Control of Mastitis

Risks for New IMI

•• At drying off At drying off •• 11st few weeks of dry periodst few weeks of dry period•• Last few weeks of dry periodLast few weeks of dry period

Risks for Clinical Mastitis

•• Either from persistent or new Either from persistent or new IMI atIMI at––PeriparturientPeriparturient periodperiod––Just after calving and a first Just after calving and a first few weeksfew weeks

Risk

Environmentalpathogens

Drying off PeripaturientDried-off

Contagiouspathogens

Contagiouspathogens

Environmentalpathogens

PostpartumCalving

Control of Mastitis•• Lactating cow therapyLactating cow therapy•• Dry cow therapyDry cow therapy•• Teat Teat disinfectiondisinfection•• SCC monitoringSCC monitoring•• CullingCulling•• Milking machine checksMilking machine checks

Treatment for Mastitis

Modes of Treatment

•• IntramammaryIntramammary infusioninfusion•• ParenteralParenteral injectioninjection•• CombinationCombination

Preparations Used in Mastitis Treatment

•• IntramammaryIntramammary preparationspreparations––Lactating cow preparationsLactating cow preparations––Dry cow preparationsDry cow preparations

•• Parenteral injectablesParenteral injectables

Intramammary Preparations•• AntimicrobialsAntimicrobials•• Releasing basesReleasing bases•• Others addedOthers added

––AntiAnti--inflammatory agentsinflammatory agents––DyesDyes

Dry Cow Preparations

••Low MICLow MIC

••No irritabilityNo irritability••BactericidalBactericidal

--Large moleculeLarge molecule

Dry Cow Preparations

--Good binding to dry secretions Good binding to dry secretions & udder tissue proteins& udder tissue proteins

--High hydrophilicHigh hydrophilic--Strong alkaline or strong acidStrong alkaline or strong acid

--Restores at least Restores at least 33 weeks of weeks of bactericidal level in the udderbactericidal level in the udder

••Long duration in the dry udderLong duration in the dry udder

DC Therapy: Advantages

•• To cure To cure persistentpersistent subclinicalsubclinicalinfectioninfection

•• To cure To cure existingexisting infectioninfection•• To lower or prevent To lower or prevent newnew

intramammaryintramammary infection during the infection during the first few weeks of dry periodfirst few weeks of dry period

DC Therapy: Advantages

•• Lower Lower periparturientperiparturient mastitis?mastitis?•• Higher cure rateHigher cure rate for some for some

pathogenspathogens•• No losses from discarded milkNo losses from discarded milk

Procedures for DCT

11))Completely milked the last Completely milked the last milkingmilking

22))Immediately applies teat Immediately applies teat dippingdipping

33))Let the teats dryLet the teats dry

Procedures for DCT

44))Disinfect teatDisinfect teat--end end ((farfar--toto--nearnear))55))Infuse DC preparation Infuse DC preparation ((nearnear--toto--

farfar) ) by partial insertion techniqueby partial insertion technique66))Immediately applies teat dippingImmediately applies teat dipping

11

5544

2233

66

44 DCTDCT

Lower the risk

•• During drying off and the first During drying off and the first 22 weeks of dry period, applies weeks of dry period, applies teat dipping once or twice a dayteat dipping once or twice a day

Lower the risk

•• At At 2 2 weeks before calving, weeks before calving, starts apply teat dipping once starts apply teat dipping once or twice a dayor twice a day

••Short withholding periodShort withholding period

Lactating Cow Preparations

••Low MICLow MIC••BactericidalBactericidal••Low irritabilityLow irritability••Weak alkalineWeak alkaline

••More nonMore non--ionized form in milkionized form in milk

Lactating Cow Preparations

••Low degree of binding Low degree of binding to milk & udder tissue to milk & udder tissue proteinsproteins

••BactericidalBactericidal

••Sufficient lipid solubleSufficient lipid soluble

Infusion interval in LC

•• Most commercial LC preparations Most commercial LC preparations have infusion interval ofhave infusion interval of––1212hrs ORhrs OR––2424hrs ORhrs OR––A single dose A single dose

DC preparations•• CloxacillinCloxacillin //CloxaCloxa++AmpiAmpi•• Procaine penicillin G Procaine penicillin G //PenPen++DHSDHS•• Penethamate Penethamate

//PenethamatePenethamate++FramycetinFramycetin•• Cephalonium Cephalonium //CefuroximeCefuroxime•• NovobiocinNovobiocin•• NafcillinNafcillin

LC preparations•• CloxacillinCloxacillin //CloxaCloxa++AmpiAmpi•• Procaine penicillin G Procaine penicillin G //PenPen++DHSDHS•• PenethamatePenethamate

//PenethamatePenethamate++FramycetinFramycetin•• CefuroximeCefuroxime•• NovobiocinNovobiocin•• NafcillinNafcillin•• ErythromycinErythromycin

••Short withholding timeShort withholding time

Parenteral Injectables

••Low MICLow MIC••BactericidalBactericidal

••Good bioGood bio--availabilityavailability

••Long halfLong half--lifelife

Parenteral Injectables••High concentration in milkHigh concentration in milk

--Low serumLow serum--protein bindingprotein binding-- Weak base or nonWeak base or non--ionized ionized form in plasmaform in plasma--Lipid solubleLipid soluble

Maintenance DosageMaintenance Dosage((DoseDosemm))==MICMIC**SFSF**VdVd**KeKe**IntervalInterval

((hrshrs)*)*SS//M ratioM ratio

Calculation for Injectables

--Target MIC Target MIC 0.10.1ugug//mlml--VdVd 00..7070, , KeKe 3.003.00, SF , SF 1.01.0

--SS//M ratio M ratio 3.33.3--Dosage interval Dosage interval 1212hrshrs

--Initial dose Initial dose 10 10 mgmg//kgkg..bwbw..

An ExampleSodium penicillin GSodium penicillin G

DoseDosemm= = 0.10.1**11**0.70.7**33**1212**3.33.3= = 88..33mgmg//kgkg..bwbw..

An Example

Withholding Period

•• In lactating cow In lactating cow ((LCLC))•• In dry cow In dry cow ((DCDC))•• EXTRAEXTRA--LABEL drug useLABEL drug use

Withholding Period in DC

•• Most commercial DC preparations Most commercial DC preparations have effective MIC level ofhave effective MIC level of––33weeks ORweeks OR––44weeks ORweeks OR––66weeksweeks

Withholding Period in DC

•• Most commercial DC preparations Most commercial DC preparations have withholding period of have withholding period of 33--44days following calvingdays following calving

•• If delayed infusion, it dependsIf delayed infusion, it depends. .

Withholding Period in LC

•• Most commercial LC preparations Most commercial LC preparations have withholding period ofhave withholding period of––4848hrs hrs ((4 4 milkingsmilkings) ) OROR––6060hrs hrs ((5 5 milkingsmilkings) ) OROR––7272hrs hrs ((6 6 milkingsmilkings) ) OROR––9696hrs hrs ((8 8 milkingsmilkings) )

Lactating cow treatment

•• For clinical mastitis of all For clinical mastitis of all lactationallactational stagesstages

•• Occasionally for Occasionally for subclinicalsubclinicalmastitis of some pathogensmastitis of some pathogens

Treatment for SubclinicalMastitis

•• At dryingAt drying--offoff•• During lactation ?During lactation ?

Treatment for SubclinicalMastitis

•• Selective treatmentSelective treatment•• Blanket or blitz treatmentBlanket or blitz treatment

Treatment for Clinical Mastitis

•• In lactating cowIn lactating cow•• During dryingDuring drying--offoff•• In dry cowIn dry cow•• At At periparturientperiparturient

Procedures for lactating cow

•• Completely milked outCompletely milked out•• Frequently milked outFrequently milked out•• Bactericidal level in the milk Bactericidal level in the milk

for a proper period of timefor a proper period of time

Considerations for treatment of a clinical case

•• Dry cow or Lactating cow?Dry cow or Lactating cow?•• Possible mastitis pathogens?Possible mastitis pathogens?

––GG++, G, G--, Others, Others•• Prognosis?Prognosis?

Considerations for treatment of a clinical case

•• AntimicrobialsAntimicrobials of choiceof choice•• Treatment regimesTreatment regimes•• Supportive needed?Supportive needed?•• Milk or blood samples for Milk or blood samples for

laboratory diagnosis?laboratory diagnosis?

Most clinical case prepartum•• Actinomyces pyogenesActinomyces pyogenes•• SS. . aureus aureus •• StrStr. . agalactiaeagalactiae•• Environmental streptococciEnvironmental streptococci•• The persisted mastitis pathogens from The persisted mastitis pathogens from

the previous lactation the previous lactation

Most clinical case at calving

•• Environmental streptococciEnvironmental streptococci•• EnterococciEnterococci•• ColiformsColiforms•• Contagious pathogensContagious pathogens•• Gangrenous mastitis producing Gangrenous mastitis producing

pathogens pathogens

Forms of cinical cases

•• PeracutePeracute or acute or acute : : Common Common at calving and early lactationat calving and early lactation

•• SubacuteSubacute: : All stages of All stages of lactation lactation

Most clinical case postpartum

•• Environmental streptococciEnvironmental streptococci•• ColiformsColiforms•• Contagious pathogensContagious pathogens•• OthersOthers

Cure Rate

•• Clinical cureClinical cure•• Bacteriological cureBacteriological cure

Hygiene and Disinfection

Hygiene at milking

•• Rubber glovesRubber gloves•• Disposable paper towel Disposable paper towel / /

individual clothsindividual cloths•• Disinfectant udder wash Disinfectant udder wash //wet wet

clean VS dry cleanclean VS dry clean

Hygiene at milking•• Teat disinfections Teat disinfections / / teat teat

spraying VS teat dippingspraying VS teat dipping•• PostmilkingPostmilking teat dipping teat dipping / /

premilkingpremilking teat dippingteat dipping•• Clusters Clusters disinfectiondisinfection / / clusters clusters

pasteurizationpasteurization

Disinfectant Solution for Udder Wash

•• Chlorine solChlorine sol. . 00..0606%%((available Clavailable Cl22))

•• Iodine solIodine sol. . 00..0202--00..0303%%((available Iavailable I22))

•• ChlorhexidineChlorhexidine solsol. . 00..0202%%

Teat disinfection

•• ObjectiveObjective––Lower bacterial population Lower bacterial population on teaton teat

•• EffectiveEffective––Lower contagious mastitisLower contagious mastitis

Teat sprayingTeat spraying

–– AdvantageAdvantage–– DisadvantageDisadvantage

Teat dippingTeat dipping

–– AdvantageAdvantage–– DisadvantageDisadvantage

Teat dipping

•• Post milking teat dipping Post milking teat dipping ((teat dippingteat dipping))

•• Pre milking teat dippingPre milking teat dipping

•• How to perform?How to perform?

Types of teat dip

•• DisinfectantDisinfectant•• SealantSealant•• Combination of bothCombination of both

Postmilking teat dips

•• Chlorine solChlorine sol. . 44%% ((available Clavailable Cl22))•• Iodine solution Iodine solution 00..55%% ((available Iavailable I22))•• ChlorhexidineChlorhexidine solution solution 0.5%0.5%•• OthersOthers

Others Teat Dips

• Linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid 1.94%

• Quaternary ammonium (.5%)

Chlorine teat dip•• LimitationLimitation

––Possibly cause the teats dry and Possibly cause the teats dry and crackcrack

––Unable to have emollient added inUnable to have emollient added in––No coloration on dipped teatNo coloration on dipped teat

•• AdvantageAdvantage––Potent Potent disinfection disinfection ––CheapCheap

Iodine teat dip•• AdvantageAdvantage

––Able to have emollient Able to have emollient ((lanolin lanolin or glycerolor glycerol) ) added by no more added by no more than than 10%10%, so causes less , so causes less irritation to the teatsirritation to the teats

––Distinct coloration on dipped Distinct coloration on dipped teatsteats

Chlorhexidine teat dip

•• No coloration on dipped teatNo coloration on dipped teat

Teat sealant

•• AdvantageAdvantage•• DisadvantageDisadvantage

Premilking teat dips

•• Iodine solution Iodine solution 00..22%% ((available Iavailable I22))•• Contact time needed on teat Contact time needed on teat : : at at

least least 3030 secondsseconds

Clusters disinfection

•• Iodine solution Iodine solution 00..0202%% rinserinse

Clusters pasteurization

•• Circulation of water for Circulation of water for 5 5 sec sec at at 85 85 00C C

End of this topic