continuing trends in plant evolution ultimate reduction of water-dependent gametophyte *double...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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Continuing Trends in Plant Continuing Trends in Plant EvolutionEvolution
• Ultimate reduction of water-dependent gametophyte* double fertilization
• Vascular tissue – improved more• Herbaceous habit• Secondary compounds• Flowers – more efficient pollen• Fruits – seed dispersal
Green: all these are in sporophyte
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Flowers & fruitsFlowers & fruits• Flowers attract &
encourage pollinators
• Fruits aid in dispersal of seeds
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Flowers & fruitsFlowers & fruits
• Flower a major advancement
• Flower parts are modified leaves* Sepals – protect flower in bud* Petals – attract pollinators* Stamens – produce pollen* Pistil(s) – produce and protect ovules
• Fruit develops from ovary
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FlowerFlower Pistil
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FruitFruit
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Ovary
Ovule♀
Pollen grain♂
Ferti
lizat
ion
(dou
ble)
Gametophytes
Seed dispersal
& germinationMeio
sis
Mei
osis
Sporophyte
Flowering Flowering plant life cycleplant life cycle
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Evolution of flower & fruitEvolution of flower & fruit
• First fossils: late Jurassic period of Mesozoic era
• Diversified during Cenozoic era
• Coevolution with pollinators
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Orchid
Fruits
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Flowering plantsFlowering plants survey survey
• “Angiosperms” (= covered seed)
• Phylum Anthophyta
* Magnolias – primitive
* Monocots – grasses, palms, lilys, etc.
* Eudicots – everything else
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Magnolia
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MonocotsMonocots
Grass family, Andropogon
Oriental lily
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PearPyrus
Eudicot
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Vaccinium deliciosum
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Eucalyptus
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Largest flowerRafflesia and friends
Smallest flowerWater Meal, Wolffia
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What does this pollinate???
Large, hairy bee fly from Stehekin