but the performance was found satisfactory with 20HP motors, so we decided to save energy by leaving it at that. Each cooler has a 40” centrifugal blower, forward curved

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Comfort Cooling

with 50 mm static, with powder coated automotive steel body and stainless steel water tank. The air filters for each unit comprised of 2 wet sections of 12” thick paper cellulose, Munters make.

We placed 21 diffusers in each plenum, out of which 15 are spot type diffuser of 2200 cfm for long throw and adjusted for even distribution of air in the hall. Six diffusers are jet type, to handle short throws and to balance the air.

The biggest challenge of the project was to ensure that air reached the centre of the hall without any ducting. The width of the hall is 110m and there was no space to run the duct inside the hall, we calculated all the parameters and designed the plenum to deliver air up to 55m. In fact, we reached beyond 60m.

System

Since we used pre-fabricated structure with hot air trap in the middle, we created a positive pressure of cool air so that hot air rises and is naturally exhausted from louvers placed at the centre and sides of the hall. The structure, with hot air trap of 6’ width at the centre, running 160m with false ceiling of gypsum board tile of 2X2 ft above the false ceiling, is insulated with 25mm thick fibre wool placed in polythene bags. The side walls are panelled with wooden board. Sixty percent of the wall has windows along the two sides for ventilation.

The total power consumption, with all the units running, would be 328 kW. The indoor noise level is 64 dB.

ConclusionBy far this is the biggest air

cooling project in India for such a vast area where there is minimal ducting or I can claim absolutely no ducting for air cooling such a large area. It was a learning experience for my team. Completion of the project to the satisfaction of Patanjali Yogpith helped us bag another two orders worth USD 600,000 for their upcoming Gurukul (University), which has over 200 rooms to be centrally air cooled.

CompanySymphony Limited, is a pioneer

and a world leader in the field of evaporative cooling. Symphony’s range of coolers include products for residential, commercial & industrial applications. The residential products are manufactured in India while the coolers for commercial and industrial usage are manufactured by our company in North America. Our American company has been in existence since 1939 with installations across the world. Our units are manufactured in state-of-the-art vertically integrated manufacturing facility in North America. All the machines are modular, machine made and engineered models.

To cater to the emerging market of industrial air coolers, we have recently introduced, commercial and industrial coolers from America. As of today, we have executed projects for Hero (Munjal Group), Asahi Glass, Nestle India, Maruti Udyog,

Baba Ramdev, Saminarayan BAPS and many other prestigious clients in India. Globally Symphony has done air cooling projects for General Electric - USA, General Motors - USA, Ford – USA, Jamairat Bridge – Saudi, Around 400 Walmart stores – USA are also air cooled by Symphony Industrial air coolers. I have attached some of the global installations that we have done. We also have the credit of executing world’s largest air cooling project in Mecca-Madina (SA).

In India, one of the biggest air cooling project has been executed by us very recently for Baba Ramdev for his yoga hall of 2 lac sq ft in Haridwar. I have attached a small presentation for this installation. The performance was so satisfactory that we have received repeat orders from Baba Ramdev for much bigger projects.

The key advantages of our product are: • Modular and compact units –

occupies less space. • Directly imported from our

Mexico plant – (IMPCO) the inventers of cooling system in the world and world’s largest industrial cooler manufacturers.

• High on energy saving – as low HP motors is required compared to other conventional models in India.

• Engineered design with Dual wet sections – No need of Double skin body like conventional models.

• Automotive steel with Powder coating, Plastisol coating for long life.

• Backed up by prompt and efficient service. �

❁Shyamsundar Rao has been with Symphony Limited since 2002 and he is currently handling the large industrial air cooling projects business in India. His area of expertise has been providing innovative air cooling solutions to various industries. Though an mechanical engineer, he is keenly interested in sales and marketing. He has been instrumental in securing some prestigious orders for Symphony from customers like Nestle India, Maruti Suzuki, Asahi Glass, Hero Group and many others in India. Shyamsundar Rao is working as a Sales Manager for Symphony Limited based in Ahmedabad.

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InterviewInterview


The Supreme Industries Ltd., is India's largest plastics processors that processes about 2,85,000 MT polymers annually. It offers the comprehensive range of plastic products in India. Their 20 advanced plants are powered by technology from world leaders, and complement the extensive facilities for R&D and new product development. Supreme is credited with pioneering several products in India. Thermal Insulation Division of The Supreme Industries Ltd has three state of the art production facilities.

Atul Khanna, GM, Protective Packaging

Division, The Supreme Industries Ltd, in an

exclusive interview to Cooling India states that

with a view to improve efficiency and thereby

enable conservation of energy Supreme has a

product offering for each market segment.

'Manufacturing unit in four locations'

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InterviewInterview


What is your perception about HVAC/R industry in India?

India Growth story is driven to a large extent by Government policies and

the reforms process. Decisions that the Government has not been able to take, for political reasons, has impacted industrial growth. The indecisiveness by the Government is affecting the working of many Government departments awaiting sanction of projects and the slowdown in the industry. HVAC/R industry is also affected by the slow down & indecisiveness, as largely the business is related to setting up of new projects. The slow pace of industrial growth is a worldwide phenomenon and has affected us as well. There are few large projects forthcoming, and to some extent is regionalized. There is large scope to move into areas requiring energy conservation, for sustainable solutions and supply of such plant & equipment. Green Buildings and ‘Rated Buildings’ are order of the day and thus requirement for insulating products is certainly going to increase, as emphasis by the Govt. takes effect and local Government bodies take steps for implementation of energy conversation policies and measures suggested.

Supreme has been offering environmental-friendly products. Could you brief us about thermal insulation product range as well as protective packaging?

We follow philosophy of S.A.V.E. i.e. Supreme Always Value

Efficient. Thus, emphasis has always been to save energy in different sectors, which is in line with our product offerings in various market segments. We offer INSUshield – a non fibrous FR Closed Cell Chemically Cross Linked Polyethylene product for HVAC/R industry and INSUtube for chilled & hot water pipelines. An ideal environment friendly insulation material, with a perfect solution for all your insulation needs for ducts, roofs, pipes, vessels etc. Another product in similar applications from the company is ‘INSUflex’ – a Nitrile Rubber Tubing for copper pipes in HVAC/R areas.

‘INSUreflector’ – a Radiant Barrier, having an Air Bubble Film (ABF) laminated with aluminium foil on one or both sides. It is a fire retardant (FR) Polyethylene Bubble material, in which the radiant property of aluminium foil is utilized to reflect 95% of the solar heat coming from the hot roof. ‘INSUboard’ is a rigid extruded polystyrene material consisting of closed cell structure, which develops a continuous skin surface making it impervious to moisture absorption. The low thermal conductivity of the product offers energy savings for buildings and is an excellent product for over deck and cavity wall applications.‘INSUmelfoam’, a non fibrous, flexible open cell acoustic foam product for sound absorption areas. Useful for auditoriums. Duct and AHU rooms lining and other acoustic enclosures.‘PROTECarmour ’ , expanded polyethylene foam (EPE/ PE) of a closed-cell structure that fulfils your requirements for packaging, transportation and marketing objectives that are functional and cost-effective.‘PROTECbubble is a lightweight Air Bubble Film (ABF) for all packaging and cushioning requirements.‘PROTECcapcell’ is superior, lightweight and high-strength crosslinked PE-EVA foam.‘PROTEClitecell’ (XLPE) is a closed cell, crosslinked, dual expansion PE/ EVA foam manufactured by block process. ‘PROTECregisil’ (reticulated foam/ filter foam) is a range of engineered Polyester/ Polyether foams that exhibit controlled porosity & fully open cell structure. ‘PROTECxlc’, a versatile range of extruded, closed-cell, chemically crosslinked polyethylene foams.

Could you share experience about activities in Thermal Insulation Division of The Supreme Industries Ltd. What factors would you attribute to the growth of thermal insulation products marketing?

A dedicated work force to cover the assigned territory and reaching

clients / consultants when required

would be the key to any successful business, for marketing its products effectively. This goes without mentioning that product quality and customer service with proper understanding of the product, their application advantages and limitations ought to be considered when recommending them to clients.

In what ways Supreme has been contributing by way of insulation in construction, air conditioning and refrigeration industry?

With a view to improve efficiency and thereby enable conservation

of energy Supreme has a product offering for each market segment i.e. for building construction, we offer INSUboard – to reduce solar heat gain, while in Industrial sector, it is INSUreflector and INSUshield for better working environment. In the HVAC/R sector, we provide INSUshield, INSUtube and INSUflex for ducts, chilled & hot water pipings. Even in the acoustic sector we offer INSUmelfoam – non fibrous open cell melamine foam for better acoustics.

How better Supreme leverages its association with channel partners and alliances in the relevant field? Tell us something about your export activities?

Supreme is a multi-product company and one of the largest plastics

processors in the country since 1942, pioneering many path breaking products. Our product portfolio includes Moulded furniture, Cross laminated films, Plastic piping systems, Protective packaging products, Thermal Insulation products, Material handling products, Industrial moulded products and Performance films.To ensure customer satisfaction and continuous growth, a well established dealer network and/or having channel partners is essential. While this is an ongoing activity, yet it has been painstakingly established over the years, and is available on an all India basis. A commitment of the partners in such an association over the years is the key to the success of business.


InterviewInterview


How do your constructive solutions help in conservation of energy? Could you state the features and applicability of INSUreflector?

The performance of a quality product is derived equally from its correct

application. The drives of this conviction are applied intelligence and innovation to enable cost-effectiveness and precision in delivery. Every requirement is studied in great detail, various solutions are taken into consideration and the most suitable one is implemented flawlessly. Whatever is the value, whether it is superior protection, energy-saving insulation or durable and long-lasting solutions in the civil/thermal insulation industry, our customers are promised a solution from Supreme.INSUreflector is a Radiant Barrier consisting of bright aluminium foil on both sides of polyethylene air bubble. The functions of a Radiant Heat Barier are explained as heat transferred by radiation in the form of waves which travels through space. Radiant Heat is absorbed or reflected by the first solid object it encounters. This is in reference to solar radiation, 50% of which consists of infrared radiations which carry most of the energy and are responsible for the heating affect. Radiant Barrier materials block/reflect radiant heat,

unlike mass/ fibrous insulation products which absorb the same and gradually release the heat gained, into the premises. Most reflective materials like aluminium, typically block 95-97% of the radiant heat. In this connection the characteristic of Emissivity plays an important part. This is explained as the amount of heat which is 'emitted' or ‘radiated off ’ of a surface to the surrounding air. INSUreflector performs the function of a Radiant Barrier and any accidental leakage of water from the roof does not impair the functioning of the radiant barrier, a property which is very essential for any mass insulation, which can function, only if dry.

What latest technology are you using in R&D? Could you share about various quality standards, certifications and awards that your company enjoys?

The Protective Packaging Division of The Supreme Industries Limited

offers complete product and service solutions for industries as diverse as packaging, comfort, insulation, sports goods, electronics, transport, healthcare, toys, textile, stationary, construction etc. All such products are technical products requiring intense testing and validation suiting the application. Our R&D department is focused in giving

comprehensive solutions with in-house and outsourced R&D combined. Our in-house R&D comprises of latest facilities such as - Mechanical testing: Stress, Strain, Tension, Compression, Tear, Peel strength, Bursting strength, Creep for example.Thermal testing: UL-94 Horizontal and Vertical flame testing, Thermal conductivity, Ash content, Decomposition temperature range, etc.Rheology testing: Moving Die Rheometer and Melt Flow Index for viscosity, scorch time, Optimum cure time, Cure rate, State of cure, Compound flow behavior, etc.Where most of our products have RoHS and REACH compliance certification, the company also has NABL and ISO 9001:2008 accredited laboratories. The company will soon be awarded with patents on novel processes and products to be used in insulation and packaging applications.

What are your future expansion plans?

We have four manufacturing units at Malanpur, Urse, Hosur Unit

I and II, with all existing products processing equipment and some new product with advance technology in line with open cell foam and rubber foam is the future plan for the division. �


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Wastewater Wastewater Management Management

in Commercial in Commercial BuildingsBuildings

With rising urbanization and industrialization, growing population and improving standard of living, water demand and consumption is increasing at a rapid rate. To add to it, the fresh water supplies are themselves limited by the nature and at the same time, drought, depleting water table and aquifers, deforestation, climate change and pollution have disturbed the availability patterns of potable water.

Many developing countries struggle to provide safe and sufficient drinking water and proper sewage

system. Water scarcity, which plagues 1.1 billion people presently, will be a bigger threat than the financial crisis.

Over next 40 years, world’s population will increase from 6.7 billion to an estimated 9.7 billion

with most of the growth happening in developing countries which are already suffering high water stress. As far as India is concerned, we are, currently, in a comfortable position with enough water to provide each citizen over 1820 m3/year.

But this will soon become an issue of concern as it is estimated that each individual needs 1,700 m3

to cover drinking, hygiene and food

requirements and the availability is expected to drop to 1,140 m3 by 2050. All these facts and figures might sound scary but the truth remains – water demand is far outstripping the number of people using it.

There is no denying the fact that people are gradually realizing the importance of water conservation, efficiency and reuse. Building sector,

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entin particular – which incidentally consumes 12% of potable water supplies – has come to understand the opportunity that these shortages present. It is a ripe area for innovations to overcome the consequences of water scarcity.

Wastewater management, specifically, presents a huge potential apart from water-saving technologies like rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and other conservation methods – and it is still untapped. Reuse of wastewater through treatment yields major results economically & in small time frame.

Wastewater in commercial buildings, essentially, can be of two types – grey water and black water. Grey water is the wastewater from bathroom /toilet fixtures (such as basins, showers and baths), laundry fixtures (such as clothes washing machines and laundry troughs) and kitchen facilities (such as sinks and dish-washing machines). Depending on the level of wastewater treatment, grey water can be recovered and used for applications such as toilet flushing and irrigation. Black water refers to 'waste discharges from the human body' which are collected through fixtures such as toilets, urinals, etc. While it is possible to use this wastewater for drinking purposes once treated & disinfected as in Singapore and sold as “New Water”, it is generally used for non drinking use.

Wastewater reuse possibilitiesIn-facility Use: Toilet & Urinal flushing

The reclaimed water produced from in-facility treatment systems can be used for toilet and urinal flushing purpose in facility.

The buildings have to be equipped with dual pipeline system: one line for hand basin wastewater and another for toilet & urinal wastewater.

The collected hand basin wastewater has to be connected to the treatment system that is usually located at the base of the building. Landscape Irrigation and Roof Gardens

Treated wastewater and,

primarily, domestic treated sewage can be reused for watering plants.

At Paharpur Business Centre & Software Technology Incubator Park (PBC), soap-free water is reused for gardening. PBC realized that, approximately, 150 liters of soap free waste water/day was going into the drains and decided to reuse the wastewater by channeling the flow to the garden for irrigation purpose.

This not only helped them in saving water but also saving electricity as they do not pump water for gardening purpose.

Another important concept is roof gardens. Roof gardens or green roofs in commercial buildings can play a part not only in water and wastewater management but also in improving the energy performance of the building by keeping the inside of building cool. In a commercial building, roof gardens can be used either for storm water retention or to evapo - transpirate the effluent generated from wastewater treatment plants. Ornamental

This wastewater reuse can be aesthetic such as decorative pools, decorative fountains, ponds, etc. However, since the reclaimed water in decorative fountains has a greater possibility of human contact, the highest quality of reclaimed water is required.Fire Protection

Reclaimed water can be used for

fire fighting and protection. It can be used for fire protection in hydrants or in sprinkler systems in commercial facilities.

AdvantagesThe benefits of implementing

wastewater management initiatives in buildings may include- • Cost savings in annual water

bills, particularly when the price of water is likely to increase, based on the current near-crisis situations and challenges we face.

• Adding to the corporate image of a business/organisation.

• Reduced energy costs and greenhouse emissions.

• Helping to ensure water is available for future generations.Of course, all these technologies/

systems come with a price tag and entail initial substantial investments but keeping in mind their cost-effectiveness, builders are sure to reap phenomenal benefits in the long run in the form of reduced operational costs and enhanced ROIs. Water prices will continue to increase sharply with reduced availability. It is best for builders to future proof their developments by having zero discharge from their developments of water.

For your valuable suggestions to conserve water please log on to www.greenspaces,in/ideas and post your bright idea there on the web site for others to benefit from it. �

❁Kamal Meattle, Promoter, GreenSpaces & Chief Executive Officer, Paharpur Business Centre is a serial entrepreneur. He conceived the Paharpur Business Centre & Software Technology Incubator Park and also received the PHD Chamber’s “Ethics is good business” award from President of India on behalf of the Paharpur Business Centre. He is the founder of several NGOs & also a trustee of “The Climate Project, India” which was established wby Al Gore in India. He has also been featured in the MIT Technology Review as ‘The Mad Hatter of Nehru Place Greens’. He is on the Managing Committee of ASSOCHAM, is Chairman of Northern Region of Indo-German Chamber of Commerce, is an elected member of CII Delhi Committee & member of Indian Green Building Council and also is currently an elected Board member of the MIT South Asian Alumni Association. He has received Life Time Achievement award and MIT Distinguished Alumni Award.

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HVA

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The HVAC industry has grown in technology, efficiency and design – but sadly the field service engineers or

technicians are left out way behind. There are not enough trained personnel to provide proper effective maintenance for these state-of-the- art equipment and they also do not

have the equipment to check and service them.

I only wish the manufacturers come together and plan out a school of training and insist upon use of proper instruments and testing equipment so that each is able to pin point the exact fault and set it right the first time.

We are still not able to overcome the IT’S OK attitude when it comes to recovery of the refrigerant. I have seen this at every site wherein the AMC contractor has limited tools with him and never uses a recovery unit. Not only this the refrigerant charging is done by opening the discharge valve and

need to come togetherLarge Manufacturers of HVAC ProductsHVAC Products

HVAC EquipmentHVAC Equipmentand start School for

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shutting the suction valve – God alone can help in such cases – as the system develops all contaminants when refrigerant is charged in this fashion –without the use of a vacuum pump. Best part is the owners / utility engineers also allows the contractor to do it this way. Reason, it is costly to carry vacuum pump and is also more time consuming and everything is left to generate a major fault– which could be avoided with proper use of equipment.

What does this accumulate to ? A good high technology product becomes inefficient and consumes more KW per ton of output. In one instance the AMC person was undertaking service of split unit at site and i out of inquisitiveness inquired with the person how long has he been working with HVAC products and what is his education. He said he has just joined the AMC contractor; passed upto 8th standard and has no experience or idea of air conditioner. We are asked to come here , remove the cover and use the blower to service the unit and not to touch any other part.

With such persons deputed to service the products of most reputed make – this is alarming and I am sure these manufacturer know about it and are not taking any effective steps to improve the after sales service in the most professional way so that products work for a longer time and with high efficiency.

This has been the result of • The users wants to give contracts

to the lowest offer • The Contractors under the fear

of losing the contract offers rates which does not allow them to invest in good equipment and trained engineers or technicians.What needs to be done

• The contractors needs to get together and work out a cost analysis which every one would agree and quote. This would ensure good business and good profits and so good service.

• As part of this exercise they can also line up refreshing program which can be offered by manufacturer to keep them updated of new models, technology and new equipment that can help them support good services.

• More school are required to train fresh technicians in the art and science of air conditioning and this could come in handy if all major manufacturer contribute and form such schools which will only benefit their own needs and develop a better goodwill in the market for their products. With the double digit growth in the HVAC industry – it has become an urgent need for these manufacturer to initiate the lead and form such schools in 4 to 5 cities over a phase manner. I trust someone out there is reading this and makes the first move. �

Geev Keki Panthaki, MD & CEO, Greenwave Products Pvt Ltd and founder, Sparks & Ideas as well as HVAC product & project consultant, is BSc, Diploma in Airconditioning; in Marketing Management. He has been recepient of the best parsee Entrepreneur Award given by all India Parsee Panchayat (Federation and Rajiv Gandhi Award for outstanding contribution to Air conditioner Industry and Award by non Resident Indian Community in London for Development of Innovative Product – Portable Air conditioners with unique collapsible tent for the masses in India. He also has Patents on Innovative Devices for HVAC and other Packaging Products. He also has been founder, Energy Design Consultants and MD, Air command India Ltd., and Zodiac

Technologies Pvt Ltd earlier.

❁

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This article presents a study and analysis of the Direct Structure Cooling System. The study comprises trend observations taken from the experimental setup at Panasia Engineers Pvt Ltd. The second phase of this study is an Ansys Fluent simulation of a unit section of a slab with the Direct Structure Cooling System in which results obtained from the simulation were substantiated using the experimental data. Using this model other parameters affecting the performance of the system were varied to reduce prototyping costs.

- An Analysis

The Taj Mahal is designed to drain out heat to flowing water and to the sky

Direct Structure Cooling

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Structure Cooling

The twin problems of spiralling energy needs of the world and global warming are a grave concern for humans.

To address these issues, we have studied and analyzed the “Direct Structure Cooling System” along with its variations. The Direct Structure Cooling System is an adaptation of the provisions in ancient Indian buildings for ensuring the thermal comfort of its occupants. It focuses on reducing the Mean Radiant Temperature of the rooms. It involves running piping just above the slabs of a building (notably the roof slab) and causing water to flow through it, removing the heat from the slab. The means employed to cool this water form the different variations of this system.

Traditional Structure CoolingIn India thermal comfort meant

avoiding heat stress. Our ancient master builders evolved a three pronged formula for thermal comfort. This type of structure cooling takes care of the sensible heat load, but does not address the latent heat load. This method emphasizes the preventing the heat from outside from reaching the occupants of the structure.

Thermal Barriers: The first aspect of this formula is to raise barriers against sunlight. These may be in the form trees, verandahs, hollow walls, stone screens etc. The barriers act as resistances in the path of the heat incident on the main structure. The trees also kept the ground shaded, besides the walls. They also act as air fresheners and evaporative coolers.

Mass as Heat Sink: Secondly, these buildings use mass to delay heat transmission of the heat to the occupants. Most old structures are thick walled and high ceilinged. Due to this, the heat capacity of the structure is very high. During the daytime, it absorbs heat without a significant change in the temperature and radiates it at night.

Heat Drainage: Lastly, many ancient buildings drain out the residual heat to flowing water and to the sky by radiation, mostly at night. This is done via water bodies in contact with the plinth and special plasters that promoted radiation to the sky.

Prominent examples of this kind of cooling mechanism include the Taj Mahal, the Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, and the Lotus Mahal at Hampi to name a few. Each of these buildings implements the three- fold approach in its own way. For example, while the proximity to the Yamuna River cools the Taj Mahal, the Lotus Mahal has hollow columns with water trickling down, cooling the structure from within.

Mean Radiant TemperatureUnder Indian conditions, MRT is

the key factor that influences thermal comfort. Technically, MRT is defined as 'the uniform temperature of a surrounding surface giving off blackbody radiation (emissivity e = 1) which results in the same radiation energy gain on a human body as the prevailing radiation fluxes which are usually very varied under open space conditions'.

Comparison between ACs and Direct Structure Cooling • We see from the above that while

a conventional AC tackles the issue of attaining thermal comfort by removing the heat from the air and pumping it outside, reducing the temperature, traditional structure cooling only brings down the MRT of the room to a point below the skin temperature by causing the water to take the heat off the structure.

• ACs condition the air on the basis of humidity while traditional structure cooling does not address the humidity aspect of thermal comfort at all.

• The traditional structure cooling system consumes very little energy while ACs, as we’ve seen are power guzzlers.

Direct Structure Cooling SystemComponents

Inspired by the ancient buildings, a direct structure cooling system has been devised that addresses the heat stored by the structure. This system removes the heat in the structure by way of a refrigerant/water flowing through pipes. If required, a conventional AC may be used in conjunction with this system; the load on it will be significantly reduced.

The system has the following basic components.

Piping: Pipes are inlaid through the slabs of the building. The distance between successive pipes is chosen based on the type of material used and its ability to bend. This distance and the material of the pipe govern the conductance of unit length of the piping. The refrigerant/water flows through them and absorbs heat from the structure.

Storage tank: This tank stores the refrigerant/water that is pumped to the slab using a submersible pump. It is covered with sheet of rubber, plastic insulation and reflective material to minimize the gain of heat by incident radiation. The refrigerant/water, after passing through the slab, returns to this tank.

Cooling System: The cooling system cools the refrigerant/water returning from the slab before it is sent back to the storage tank. The cooling system can be active refrigeration type or passive type.

Pump: There is a submersible pump installed in the tank that pumps refrigerant/water from the tank to the slab. This pump governs the mass flow rate of fluid in the system. It is also the main power consuming device in a passive system.

The variations of this basic system exist by way of the fluid used and how it is cooled. They are listed along with the places where these systems have been implemented by Panasia Engineers Pvt Ltd as follows -



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• Refrigerant flow through the piping over the slab and Active Refrigeration at using Chillers (Panasia Engineers Pvt. Ltd premises, Chinchpokli, Mumbai) – Plastic Piping

• Water Vapor flow through the piping over the slab and Evaporative Condenser (Kabra house, Jaipur) – Mild Steel Piping

• Water Vapor flow through the piping over the slab with Active Refrigeration at Condenser(Farvashi School, Thane, Mumbai)

• Water flow through the piping over the slab with Passive Cooling(Thacker Industrial Estate, Chinchpokli, Mumbai) – Plastic Piping.

Water flow through the slab with Passive Cooling

A prototype of this system was set up at Thacker Industrial Estate,

Chinchpokli by Panasia Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

In this system, the water flowing through the pipes was made to enter a huge storage tank after

leaving the slab. The tank itself acted like a heat sink and from it; water was pumped back into the slab. Absolutely no power is required for cooling the water. The only power consumed, is by the submersible pump inside the tank. (To the tune of 50 Watts).

The first phase of this study involved the collection of daily temperature data to calculate heat removal, based on this experimental setup. In the second phase, we have modeled a unit section of this system and analyzed it in greater detail using ANSYS FLUENT.

Introduction of Heat Pipe for improving performance of Passive Cooling

A heat pipe consists of vertical pipes carrying refrigerants like R134a and incoming water is circulated around the bottom of these pipes. This vaporizes the refrigerant and it moves to the top where it loses its heat via the process of forced convection. The water returning from the slab, thus, gets cooled by the heat pipe.

The heat pipe can be placed inside the tank or in between the slab and tank. It adds to the power consumption of the system. Its drawback is that it works in reverse once the temp of atmosphere falls below waters.

Phase 1: The Experiment

Methodology Employed • Our initial research included

studies of earlier site reports. • Data was collected intermittently

from the last week of January

Schematic Layout of Basic Structure Cooling System

Kabra house, Jaipur

Farvashi School , Thane, Mumbai Schematic layout of the setup



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g 2011 to the first week of April 2011 with the help of a digital data logger. The data from the first week of March 2011 to the first week of April 2011 was considered for this study to minimize variation due to seasonal changes. The data was collected for at least 24 hrs at time.

• This data was analyzed and modifications were made based on conclusions derived.

Experimental ResultsInitially, data from the basic

system described above was compared with that from an exactly similar slab without any cooling system. Subsequently, enhancements like a heat pipe (simple) and heat pipe (with fan control) were made to the basic system described above. A decided improvement in the system performance was observed.

It was seen that without any cooling system, on 18th February 2011, the maximum slab top temperature was about 340C and the maximum slab bottom temperature was about 290C. This temperature was well within the scope for comfort conditions.

While, on 16th March 2011, the maximum slab top temperature was about 440C and the maximum slab bottom temperature was about 360C. For comfort, wall temperatures

Specifications of ComponentsPolypropylene Pipe

Size- 25 mm OD and 20 mm ID in 70m of grids.Color- BlackThermal conductivity- 0.12 W/mKSpecific heat – 1.88 kJ/ Kg K

Concrete Slab Area of slab- 5 m X 3 mr = 15 Sq.m.Thickness- 0.2 mDensity - 1300 Kg/ m^3Average specific heat- 0.837 kJ / Kg K

Submersible Pump

Mass flow rate- 0.15 Ltr/ secHead – 8 ft or 2.43 mPower consumption - 50 Watts.Nozzle size – 3/4 inches. Or 19.05 ^ -3 m

Heat Pipe Material for tube – Copper.Size of pipe- ID 8.1 mm. 32 nos. length 39”Refrigerant – R 134a.Filled with – 1/3 of its volume.

Water Tank Size- 220 Ltrs approx.Insulation – 1” thick with aluminum foil on outside

Pipe inlay process

Completed Passive Direct Structure Cooling System

Temperature variation without any cooling (16th – 17th March 2011)

Without any Cooling as on 16th – 17th March 2011

Temperature variation with passive cooling (16th – 17th March 2011)

With Passive Cooling only as on 16th – 17th March 2011



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need to be maintained approximately below 300C in order to have a desirable MRT. This was not being achieved and hence a passive cooling system was employed.

It was seen that by pumping water from an insulated tank (Passive Cooling only), on 16th March 2011, the maximum slab top temperature was about 400C and the maximum slab bottom temperature was about 330C.Net Heat Removed,

Where, mw = Mass flow rate (0.15 kg/s)Cp = Specific heat of water (4.18 kJ/kg 0C)ΔT = (Avg. return water temp. – Avg. tank water temp.)Q = 0.15 x 4.18 x (33.884 - 33.414) x 1000 = 294.69 W

It was seen that the tank temperature and the return water temperature were almost equal, with a difference of hardly 10C between them. Due to heat gained from slab the return water temperature rose to a maximum of 430C. In order to increase the amount of heat removed by water, the heat pipe system was introduced.

It was seen that by cooling the return water through the use of a heat pipe, on 25th March 2011, the maximum slab top temperature was about 340C and the maximum slab bottom temperature was about 300C. Now, the return water temperature cooled through heat pipe and temperature dropped by 30C.Q = 0.15 x 4.18 x (30.497 - 29.498) x 1000 = 626.37 W

The Heat removed increased by more than 110%. But, it was seen that the return water was cooled by heat pipe during the day whereas, was heated during night. To resolve this problem we controlled the pump & fan by slab top temperature and tank water temperature.

It was seen that by cooling the return water through the use of a heat pipe, for 31st March 2011, the maximum slab top temperature was about 370C and maximum slab bottom temperature was about 320C.

Now, the return water was cooled by the heat pipe during the day whereas the pump & fan got shut off when tank water temp and slab top temp came below 300C and pump would turn on when temperature rose

Temperature variation of water at ends of slab (16th – 17th March 2011)

Temperature variation of water at ends of heat pipe (25th – 26th March 2011)

Temperature variation of with heat pipe (25th – 26th March 2011)

With a heat pipe as on 25th – 26th March 2011

Temperature variation of with heat pipe (31st March- 1st April 2011)

With a heat pipe and pump & fan control as on 31st March – 1st April 2011

Q m Cw p T# #D=



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above these conditions (the system was active from 10:00 to 20:30 hrs), thus maintaining water at 280C in the tank during the night. The Heat removed increased by more than 40%. Q = 0.15 x 4.18 x (36.6 - 35.19) x 1000 = 884.07 W

Phase 2: Ansys Fluent Simulation and AnalysisPurpose

We have attempted a simulation based analysis of the experimental setup in continuation of the work done at Panasia Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Such an analysis would prove to be helpful in optimizing parameters like pipe diameter, pipe spacing, and water flow velocity to give the maximum heat removal without going to the expense of physically setting up these systems for testing. In the present case, we have undertaken an elemental analysis of the Passive Direct Structure Cooling system using the simulation software ANSYS FLUENT 12.0. Methodology

Initially a plain concrete wall was modeled and analyzed in order to test the accuracy of the simulation. Changes were made to this model wherever required till a sufficient degree of equivalence with observed values was reached. Having established suitable boundary conditions in this way, the same analysis was carried out for the Direct Structure Cooling System.

The following steps were taken- • Using the modeling software GAMBIT 2.3.16, a unit

section of the concrete slab was modeled. • This model was analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT 12.0.

For the analysis, the day was divided into 8 zones of 3 hours each. A uniform value of heat flux input, averaged over the 3 hours was assumed for each zone.

• For one time zone, appropriate boundary conditions were assigned to the model and the governing equations were solved for a 3D pressure based, k-epsilon, transient system.

• This resulted in the temperature distribution across the entire section.

• The previous two steps were repeated for each time zone using the values derived from the previous step as reference values for the next.

Determination of Boundary ConditionsThe slab bottom was assigned a boundary condition

of radiative heat transfer with bulk temperature as 303K i.e 300C, taken to be the temperature of the air just adjoining the slab bottom.

The slab top is subjected to heat flux because of the sun during the day and radiative heat transfer throughout 24 hours with bulk temperature as ambient temperature. The period between 6:00 hrs and 18:00 hrs was assumed to be “day” and a heat flux boundary condition was assigned to the slab top. The period between 18:00 hrs and 6:00hrs the next day was regarded as “night” and radiation boundary condition was assigned to the slab top for this period.

The heat flux incident on the slab is as shown in the graph. The values of flux, averaged over 3 hours were found from this graph.

To compensate for heat losses due to reflection and radiation, the heat flux values determined from the graph were further modified until a reasonably accurate facsimile of the real slab was reached.

The results obtained by the simulation were accurate within 1.20C (3.6% error) for the slab bottom temperature. Hence this set of boundary conditions were adopted for the simulation of the Passive Direct Structure System.

Temperature variation of water at ends of heat pipe (31st March- 1st April 2011)

GAMBIT 2.3.16 model of unit section of slab

Initial guess values of Heat flux averaged over 3 hour time steps



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The comparison between the results obtained by the ANSYS FLUENT analysis of the slab with piping and temperatures observed at the top and bottom of the slab on 15th March 2011 are shown below.

Temperature variation of plain slab obtained from ANSYS FLUENT model

Temperature variation for passive cooling obtained from ANSYS FLUENT model

Time(24 hrs) 06:00 – 09:00

09:00 – 12:00

12:00 – 15:00

15:00 – 18:00

18:00 – 21:00

21:00 – 00:00

00:00 – 03:00

03:00 – 06:00

Effective Boundary Condition At Slab Top

30 W/Sq-m

50 W/Sq-m

60 W/Sq-m

40 W/Sq-m

Rad @305k

Rad @304K

Rad @302K

Rad @300K

Boundary Condition At Slab Bottom

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Rad @303K

Water Temperature (°C) 32 36 37 36 33 31 29 29

Input values for ANSYS FLUENT

ANSYS FLUENT solution for passive cooling

Time(24 hrs) At 09:00

At 12:00

At 15:00

At 15:00

At 21:00

At 00:00

At 03:00

At 06:00

Observed Temp of Slab (°C)

Top 28.1 34.0 35.9 33.5 31.8 30.0 28.3 26.8Middle 26.3 34.6 39.1 36.5 32.5 30.3 28.4 26.9Bottom 30.4 30.9 31.6 32.1 32.3 32.4 32.2 31.8

Simulated Temp of Slab (°C)

Top 34.6 40.2 44.3 41.6 33.8 31.7 30.2 28.7Middle 32.3 35.7 40.2 38.4 33.9 32.8 31.2 29.8Bottom 30.3 31.3 32.8 33.5 33.0 31.9 30.8 30.4

Comparison of values obtained from simulation and experiment

For our experimental setup the observed value of Heat removed is 294.69 W and according to our analysis, for a similar setup (70 m pipe length), the heat removed is

Where, Δ = (Avg. slab middle temp. – Avg. water temp.)C = Thermal conductance of pipe (W/0C) [formula by B.T. Nijaguna]Q = 0.253 x (34.288 - 32.875) x 700 = 249.90W

Effect of Variation of ParametersPipe Diameter: On increasing the pipe diameter to

50mm the slab bottom temperature comes down by 0.20C while the slap top temperature comes down by 0.40C.

Mass Flow Rate: The change in temperature distribution, on varying the mass flow rate from 0.05 kg/s to 1.0 kg/s, is negligible. Considering that a higher mass flow rate would require a greater capacity pump, thus more power and cost, the current mass flow rate of 0.15 kg/s can be considered as the optimum.

Pipe Material: The change in temperature distribution with pipe material is very less. Steel and copper both bring down the slab bottom

Q C T#D=



Structure Cooling

temperature only by an average of 0.20C. Even though polypropylene is weaker than steel and copper, its lower cost makes it a better choice.

ConclusionsFrom the experimental analysis,

we found that when a simple passive cooling system was employed, 294 W of heat was removed. With the introduction of a heat pipe and fan control, the net heat removed increased by 200% (884 W). From the ANSYS FLUENT simulation it was established that varying the pipe diameter, mass flow rate or pipe material resulted in negligible change in the slab temperature distribution. Overall, this study showed that even by introducing Direct Structure Cooling only at the roof, a large amount of heat could be prevented from reaching the occupant, thus achieving their thermal comfort.

This experiment proves that simple techniques used to modify the existing system can greatly improve its performance. Modifications like high emissivity paints or radiative cooling panel can improve the system still further with relatively low costs. Research along these lines is in progress at Panasia Engineers Pvt Ltd. With the aid of modeling and simulation software, the costs and time involved in experimenting can be curtailed easily giving the

Direct Structure Cooling a very high viability.

A Direct Structure Cooling System in a building uses minimal energy, has zero water loss and helps reduce global warming. It is also affordable, since it uses simple local equipment, inexpensive materials and has near zero running cost, thus becoming a sustainable solution for thermal comfort, especially in the Indian context where the usage of conventional air conditioners is on a steep rise. �

Pranav Gupta mechanical engineer from Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Mumbai is currently pursuing Master's degree in Sustainable Design at Cornell University.

Mihika Kulkarni, Mechanical engineer from Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Mumbai is currently pursuing Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Science and Fluid Dynamics) at the University of Florida.

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❁


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Cooling Storage Systemfor Load end energy management

Thermal Storage System is normally used for Heating or Cooling applications depending upon the

requirement.Thermal Storage for Space

Heating or Cooling is commercially ready to use technology. Obviously like all other technologies this is also a constantly improving and evolving towards Techno-Commercial optimization.

Basically, there are two type of Thermal Storage System. • Cooling Storage System -

� Ice Banking System � Chilled - Water or Glycol or

Brine Water Storage System • Heat Storage System -

� Molten Salt � Hot Water � Hot Thermic Fluid

� Hot Grit Storage SystemIn the present article we will try

to understand some basics about the Cooling Storage System.

The Colorado Automatic Refrigerator Company, which began operating in Denver in late 1889, built the first Thermal Storage System using chilled water for Air conditioning use.

It is almost like a three dimensional win on this, "One is the energy cost savings, the other is energy savings and the third is operational efficiency."

In the present scenario of Energy Shortage, heavily increasing energy cost, fast depleting fossil sources of energy, demand for Energy conservation and Energy saving - more broadly Energy Management, the cool storage technology offer

significant reduction in energy costs and shifting the TOD or MD on better side for Load End as well and Utility end i.e. shifting the peak hour energy demand to off peak hour demand helps in saving the energy cost with reduction in peak Maximum Demand for consumer and for Utility which help to reduce peak and non peak energy demand difference taking the demand graph towards less variations. (see Fig. 1)

The graph herein is from a consumer at Mumbai having Central Air conditioner load of 500 kW.

The following news is a most convincing example of this technology."Bank Puts Air Conditioning Costs On Ice"

In the basement of investment bank Credit Suisse, an old-fashioned

Cooling Storage System for Load end energy management.indd 72Cooling Storage System for Load end energy management.indd 72 1/14/2013 4:56:39 PM1/14/2013 4:56:39 PM


Cooling Storage

idea is breathing new life into air conditioning. Giant blocks of ice keep the Manhattan skyscraper cool.

CBS News correspondent Bianca Solorzano reports.

"It's extremely energy efficient," says Credit Suisse engineer William Beck.

At the heart of the system: 64 tanks holding 5,000 gallons of water. The water is frozen in these tanks overnight when energy demands are low and electricity is at its cheapest. The ice melts during the day and helps make cold air that eventually circulates throughout the building.

Although traditional air conditioning supplements the system during peak demand, the ice still saves $1 million a year off Credit Suisse's electricity bill.

What's old is new again. A doctor in Apalachicola, Fla., built an ice making machine in the 1830s. It basically blew air over a bucket of ice, cooling hospital rooms full of patients suffering from malaria. Thousands of ice-based systems are still used around the world.

"The applications range anywhere from small school systems to large commercial buildings," says Todd Coulard, general manager of Trane Energy. But Credit Suisse's is one of the biggest.

In India such system using the

conventional Chiller which is used for regular central Air conditioning associated with or without Renewable Energy based Ice making system is developed by the Author of this article.

Even it would be possible that in recent years a similar system may be available for your own home at around Rs 50,000 or less than that. Residential/ Domestic version is being tried out in experimental setups. It could end up being one of the coolest ways to beat the heat. The new model may be able to deliver Air-Cooling/Heating (i.e. comfort conditioning); Hot water; Refrigerator and cooling of Drinking water.

We can confidently claim that Ice Energy's "Ice Bear" Keeps Off-Peak Kilowatts in Cold Storage to Reduce HVAC's Peak Power Costs.

By night, the Ice Bear turns the air conditioner's condensing unit into a big ice maker. By day, the ice turns

the Ice Bear into an energy-efficient condensing unit. (Ice Energy photo).

California adjusts building energy standards.

In warm climates, such as the California desert, Customers may soon call for more energy on hot afternoons than the utility can generate or deliver.

California has gone as far as to modify its building energy efficiency standards to align them with the state's commitment to resolve this problem. It's a trend that could affect businesses in other states. California continues to lead the nation in its energy efficiency standards for building envelopes and technologies.

Ice storage can be coordinated with wind or any other power generation which can improve the grid efficiency. The State Electricity Board and / or State Electricity Regulatory Commission can consider on top priority the schemes for Incentives for Ice Store based Air Conditioning systems. It the need of the hour to modify the present TOD pattern based on Demand based Zones.

Mumbai has peak demand during noon 1000 to 1700 hrs which is mainly caused by Central Air Conditioning energy demand. In such area the TOD must be highest

The above graph is from a consumer at Mumbai (India) having Central Air conditioner load of 500 kW



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consumers and incentive-rewards should be given for the Ice Banking users.

How Ice storage Air Conditioning operate

Ice bank technology is a form of thermal energy storage. Thermal energy storage may refer to a number of technologies that store energy in a thermal reservoir for later reuse. They can be employed to balance energy demand between day time and night time. The thermal reservoir may be maintained at a temperature above (hotter) or below (colder) than that of the ambient environment.

The principal application today is the production of ice, chilled water, or eutectic solution at night, which is then used to cool environments during the day.

High peak summertime loads drive the capital expenditures of the electricity generation industry. The industry meets these peak loads with low-efficiency peaking power plants, usually gas turbines, which have lower capital costs but higher fuel costs. A kilowatt-hour of electricity consumed at night can be produced at much lower marginal cost. Utilities have begun to pass these lower costs to consumers, in the form of Time of Use (TOU) rates, or Real Time Pricing (RTP) Rates. Thermal energy is cheaper than any other energy source.

The most widely used form of this technology is in large building or campus-wide air conditioning or chilled water systems. Air conditioning systems, especially in commercial buildings, are the most

significant contributors to the peak electrical loads seen on hot summer days. In this application, a relatively standard chiller is run at night to produce a pile of ice. Water is circulated through the pile during the day to produce chilled water that would normally be the daytime output of the chillers.

A partial storage system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers 24 hours a day. At night they produce ice for storage, and during the day they chill water for the air conditioning system, their production augmented by water circulating through the melting ice. Such a system usually runs in ice-making mode for 16 to 18 hours a day, and in ice-melting mode for 6 hours a day. Capital expenditures are minimized because the chillers can be just 40 to 50% of the size needed for a conventional design. Ice storage sufficient for storing half a day's rejected heat will do.

A full storage system minimizes the cost of energy to run the system by shutting off the chillers entirely during peak load hours. Such a system requires chillers somewhat larger than a partial storage system, and a larger ice storage system, so that the capital cost is higher. Ice storage systems are inexpensive enough that full storage systems are often competitive with conventional air conditioning designs.

The efficiency of air conditioning chillers is measured by their coefficient of performance (COP). In theory, thermal storage systems could make chillers more efficient because heat is discharged into colder nighttime air rather than warmer daytime air. In practice, this advantage is overcome by the heat losses while making and melting the ice.

There are still some advantages to society from air conditioning thermal storage. The fuel used at night to produce electricity is a domestic resource in most countries, so that less imported fuel is used. This process also has been shown in studies to significantly reduce the emissions associated with producing the power for air conditioners, since inefficient "peaker" plants are replaced by low emission base load facilities in the evening. The plants that produce this power are often more efficient than the gas turbines that provide peaking power during the day. And because the load factor on the plants is higher, fewer plants are needed to service the load.

A new twist on this technology uses ice as a condensing medium for refrigerant. In this case, regular refrigerant is pumped to coils where it is used. Instead of needing a compressor to convert it back in to a liquid however, the low temperature of the ice is used to chill the

Best System

Ordinary Hydro

Coolers

Vacuum Water Spray

Vacuum

Forced Air

Ready to use E X E E X

Variable & Precise Temp. control E E X X E

Off the shelf technology E X E E X

Ice Storage System E X X X X

Energy Efficient E X E X X

Low Cost of Installation E X E X X

Low cost of Operation E X E X X

Continuous Throughput E E X X X

High Volume Variable Speed Conveyor E E X X X

Selection Criterias of the System / Technologies


75January 2013

Cooling Storagerefrigerant back in to a liquid. This type of system allows existing refrigerant based HVAC equipment to be converted to Thermal Energy Storage systems, something that could not previously be easily done with chill water technology. In addition, unlike water-cooled chill water systems that do not experience a tremendous difference in efficiency from day to night, this new class of equipment typically displaces daytime operation of air cooled condensing units. In areas where there is a significant difference between peak daytime temperatures and off peak temperatures, this type of unit is typically more energy efficient than the equipment it is replacing.

Solar Thermal Ice MakerThe Solar Thermal Icemaker is an Intermittent Solar

Ammonia-water Absorption Cycle. The technology uses a parabolic trough solar collector and a compact and efficient design to produce ice with no fuel or electric input, and with no moving parts.

The SolarThermal Icemaker operates in two modes. During the day, solar energy is used to generate liquid ammonia refrigerant. During the night, the generator is cooled by a thermosyphon and ice is formed in the evaporator compartment as ammonia is reabsorbed to the generator.

The daily ice production of about 5 kg per square meter of collector can be acheived, per Sunny day. The construction is very simple and there are no expensive materials. It is estimated that, when produced in-country where wages are low and transportation costs can be minimized, the 11 square meter Solar Thermal Ice Maker can be produced for less than Rs 3,50,000. When produced in-country on mass scale, the creation of urban employment is an additional advantage of bringing down the cost. MNRE should consider this technology for Subsidy and Accelerated Depreciation of 80%.

Key Features• It is particularly best suited to provide refrigeration to

un-electrified rural communities are.• It is solar thermally powered, avoiding expensive

diesel fuel or Photo Voltaics.• Low cost construction requires only welding, piping

and sheet metal work.• Very low maintenance.• The quantity of ice is sufficient to support small scale

businesses while maintaining sustainability in fragile environments, or provide low cost household refrigeration.

Employment Generation Potential for Rural India

The Solar Thermal Icemaker makes enough ice at low cost to support many small scale businesses in rural unelectrified areas. Enterprises using such technologies will be environmentally sustainable because no fuel is required. They will be economically sustainable because

the cost of producing the ice by the this Ice maker is sufficiently less than the value of the ice that it can easily be recovered by a micro-enterprise.

Ice is of major economic importance. In rural communities of developing countries, there is frequently a shortage of ice to support business activities. The result is loss of revenue, jobs, and substantial food spoilage.

Considering the limitations of the publication the brand or make cannot be mentioned here but it is a mater of pride that a very reputed international company can provide domestic refrigeration. An ISAAC produces six blocks of ice each day, weighing ten kilograms each. If an icebox requires five kilograms of ice per day to stay cool, then one ISAAC will be able to supply domestic refrigeration to twelve households. The cost of a standard electric refrigerator, plus the constant requirement of expensive electricity, would be much higher.

Experiments with solar-powered adsorption ice-maker

The above picture shows solar-powered ice-maker with the solid adsorption pair of activated carbon and methanol. A domestic type of charcoal is chosen as the adsorbent, and a simple flat-plate collector with an exposed area of 0.92 m2 is employed to produce ice of about 4–5kg/day. The above system could achieve solar


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refrigeration COP of about 0.1–0.12. Solar absorption refrigeration

research: The study of solar absorption refrigeration closest to practical use, its most general configuration is: the use of collector to collect solar energy, used to drive single-effect, or two-stage double-effect absorption chiller, the main use of lithium bromide refrigerant - water, can be used when solar energy is insufficient to carry fuel or coal-fired boiler auxiliary heating. System is mainly constituted with the ordinary absorption refrigeration system is basically the same, only difference is in the generator at the heat source is solar energy instead of the usual high-temperature steam generated by the heating boiler, hot water or hot exhaust and other heat sources.

Solar adsorption refrigeration: Solar adsorption refrigeration system is the use of absorption refrigeration the solid adsorbent bed in the cyclical refrigerant adsorption, desorption process to achieve refrigeration cycle. Solar adsorption cooling system consists of solar adsorption collector, condenser, reservoir, evaporator, valves and other components. Commonly used adsorbent refrigerant working pair of activated carbon - methanol, activated carbon - ammonia, calcium chloride - ammonia, silica gel - water, metal hydrides - hydrogen.

Solar adsorption cooling system is simple with no moving parts, noise, without regard to corrosion, etc., and its relatively low cost and running costs.

Operating StrategiesSeveral strategies are available

for charging and discharging storage to meet cooling demand during peak hours. These are- Full Storage or Load Shifting (Fig. 1)

Full Storage strategy or Load Shifting strategy, as its also coined, operates by shifting the entire on-peak cooling load to off-peak hours. This system would require a large storage facility or a small cooling load. It is designed to operate at full capacity during all off-peak hours to charge storage on the hottest anticipated days. Another point to note is that this strategy is most attractive where on-peak demand charges are high or the on-peak period is short.Partial Storage: Load Leveling (Fig. 2)

As for the partial-storage system, while the chiller runs to meet part of the peak period cooling load, the remainder is met by drawing from storage. Here, the chiller has a relatively smaller capacity when compared to that of the design load. Partial storage systems may be run as load-leveling or demand-limiting operations. In a load-leveling system the chiller is sized to run at its full capacity for 24 hours on the hottest days. This strategy is most effective where the peak-cooling load is much higher than the average load.Partial Storage: Demand Limiting

In a demand limiting system, the chiller runs at reduced capacity

during on-peak hours and is often controlled to limit the facility's peak demand charge. Demand savings and equipment costs are higher than they would be for a load-leveling system, and lower than for a full-storage system.

Mediums and MechanismsThe 3 basic media for cool

storage are chilled water, ice, and eutectic salts. With these, there are numerous methods of capitalizing on the individual advantages of these medians for more efficient Cool Storage Systems.Chilled water

Chilled Water storage systems capitalizes on the high heat capacity of water, taken as 4200 J/KgC, to store cooling capacity. They operate at temperature ranges compatible with standard chiller systems and are most economical for systems greater than 2,000 ton-hours in capacity.Ice

Ice Thermal Storage systems capitalizes on the high latent heat of fusion of water, 2100 J/Kg, to store cooling capacity. This requires special ice-making equipment or standard chillers modified for low-temperature services as freezing water would requires refrigeration equipment that provides charging fluids at temperatures below the normal operating range of conventional air-conditioning equipment. But this drawback is easily overlooked as the low chilled-water supply temperatures available from ice storage allow the use of cool air distribution, the benefits of which include the ability to use smaller fans and ducts and the introduction of less humid air into occupied spaces.Eutectic salts

Eutectic salt, commonly termed as phase-change material, uses a combination of inorganic salts, water, and other elements to create a mixture that freezes at a desired temperature. The material is encapsulated in plastic containers that are stacked in a storage tank

The Schematic for Principle of operation



Cooling Storagethrough which water is circulated. The most commonly used mixture for thermal storage freezes at 7-8OC, which allows the use of standard chilling equipment to charge storage, but leads to higher discharge temperatures. That in turn limits the operating strategies that may be applied. For example, eutectic salts may only be used in full storage operation if dehumidification requirements are low.

Chilled water storage systems rely solely on the heat capacity of water and the temperature difference between supply and return water streams going to and from the cooling load. As a result, the storage volume required is greater which is not really in our interest as we’re dealing with Singapore.

Ice harvesting systems feature an evaporator surface on which ice is formed and periodically released into a storage tank that is partially filled with water.

External melt ice-on-coil systems use submerged pipes through which a refrigerant or secondary coolant is circulated. Ice accumulates on the outside of the pipes. Storage is discharged by circulating the warm return water over the pipes, melting the ice from the outside.

Internal melt ice-on-coil systems also feature submerged pipes on which ice is formed. Storage is discharged by circulating warm coolant through the pipes, melting the ice from the inside. The cold coolant is then pumped through the building cooling system or used to cool a secondary coolant that goes through the building's cooling system.

Encapsulated ice systems use water inside submerged plastic containers that freeze and thaw as cold or warm coolant is circulated through the storage tank holding the containers.

Ice slurry systems store water or water/glycol solutions in a slurry state--a partially frozen mixture of liquid and ice crystals that looks much like a frozen fruit smoothie. To meet a cooling demand, the slurry may be pumped directly to the load or to a heat exchanger cooling a secondary fluid that circulates through the building's chilled water system.

Internal melt ice-on-coil systems are the most commonly used type of ice storage technology in commercial applications. External melt and ice-harvesting systems are more common in industrial applications, although they can also be applied in commercial buildings and district cooling systems. Encapsulated ice systems are also suitable for many commercial applications. Ice slurry systems have not been widely used in commercial applications.

Detailed Account of Main Methods of Cool Storage Systems

Chilled water storage systems rely solely on the sensible (i.e., no phase change or latent energy) heat capacity of water and the temperature difference between supply and return water streams going to and from the cooling load. As a result, the storage volume required is greater than for any of the ice or eutectic salt options. However, using water eliminates the need for secondary coolants and heat exchangers and standard water chillers can be used without significantly degraded performance or capacity. Water is



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44OF, or slightly lower than for a standard chilled water system without storage. The return water temperature may be increased slightly as well, but must remain low enough to ensure adequate indoor humidity control. Maximizing the difference between cooling water supply and return temperatures maximizes the sensible energy storage capacity per unit of water and minimizes the size of the storage tank. A single tank is usually used to store both the chilled water and the warm water returning from the cooling load. Separation of the two water bodies is maximized by placing the cooler, denser water at the bottom of the tank and the warmer water at the top of the tank. Specially designed piping networks called diffusers allow water to enter and leave the tank without causing significant mixing. The result is a layer of cold water separated from a layer of warm water by a thermocline. Chilled water systems tend to work best in retrofit situations (no chiller modifications required) and/or higher capacity systems where size economies-of-scale lower the unit cost of the tank. A typical chilled water storage system configuration. Chilled water storage tanks may also be used as a reservoir for fire-protection water, reducing total facility costs and/or fire insurance premiums.

Ice-harvesting systems form ice on coils or other refrigerant evaporating surfaces and periodically release the ice into a storage tank that contains a mixture of ice and water. Water is pumped from the bottom of the tank and passed over the refrigerant evaporating surface during the charging cycle. During discharge, water is pumped from the tank to the load. Warm water returns from the load and is sprayed onto the top of the ice water mixture to facilitate mixing and heat transfer between ice and water. Compared to ice-on-coil systems, ice harvesters have

much less ice-making surface, but the surface is a specialized design to facilitate ice release, so the potential cost savings is not as great as a comparison based on area would suggest.

The average thickness of ice on the heat transfer surface is generally less, however, which improves performance. On the other hand, ice harvesters must go through a defrost cycle to release ice from the heat transfer surface, which results in a significant performance penalty. Ice harvesting refrigeration equipment tends to be more expensive than other cool storage options while the storage capacity itself is generally the least expensive. Thus, ice-harvesting systems are most Page 7 of 10 Thermal Storage Systems attractive for applications requiring high storage capacity and relatively low refrigeration capacity.

Ice-on-coil systems come in several variations, as noted above. In all variations, ice is formed on a heat transfer surface (generically referred to as a "coil," whatever the actual configuration or material) without being released during the charging mode and melted away during the discharge mode. Coils are packed in various arrangements within a tank and surrounded by water.

Transferring energy from the water to an evaporating refrigerant or secondary coolant (generally a glycol/water mixture) passing through the coils forms ice. Discharge is accomplished by circulating warm water past the outside of the ice on external-melt systems while secondary coolant is usually past through the coils on internal-melt systems.

Condensing a refrigerant discharges at least one internal-melt system designed for retrofit of direct-expansion rooftop cooling equipment, but this is an exception to the general use of a secondary coolant. Some external-melt systems bubbles air though the water to facilitate uniform freezing

and melting of ice. This is not required on internal-melt systems that are frozen solid. Freezing all of the water also results in slightly higher chill storage density for the internal-melt design. External-melt systems are able to avoid using a secondary coolant and coolant/water heat exchangers and also benefit from direct-contact heat exchange. However, if not fully discharged, remaining ice on the coil will result in an efficiency penalty during the subsequent charging cycle. Care must also be taken to avoid overcharging the external-melt storage unit solid as it will become increasingly difficult to discharge without adequate water flow passages. Charging with refrigerant is more efficient than with a secondary coolant because one less heat transfer step is involved. On the other hand, charging with a secondary coolant uses much less refrigerant and the refrigeration system is generally less complicated.

Ice slurry systems produce small particles of ice within a solution of glycol and water, resulting in a slushy mixture that can be pumped. Like ice harvesters, ice slurry generators are dynamic ice-making machines, in contrast to the static ice-on-coil systems. Thus, ice slurry generators do not suffer from the efficiency degradation that occurs as ice builds up on an evaporator surface. However, unlike ice harvesters, no defrost cycle is required for ice slurry generators, which avoids another efficiency loss. In ice slurry systems, ice particles are generated by passing a weak glycol/water solution (~ 5-10% glycol) through tubing that is surrounded by an evaporating refrigerant contained within a shell (i.e., the evaporator unit is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger). As the glycol/water solution is cooled by the evaporating refrigerant, ice particles form. Depending on the system configuration, the resulting slush can either drop directly into a storage tank or be pumped into a



Cooling Storagestorage tank. Ice-free glycol/water solution is pumped from the storage tank. Discharge is accomplished by pumping the cool solution from the tank either directly through the cooling load or through an intermediate heat exchanger that isolates the cooling load from the ice slurry system. Warm solution is returned to the top of the tank and distributed over the ice slurry via multiple spray nozzles. The small size of the particles results in better heat transfer between the solution and the ice than is possible for either ice harvesting or ice-oncoil systems. Like an ice harvester, ice slurry systems have relatively high fixed costs associated with the evaporator or ice generator component, but relatively low incremental costs as storage capacity is added. Thus, ice slurry systems will look their best in relatively high storage capacity applications.

Encapsulated ice systems consist of water contained in plastic containers surrounded by coolant, all contained within a tank or other storage vessel. During the charging cycle subfreezing coolant from a chiller is circulated through the storage tank and past the plastic containers, freezing the ice. Discharge is accomplished by circulating warm coolant through the tank and past the containers, melting the ice. The coolant may be routed directly to the load or be isolated from the load via a heat exchanger. The most common form of plastic container is a dimpled ball about 4 inches in diameter. The spherical shape creates a relatively high heat transfer area per unit of water being frozen, while the dimples allow for expansion and contraction while cycling between liquid and solid states. Either atmospheric or pressurized storage tanks can be used, but a screen must be used near the top of an atmospheric tank to keep the balls below the coolant level. Installation is relatively simple; the balls are simply poured into a tank and naturally conform to whatever shape the storage vessel may be.

There is vast scope in the Engineering Institutes and Universities to conduct extensive research in this field to make it more and more cost effective and easy to manufacture technology. �

❁Dr OmPrakash G Kulkarni is recognized as Scientist at Global level in the field of Renewable Energy and as Inventor of World’s first Solar Thermal/ Renewable Energy Based Air Conditioning / Refrigeration system. He is Expert Advisor/invitee to MERC, BOS member on Electrical Engg./ E & TC and Instrumentation Science, Referee for PG at Pune University. He is also member of Governing body of more than 13 Engineering Educational Institutions. He has established three industries having footprint at Global level. Also, he is Chief Technical Advisor to Enercon India Ltd, and many other Govt./ Private organizations. He is State level chairman: Energy Forum - Institution of Engineers (India); National Chairman: Energy Forum- Laghu Udyog Bharati and life member of many National and International Associations/ Institutions.


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Thermal management of electronics is becoming an important and concerned issue due to the compactness, complexity of new generation of electronic devices. An electronic device fails to fulfil its intended function when its application or environmental condition exceeds its application limit. Theoretically, electronic components are said to be reliable at recommended operating temperatures if they can be operated continuously for a long duration. However, adverse environment and unusual operation reduces the effective operating time.

Cooling of Electronics using Phase Change Materials

It has been found that a 1OC decrease in a component temperature may lower its failure rate by as much as 4%

and 10OC to 20OC increase in component temperature can increase its failure rate by 100%. Hence, there is a tremendous need for innovative cooling technologies.

Various cooling techniques are broadly classified into two groups, viz. • Active cooling and • Passive cooling.

Active thermal management requires external energy to be applied to remove heat from an electronic device. The following types of techniques can be classified as active thermal management: • Forced convection air • Forced convection liquid • Liquid flow through modules • Heat sinks with forced convection

cooling

• Thermoelectrics • Micro-refrigerators.

In case of passive techniques, the removal of heat from an electronic device does not need any external energy to maintain the coolant flow. Different passive cooling techniques such as heat sinks cooled by natural convection, heat pipes, thermosyphons and phase change cooling are used to satisfy performance, reliability and ergonomic constraints. Phase change cooling is one of such technique, which has been widely used as an alternative cooling method for various applications such as wearable computers, power electronics, communication equipment, space craft and avionics etc., where heat dissipation is time-varying or periodic. Phase change material (PCM) plays the key role in the phase change cooling technique.

PCMs are highly effective heat

storage materials that undergo a phase change at a certain key temperature and are commercially available for a range of phase change temperatures. Typical phase change temperatures range from –15 to 190OC, giving a wide choice of PCMs for any specific cooling requirement. The kind of heat that is stored in PCMs is the latent heat of fusion along with sensible heat. The latent heat of fusion of PCMs is relatively high. Consequently, only a small quantity is needed to meet storage capacity requirements for a majority of applications.

How does PCM-based Cooling Technique work?

The phase change process of PCM is shown in Fig. 1. When a PCM is heated, the temperature of PCM rises and it absorbs heat as sensible heat. Once the melting temperature of PCM is reached, the PCM starts

Cooling of Electronics using Phase Change Materials.indd 80Cooling of Electronics using Phase Change Materials.indd 80 1/14/2013 5:16:44 PM1/14/2013 5:16:44 PM


Cooling Technology

melting and absorbs heat as latent heat. During this period, the PCM temperature remains constant. After the completion of PCM melting, the temperature of liquid PCM rises again. Hence, the stabilization period can be obtained until the PCM melts completely. The same process is followed in reverse direction during solidification of PCM. Generally electronic devices do not dissipate high heat rates for all the time which is ideal for PCM application. Therefore, PCMs are used in constant power/cyclic cooling for short term thermal management. It cannot be used for the equipment which is in continuous operation.

Phase change materialsPhase change material (PCM)

used in cooling applications should possess some desirable thermophysical, kinetics and chemical properties. The PCM melting temperature should be below the device’s maximum operating temperature. The latent heat of fusion must be high, so a small amount of PCM can store a large amount of energy. It should have high specific heat which will provide additional sensible heat storage capacity. High thermal conductivity is desirable which makes the PCM melting and solidification homogenous and could also prevent potential PCM overheating. PCM should be chemically stable, so that it will not be changed periodically. The PCM

must be non-poisonous, non-flammable, and non-explosive. The most critical properties are PCM’s melting temperature and latent heat of fusion while selecting PCMs for a particular application.

There are a large number of PCMs available either commercially or technical grade for a wide range of melting point and these can be broadly grouped into organic and inorganic. The classifications of PCMs which undergo solid to liquid phase change are shown in Fig. 2. The organic based PCM is paraffin which is flammable and can not be exposed to high temperature. Several paraffin and non-paraffin based PCMs have a melting point within the desired range and high latent heat would satisfy the storage requirements. Inorganic PCMs include salts hydrates which are non-flammable, have high of heat fusion, & their melting temperatures

range from 18.5OC to 116.0OC making them ideal for thermal design considerations of electronic devices. However, salts hydrates are highly corrosive in nature and a special attention is required while selecting the storage container. A few of PCMs along with their properties are listed in Table 1.

Design of PCM based heat sink

The design of a PCM based heat sink needs a careful approach. A typical PCM based heat sink used for electronic cooling is shown in Fig. 3. The heat sink is a rectangular cavity which is fabricated by gluing thin metal or insulation sheets to the metallic base plate. The top surface can be either covered or exposed to ambient depending on the application. The amount of PCM, to be poured, is governed by the time required to stabilize the chip temperature. An important issue in designing PCM based heat sink is leakage of molten PCM at high temperature as the attached sheet may separate. The most convenient

Fig. 1: Phase change process of PCM

Fig. 2: Classification of PCMs undergoing solid–liquid phase change

Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of a PCM based heat sink



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way of filling of PCM based heat sink is to keep the PCM on the heat sink and then heat it such that the material melts and fills the heat sink. Care has been taken to accommodate volume change of PCM due to phase change and expansion of the liquid subsequently. Hence, sufficient space has to be provided to accommodate the PCM in liquid state (coefficient of thermal expansion of n-Eicosane is 1.0 ×10-3

/OC). The filling is done to no more than 90% of the enclosed volume for the purpose of containment.

The PCM-based heat sink sits over an electronic chip which

generates heat. Initially, the whole system is at the ambient temperature. The heat sink is considered to be subjected to either constant power or cyclic loading from the chip. The process of heating causes • Sensible heating of PCM for a

short duration, • Melting of PCM, and • Sensible heating of the melt.

During the cooling period, the same processes occur but in reverse order.

Performance of PCM based heat sink

A comparison can be drawn

between two cases; • Chip attached with a base plate • Chip mounted under the PCM

based heat sink. Fig. 4 shows the temperature

histories of chip generating 4 W of constant power. The PCM used in this case is n-Eicosane and the thickness of PCM is 5 mm. The heat sink dimension is 42 × 42 × 7 (height) mm with the base plate thickness of 2 mm. The chip is 3 mm thick. The base plate is made of Aluminium. The chip temperature at 900 s in case of PCM based heat sink is lower than the without PCM case as the PCM absorbs major portion of heat while melting and keeps the chip temperature lower.

Enhancement techniques of heat transfer in PCM

One important issue needs to be addressed, is the thermal conductivity of organic PCM that is low (~0.2 W/m.K) and as a result, heat transfer rate is slow within PCM during melting and solidification. The improvement of heat transfer can be achieved by inserting high thermal conductivity materials, known as thermal conductivity enhancer (TCE) into the PCM. The TCE could be in the form of metal matrix, hollow spherical metallic balls, plate or pin fins and graphite flakes. Fig. 5 shows the picture of typical TCE used for heat transfer enhancement in PCM.

A small percentage (10%) of aluminium particles is uniformly dispersed in the PCM-based heat sink to augment the heat transfer. Fig. 4 shows the variation of chip temperature with time for without and with TCE distribution in PCM. With the addition of TCE, the chip temperature decreases as the effective thermal conductivity of PCM increases.

Thermal management during peak load

In electronic applications, the chip normally operates on a base load and does not produce high heat rates all the time. However, the chip may dissipate extra heat load for a

PCM Melting temperature (OC)

Latent Heat kJ/kg

Density kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity(w/m-K)

n-Octadecane 28.0 244 865 (solid)780 (liquid)

0.358 (solid)0.148 (liquid)

n-Eicosane 37.0 241 810 (solid)770 (liquid)


Capric 31.5 153 884 (40OC) 2.0Caprilic 16.3 149 1033(10OC)

861 (80OC)2.0

Zn(NO3)6H2O 36.4 147 2065 (solid) 0.31Lauric acid 41.5 178 800 0.2

Paraffin wax 49-62 210 916 (solid)770 (liquid)


RT27 26-28 179 870 (solid)750 (liquid)

0.2

RT25 25 147 804 (solid)763 (liquid)


P116 47.0 225 830 (solid)773 (liquid)

0.24

Table 1: Typically used PCMs and their properties

Fig. 4: Chip temperature histories for three cases (a) Without PCM, (b) with PCM and (c) with PCM and 10% of TCE



Cooling Technology

certain period of time for various reasons. This extra high heat rate needs to be transferred from the chip efficiently to maintain its temperature below the critical limit above which chip will start malfunctioning. A cooling system designed both for base load as well as peak load tends to be over designed, bulky and expensive. Therefore, special and efficient cooling techniques can be used to tackle that extra high heat load. The

PCM based cooling technique can be effectively employed in this type of

application. Fig. 6 shows such an example where the chip was operating on a base load and suddenly there is a peak load of 10 W for 90 seconds. In this example, the thickness of PCM (n-Octadecane) is 1 mm and the base load is taken as zero for simplicity. The design of PCM based heat sink for such application is critical and should be optimized to meet the need of the requirement.

ConclusionsAs the chip level heat flux has

gone up significantly, conventional air cooled designs are no longer adequate and an increasing number of packaging failures are directly linked to inadequate thermal management. Hence, researchers are investigating several alternative cooling techniques that can be used in cooling of electronics equipment. In the recent years, PCM based cooling has emerged as a potential technique that can be applied to dissipate heat from the chip effectively. The main advantages of PCM based cooling technique is that its light weight compared to metal, abundant availability and large heat storage density per unit mass. However, unfortunately the most organic PCMs possess low thermal conductivity which needs to be enhanced by incorporating high thermal conductivity materials. This technique can be used to keep the chip temperature at desired limit for certain period under constant power operation. Also, it can be employed during peak load where extra high heat load can be absorbed by PCM for safe operation of chip. �

Fig. 5: Typically used TCEs

❁Sandip Kumar Saha is Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. He is BE in Mechanical Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata & MSc (Engg.) and PhD from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Prior to joining IIT Bombay, he worked in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium & R&D TATA Steel, India. His research interests include thermal management of electronics, cooling techniques & thermal technologies such energy storage, green buildings.

Fig. 6: Variation of chip temperature for (a) Without PCM, (b) with PCM under peak load


Company ProfileCompany Profile


Sekisui Chemical (Japan) is a large, publicly listed Japanese Multinational Company

headquartered in Tokyo Japan. It employs 22,000 people globally and has manufacturing facilities and offices in 23 counties. It has an annual turnover of USD $10 billion.

Primary activities include Housing, urban infrastructure, high performance polymers, Medical, automotive and construction.

Sekisui Foam International is the Foam division within the Sekisui Chemical’s HPP group. Its manufacturing activities are strategically located around the world with no less than 10 manufacturing plants including North America (2), Europe (2), Japan, Australia, Thailand, Korea, and China.

Sekisui Chemical pioneered the Physically Crosslinking foam technology and it’s the world’s largest and leading manufacturer of polyolefin based foams. It

commands over 50% of the world market share of crosslinked polyolefin foams Major applications include Automotive, Insulation, Construction and General Manufacturing industries.

Thermobreak™ is a leading flexible thermal insulation material made from physically (irradiation) Crosslinked closed-cell, polyolefin foam, factory bonded to pure, reinforced aluminium foil and acrylic tissue adhesive. It is Green Building compliant and a certified Green Star product. Thermobreak is currently manufactured in Australia and Thailand under ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 manufacturing Standards. It has been widely used in Australia, Asia Pacific, India, and Middle East since its inception in 1987 (Australia).

With a lower thermal conductivity than any other flexible insulation material, almost zero vapour

permeability, and its all-in-one concept, Thermobreak provides superior energy saving performance, fast and simple installation, and trouble -free operation in a variety of environments.

Critical insulation performance factors such as thermal conductivity, vapour permeability, as well as fire performance, smoke density and toxicity are tested and certified by independent laboratories. With particular emphasis on safety, Thermobreak has been extensively tested to various international fire & smoke standards, such as British (BS), ASTM, Australian (AS), ISO, & UL Standards. More recently, Thermobreak tube has been granted FM approval. It is also has numerous National body approvals such as PSB, HKFS, BOMBA, Qatar Civil Defence, Bahrain Civil Defence, & Dubai Municipality. �

For further details contact:[email protected]

Industrial Refrigeration Pvt Ltd (IRPL) offers complete process refrigeration (particularly food

processing) solutions under the engineering expertise of Eurotek Engineering Ltd., UK - world leaders in Freezing Technology. IRPL offers complete food processing plants & ultra modern cold storages on near-turnkey basis. IRPL handles projects ranging from supply of equipment to near turnkey contracts including design, procurement of plant and materials, delivery to site, installation, commissioning sales and spares service throughout the country. They assist the client at every step from concept to commissioning. And, also assist in marketing in some cases. They have a tradition of committed and sincere after-sales services. In addition to providing systems for the sea food,

dairy, beverage and food industries, they also contribute expertise and equipment to the chemical, plastics

and pharmaceuticals industries.IRPL was formed in 1974 and is

a part of the 53 year old ALLSTATE Group involved in Refrigeration, Transformers, Leisure equipment, Software & Media. Two of the group Companies have agreements with Fortune 500 Companies viz. Fuji, DuPont, and other International Companies.IRPL represents-Eurotek Engineering Ltd, UK - Blast Freezers, Plate Freezers, IQF’s (Individual Quick Freezers), Freezing Tunnels, Wax Moulders.GENEGLACE, France - Ice Flake Machines.

INCOLD, Italy- Cold Stores & Cold Rooms.SNOWKEY, China- Flake ice machines (Evaporator).

In addition, IRPL offers Mono Block Refrigeration Equipment for Cold Rooms, Walk in Coolers, Block Ice Machines, Refrigeration Equipment for Trawlers and Fishing Complexes, & Turnkey refrigeration plants for aquaculture, fruits and vegetables processing Industries.

All installations are supported by service agreements executed by a team of trained technical staff.

Industrial Refrigeration Pvt. Ltd. is also at the forefront of promoting and supplying systems working on environmentally friendly non-ozone depleting refrigerants. �


Sekisui Foam International (SFI)

Industrial Refrigeration Pvt Ltd (IRPL)

Company Profile.indd 84Company Profile.indd 84 1/15/2013 3:00:53 PM1/15/2013 3:00:53 PM

FeatureFeature


The Supreme Industries offers thermal insulation solutions to customers that are appropriate and cost-

effective. The company follows the philosophy of S.A.V.E. – Supreme Always Value Efficient.

The drivers of this conviction are applied intelligence and innovation to enable cost-effectiveness and precision in delivery. Every requirement is studied in great detail, various solutions are taken into consideration and the most suitable one is implemented. Ranging from superior protection, energy-saving insulation and long-lasting solutions in the civil industry, Supreme is capable of providing apt solutions to its customers.

Supreme’s Thermal Insulation Division offers solutions in the following areas: • Ducting Insulation in hospitals,

shopping malls, airports, PEBs, IT/ BPO etc.

• Pipe insulation for split AC tubings, chiller piping, drain pipes, chilled water lines etc.

• Floor insulation in server rooms, data centres, medical & diagnostic centres, and control rooms for petrochemicals.

• Underdeck insulation in PEBs, textile units, malls, airports etc.

• Overdeck and wall insulation in commercial buildings, residential buildings, cold storages etc.Thermal Insulation requirement

is felt wherever comfort conditions are desired and energy to be optimally utilized. Broadly speaking,

where the insulation is used to prevent heat loss from the process the term hot insulation is used. Where the insulation is used to prevent heat gain to the process the term cold insulation is used. However in recent times, radiant heating or cooling has gained a lot of popularity. Thus classification could be on basis of application, such as ‘Hot’ or ‘Cold’. This classification could then be further sub-divided into the products that determine such applications, wherein the products offered by The Supreme Industries Ltd., and the competing products form part of the cold insulation applications.

Among all energy efficiency technologies, advanced thermal insulation stands out as the one that could reduce energy consumption most effectively. For a good insulation with 95% of air and low

solid content, the processing cost becomes the dominant factor in the performances/ cost equation. Installation of thermal insulation is indeed a sound investment because of the immediate payback from energy savings and especially if we can keep the cost low. Lower insulation costs, combined with rising energy expenses, would automatically expand the efforts in energy efficiency. With electricity consumption in the commercial sector accounting for nearly 8% of the total electricity consumption, the old adage “energy saved is energy generated” holds good. It is said that 70% of India is yet to be built and with construction industry

in a boom, the growth of the service sector and technologies assisting build the industry are imperative.

In this direction, the Government has initiated the Green Building movement of sustainable habitats. The 12th Plan envisages certain mandatory measures by the Government to make the “Green Culture” implemented for new government buildings coming up all over the country and thus consumption of products which conserve energy demand are expected to rise.Quality at its best

A methodical, systematic and stringent approach to quality ensures durability to all their products. The company adheres to

international quality standards while manufacturing products. ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001 certifications and NABL accreditation for various plants is a testimony to their serious approach to quality. �

Cost effective thermal insulation solutions from The Supreme Industries

❁Atul Khanna, GM, Protective Packaging Division, The Supreme Industries Ltd.

Feature_supreme.indd 85Feature_supreme.indd 85 1/15/2013 3:15:21 PM1/15/2013 3:15:21 PM

Product ReviewProduct Review


Armstrong was incorporated in 1934 under the leadership

of Samual A. Armstrong, who is a designer, manufacturer, and marketer of fluid flow and

control equipment applied in HVAC and water-based process industries.The Series 4600F, drawing on over 100 years of pump design expertise and leadership, is the state of the art in Horizontal Split Case pumps. It meets or exceeds the requirements of NFPA and testing laboratories involved in fire protection such as UL, ULC, and FM.The family of pumps capitalize on the “Tilted Parting” concept to minimize turbulence at the eye of the impeller by its straight laminar approach, thus maximizing efficiency. This also results in the lowest profile and minimum floor space of any HSC pump on the market today. The family was designed with commonality of parts, low installation cost, and ease of maintenance objectives.The pumps compact sizes are ideally suited for space saving packages and retrofit applications.Recirculation: External water seal ring recirculation lines.Coupling: Flexible coupling; Optional 31/2” full spacer coupling available.

Stuffing Box Housing: Self-contained combination bearing & seal housing; Permits packing change out without having to be removed.Drip Containment: Fitted with drain connection.Casing Wear Ring: Replaceable case wears rings; Locked to prevent rotation or axial displacement; Impeller wear ring available as an option.Pump Casing: Designed to withstand the high pressure requirement typical in fire protection.Impeller: Hydraulically balanced double suction; dynamically balanced; Minimum axial thrust; High efficiency throughout operating range.Shaft Sealing with Packing: Three-piece split gland standard; Packing replaceable without disturbing wetted parts; Stuffing box extension designed for easy access.Shaft Sleeves: Replaceable bronze sleeves; Protects shaft throughout stuffing box.Bearings: Easy removal with bearing nut; Sealed, permanently greased bearings for extended life; Low friction loss bearing; Maintenance free.Bearing Housing: Removable without removing top casing.Shaft: Minimum deflection for long bearing life; Minimum vibrations; identical shaft and parts for left and right hand drives. �

Website: www.armstrongintegrated.com

4600F Series-Truly Superior by Armstrong

ir33 represents the maximum that CAREL technology has to offer in the field of applications for

refrigeration. The four base versions (12Vac, 12/24Vac/dc, 230Vac and 115/230Vac) give rise to a vast range

of products in different configurations. One particularly innovative version is the 115/230Vac model with built-in switching power supply, 4 relays and clock, all in the same size as the current ir32 range. For manufacturers CAREL offers the 230Vac version: more compact than the other versions, with a more essential configuration and consequently more competitive in terms of price. The 12Vac and 12/24Vac/dc models represent the evolution of the ir32 series and are designed, due to their similarity, to be their natural replacement. The operating logic follows the same lines, and the appearance reflects a number of the same characteristics, however the functions have been enhanced: the changeover from the previous range to the new version is thus simple and beneficial. Most of the models are fitted with a 16A (3/4 Hp) relay for controlling the compressor.

Advantages: The ir33 series for refrigeration is a complete range of products made up of integrated electronic microprocessor controllers with LED display, designed especially for the control of refrigeration units, with features for use in all types of applications.Features: Range: to satisfy all control needs, numerous models are available with different outputs (from 1 to 4, up to 5 for ir33 DIN rail) and with 1 or 2 programmable digital inputs (3 for ir33 DIN rail); Flexibily: models are available with various power supply options: 12 Vac, 12/24 Vac/Vdc, 230 Vac and 110/240 Vac version for panel installation; Smart defrost management; Serial connection: all controllers can be connected to network for the development of supervisory and telemaintenance system; The controllers can be programmed by: keypad, remote control and programming key; Optimum LED display with graphic symbols and ergonomic keypad; Possibility to customize both the software and the appearance: the controller can be ordered with a blue display. �

Website: www.carel.com

ir33 series by Carel

Products Review.indd 86Products Review.indd 86 1/15/2013 4:19:54 PM1/15/2013 4:19:54 PM

Product Review Product Review


This company is a 100% subsidiary of Daikin Industries Ltd, Japan, a global leader in the manufacturing of commercial-use and residential

air conditioning systems. It has been offering premium air c o n d i t i o n i n g solutions in the Indian market for l a r g e - s c a l e

projects. Daikin India Network: It has 11 branch offices (sales & service); 13 resident offices; 4 mother warehouses; 17 supporting warehouses; Daikin Solution Plaza (DSP) - 68; Channel Partners - 1045; Authorized Service Providers (ASP) - 92.R-22 Floor/Ceiling (Suspended Dual Type) Overview Lightweight and Compact: The lightweight and compact floor/ceiling mounted model design. (Unit weight: 17kg, unit height: 490 mm).Sophisticated Design: Attractive design suitable for most interiors, featuring slim and rounded shapes. Models: FL-35/50H.

Feature: Comfortable airflow; Comfort Control; Lifestyle Convenience; Cleanliness; Timers; Worry free.R-22 Wall Mounted Type (Cooling Only)Energy savings (DC Inverter Power Control Achieves

High COPs): The DC Inverter Series features the Reluctance DC compressor motor and DC fan motor. The High-Tech E n e r g y - S a v i n g package is

completed by Diakin's advanced swing compressor and PAM control. FTKE25GV1 achieves a COP of 3.35, 15.5% higher than conventional model. This is the result of upgrading from conventional AC inverter to advanced DC inverter technology.Models: FTKE25/35G, FTKD50/60/71FFeatures: Comfortable Airflow; Comfort Control; Lifestyle Convenience; Cleanliness; Timer & Worry free �

Website: www.daikinindia.com

DD 130 Diamond coring toolFeatures: Versatile, drills quickly and neatly in reinforced conrete, natural stone, masonry and asphalt;

Designed for both wet and dry coring without m o d i f i c a t i o n ; Simple - Mobile and efficient: can be set-up and operated easily by a single person; Powerful - High-

performance 1600 W motor with plenty of power in reserve; Flexible - Three gears for optimum power transmission and to suit the core bit diameter and material; Powerful; High-performance 1600 W motor with plenty of power in reserve; Flexible; Three gears for optimum power transmission and to suit the core bit diameter and material.Application: For through holes up to 152 mm diameter in concrete with rig (8 - 62 mm hand-held) and 162 mm in masonry. Wet drilling in concrete with drillstand / up to 152 mm; Wet drilling in concrete hand-held / up to 62 mm; Dry drilling in masonry hand-held / up to 162 mm; Anchor holes; Drilling test cores.

PS 200 Ferroscan systemFeatures: Quick, easy scanning of large areas. Individual scans over lengths of up to 30m; Immediately

viewable true image of r e i n f o r c e m e n t shown on the monitor; Data transfer from scanner by infrared

link for monitor viewing; Cordless scanner for maximum freedom of movement; Professional data evaluation and management software.Application: Rebar verification and analysis; Checking concrete coverage over large areas for structural repair work; Building acceptance inspections and quality control; Coring and hammer drilling without costly rebar hits and avoidance of damage caused by cutting through structurally significant reinforcement.Technical Data: Scanner memory capacity: up to 9 Imagescans plus up to 30 meters of recorded Quickscans; Battery life: 8 hours on average; Protection class: IP 54 in accordance with IEC 529; Operating temperature range: -100C to 500C. �

Website: www.hilti.com

Daikin's Product offerings

Products offered by Hilti




Weltem Portable Air Conditioners feature spot cooling for large areas where cooling of the entire area is not practical. A dedicated spot cooling thermostat controls the unit in this application. These air conditioners can also be used in smaller area for room cooling. A control

panel provides ease of use and contains a self-diagnostic function and display, showing operating modes, room and set temperature and faults. If an abnormal operation occurs, a visual display of the fault is shown. Caster wheels are included for easy portability.It has Cooling capacity of 3,300Kcal/h (13,200BTU);

Power supply: 1.4kW; Weight: 60Kg; Air filter: Aluminum; Power plug: Plug Type; Rated current: 7A.Features: Easy installation; Cleanse and dehumidify the air as it cools; Washable filter; Self-diagnostic; Hot and cold ducts are easily extendable; Suitable for all application; Condensate overflow protection; Spot cool and room cool thermostat setting; Off-timer; Durable metal construction; Auto-restart ( power interruption).Typical Use: Computer service rooms; Industrial Kitchens; Hospital; Laboratories; Emergency Cooling; Multiple factory offices; Process Cooling; Multiworkstations; Vessels; Disaster relief; Sport rooms; Special events-marquee cooling; Temporary office-lobby cooling; Equipment spot cooling; Military uses-tense, aircraft hangars. �

Website: www.weltem.com

The ABB machinery drives are designed to be fast drives to install, parameter-set and commission. Thus saving hours of engineering work. They are highly compact and cost effective

and equipped with cutting edge intelligence and an innovative safety capability. The drives are designed specifically to meet the production and performance needs of system integrators, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and panel builders, as well as the requirements of end users in a broad range of applications.Highlights: Worldwide availability and service; Exceptionally compact drives and uniform design; Quick commissioning with application macros and panel assistants; Safe torque-off function (SIL3) as Standard;Sensorless vector control for induction and permanent magnet motors. Built-in brake chopper; High protection class variants for demanding environments.Saving time in installation and CommissioningThe drive's compact and uniform dimensions facilitate multiple drive solutions and cabinet installations. Different mounting options enable flexible installation in restricted spaces. With the FlashDrop tool the drive can be pre-configured in seconds without powering the drive. The drive's application macros and assistants enable fast and easy commissioning.Saving cost with cutting-edge intelligence and flexilibityUp to eight pre-set sequences of operations can be

created in minutes with the drive’s PC tool to reduce the need for external PLC components. Versatile field bus connectivity to most PLCs on the market is also available. The drive includes Safe torque-off function as standard helping machine builders to fulfill the latest machinery directives. Additional features include Speed Compensated Stop. This makes the drive ideal for material handling applications that require precision stopping that is independent of variations in process speed. For demanding environments high protection class variants are available in IP66/IP67/UL Type 4X classes that are NSF certified.Power and voltage range: 1-phase, 200 to 240 V ± 10% 0.37 to 2.2 kW (0.5 to 3 hp);3-phase, 200 to 240 V ± 10% 0.37 to 11 kW (0.5 to 15 hp); 3-phase, 380 to 480 V ± 10% 0.37 to 22 kW (0.5 to 30 hp).Options: Auxiliary I/O modules; MTAC pulse encoder interface; MREL module for additional relays; MPOW for external auxiliary power.Supply: Field bus connection via optional.Modules: PROFIBUS DP; CANopen; DeviceNet; Modbus; Ethernet; Profinet; EtherCAT; LonWorks; FlashDrop tool for fast preconfiguration without powering the drive; Drive Window Light PC tool for easy parameter setting and graphical sequence programming; External EMC filters for category C2 compatibility; Input chokes for IEC 61000-3-12 compatibility. �

Website: www.abb.com

Portable Air Conditioner HPC-3000 by Weltem

Machinery drives ACS355, 0.37 to 22 kW/0.5 to 30 hp by ABB


Product Review Product Review


Rotech manufactures External Rotor Motors, Axial Flow Fans and Centrifugal Blowers. These products are used for a wide range of industrial and HVAC applications. The manufacturing facility is equipped with State-of-the-Art Machinery having CNC controls which can cater to bulk requirements. Rotech products are well known in the industry for their quality and reliability. Every product goes through stringent quality checks to ensure life long guarantee of trouble free performance.

External Rotor MotorsThe external rotor motor, like any other conventional motor has a wound stator and an aluminum diecast rotor. The only difference is that in this case the rotor moves externally around the stator.Rotor Diameter: 72, 92,110,138 MM;

Input Volts: 110,230, 415 Volts AC 50/60 Hz. Single and Three Phase; Input Watts: 20 to 1000 Watts; Speed: 1400, 2800 RPM; Efficiency: 60% Approx.

Axial Flow FansAxial Flow Fans have on piece construction blades up to 350mm sweep and 5/7 independent blades bolted on a Fan Hub for fans above 350mm s3weep. The blade is press fitted on the rotor and the assembly dynamically balanced in two planes

to grade 2.5 of ISO 1940.Blade Diameter: 150 to 630 MM (6” to 24’); Input Volts: 110,230,415 Volts AC 50/60 Hz; Speed: 900, 1400, 2800 RPM; Air Volume: 300 to 15000 M3/HR.Centrifugal BlowersSingle Inlet signifies that the air is drawn from one side

of the blower only. Double Inlet signifies that the air is drawn in from two sides of the blower and exited from one outlet.Impeller Diam: 97 to 250 MM (GI or Aluminium); Input Volts: 110, 230, 415, Volts AC 50/60 Hz; Air Volume:

Single Inlet (160 to 1800 M3/HR). Double Inlet (300 to 3600 M3/HR); Max Pressure: 75 MM WG; Scrolls: MS Powder Coated OR GI.

Backward Curved Fans Backward Curved Fans can be used with or without scroll housing and find its application in sucking operations and where static required at fan inlet is high.Impeller Diam: 190 to 450 MM (Aluminium or Nylon); Input

Volts: 110, 230, 415, Volts AC 50/60 Hz; Speed: 1400, 2800 RPM; Air Volume: 450 to 4000 M3/HR; Max Pressure: 60 MM WG.

Cross Flow FansCross Flow Fans use impellers where the diameter is less compared to its length. Air outlet is at a low velocity ensuring low noise level.

Impeller Diam: 60 to 150 MM (Aluminium or Nylon); Input Volts: 110, 230, Volts AC 50/60 Hz; Speed: 1400, 2800 RPM; Air Volume: 100 to 800 M3/HR; Max Pressure: 25 MM WG.

Website: www.rotechfans.in

Products offered by ROTECH

Multi port extrusions, with their large internal surface area, yield more efficient heat transfer and are therefore ideal for

use in highly effective heat exchangers. The multi port extrusion (MPE) – also called micro-channel tube - is a highly refined quality product characterized by the following properties.Low energy costs; High performance; Low space and weight; High corrosion and pressure resistance; High recycling value; Pressure drop and silent solution; Low refrigerant fill.

Beside increased global performances, an all-aluminium brazed heat exchanger using MPE will also present better corrosion resistance. MPEs are primarily used for the following applications: Condensers; Evaporators; Heater cores.Based on many years of experience in aluminium, Hydro has developed specific knowledge and expertise to be partner of choice.Dimensions: MPEs are available in various sizes and alloys, ensuring the best properties for the purpose required. MPE Width: 10 - 100mm; Height: 1 - 8mm.Other non-standard dimensions are available upon request.

Website: www.hydro.com

Multi Port Extrusions (MPE) by Hydro




Q Motors: They are Shaded Pole Motors (4 poles) have applications in Visi Cooler, Refrigerators,

Deep Freezers, Chest Coolers, Display Unites, C o n d e n s i n g Cooling etc. These Motors are very compact in design and are available from 5 Watts to 34

Watts. These Shaded Pole Motors are designed in a way that an entire range of impellers (154mm to 300 mm) can be fitted to these Q motors of any wattage, making this design very universal. The sturdy structure along with the high torque and low noise level make Hicool Q Motors laudable.Large Axial Fans - All Metal (External Rotor Motor): Large Axial Fans (all metal) also known as External Rotor Motor Fans are extensively used in Ventilation,

Clean Room T e c h n o l o g y , Re f r i g e r a t i o n , Heat Exchangers, W e l d i n g E q u i p m e n t , Condensing Units, Cold Rooms etc. These external rotor motor fans

use minimal space and are hence used in conditions with space restrictions. Hicool Large Axial Fans are marked with exceptional performance under harsh temperature and pressure conditions. Having a working range of -40 degree centigrade to + 60 degree centigrade these fans operate in extensive temperature ranges. These motors are energy efficient and the impellers designed keeping in mind an aerofoil, to reduce noise. These advantages make Hicool Large Axial Fans eminent.

Website: www.hicoolfans.com

FT-42DHUV-ULO "TAKAO"To be used for the ultra low oxygen (ULO) storage or C o n t r o l l e d Atmosphere (CA) storage; Keeps the humidity optimally in those kinds of storages, it will surely preserve the product fresh for a

long time; Humidity output is 2.0 liter/hour; Equipped with the control contact by On/Off control.Features: Unit is air-tightened for not mixing up the external air with air in the storage through humidifier units; Designed the unit with insulation prevention to avoid condensation due to the temperature difference between inside and outside the storage; The unit is installed outside of storage so that maintenance job can be carried out without switching off the refrigerator. Applications: CA storages for fruits and vegetables; various chilling temperature storages.FT-N Series This model is a compact-sized humidifier that is specially designed for easy installation into all sorts of

e q u i p m e n t anywhere that require humidity control such as in a pre-fabricated r e f r i g e r a t e d storage chamber of from 10m3 to 30m3; Controlled either by On/Off or Proportional control system; Humidity outputs

are from 0.5 to 1.5 liter/hour.Features: Many option parts make the humidifier function more optimally.Air filter, mounting brackets, drain pan, nozzle bracketsEquipped with drainage mechanism making this model optimum for use through a partition in high humidity.Applications: Refrigerated storages for fruits, vegetables, and grains; Wine cellars; Food processing machineries such as fermentation of bread doughs, teas, coffees, dried bonito; Mushroom cultures; Storages of cut flowers; Small sized air-conditioning units and Environmental testing equipment.

Website: www.ucan.co.jp

Products from Hicool

UCAN Products


IAI Event IAI Event


The IAI Cold Chain Expo was organized for during December 13-15, 2012 in New Delhi. Cooling India participated having a stall which got an encouraging response. IAI Expo in December 2012 drew around 6000 visitor and more than 300

Represented Companies over 3 days.This show provided the exhibitors with more targeted attendees

from the entire spectrum of Dairy, Ice cream, Meat and Horticulture industry. The exhibitors displayed and demonstrated the products in the event.

The IAI Cold Chain Expo stands to improve the brand recognition and make aware the visitors of the various products and brands. The attendees updated themselves with the latest industry trends and market happenings. The show was accompanied with conference and seminars.

The event promoted the innovative products to the decision makers and the qualified buyers and brought the participants in direct contact with the potential buyers and build new business relations.

It is a global platform that the world to the Indian Cold Chain Industry, a sector growing at an encouraging rate of 20-25 percent in India. The event focuses on the farm to fork strategy in India. The main highlight of the IAI Cold Chain Expo was Industry seminars and Workshops.

IAI Cold Chain Expo 2012, and the series of events organized by Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd brought focus to the rapid growing Indian Cold Chain Industry.

Some of the products showcased during the IAI event include.

IAI Cold Chain Expo 2012 7th Edition

The Delair refrigeration dryer works in the systems such as hot, moist

compressed air; precooled by outgoing cold; dry air; in the air-to-air heat exchanger. It enters the air-to-refrigerant heat

exchanger cooling it to the evaporating temperature of the refrigerant and condensing the entertained contaminates. The cyclone separator separates condensate from cold air discharging it through an automatic drain trap. Re-entering the air-to-air heat exchanger, the cold dry air is reheated by the incoming air to approx. 100 C below the incoming air temperature.The compressor delivers the hot high pressure gas via the liquid separator to the air cooled condenser. Where the remaining refrigerant is condensed and collected in the receiver (air cooled). The sub cooled liquid expands to evaporating pressure in the expansion valve. Heat is withdrawn from process air by the refrigerant entering the evaporator. Before entering the compressor, the

vaporized refrigerant is separated from droplets by the liquid separator. This cycle is continuously repeated. This product has special features such as; available in 28 standard models; capacities from 18 m2/h to 10000m2/h; mimic display to read out dewpoint, operating status, faults indication; provides pressure dewpoints down to 30C; It is unique, patented, foamed in heat exchanger. Heat exchanger may vary from model to model. It outer performs other dryers; It is certified and reliable performance; Compact design.It has some optional features such as it filters and total dryer bypass line with valves; special delair filters for removal of water, oil mists, oil vapour and dust particles with electronically operated drain valves; explosion proof controls for offshore application.It is CE Certified- air cooled refrigeration type compressed air dryer. Microprocessors Based advanced Delsmart Card to display dewpoint, operation status, fault indication, gas pressure and so on. �

Website: www.delairindia.com

Delair India

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IAI EventIAI Event


The company, in the cooling & refrigeration industry was incepted in 2004. Ahata India is the fastest growing refrigeration company for cold rooms,

cold storage, Banana Ripening chambers, mango ripening chambers, water chillers, Freezer Rooms designing, manufacturing, Installation and services. Cold room manufacturing and services is our specialty.Ahata Combo Cold Rooms

Ahata Combo cold room area spacious and also can save lot of money. These combo cold rooms are the most efficient product for you to be considered. The Combi-Room range offers a large selection of sizes and the chiller freezer. Complete with four tier wall mounted shelving,

the storage space is maximized to assist good stock control, saving both money and improving overall quality. The chiller section can be supplied with or without floor, allowing extra storage of trolleys if required.Special Features: Extra large Condensors provide more cooling, better C.O.P., Less power consumption; Tropicallized designing to perform in up to 50 deg C ambient conditions; High capacity suction fans which can carry more specific heat and maintain humidity in the "AHATA" Cold Rooms automatically; Fully automatic electric/air/Gas defrost system; Extra size condensor results low head pressure which means trouble free operation in summer.Temperature Range: Chiller 2 to 8 deg C (or any particular requirement); freezer -18 to -30 deg C (or any particular requirement).Special Coldroom Doors available: Flush type; Overlap type; Sliding type.

Floor Insulation Type: PUF Sandwich Panels having Aluminum Checkered sheet with water proof ply, insides; PUF slabs with water proof sheets inside (Kota stone to be fixed by customer).Insulation material: PUF ( Polyurethane foam) which is the best quality & highly heat resistant material. (Density 40+/- 2 Kg/Mtr cube).Ahata Mortuary Cabinets (Chiller/ Freezers)They are designed for storing cadaverous under cool condition to prevent decomposition. These are latest

development in Mortuary technology offering cast space saving advantage over the conventional type together with greater hygeine. It is highly recommended and useful for hospitals, railway, airports, defence etc. They offer Mortuary Freezer / Chamber with control panel and

pressure/temperature gauge and are one of the leading mortuary chamber manufacturers and suppliers.Their mortuary chambers are known for the best quality. Some of them are as follows.Salient points: Specially designed; prevents decomposition; Space saving equipment; Greater hygiene; Insulation gap between two doors; Double- walled; Insulated doors; Easy to move; Temperature range of -2 to 5 Deg C for Chillers, - 15 to -20 Deg C for Freezers; Power Supply required: 220 VAC, 50HZ, 1Phase; Capacity: 2,3,4,6 bodies. (Special designs are also made). �

Website: www.ahataindia.com

Ahata India: Combo Cold Rooms and Cabinets

The Bry Air Fluted Large Bed Dehumidifier FLB series is a one-stop

source for total precise environmental control. Bry- Air can design, engineer and package the dehumidifier with

Pre and / or after-cooling coils; Bye-pass ducting and mixing chamber; Volume controls and filter elements; Upgraded fan for total system air to provide complete environmental control in a single package for any industrial application.Features: FLB comes with a high performance Eco Dry Metal Silicate Fluted Desiccant Synthesized

Rotor; it is manufactured to the highest consistency, reliability and ecology standards; Rotor media, adsorbent, non-toxic, non-flammable, fully water washable; Manufactured with state-of-the art CNC turret punch and press brake machine; Easy to install; Easy to operate; Easy to maintain; High efficiency and reliability.Benefits: Tailored for ranges specific from -60°C dewpoint to lower than -70°C dewpoint application, with minimum energy requirement. Employs BHP the Bry-Air High performance Matrix. Also, it can handle fresh air fraction from 0 to 100%. �

Website: www.bryair.com

Bry-Air brings Desiccant Dehumidifier FLB Series

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IAI Event IAI Event


Environment friendly and using refrigerant HFC-134a, 30HXCH

is reliable, has durable design with enhanced heat transfer tubes for high heat transfer efficiency. Built in two stage oil separator in

condenser for better separation effect. Electronic expansion valve ensures good part load efficiency. Easy and reliable operation and maintenance by dual circuit design for 30HXCH chiller. Easy operation by powerful PRO-DIALOG control. Compact design ensures passing through standard door frame. Latest noise reduction box for effectively reducing noise. �

Website: www.carrierindia.com

The company is a leading supplier of solutions that

improves the performance of farms for professional food producers. It offers products, systems and services for all steps of milk production. Their

solutions are used by millions of dairy farmers around the globe every day. DeLaval was founded more than 125 years ago in Sweden, when the visionary Gustaf de Laval patented the cream separator. Company has 4500 employees & operates in more than 100 markets. Super-sized tanks to cool or store large volumes of milk. Core benefits: 14000 – 32000 liter; Two agitator shafts; Suitable for low ceiling rooms.Features: As dairy farms are growing larger DeLaval

caters to their needs. This super-sized tank is in response to demand for large capacity bulk milk cooling and/or storage. Each tank contains four independent DeLaval dimple plate evaporators for reliable milk cooling. When storing large quantities of milk above 12 tons, an alternative design to the medium sized DeLaval DXCE tank is required. This tank is available in two different dimensions. Now you can choose the tank capacity that suits your farm best and the right size to fit your existing milk room.Advantages: The unique shape of this tank makes it possible to use large evaporator surfaces without overdoing the outer tank dimension. Each tank has two agitator shafts which handle the milk delicately. The double revolving lid opens vertically or horizontally for easy access and it is ideal for milk rooms with low ceilings. �

Website: www.delaval.com

The company known as leading manufacturer of

specialist flooring products manufactures specialist industrial flooring, seamless terrazzo, decorative resin flooring, self-leveling floor screeds, underfloor heating, corrosion protection and car park deck waterproofing systems which cater specifically to the Indian climate. With manufacturing facilities worldwide including India, United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, Malaysia, South Africa, Brazil and the United Stated of America, Flowcrete has over 28 commercial and sales support centers across the world, strategically placed to provide consistent high standards of product and service across the globe. Flowfresh RT is a heavy duty, chemical resistant, antimicrobial polyurethane resin floor screed providing a durable

textured coloured floor finish. Flowfresh RT incorporates Polygiene® - a performance based antimicrobial additive which inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, moulds and mildew. Ideal for wet processing zones such as food manufacturing, food preparation areas and any environment where there is a requirement for high performance.Benefits: Proven antimicrobial performance; high chemical resistance; easy to clean and sterilise anti-slip surface, minimal joints; heat resistant to 120oC; steam cleanable; freeze/thaw resistant; non-tainting and non-dusting; high abrasion resistance; withstands high mechanical stress; good alternative to expensive acid resistant tiles; low odour during application; positive slip resistance; monolithic application. �

Website: www.flowcrete.in

Carrier brings Global Water Cooled Screw Chiller Range (30HXCH)

DeLaval showcases Cooling tank DXCEM

Flowcrete brings Flowfresh RT


IAI EventIAI Event


PATKOL Cabinet Freezer is well designed and manufactured based on the aim of customer’s

highest benefits. The using of both Ultra-low temperature freezing air at -60’C and efficient air circulation throughout freezing cabinet lead to achieve rapid freezing rate and therefore, higher frozen product

quality compared to traditional blast freezing method. PATKOL -60’C Freezer is suitable for all types of frozen products such as ready-to-eat meal, prepared food and

also wrapped products.Features: -600C Freezing air temperature with uniform circulation. It has 4 modes of freezing air direction; Top, Down, Both top-down and side. The air velocity of each direction can be individually adjusted. It has user friendly operation with fully automatic control. Fully trolley-in concept for product loading and unloading. It has low energy consumption. It is easy to clean and maintenance. The freezer achieves freezing time equivalent to liquid carbon dioxide freezer. �

Website: www.patkol.com

Incepted in the year 1998, Spangle Steel has a vision to provide matchless solution for

warehousing and storage needs for a variety of industries and organizations. They put their best step forward in manufacturing, supplying and installing an all- inclusive range of office furniture

made in metals and steel, slotted angles & display racks, mezzanine floors, mobile racking system, porta cabins, prefab building systems and much more.

Mostly in retail outlets and supermarkets, display racks are used to place the product for showcasing. They provide attractive display racks in varied range. Durable and appealing racks made by superior quality material are available. These racks are offered along with accessories like pole, shelves, etc. These display racks are manufactured in compliance to the client’s requirement. Cost effective product; Minimum space occupation; Proper showcase of products; Custom designed. �

Website: www.spanglesteel.com

Patkol exhibits 60oC Freezer

Display Racking System from Spangle Steel

Danfoss Industries Pvt Ltd, a global leader in the Refrigeration & Air

Conditioning recently recognized contributions of individuals from all aspects of the cold chain Industry and awarded their outstanding contribution at the Indian Cold Chain Expo (ICE Expo) awards at New Delhi. DANFOSS ICE award is constituted in partnership with Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA) India - actively involved in promoting the Cold Chain Industry in India.

The panel encompassed leading consultants and officials from government bodies, industry associations, and more. The award categories included every aspect of the cold chain industry. The function

was attended by over 200 cold chain Industry professionals.

The highlights of the event included the launch of a first-of-its-kind “User guide for Ammonia Refrigeration”, a handy reference guide for cold storage owners, contractors and consultants in designing and selecting appropriate solutions for ammonia plants. This User guide, was jointly created by Danfoss in partnership with Ramesh Parashuram Paranjpey. This was unveiled by Noel Ryan, President Danfoss India and Ramesh Paranjpey by handing over First copy to Sanjeev Chopra, MD National Horticulture Board. “The ICE awards are an integral part of recognizing true prowess in the Cold Chain Industry. Danfoss is especially

pleased to be associated with this prestigious platform. We congratulate all the winners. We look forward to future endeavors with Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA) India” says Noel Ryan, President, Danfoss Industries Pvt. Ltd. Danfoss ICE awards were presented to: Pawanexh Kohli, Principal Advisor, Cross tree techno visors; Ramesh Parashuram Paranjpey, Fellow Life Member, ASHRAE; Rajesh Agarwal, CEO Crystal Group; Jang Bahadur Singh Sangha, MD- Sangha seeds; Mahendra Swarup, President, Federation of Cold Storage Associations of India; Sucha Singh MD, International Coil Ltd and Amit Srivastava, DGM (NorthernRegion), Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd. �

Danfoss India awards Eminent People from the Cold Chain Industry


Company Brief Company Brief


Company started by the present Chairman B.S.Rajpurohit. Over a short span of years, it has grown

to be a well diversified multi product company with an undisputed leadership in the field of Fibreglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP) Fabrication. At present, CPE holds position in the field of FRP products in India as well as abroad. It has manufacturing facilities in Mumbai and Vadodara. The company’s manufacturing facilities is located at Mumbai, New Mumbai and in Vadodara,Gujarat. All these plant sites use state-of-the-art techniques for manufacture

of various materials and other related work. There are more than 300 technically qualified and experienced professionals employed at both these places. CPEL design, manufacture and erect Field Storage tanks, reaction vessels, pressure vessels, wet gas electrostatic precipitators, scrubbing systems, exhaust systems, polymer concrete cells, gratings, linings etc. Their

products are applicable to chemical; textile; pharmaceutical; engineering; paints; food processing; mining; railway etc. Their equipment are in used in countries like Germany, USA, Finland, Kuwait, Jordan, Bahrain, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, & Thailand. Through the years CPE has received the 'TOP EXPORTER AWARD' many times for FRP products from the PLEXCONCIL sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India. They received the first award in 1988-1989, next in 1991-1992 and from 1993 onwards for several years, they have retained this distinction.�

The Hilti group is a worldwide supplier of system solution in the field of measuring, drilling, demolition, cutting,

fastening & construction chemicals. It is based in Europe; the headquarters of the Hilti Group are in Schaan in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Hilti offers outstanding products and quality service to construction professionals around the world. The Hilti Group was founded in 1941 by Martin & Eugen Hilti. Today Hilti, is a strong team of over 21,000 employees with operation in more than 120

countries. The Hilti culture, which is founded on four pillars of integrity, courage, team work & commitment, is reflected in every employee across all functions. Hilti India is an ISO 9001 company which started its direct operations in India in 1997 & is now a strong team of over 400 people. With head office in New Delhi; over 20 sales offices/ service centers and more than 200 technical sales personal in the field, they have made their presence felt in almost

all the projects in India. Everyday they meet about 1200 customers across various locations in India to understand their needs and provide solutions to fit their requirement. The company strive to change the way construction is done in India by bringing world class state-of-art technology at your door step and by providing sound technical advice. They are also known to be a different company because of their culture & unmatched spirit. They have been ranked in the ‘Top 25 companies to work at’ for three consecutive years (2008, 2009, and 2010). �

Chemical Process Equipments Ltd

HILTI India

Kelvin (India) Refrigeration are pioneers in Refrigeration industries with strong

foundation in the manufacturing Industrial Chilling Plant, Vertical & Under counter Refrigerator, Water Cooler, Dairy Motel Cooling Plant. Air-conditioning, Humidity Controller Refrigerated Air Dryer. Kelvin (India) Refrigeration has expanded through internal growth & new ventures since it was established in 1995 and over the years, the company has

grown, expanding its capabilities for manufacturing part for a wide range of industries requiring high precision machining. They have an state-of-the-art plant in Rajkot (Gujarat), featuring a complete array of Precision Quality Cooling systems. They continue to diversify and to

prosper, building on a tradition of quality components & have qualified professional and experienced personal in all department. The efficient management, skilled team, state-of-art infrastructure and standard process are the real strength of Kelvin (India) Refrigeration for meeting complete customer satisfaction. �


KelviN (INDIA) Refrigeration

Company Profile.indd 95Company Profile.indd 95 1/16/2013 5:20:04 PM1/16/2013 5:20:04 PM

SustainabilitySustainability


Inspired by the craftsmanship found in historic homes, in 1980, Steve Beagle had a vision of a home building

company that would build high quality, custom homes for less money throughout Georgia. Southland Custom Homes builds houses that are more energy efficient and can reduce energy use by as much as 25%, possible due to their green features and with innovative new building solutions. Not only does this lower the environmental impact of each home, but it also saves the homeowners money on their monthly bills. Variety of options to make every home a little greener • ZIP System Framing creates a

water-resistant barrier that protects structure of the home during the building process and for life of the home. This system allows for easy building and installation, and comes with a 30 year warranty.

• AdvanTech Floor Sheathing for strength and moisture resistance. These floors reduce moisture problems and provide stiffness to eliminate squeaks and creaks throughout the years.

• Ridge & Soffit Roof Vent Systems allow ventilation to keep perfect temperature and lower monthly electric bills. This system also reduces moisture and provides superior climate control.

• Low E Insulated Glass Windows let in light without affecting the temperature of the home. Two layers of glass, with space between, create a barrier that traps unwanted temperatures and still allows the home to be filled with natural light.

• Insulated Exterior Doors are beautiful additions that keep out unwanted weather while enhancing the look of the home. These durable doors are made to withstand the outside elements and add an aesthetic appeal.

• Fiberglass Insulation keeps homes comfortable without wasting energy. Fiberglass insulation reduces amount of fuel needed to heat and cool, reducing overall cost of electricity.

• Central Heat and Air Conditioning is responsible for almost half of

the energy used in every home. Southland Custom Homes uses energy efficient systems from renowned HVAC manufacturers that are designed to cut back energy use and save money.

• Air Infiltration Sealing Systems eliminate leaks and cracks that let in unwanted air and moisture. These systems help keep every home comfortable and dry. They also produce great energy savings.

• Energy Star Appliances add the perfect finishing touch to the energy efficient home. Each appliance is government certified to use less energy without sacrificing excellent quality and productivity.

• Additionally, in Plumbing company uses ultra-low consumption toilets and low flow faucets and shower heads to save water and energy.Southland Custom Homes is a

leader in sustainable home building. For over three decades, they have been dedicated to coming up with environmentally friendly options for every home. �

Environmentally friendly homes with

amazing customizable options for the

homeowner. Their Green Features can

reduce energy use by as much as 25%.

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Tech Know-how Tech Know-how


An Air Curtain blows a controlled stream of air across an opening to create an “air-seal". This air seal prevents flying insects, dust, dirt and cold or warm air from entering the opening. Internal conditioned air is kept from escaping the building.

Mitzvah manufactures both recirculation & non recalculating Air Curtains which are easy to install. These units are installed above the opening, although they can be vertically mounted in applications. The air is sucked into the unit which enters the fan housing and is discharged evenly through the nozzle to meet the floor thus creating an air seal through opening. The strength of the seal is controlled by both velocity and the nozzle width. The air forms a split when it meets the floor with approximately 80% of the air spilling towards the exterior or intake side of the curtain and 20%

spilling towards the opposite side. Mitzvah air curtains can be very effective when properly sized and installed, and can typically recover its cost in very less time. Air curtains create an invisible barrier of air, generated by high efficiency, direct driven centrifugal fans that compress the air inside the unit and release air through a directional nozzle outlet with a pressure powerful enough to stop winds up to 25 miles per hour. Negative Pressure: There is an in draft, caused by an exhaust system (negative pressure) and/or a wind tunnel effect (negative pressure) arise, if other outside doors, windows or roof ventilators are completely open. Air curtain can be applicable in meat packaging area; entrance door; retail store; shipping door; maintenance area; drive up window; personnel door; assembly area; quality control area; welding area; receiving door; bakery; painting area.

Website: www.mitzvah.in

Celltherm Coldrooms-Tailor made for a perfect fit CELLTHERM coldrooms are manufactured to a modular design. The CELLTHERM panels are available in increments of 17.5 cm in width and depth and

15 cm in height. Upon request they can also customise the dimensions of their coldrooms.Optimum use of space: Due to the coldroom‘s modular design they have an ideal product solution on hand for virtually every conceivable need: from the proven standard room with tailor-made shelving system and plug-in refrigeration unit to multiple coldroom installations customised to the customer's specific needs. Superior camlock technology: All Celltherm panels are equipped with foamed-in eccentric camlocks which guarantee the thermal efficiency of every joint. The camlock principle not only applies to interconnecting wall panels but also, to all interconnecting wall, floor and ceiling panels.Long Lifespan: The camlock technology ensures that the panels are securely lock-fitted together.Minimised Energy Cost: This technology substantially improves the insulation performance of the joint in comparison to conventional panel connections. The result is a significant reduction in energy costs.Advantages: Simple Installation; Stability and Airtight joints; Elimination of Thermal Bridges and Freeze-through along the panel joints; Low Energy consumption due to Super Insulation properties.

Hinged Doors-Hallmark of every coldroomLong-lasting and tough: The door is one of the components of the coldroom subjected to the most wear and stress. For this reason, company pays attention

to the manufacture of their hinged doors. Company produces door leaf from the same high quality materials that company use in their panels. The adjustable rising hinges, the threshold plate of 1.5 mm thick stainless steel, the strong yet supple door seals and the indestructible jumbo handle all add up to a durable door of superior quality. The special plastic from which they manufacture their door profiles is resistant to impact and suitable for extremes of temperature that have proved to be resilient and long-lasting.Versatile and flexible: Doors are available in chiller or freezer designs with choice of left-hand or right-hand hinged in variety of dimensions and cladding finishes. Easy Operation, maintenance-free: Hinged doors are easy to assemble. The door frames are tightly camlocked with the adjacent panels. Due to hinges that can be adjusted in three dimensions, any minor unevenness in the site floor can be easily compensated. With the exception of cleaning the rubber seals, the door is completely maintenance-free.Advantages: Long-lasting and tough; Impeccable hygiene; Versatile and flexible uses; Easy operation-maintenance-free; Coldroom and hinged door in one.

Website: www.celltherm.de

Air Curtains from Mitzvah

Coldrooms from Celltherm

Tech Know How.indd 97Tech Know How.indd 97 1/17/2013 11:58:24 AM1/17/2013 11:58:24 AM

Product ProfileProduct Profile


Airef Engineers, an ISO 9001:2008 certified company, is a leading producer of

HVAC/R products. The company offers customizable floor mounted AHUs (in both horizontal & vertical configurations) from capacity 800 CFM to 72,000 CFM for S.P. upto 180 mm. The company introduces special series with Ultra-Violet germicidal irradiation technology that controls the growth of mold and other harmful micro-organisms on the face of cooling coil as well as on the drain pan.Salient features

Modular construction using self supporting extruded Thermal Break Alumnium sections and nylon fittings ensures a sturdy structure for easier maintenance and flexibility. Non-Thermal break profile is available as well. High quality zero-leakage volume control dampers made of extruded Aluminum are supplied with the unit. Use of high efficiency, AMCA certified DIDW type centrifugal blowers or plenum (plug) fans makes the units the perfect choice for applications ranging across clean rooms, laboratories, hospitals and other precision air conditioning areas.

The entire blower-motor

assembly is mounted on special common-rail type extruded Aluminum channels, isolated from cabinet via fire retardant & moisture resistant canvas connection, and mounted on vibration isolators to make the unit vibration free. The entire unit is mounted on a sturdy grid type frame made of 16 gauge GSS channels, provided with die-cast Aluminum lifting corners.

The cabinet is made of gasket sealed double skin panels of thicknesses upto 65 mm, with PUF of density 40 kg/cu.m injected between the two skins. This ensures low leakage and quiet operation. Sandwich type, insulated dual drain pan made of SS 304 with inherent

slope is provided to ensure complete condensate drainage. Limit Switch for safety, Marine light for maintenance and pressure sensing ports are provided as standard.

Choice of high efficiency cooling /heating coils in 1-12 rows deep construction in chilled water, hot water, DX and steam variants make the units fit for all kinds of temperature and humidity needs.

Another major feature of Airef floor mounted AHUs is the use of high quality filtration media of various specifications such as pre filter (G3 - G4), fine filter (F5 - F9), tested as per DIN EN 779/ASHRAE and HEPA filter (H10 - H14), tested as per DIN EN 1822/ISO 14644 standards. A few optional modules and components include wet-deck humidifier section, strip heater section, and mist eliminator section etc. Available in standard as well as completely customizable configurations, these units are a complete package of reliability, energy efficiency, performance oriented engineering, and peace of mind. �

For further details contact:[email protected], [email protected]

Air Handling Units - with UV-GI Technology

Emerson Network Power has launched its Energy Efficient Liebert Global PeX (CW) with

In- floor EC fan Technology. It is a unique & innovative AIR solution with In floor EC Fan technology for data centers. This technology minimizes system losses and In Floor placement of fans provides a direct path for air to travel through the cabinets, so that the fan can operate more effectively increasing overall efficiency. Liebert Global PeX with Chilled Water is available with up flow, down flow and ducted units with latest features like In-floor EC

Fan for Higher efficiency, iCom Controller, Infrared Humidifier. It

has High Sensible Heat Ratio & also enables intelligent communication and monitoring. It also saves energy upto 30% & has absolutely Compact units with 18% more space saving.

Liebert Global PeX (CW), is designed to achieve efficiency with flexibility, low TCO and reliability. The technology will help datacenter cut cost and make datacenters more energy efficient.

The Liebert PeX chilled water unit is the Next Generation Precision Environmental Control System with a wide range of standard units offered from 20KW to 140 KW.

Liebert PeX with Chilled Water

Product Profile.indd 98Product Profile.indd 98 1/15/2013 4:34:13 PM1/15/2013 4:34:13 PM

Product Profile Product Profile


Kanomax, a leading manufacturer of handheld anemometers with 50% of the

market share in Japan and over 60 years of history and experience in the measuring instrument industry, announced the launch of brand new handheld anemometer line-up. The new ClimomasterTM, top-of-the-line hotwire anemometer offers unparalleled +/- 2% accuracy. This high level of accuracy is perfect for applications such as cleanroom certification and Product R&D where precision is vital. Other features include: 20,000 data record storage capacity, backlit LCD display, a slick metallic silver casing complete with anti-slip pad on the back of the instrument, USB interface for easy PC uploads, and an expanded probe line-up featuring new high velocity, high-temperature and miniature probes. The new Climomaster is

available with a hands-free case: means, only one hand is necessary when taking measurement. When the instrument is not in use the probe easily sheathes in the case freeing up both hands for other work. The new Anemomaster line is a metallic dark blue that matches our corporate colors. For 2012 they are splitting line into Professional & Standard versions. The Professional version offers increased 1,500 record data storage capacity, USB interface and Windows 7 compatible software. The Standard version is a

leaner, affordable version designed for customers on a budget; it retains the same +/- 3% accuracy as the Professional, but has no datalogging capabilities and no PC interface. Both versions feature easy-to-read backlit LCD screens & new articulating, telescopic probes with enhanced durability. Anemomaster line is also available with a hands-free case. Anemomaster LITE is a compact and lightweight unit. It has a detachable probe for easy replacement or calibration. This model will also be in our corporate dark blue color. There is also an optional protective case that you can keep the instrument in, even when in use. Our new anemometers feature an extended 2-year warranty & NIST certificate will be provided.�


New Handheld Anemometers, from Kanomax

Features & Benefits:EC Fan: Innovative energy efficient EC fan technology integrated with continuous speed control across full operating range provides greatest value to the end users. Energy Efficiency: Rapid, responsive & cleanliness has made infrared humidifier an industry standard in applications that demand precise & particle free humidity control.Smallest Footprint: The unit’s inherent design, with the ability to undertake all service work from the front of unit rather than from the side or rear, results in minimal space requirements & possibility of placing units side by side or against walls.Compatible with Advanced Networking: The In-System-Programming (ISP) feature allows direct uploading of programming information from the Service Engineer’s laptop, without need to change-out memory chips.

A choice of control options is

available to provide comprehensive environmental monitoring & control ranging from single zone duty/standby management to a fully integrated network of upto 40 units.Smallest Footprint: The unit’s inherent design, together with the ability to undertake all service work from the front of the unit rather than from the side or rear, results in minimal space requirements and the possibility of placing units side by side or against walls.Modular Construction: Three-bay and larger units may be constructed as your load capacity grows. PeX units are formed on the basis of one-bay & two-bay building blocks, so you can rely on the PeX to “grow” with your requirements.Superior Serviceability: The front doors can be quickly and easily removed via the bayonet style hinge mechanism enabling components to be easily accessed. This significantly simplifies maintenance and servicingEasy Assembly at Site: Access to

difficult sites & elevator limitations are no longer a worry. PeX units can be delivered as separate modules & assembled on site. There is no need to disassemble for delivery, saving on both time & labour.High Reliability: Proven, quality components are used throughout, and careful consideration given to their service requirements, thus ensuring minimum downtime.Cleanliness and Structural Rigidity: PeX units incorporate double-skinned inner side panels to increase structural rigidity and improve internal cleanliness.Applications: Critical Server Rooms; Telecommunication Facilities; Electronic Switch rooms; Industrial Process Control Rooms; Motor Control Rooms; Broadcast Facilities; Building Services Control Rooms; Surveillance and monitoring Centers & Medical Equipment Installation. �


Product Profile.indd 99Product Profile.indd 99 1/15/2013 4:34:13 PM1/15/2013 4:34:13 PM

Product FeatureProduct Feature


Air cooled dry coolers/condensers and closed evaporation cooling systems as device combination turn

the hybrid dry cooler into a variably usable device. Because of the interaction of wet and dry cooling, the hybrid unit is an effective, novel device. The hybrid cooler developed by thermofin® is principally used in industrial processes. Both in dry cooling of refrigerating machines and compressors & in air conditioning & refrigeration technology, it offers the user considerable advantages. Structure: The hybrid dry cooler/condenser consists of finned heat exchangers with core tube & fins. An electrophoretic deposition increases the durability also in case of difficult ambient conditions. The devices are executed in innovative lightweight design in V-form. All parts with water contact are equipped with stainless steel housing. Optionally, devices can be equipped with standard or EC fans with a diameter 0.8 m to 2 m. Because of low noise or super low noise fans driven with a sinus converter, belt drives and service interventions can be prevented. Function • Dry operation: Compared to

conventional finned dry coolers, the cooling process in dry operation is effected without moistening of the heat exchangers. During this process, energy is emitted by convection to the ambient air.

• Wet operation: In case of high outside temperatures or high system loads, the performance can be doubled or tripled by moistening the heat exchangers. The cooling of the system is ensured by convection and additionally by evaporation. A changeover between both

operation modes allows an optimal use of the device performance in case of changing ambient conditions.

By means of the thermofin Selection Program the hybrid dry cooler can be designed according to its application and optimised for the planned operation of the system.

The climatic conditions at installation site, the year temperature range and the conceivable load characteristic of the system are considered during the planning. With it, an optimal dimensioning of the dry coolers/condensers and minimisation of the operating costs of complete system can be reached. Advantages

The hybrid dry cooling is characterised by low energy consumption with minor water consumption. With it, the operating costs can be reduced considerably in comparison with evaporation coolers or cooling towers. Compared to wet cooling towers, the hybrid cooler has also the advantage of a vapour-free operation. The theoretically reachable return temperature and with it the cooling limit of the hybrid dry cooler is 4OC higher than the wet bulb temperature

of the ambient air. In case of the free cooling with moistening of the heat exchanger, the outlet temperature of the medium to be cooled can be lower than the outside temperature. With the comparatively low space requirement and low-noise running, the hybrid unit is able to meet particular customer requirements. Thus, in case of special sound requirements, it is possible to limit the speed of the fans during night mode by means of the specially developed TCS controller. Control with TCS

TCS is an intelligent controller designed for modern fan drives and is used to monitor, control and collect data of the hybrid dry cooler. The TCS provides optimum operating conditions by individually adjusting existing performance characteristics of the dry coolers and condensers. Maximum energy efficiency and a fault-free operation are achieved by fast response to the changing external ambient conditions.

TCS is executed as programmable logic controller and allows among others the temperature regulation with sliding set value adjustment, a comprehensive log management for operation and malfunction and the moistening water management.

The supply ready for connection and the variable, extendible design allow an easy integration into the building control system per contact or bus system. The TCS is easy to parameterise and perfectly suitable for different applications, both in operation of individual devices and in combination.

With the energy efficient and environmentally friendly operating method, the hybrid dry cooler not only meets particular customer requirements but is also considered as advanced product. �


thermofin Hybrid Dry Cooler

Product Feature.indd 100Product Feature.indd 100 1/15/2013 3:32:42 PM1/15/2013 3:32:42 PM


|| Index to Advertisers ||

Airef Engineers ............................................................ 53

Belimo........................................................................... 63

Bitzer India ................................................................... 65

CAREL ACR Systems India Pvt Ltd ........................... 19

Cool - Tech Enterprises ................................................. 75

Desiccant Rotors International Pvt Ltd ....................... 9

Emerson Climate Technologies ................................. 13

Filter On India Pvt Ltd. .............................................. 101

FX Multitech Pvt Ltd ...................................................... 41

Hariom Matel & Tubes ................................................... 5

Honeywell Automation India Ltd .................................... 21

HTA Instrumentation (P) Ltd .......................................... 79

Johnson Controls ........................................Front Cover

Kirloskar Chillers Pvt Ltd ........................................... 37

Kirloskar Pneumatic Co Ltd ........................................... 17

Oventrop GmbH & Co KG ........................................... 33

Rajco Metal Industries Pvt Ltd. .................................. 61

S S Lifestyle Pvt Ltd.................................................... 15

Schneider Electric India Pvt Ltd .................................... 47

Sevcon-Lti...................................................................... 67

Shravan Engineering Enterprises Pvt Ltd ..................... 25

Siemens Ltd ........................................ Inside Front Cover

Superlon Worldwide SDN BHD ..................................... 29

The Supreme Industries Limited ............................... 11

thermofin GmbH ............................................................ 77

Toro Cooling Systems Pvt Ltd ......................................... 7

TOSHIBA Airconditioning ............................... Back Cover

Trane India Pvt Ltd ........................................................ 71

VTS TF Air Systems (P) Ltd. ......................................... 3

Index.indd 101Index.indd 101 1/17/2013 10:13:33 AM1/17/2013 10:13:33 AM

Cooling MuseumCooling Museum


Seaside architectural masterpiece utilizes passive cooling techniques

Villa Ronde can be described as a sublimely designed naturalistic structure that fuses the spatial characteristics of a private

museum, a beautiful guest house, and a resort. Designed by Ciel Rouge Creation, and situated on the Japanese coast, the building incorporates a unique circular plan with a lush green roof garden, which in effect manages to exude that paradisaical ambiance. The exclusive circular form does manage to impart a gratifying sense of aesthetics. Actually the shape also helps in sheltering the whole complex by deflecting the strong typhoon winds that are common in the area. The cool sea-breezes can be inducted by the structure’s orientation for accentuating upon the natural ventilation and micro-climate control. Even the paint has been chosen to match with the surrounding landscape, thus truly making the complex a ‘naturalistic’ extension of nature. Coming to the design element of the roof garden, it integrates a layer of 30 cm earth with a myriad of plants and grass, and is accessible from the lower levels by a staircase. The roof garden also acts as an insulating agent for heat mitigation.

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g , e f

en s -e’f s

Refrigeration in the Desert

Cooling tower of a nuclear power plant

In the ancient Mediterranean world, well before the era of Freon cooling and Frigidaire, asking for a cold drink on a midsummer’s day would get you laughed

out of most any local tavern. However, as early as 400 BCE, citizens across the Persian Empire were enjoying frozen drinks and desserts in the middle of sweltering summers, because of a technological wonder called a Yakhchal. Yakhchals were enormous ice houses that could be used to manufacture ice, and store it for long periods along with other perishable goods. These structures are used throughout rural Iran to this day, nearly unchanged since their inception 2,500 years earlier. The purpose of a yakhchal was two-fold: to produce ice during the colder winter months, and to store it securely through the warmer seasons. During Persian winters, temperatures in the desert would often drop below zero, offering the chance to manufacture ice when conditions were right.

The plant was constructed from 1977 to 1986, but never operated as nuclear power plant. Instead it was converted into an

entertainment inside the cooling tower of the so called former nuclear power plant in Kalkar, western Germany, near the border with the Netherlands, during 2011. Today, the plant, built at a cost of some 7 billion Deutsche Mark, was converted to a leisure fun park 'Wunderland Kalkar' and receives some 600,000 visitors a year and employs about 550 people during high season.

Cooling Museum.indd 102Cooling Museum.indd 102 1/16/2013 4:18:26 PM1/16/2013 4:18:26 PM

cooling india january 2013

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