contingency plan during abnormal weather for bundelkhand...
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Technical Bulletin-3/2018
Contingency Plan during Abnormal Weather for Bundelkhand Region
ISO : 9001-2008
HkkÑvuqi&dsUnzh; Ñf”kokfudh vuqla/kku laLFkku >k¡lh-284 003 ¼m-ç-½
ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute Jhansi-284 003 (U.P.)
Deep summerploughing
Bunding
Change in cropplan Weather
forecasting
watershedmanagement
Cropdiversification
Pressurizedirrigation
Safe drainagethrough grassed
waterwaysAgroforestry
Mulching
Catch crop
Inter/mixedcropping
HkkÑvuqi&dsUnzh; Ñf”kokfudh vuqla/kku laLFkku >k¡lh-284 003 ¼m-ç-½
ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute Jhansi-284 003 (U.P.)
Technical Bulletin
Contingency Plan during Abnormal Weather for Bundelkhand Region
Technical Bulletin-3/2018
Supervision & Guidance
Authors
Assistance
Photographs
Citation :
Published by
2018
Anil Kumar
R.K. TewariAsha RamInder DevRamesh SinghNaresh Kumar
Rajeev Tiwari
Rajesh Srivastava
Tewari R.K., Ram Asha, Dev, I., Singh, R. and Kumar, N. 2018. Contingency plan during abnormal weather for Bundelkhand region. Technical Bulletin 3/2018, ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi (U.P.) pp. 40
DirectorICAR- Central Agroforestry Research InstituteGwalior Road, Jhansi-284003 (U.P.) India
©2017, ICAR- Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi Telephone : +91-510- 2730213, 2730214Fax. : +91-510-2730364E-mail : [email protected] Web site : http://www.cafri.res.in
Printed at Darpan Printers & LaminationAgra
Introduction and Objectives i
1. Bundelkhand Region 1
2. District wise information on latitude, longitude, soils, 6 physiography and crops
3. District wise crop contingency plan for Bundelkhand region 11
3.1 Mahoba 11
3.2 Hamirpur 13
3.3 Banda 15
3.4 Chitrakoot 17
3.5 Lalitpur 19
3.6 Jhansi 21
3.7 Jalaun 23
3.8 Datia 27
3.9 Tikamgarh 29
3.10 Chhatarpur 31
3.11 Panna 33
3.12 Damoh 35
3.13 Sagar 37
4. Agroforestry for climate change resiliency 39
Contents
The primary objective of this bulletin is to provide a tool to planners/ administrators to enable them to handle the situation arising due to bad weather and plan relief operations accordingly besides helping farmer in earning minimum economic support from farming. Crop diversification and integrated farming system approach are major tools in this regard. This is a long term planning and requires awareness amongst farming masses. The planners through interventions of quality seed material supply during crisis, arrangement of necessary inputs can ensure relief. The Government machinery can build capacity of farmers to integrate various components e.g. agroforestry, mixed farming, agroforestry based small enterprises like lac, gum/resin, silk worm, mushroom cultivation, fish farming, fruit, vegetable, spices, ornamental crop, medicinal and aromatic crops in their farming approach for risk partitioning. The process of climate change is not in hands of mankind and it is unpredictable, therefore, multi prong approach to ensure livelihood during odds is only viable solution. This bulletin is first step in this direction.
Agroforestry opens up avenues for many small scale livelihood support options. Trees provide shelter to birds and thus contribute in integrated pest management. Trees have different flowering season and thus ensure pollen to honey bees which are crucial for honey production and pollination in several cross pollinated crops. Many trees have medicinal and aromatic value and yield revenue to the owner. Wood based livelihood support options include, basket making, lac cultivation, gum and resin cultivation. Especially bamboo alone can give employment to many families through artifact making and utility items. Presence of timber trees can serve as long term investment by farmer for future generations. Fuel trees under agroforestry system can potentially reduce burden on forest land for fuelwood collection. Various systems of agroforestry such as homestead, fish pond cultivation do not require additional land. It is a well known fact that 66% area on hills and 33% on plains should be under forest for healthy environment and conservation of natural resources particularly soil and water. Since population pressure is on the rise and holding sizes are already small (below economical level of sustenance) it is not possible to increase area under forest, therefore, only alternative left is to adopt agroforestry for increasing tree cover to save life on earth. Agroforestry can make best use of unutilized lands like bunds, boundaries and homestead for production and protection of environment.
Agroforestry in the service of mankind :
Introduction and Objectives
i
Studies on water resource development through integrated watershed interventions in Tikamgarh (M.P.) revealed that consequent upon construction of check dams (8 nos.) use of gabions (150 nos.), khadins (6 nos.), marginal bunding (50 ha) and scattered plantation in 850 ha catchment area increased evapo-transpiration from 58% to 64%, reduced surface runoff from 35% to 25%, enhanced ground water recharge from 7% to 11% and base flow from 1.2% to 7.2% of rainfall received during monsoon season. Soil loss from the catchment reduced by 45-70% in different storms. In this watershed, a total capacity of
3 3743m rain water storage was created through check dams but they harvested more than 8 times of their storage capacity due to infiltration, percolation and retention of water in soil profile, thus saturated wells and ensured base flow for longer duration. Prior to project, surface water in watershed was visible upto 4 months only but afterwards year round surface water availability in drainage course was able to quench the thrust of stray cattle. Availability of water in catchment led to increase in cropping intensity from 69% to 207%. Crop productivity across the crops increased by about 20-60%. During 2008 summer (preceding 4 years faced acute drought), 95% wells were dry but in 2015 only 26% wells were dry despite 32% deficit rainfall in 2014 and extensive wheat cultivation in the catchment area. This clearly indicated that watershed interventions can cope up water deficit atleast for one severe drought year. The study revealed that upto 400 mm rainfalls there is no impact of integrated watershed interventions. Upto 600 mm rainfall 86% weathered zone was well saturated in treated catchment. The probability of 600 mm plus rainfall in the region is 85%. This level of ground situation was achieved at 1100 mm rainfall which was only 26% probability. These hydrological features of red soils of Bundelkhand region clearly indicated that drought can be managed through integrated watershed interventions. Thus, impact of drought on irrigation water and drinking water hardship can be minimized through rain water harvesting and judicious use of available water for crop cultivation.
Anna Pratha is an age old tradition of rearing cattle in the region. Farmers own large herds of non-descript cattle which are low milk yielding. These cattle are tied from October to April i.e. rabi season. After rabi harvest they are let loose for open grazing till next rabi sowing. During this period, if any farmer wishes to sow summer or kharif crops, he will have to arrange watch and ward for his crop. Due to mechanization in agriculture need of bullock paver has greatly reduced. Because of this male calves are let loose and add to population build-up. These loose cattle browse all green vegetation in summer, thus, hamper tree growth and agroforestry.
Contingency planning is required to make-up losses due to bad weather. Weather
Relevance of contingency planning :
ii
is always unpredictable and sporadic. Farmers prepare their agriculture plan well in advance and accordingly gather input like seed, fertilizer, weedicide, etc. Any deviation from normal hampers agricultural operation. In black soil, due to narrow time availability for soil working, farmers plow their field after first shower in monsoon and immediately sow crop. Subsequent drought or monsoon failure affects crop germination. Similarly in red soil also, farmers attempt to sow crops after one or two heavy shower. Subsequent drought, if any, damages crop even after germination. Different crops respond to sowing time as such, late sowing affect crop yield. Many times farmer needs re-sowing of same crop or other crop in the same field but unpreparedness of farmer in terms of quality seed availability prohibits him. In such circumstances, if he has a contingency plan well in advance, this plan can rescue him from total failure. In fact, the uncertainty in weather parameters leads to mix cropping and diversification of crops. This diversification and mixed cropping rescues farmers from total loss. This risk is more in Kharif than Rabi or Zayad season. During rabi season, high temperatures in October restrict sowing of oilseeds and pulses, in particular. Rain storm during crop maturity is another risk with rabi crops. This can be handled through diversification of crops. Agroforestry is likely to play vital role in mitigating such risks as due to woody nature, they are less affected by late winter rains, wind and moisture stress. They ensure some return in terms of leaf fodder, fuelwood, fruit and other produces. Trees also mediate micro-climate and buffer the ill effects of high velocity wind in particular. A contingency plan is not only required at farmers level but also at administration level to provide relief to farmers in need. With this in back of mind, this contingency plan is prepared to assist farmers, planners and administrators engaged in agriculture development.
iii
Climate is an ever changing phenomenon, however frequent and intense changes in weather parameters are of great concern. In recent past, the frequency and intensity of climate change events or weather aberrations have increased. This has been amply revealed by meteorological observations worldwide. The accelerated climate change is attributed to increase in CO level in atmosphere 2
due to increased emissions and reduced permanent vegetation cover. It has been amply proved that vegetation is major sink for CO . Therefore, to offset pace of 2
climate change, the first priority is being given on plantation followed by judicious use of resources for controlled emission.
According to the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2015, the total forest and tree cover is 24.16% of the total geographical area of the country. However, NFP-1952 advocated 33% tree/forest cover of geographical area of India. Increasing population pressure on the globe is pressing hard to increase area under crops to feed them and thus, leaves no scope to increase area under orchards and forests. The first priority is being met with by crop intensification, however the second can be met through agroforestry only. Thus, agroforestry is indispensable for healthy environment and climate change process. Sustainability of production due to climate change is a challenge. This warrants preparedness for ill events. Fortunately, vast network of meteorological observatories throughout the country provide enough data on prevailing weather conditions. Based on past trends and correlations, scientists have developed efficient models to predict weather well in advance. Long term, medium and short term weather forecasts are being made with fairly good accuracy. This has given an opportunity to develop contingent plans to rescue farmers who are directly affected and of course whole population which is indirectly affected in terms of economics and belly filling.
Bundelkhand region of India experiences semi-arid, sub-tropical climate with rainfall ranging from 848-1197 mm. There are 13 districts in the region, seven in U.P. and six in M.P. The region, geologically, is situated on hard granite rock. East southern part of Bundelkhand receives higher rainfall than West- Figure 1. Bundelkhand region
1
Bundelkhand Region
northern part. By and large, terrain is undulating with exposed rocks at places. About 56% soil of the region is coarse textured red, while 44%, is light black. Area along river Yamuna, which constitutes northern boundary is ravenous as well. The region suffers from water scarcity. Main source of irrigation in the region are shallow dug wells and dugout ponds or lakes. Perched water is tapped for irrigation and drinking. Agriculture is main stay of region's economy and well supported by dairying. Crop productivity due to various edapho-climatic conditions is low. Forests in the region are dry deciduous thorn forests which are rapidly degrading due to enormous pressure of extraction and slow regeneration. Detailed information about Bundelkhand region is given in Table 1.
Long term contingency plans envisage plantations of permanent vegetation on
field bunds under agroforestry systems to create sink for increasing CO in 2
atmosphere and assured sources of direct income besides microclimate
mediation. Further, water is most critical input in agriculture. As the region
depends upon perched water for irrigation and drinking, it is utmost important to
harvest rain water in-situ and facilitate ground water recharge for uninterrupted
water availability in wells. This requires intensive soil and water conservation
measures. In red soil, emphasis should be placed on in-situ water harvesting
through bunding and trenching besides nallah training, while in black soil, safe
disposal of excess water from crop lands and harvesting ex-situ at designated site
needs to be done on priority. Agroforestry will achieve goal of risk
proofing/sustainability, while water conservation will help in enhancing
productivity. Bundelkhand region, though, largely rainfed but rabi is the major
cropping season. In this region, double cropped area is hardly 5-7%. Kharif
crops are grown in about 28% area which was earlier below 10%. Zaid crops are
grown in very small area near wells. Mostly vegetables and fodder crop (MP
Chari) are grown for home consumption/cash and fodder purpose.
Simultaneously, catch crops should be introduced to combat ill effects of climate
change. Crop planning is key to success in rain fed areas. Crop diversification
and mixed cropping may be regarded as panacea to combat climate change. Due
emphasis should be given on accurate forecasting of mid season dry spells, early
rise of temperature in February-March and late onset of winter that too at least
one month in advance so that necessary arrangements to equip or educate the
farmers should be made.
In this region weather in rabi season is often homogenous while that in kharif
season is highly localized. This needs to be taken care of while preparing
contingent plan. This also necessitates crop planning in a given season.
As regards to medium term strategy, government policies should be amended to
2
make necessary provision for government procurement of produce like barley,
grain, sesame, lentil, taramira, mustard, etc. which are drought hardy and can
escape drought or prolonged rains in rabi season. Minimum support price
(MSP) alone for many crops is not sufficient to assist the farmers in combating
climate change.
With this background contingent plan for Bundelkhand region is prepared
keeping in view the soil type, season, prevailing agriculture practices and
frequently experienced weather aberrations. This plan is meant for areas either
rainfed or receiving life saving irrigation from shallow dug wells which have
poor water recharge and water yield. Canal irrigated areas are not included in this
plan because they need crop intensification through introduction of catch crops
to cover up failure of main crop. Ten major weather aberrations have been
presumed and accordingly suggestions to combat the aberrations have been
proposed.
Following weather abnormalities have been presumed and contingency plan for
13 districts of Bundelkhand region is given below:
Kharif season
1. Delayed monsoon by 15 days
2. Delayed monsoon by 1 month
3. Timely monsoon followed by long dry spell
4. Early cessation of monsoon
5. Drought like situation (rainfall <81%)
6. Excessive rainfall
Winter season
7. No winter rains
8. Excessive winter rains
9. High temperature in October-November
10. Early temperature rise in February-March
Strategies to combat above situations in Bundelkhand region are given below.
Agroforestry (bund/boundary/field plantation etc.) and forage grass planting on
bunds is mandatory to combat the ill effects of weather aberrations. Crop
diversification, crop planning and mixed cropping are major strategies.
Increased seed rate of crops during late sowing is generally recommended as
precautionary measure, but in Bundelkhand region the seed rate of crops in
common practice is very high.
Aberrations:
3
General information about Bundelkhand
Demography
Topography
Soils
Rainfall Pattern
Crop production
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Total population 18,311,896 (53% male 47% female).
Population density (280 persons/ Sq. Km UPBR), (184/ Sq. Km MPBR).
The region covering an area of over 7.08 Million hectares (M ha), more than 54% characterized by hard rocks, undulating terrain of varied slope.
i) Archaean:- (water yield 1-5 lps)
ii) Vindhyan:- (5-25 lps)
iii) Transitional:- (5-25 lps)
iv) Recent:- (20-40 lps).
Deep and medium black in Southern part (44%),
1 Kabar (31.4%)
2 Mar (12.4%)
Mixed red & black, red & yellow (56%) in middle, north.
1 Rankar (17.6%)
2 Padua (38.5%)
865 mm with a range of 848 to 902 mm (UPBR).
1094 mm with a range of 852 to 1197 mm (MPBR) and is 26% more than the UP part.
About 90% rainfall is received from July to September in 30-35 events or spells.
Land Use: 21.4% area under forest and scrubs, 50% of geographical area is cultivated
Agriculture which is mostly rainfed.
Cereals contribute 54.6%, pulses 32.4%, oilseeds 8.0%, sugarcane 0.2% and other crops 4.8%.
The region is surplus in pulses, deficient in oil seeds and sufficient in cereal production.
4
l
l
l
l
l
Unlike other agro-ecologies rabi sowing (69%) in Bundelkhand region predominates over kharif (31%) which is a paradox.
The traditional practice of “Annapratha” in Bundelkhand region causing considerable problem in kharif crop production.
High population of unproductive cattle, indigenous milch animals with low productivity.
Ineffective input delivery mechanism, traditional milk marketing systems.
Lack of adequate feed resources both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Livestock
Annapratha in Bundelkhand region
5
Dis
tric
t w
ise
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abi
No.
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s (m
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52'
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rt h
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9'' E
re
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ief
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ief
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lloc
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urd
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amir
pur
25°
58' N
80
° 12
' E80
The
ter
rain
of
the
dist
rict
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abar
, 4,
12,2
0085
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Ban
da25
° 20
' N
80°
22' E
123
Irre
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r up
land
s w
ith
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ar,
4,14
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902
Pad
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Whe
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(U.P
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g w
ith
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hitr
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° 48
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° 58
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ener
al t
opog
raph
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alui
, 3,
14,7
0085
0P
addy
, ur
d,W
heat
, (U
.P.)
25°
12 '
N
81°
34 '
E.
hill
y an
d un
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ting
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, m
aize
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ickp
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off
by n
umer
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rs
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of
the
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.
min
or m
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6
5.L
alit
pur
24°
22' N
78
° 28
' E42
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ndul
ated
pla
ins
of b
lack
K
abar
, 5,
09,4
0088
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, ur
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at,
(U.P
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rain
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Mar
,m
ung,
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rley
, pe
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ers.
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som
e ar
ea
Pad
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sorg
hum
, le
ntil
, re
d so
il t
ract
are
pre
sent
.R
anka
rpa
ddy,
m
usta
rd
soyb
ean
and
and
grou
ndnu
tli
nsee
d
6.Jh
ansi
25°
44' N
79
° 25
' E28
0N
orth
eas
tern
pla
ins
and
Kab
ar,
5,02
,400
848
Urd
, mun
g,
Whe
at,
(U.P
.)S
outh
Wes
t H
illy
Ter
rain
sM
ar,
grou
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t,ba
rley
,
Pad
ua,
sesa
me,
ch
ickp
ea,
Ran
kar
sorg
hum
pota
to,
mus
tard
an
d le
ntil
7.Ja
laun
26°
08' N
79
° 23
' E16
4R
avin
ous,
upl
and
and
Kab
ar,
4,54
,400
862
Urd
, mun
g,W
heat
,
(U.P
.)ce
nter
pla
in s
oils
Mar
, se
sam
e,pe
a,
Par
wa,
so
rghu
m,
mus
tard
,R
anka
rpe
arlm
ille
t,
chic
kpea
, pa
ddy
barl
ey,
lent
il
8.D
atia
25.2
0°N
78
.47°
E30
2U
nifo
rmly
slo
ping
K
abar
, 2,
95,7
0085
2U
rd, m
ung,
W
heat
, (M
.P.)
tow
ards
the
nor
th-e
ast
Pad
ua,
sesa
me,
ba
rley
, an
d th
e pr
esen
ce o
f R
anka
rgr
ound
nut
mus
tard
, m
ound
s an
d hi
lloc
ks
pea,
fo
rmed
mos
tly
of t
he
chic
kpea
rive
r al
luvi
um
9.T
ikam
garh
24°2
6'10
" to
78°
25'1
0" t
o
260
Roc
ky w
ith
gent
le s
lope
Kab
ar,
5,04
,800
1070
Urd
, W
heat
, (M
.P.)
25°3
3'15
" N
79°
25'1
6" E
Pad
ua,
sesa
me,
m
usta
rd,
Ran
kar
grou
ndnu
t,
barl
ey,
mun
g,
chic
kpea
so
rghu
m,
and
soyb
ean
vege
tabl
es
7
10.
Chh
atar
pur
24°
06' t
o 78
° 59
' to
305
Und
ulat
ed, m
ulti
dire
ctio
nal
Kab
ar,
8,68
,700
1095
Pad
dy,
Whe
at,
(M.P
.)25
° 20
' N
80°
26' E
com
plex
sta
ge,
vary
ing
Pad
ua,
sorg
hum
, ch
ickp
ea,
thic
knes
s of
all
uviu
mR
anka
rm
aize
, li
nsee
d,
pige
onpe
a,
Mus
tard
urd,
ses
ame,
an
d gr
ound
nut
vege
tabl
e so
ybea
n an
d su
garc
ane
11.
Pan
na23
° 45
' to
79°
45' t
o41
6A
rea
cons
ists
of
gran
ite
Kab
ar,
7,13
,500
1182
Pad
dy,
W
heat
, (M
.P.)
25°
10' N
80
° 40
' Ero
cks
of t
he A
rabi
an e
ra.
Pad
ua,
sorg
hum
, le
ntil
, G
ener
ally
, the
pla
teau
is
Ran
kar
urd,
m
usta
rd,
flat
wit
h m
argi
nal
slop
es
pige
onpe
a,
pea,
an
d th
e to
pogr
aphy
is
sesa
me
and
chic
kpea
smoo
th a
nd u
ndul
atin
g.so
ybea
n
12.
Dam
oh23
° 09
' to
79°
03' t
o 35
1D
istr
ict
divi
ded
into
K
abar
, 7,
30,6
0011
70S
oybe
an,
Chi
ckpe
a,
(M.P
.)24
° 27
' N
79°
57' E
thre
e ph
ysio
grap
hic
Mar
, ri
ce,
whe
at,
sub-
divi
sion
s, n
amel
y P
adua
, bl
ackg
ram
, le
ntil
, V
indh
yan
rang
e,
Ran
kar
sorg
hum
, pe
a,
Vin
dhya
n S
crap
s an
d pi
geon
pea,
li
nsee
dB
unde
lkha
nd u
plan
dsse
sam
e
13.
Sag
ar23
° 10
' to
78°
40' t
o 42
7V
indh
ayan
and
Dac
can
Kab
ar,
10,2
5,20
011
97S
oybe
an,
Chi
ckpe
a,
(M.P
.)24
° 27
' N
79°
21' E
trap
lan
d sy
stem
. H
ill
Mar
, ri
ce,
whe
at,
rang
es a
re p
rom
inen
t in
P
adua
, m
aize
, le
ntil
, th
e so
uthw
est.
Ran
kar
blac
kgra
m,
pea,
so
rghu
m,
lins
eed
pige
onpe
a,
sesa
me
8
Change in Crop Plan Sprinkler Irrigation
Weather Forecasting Deep Summer Ploughing
Mulching Catch crop
Checkdam Grassed waterways
9
Crop Diversification Farm bunding
10
Integrated Farming System
Silage making
Inter cropping
Agroforestry system
Agroforestry system Agroforestry system
Dis
tric
t w
ise
cro
p c
on
tin
gen
cy p
lan
acc
ord
ing
to
ty
pe
of
wea
ther
ab
erra
nt
for
Bu
nd
elk
han
d r
egio
n
1. M
ah
ob
a
(Roc
ky, U
ndul
atin
g n
eed
to
inc
reas
e ar
ea u
nd
er K
hari
f)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
D
ry s
owin
g of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
Cro
pM
aize
, ch
ari
Mun
gm
ung
wit
h jo
war
+ a
rhar
, pr
e-so
win
g so
ybea
nir
riga
tion
or
dry
sow
ing
of j
owar
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
ofN
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
pM
ung,
mai
ze,
Mun
g,
cons
erva
tion
, su
mm
er
jow
ar +
arh
ar+
urd,
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
ve
geta
bles
vege
tabl
espl
ough
ing
mun
g, t
ilur
d/m
ung,
soy
bean
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op b
yN
orm
al r
abi
N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l su
pple
men
tal
cr
op+
pota
to,
cr
op+
tori
a as
dr
ough
t in
red
soi
l ir
riga
tion
. U
se
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
tori
a as
cat
ch
catc
h cr
opan
d 10
day
s in
bla
ck
rem
aini
ng f
or
spri
nkle
r, u
se
crop
soil
sila
ge/h
ey m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
sil
age/
hey
mak
ing
4.Ir
riga
te t
he c
rop
S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
G
row
tor
ia,
pota
toG
row
tor
ia a
s N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
p us
ing
pres
suri
zed
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
as c
atch
cro
p +
ca
tch
crop
+ i
rrig
atio
n to
ols
rem
aini
ng f
or
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
norm
al r
abi
crop
norm
al r
abi
sila
ge/h
eysp
rink
ler,
use
cr
op o
n ti
me
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ey m
akin
g
11
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Sow
mix
ed c
rop
of
Sow
tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ar
har+
urd+
w
heat
, ba
rley
, M
ix
whe
at,
barl
ey,
moi
stur
e co
nser
vati
on,
urd,
sol
e cr
op o
f m
ung,
sol
e cr
op o
f cr
op o
f ka
thia
+,
kath
ia,
gram
, re
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to
til,
urd
, m
ung
soyb
ean,
urd
, m
ung
mus
tard
+gr
am+
pea,
mus
tard
, 0.
4 ha
max
.li
nsee
d, t
aram
ira
lent
il.
Mix
cr
ops
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
jow
ar+
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, W
heat
, M
ung,
M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
jo
war
/baj
ra+
pegi
on p
ea+
urd
pea,
gra
mle
ntil
, m
aize
,
vege
tabl
ew
ater
way
s, r
educ
e pe
gion
pea
gram
, pe
ave
geta
ble
fiel
d si
ze t
o m
ax.
0.4
ha.
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
pea,
M
aize
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
whe
at/t
all
Indi
an,
barl
ey,
kath
iaka
thia
, sa
fflo
wer
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
barl
ey,
Gra
m,
pea
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
mus
tard
, pe
ave
geta
ble,
ve
geta
ble,
fl
ower
sfl
ower
s
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
Mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
of
le
ntil
, v
eget
able
, pe
a, w
heat
, fl
ower
sba
rley
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
of
crop
W
heat
, M
aize
Mun
gby
wat
erin
g.
barl
ey
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
12
13
2. H
am
irp
ur
(Rav
inou
s, U
ndu
lati
ng, L
igh
t so
ils
nee
d t
o i
ncre
ase
area
un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, u
rd,
Jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
rab
i cro
p,
Nor
mal
cro
p M
aize
, M
ung,
mun
g , j
owar
+
mai
ze, s
oybe
anw
heat
, bar
ley,
pea
, of
whe
at,
vege
tabl
e,
vege
tabl
es,
arha
r
gram
bar
ley,
pea
, fl
ower
s fl
ower
sgr
am, l
enti
l
2.B
undi
ng fo
r moi
stur
e M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
jow
arN
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rab
i M
ung,
V
eget
able
s,co
nser
vati
on, s
umm
er
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
+
arh
ar, s
oybe
ancr
op, w
heat
, cr
op, g
ram
, ve
geta
ble,
fl
ower
spl
ough
ing
urd/
mun
g, ti
l
barl
ey, p
ea, g
ram
lent
il, w
heat
, fl
ower
s
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
P
addy
, so
ybea
n,N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al
Nor
mal
le
aves
aft
er 1
0 da
ys
mun
g, m
aize
, so
ilur
d, m
ung,
jow
er,
crop
scr
ops
zaid
zaid
drou
ght
in b
lack
and
m
ulch
ing
or g
reen
m
ulch
ing
7 da
ys i
n re
d so
ilw
eed/
tree
lea
ve
mul
chin
g
4.Ir
riga
te c
rop
usin
g S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
C
A f
or m
oist
ure
CA
for
N
orm
alN
orm
alpr
essu
rize
d to
ols
by w
ater
ing,
use
by
wat
erin
g, u
se
cons
erva
tion
, m
oist
ure
re
st f
or h
ay/s
ilag
ere
st f
or h
ay/s
ilag
egr
ow
whe
at,
cons
erva
tion
, ba
rley
, gr
am,
pea
grow
whe
at,
ba
rley
, le
ntil
,gr
am,
pea
5.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
whe
at,
Kat
hia+
gram
-
-co
nser
vati
on a
nd
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ a
rhar
, ba
rley
, gr
am,
pea,
+
lin
seed
, tal
l su
mm
er p
loug
hing
, ur
d/m
ung,
til
soyb
ean
kath
ia+
gram
+In
dian
whe
at,
redu
ce f
ield
siz
e to
m
usta
rd+
lins
eed
barl
ey +
gra
m,
max
. 0.
4 ha
le
ntil
, pe
a
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
on
Jow
ar,
grou
ndnu
t,
Tor
ia a
s ca
tch
Whe
at,
pea,
M
aize
, m
ung,
V
eget
able
s,
ever
y fi
eld,
gra
ssed
ur
d, m
ungJ
owar
, cr
op,
whe
at,
pea,
gr
am,
lent
il,
vege
tabl
es,
flow
ers
wat
er w
ays,
red
uce
urd,
jow
ar +
arh
argr
am n
orm
al c
rop
tori
a as
cat
ch
flow
ers
fiel
d si
ze t
o m
ax.
crop
0.
4 ha
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Tal
l In
dian
whe
at,
Kat
hia,
bar
ley,
-
-ba
rley
, pe
a, g
ram
, le
ntil
, ta
ram
ira
tara
mir
a
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
+
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
rab
iW
heat
, ba
rley
, W
heat
, ba
rley
, M
aize
, M
ung,
gr
asse
d w
ater
way
spe
a, g
ram
pea,
gra
m,
mun
g,
vege
tabl
es,
lent
ilve
geta
bles
, fl
ower
sfl
ower
s
9.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
rab
iL
ate
sow
n w
heat
, L
ate
sow
n M
aize
, M
ung,
ba
rley
w
heat
, ba
rley
m
ung,
ve
geta
bles
, ve
geta
bles
,fl
ower
sfl
ower
s`
10.
-N
orm
al k
hari
fN
orm
al k
hari
fS
ave
part
of
whe
at,
Sav
e pa
rt o
f -
-ba
rley
by
life
cr
op b
y sa
ving
irr
igat
ion
wat
erin
g
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
obe
r-N
ovem
ber;
10.
Ear
ly te
mpe
ratu
re
rise
in F
ebru
ary-
Mar
ch.
14
3. B
an
da
(Par
t R
avin
ou
s, P
art
Ro
cky,
Und
ula
ting
nee
d t
o i
ncr
ease
are
a u
nd
er K
ha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Dry
sow
ing
ofD
ry s
owin
g of
N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rabi
-
- jo
war
/baj
ra, p
addy
jo
war
/baj
ra, r
est
crop
scr
ops
upla
nd, r
est n
orm
al
norm
al c
rop,
kh
arif
cro
p la
teup
land
pad
dy,
nur
sery
(pad
dy)
late
nur
sery
(p
addy
)
2.B
undi
ng fo
r moi
stur
e S
owin
g of
urd
, S
owin
g of
Nor
mal
rab
i cro
pN
orm
al ra
bi
Mai
ze
Mun
gco
nser
vati
on, s
umm
er
mun
g, ti
l jow
ar/
jow
ar/b
ajra
urd
emph
asis
on
crop
, em
phas
is
plou
ghin
gba
jra
ba
rley
, gra
m
barl
ey, g
ram
,on
pea
,m
usta
rd, p
ea m
usta
rd,
lent
il
3.-
Mul
chin
g af
ter
Mul
chin
g af
ter
Nor
mal
rab
iN
orm
al r
abi
Mai
ze
Mun
g1
wee
k dr
ough
t10
day
s dr
ough
t no
rmal
kha
rif
norm
al k
hari
f
4.-
Sav
e pa
rt c
rop
by
Sav
e pa
rt c
rop
Tim
ely/
earl
y T
imel
y so
win
g M
aize
,M
ung
irri
gati
on,
rest
use
by
irr
igat
ion,
so
win
g of
gra
m,
of l
enti
l, g
ram
, fo
r ha
y/si
lage
rest
use
for
pe
a, w
heat
, pe
a, b
arle
y,
hay/
sila
geba
rley
whe
at
5.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure
Mix
cro
p of
M
ix c
rop
of j
owar
/B
arle
y, g
ram
, M
ixed
cro
p
--
cons
erva
tion
, su
mm
er
jow
ar/b
ajra
+
bajr
a+ur
d+ m
ung+
pea,
mus
tard
+
of K
athi
a +
pl
ough
ing,
red
uce
pige
onpe
a, s
ole
pige
onpe
a, s
ole
lins
eed
unde
r gr
am +
fi
eld
size
to
a m
ax.
crop
of
til,
cr
op o
f ti
l,
mix
cro
ppin
g,
lins
eed,
0.
4 ha
arha
r, u
plan
d ar
har,
upl
and
sole
cro
ppin
g so
le c
rop
ofpa
ddy
padd
yof
Kat
hia
whe
at
lent
il,
Gra
man
d ab
ove
crop
s
15
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Pad
dy i
n fi
eld,
P
addy
in
fiel
d N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rab
i M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld.
R
educ
e fi
eld
pige
onpe
a on
an
d pi
geon
pea
crop
scr
ops
mun
g,
vege
tabl
es,
size
to
a m
ax.
of
bund
s, j
owar
/ on
bun
d jo
war
/ ve
geta
bles
, fl
ower
s0.
4 ha
bajr
a, u
rd,
mun
gba
jra,
urd
flow
ers
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
a -
-pa
ddy
padd
yw
heat
, ba
rley
, w
heat
, K
athi
aK
athi
a w
heat
, w
heat
, ba
rley
, gr
am,
pea,
gr
am,
lent
il,
tera
mee
ra,
Ter
amee
ra,
mus
tard
, M
usta
rd,
saff
low
erS
affl
ower
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
and
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Whe
at,
gram
, W
heat
, gr
am,
Mai
zeM
ung
gras
sed
wat
erw
ays
pea
mas
sor
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g,
Lat
e so
win
g M
aize
Mun
gin
crea
sed
seed
w
ith
incr
ease
d ra
te o
f w
heat
, se
ed r
ate
of
barl
ey,
unde
r w
heat
, ra
infe
d co
ndit
ion,
barl
ey,
Tar
amir
aT
aram
ira,
S
affl
ower
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alW
ater
cro
p to
sav
e W
ater
cro
p to
M
aize
Mun
gsh
rive
ling
of
grai
nsa
ve g
rain
sh
rive
ling
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
16 16
4. C
hit
rak
oo
t(R
ock
y, U
ndu
lati
ng t
erra
in n
eed
to i
ncre
ase
area
und
er K
hari
f)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.N
o pa
nic
Jow
ar, b
ajra
, Jo
war
, baj
ra, u
rd,
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al ra
bi
Mai
zeM
ung
grou
ndnu
t, u
rd, t
ilpi
geon
pea
crop
crop
2.B
undi
ng f
or
Jow
ar/b
ajra
, ur
d,
Jow
ar/b
ajra
, ur
d,
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Mun
g,
Mun
g,
cons
erva
tion
and
ti
l, p
igeo
npea
, pi
geon
pea
crop
crop
sm
aize
, fo
dder
sum
mer
plo
ughi
nggr
ound
nut
fodd
er
3. B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
er
Jow
ar/b
ajra
, Jo
war
, ba
jra,
urd
, N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rab
i M
ung,
Mun
g,
cons
erva
tion
grou
ndnu
t,
pige
onpe
a,
crop
scr
ops
mai
ze,
char
i pi
geon
pea,
m
ulch
ing
by
char
im
ulch
ing
by
wee
d or
tre
e tr
ee l
eave
s/w
eeds
le
aves
aft
er 1
0 af
ter
one
wee
k da
ys d
ry s
pell
or s
oil
wor
king
4.-
Sav
e pa
rt c
rop
by
Jow
ar,
bajr
a, u
rd,
Tor
ia,
gram
, T
oria
, gr
am,
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
irri
gati
on,
rest
may
sa
ve p
art
crop
of
pea,
bar
ley,
pe
a, b
arle
y,
mun
g,
char
ibe
use
d fo
r ha
y or
jo
war
, ba
jra
by
whe
at
whe
atch
ari
sila
ge m
akin
g ir
riga
tion
, re
st
whi
le g
reen
cro
ps :
us
e fo
r ha
y/si
lage
grou
ndnu
t, j
owar
/w
hile
gre
enba
jra,
urd
5.B
undi
ng f
or
moi
stur
e M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
-
-co
nser
vati
on r
educ
e jo
war
/baj
ra +
jo
war
/baj
ra +
K
athi
a+gr
am +
gram
+L
inse
edfi
eld
size
to
a m
ax.
pige
onpe
a+ur
d,
pige
onpe
a+ur
d,
lins
eed+
Mus
tard
, +
Mus
tard
, of
0.4
ha
mul
chin
gm
ulch
ing
barl
ey, T
aram
ira,
ba
rley
T
all
Indi
an w
heat
tara
mee
ra,
tall
Ind
ian
whe
at,
lent
il
17
6.D
rain
age
arra
ngem
ent,
G
roun
dnut
, ur
d,
Pad
dy,
urd
Whe
at,
gram
, N
orm
al c
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g ch
ari,
gr
asse
d w
ater
way
s,
padd
ym
usta
rd,
pea
vege
tabl
e,ve
geta
ble,
re
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to a
fl
ower
sfl
ower
s m
ax.
0.4
ha
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
whe
at,
gram
, pe
a,
whe
at,
barl
ey,
mus
tard
, ba
rley
gram
, le
ntil
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
pea,
W
heat
, p
ea,
Mai
ze,
Mun
g ch
ari
ba
rley
, m
usta
rdba
rley
, m
ung,
m
usta
rdch
ain
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
wn
whe
at,
Lat
e so
wn
Mai
ze
Mun
g,
barl
ey w
ith
barl
ey
wit
h
mun
g ch
ari
incr
ease
d se
ed r
ate
incr
ease
d ch
ari
seed
rat
e
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alW
ater
cro
p to
W
ater
cro
p to
M
aize
, M
ung,
cha
ries
cape
gra
in
esca
pe g
rain
mun
gsh
rive
ling
, sa
ve
shri
veli
ng,
part
cro
psa
ve p
art
crop
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
18
5. L
ali
tpu
r(R
ocky
, Und
ulat
ing
nee
d t
o i
ncre
ase
area
un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
Mai
zeM
ung,
Mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
pres
owin
g so
ybea
nir
riga
tion
or d
ry
sow
ing
of jo
war
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
.,
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
cons
erva
tion
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
+ve
geta
bles
vege
tabl
es
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ngm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g, s
oybe
an
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
cr
op +
tor
ia
drou
ght
in r
ed a
nd 1
0 ir
riga
tion
. U
se
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
tori
a as
cat
ch
as c
atch
cro
p
days
in
blac
k so
ilre
mai
ning
for
sp
rink
ler,
use
cr
op
sila
ge/h
ay
rem
aini
ng f
or
mak
ing
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
G
row
tor
ia,
Gro
w t
oria
as
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
pota
to a
s ca
tch
catc
h cr
op +
rem
aini
ng f
or
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
crop
+ n
orm
al
norm
al r
abi
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
ra
bi c
rop
crop
on
tim
e
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
19
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
whe
at,
barl
ey,
whe
at,
barl
ey,
for
moi
stur
e ur
d, s
ole
crop
ur
d +
mun
g, s
ole
mix
cro
p of
m
ix c
rop
of
cons
erva
tion
, re
duce
of
til
, ur
d, m
ung
crop
of
soyb
ean,
K
athi
a w
heat
, K
athi
a w
heat
,fi
eld
size
to
0.4
ha
urd,
mun
gm
usta
rd,
gram
, pe
a,
max
.G
ram
, ta
ram
ira
mus
tard
, le
ntil
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
jow
arW
heat
, m
usta
rd,
Len
til,
M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
so
ybea
n
pea,
gra
m
gram
, pe
ave
geta
ble
vege
tabl
ew
ater
way
s, r
educ
e fi
eld
size
to
max
. 0.
4 ha
.
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
Pea
, M
aize
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
whe
at/t
all
barl
ey,
Indi
an)
tara
mir
aK
athi
a,
Saf
flow
er
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, pe
aM
ung,
M
ung,
Mus
tard
, P
eam
aize
, V
eget
able
, ve
geta
ble,
F
low
ers
flow
ers
9.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alL
ate
sow
ing
of
Lat
e so
win
g of
M
ung,
mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
le
ntil
, pe
ave
geta
ble,
fl
ower
s
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
cro
p by
Mai
zeM
ung
wat
erin
g w
heat
, bar
ley
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
20
6. J
ha
nsi
(Roc
ky, U
ndul
atin
g n
eed
to
inc
reas
e ar
ea u
nd
er K
hari
f)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
N
orm
al
Mun
g,
Mun
g,
Mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
crop
crop
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
pres
owin
g ir
riga
tion
soyb
ean
or d
ry s
owin
g of
jo
war
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
.,
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Nor
mal
N
orm
al
Mun
g,
Mun
g,
cons
erva
tion
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
crop
crop
mai
ze,
vege
tabl
es
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ngm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g, s
oybe
anve
geta
bles
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
N
orm
al
leav
es a
fter
one
by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
cr
op +
tor
ia a
s cr
opcr
op
wee
k dr
ough
tir
riga
tion
. U
se
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
tori
a as
cat
ch
catc
h cr
op
rem
aini
ng f
or
spri
nkle
r, u
se
crop
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
G
row
tor
ia,
Gro
w t
oria
as
Nor
mal
N
orm
al
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
pota
to a
s ca
tch
catc
h cr
op +
cr
opcr
op
rem
aini
ng f
or
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
crop
+ n
orm
al
norm
al r
abi
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
ra
bi c
rop
crop
on
tim
e
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
21
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
whe
at,
Bar
ley,
w
heat
, K
athi
a m
oist
ure
cons
erva
tion
, ur
d, s
ole
crop
of
urd
+ m
ung,
K
athi
a w
heat
, w
heat
, ba
rley
, re
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to
til,
urd
, m
ung
sole
cro
p of
m
usta
rd,
Gra
m,
gram
, pe
a,
0.4
ha m
ax.
soyb
ean,
urd
, le
ntil
mus
tard
, m
ung
le
ntil
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, L
enti
l, g
ram
, M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
so
ybea
n
jow
arpe
a, g
ram
,
pea,
mus
tard
vege
tabl
eve
geta
ble
wat
erw
ays,
red
uce
fi
eld
size
to
max
. 0.
4 ha
.
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
Pea
, M
ung
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
Bar
ley,
w
heat
/tal
l K
athi
a,
Indi
an),
Kat
hia
Saf
flow
er
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, P
eaM
ung,
M
ung,
M
usta
rd,
Pea
Mai
ze,
Veg
etab
le,
Veg
etab
le,
Flo
wer
sF
low
ers
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
M
ung,
M
ung
whe
at,
barl
ey
of l
enti
l, p
eaM
aize
, V
eget
able
, F
low
ers
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
cro
p by
M
ung,
Mun
g w
ater
ing
whe
at,
barl
ey,
Mai
zeU
se r
emai
ning
for
si
lage
/hay
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
22
7. J
ala
un
(Roc
ky, U
ndul
atin
g n
eed
to
inc
reas
e ar
ea u
nd
er K
hari
f)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
Mun
g,
Mun
g,
Mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
pres
owin
g s
oybe
anir
riga
tion
or d
ry
sow
ing
of jo
war
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure,
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
p M
aize
,M
ung,
co
nser
vati
on,
sum
mer
jo
war
+ a
rhar
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
vege
tabl
esve
geta
bles
plou
ghin
gm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g,so
ybea
n
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
cr
op +
tor
ia a
s dr
ough
t in
red
and
ir
riga
tion
. U
se
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
tori
a as
cat
ch c
rop
catc
h cr
op10
day
s in
bla
ck s
oil
rem
aini
ng f
or
spri
nkle
r, u
se
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
si
lage
/hay
mak
ing
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
G
row
tor
ia,
Gro
w t
oria
as
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
pota
to a
s ca
tch
catc
h cr
op +
re
mai
ning
for
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
cr
op +
nor
mal
no
rmal
rab
i si
lage
/hay
spri
nkle
r, u
se
rabi
cro
pcr
op o
n ti
me
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
23
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
whe
at,
Bar
ley,
w
heat
, ba
rley
m
oist
ure
cons
erva
tion
, ur
d, s
ole
crop
of
urd
+ m
ung,
sol
e m
ix c
rop
of
mix
cro
p of
re
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to
til,
urd
, m
ung
crop
of
soyb
ean,
K
athi
a w
heat
, K
athi
a w
heat
,0.
4 ha
max
.ur
d, m
ung
mus
tard
, gr
am,
gram
, pe
a,
lent
ilm
usta
rd,
lent
il
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Sow
gro
undn
ut,
Sow
soy
bean
, W
heat
, m
usta
rd,
Sow
len
til,
M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
ur
d, s
oybe
anjo
war
pea,
gra
mgr
am,
pea
vege
tabl
eve
geta
ble
wat
erw
ays,
red
uce
fiel
d si
ze t
o m
ax.
0.4
ha.
7.
-N
orm
al k
hari
fN
orm
al k
hari
fB
arle
y, g
ram
, G
ram
, pe
a,
Mai
zeM
ung
mus
tard
, pe
a,
mus
tard
, w
heat
/tal
l ba
rley
, Kat
hia,
In
dian
), t
aram
ira
Saf
flow
er
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, pe
a,
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
Mus
tard
, P
eale
ntil
Mai
ze,
Veg
etab
le,
Veg
etab
le,
Flo
wer
sF
low
ers
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
of
Mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
wit
h le
ntil
, pe
aM
aize
, in
crea
sed
seed
rat
eV
eget
able
, F
low
ers
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
cro
p by
M
aize
Mun
gw
ater
ing
whe
at,
barl
ey
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
24
Ses
ame
Bla
ckgr
amG
reen
gram
Gro
un
dn
ut
Pig
eon
pea
Sor
ghu
m
Kh
ari
f cr
op
s fo
r B
un
del
kh
an
d R
egio
n
25
Mu
star
d
Wh
eat
Ch
ick
pea
Bar
ley
Len
til
Lin
seed
Ra
bi
cro
ps
for
Bu
nd
elk
ha
nd
Reg
ion
26
8. D
ati
a(R
ocky
, Und
ulat
ing
par
t ra
vin
ou
s n
eed
to
incr
ease
are
a un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
Mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
Cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
pres
owin
g
soyb
ean
irri
gati
on o
r dry
so
win
g of
jow
ar
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure,
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
pM
aize
, M
ung,
co
nser
vati
on,
sum
mer
jo
war
+ a
rhar
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
vege
tabl
esve
geta
bles
plou
ghin
gm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g,
soyb
ean
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
opS
ave
part
of
crop
N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
ple
aves
aft
er o
ne w
eek
by s
uppl
emen
tal
by s
uppl
emen
tal
crop
+ p
otat
o,
crop
+ t
oria
as
drou
ght
in r
ed a
nd
irri
gati
on.
Use
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
to
ria
as c
atch
ca
tch
crop
10 d
ays
in b
lack
soi
lre
mai
ning
for
sp
rink
ler,
use
cr
opsi
lage
/hay
mak
ing
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
Tor
ia,
pota
to a
s
Tor
ia a
s ca
tch
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
catc
h cr
op +
cr
op +
nor
mal
re
mai
ning
for
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
no
rmal
rab
i ra
bi c
rop
on
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
cr
opti
me
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
27
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
j
owar
+ a
rhar
+
whe
at,
Bar
ley,
whe
at,
barl
ey,
moi
stur
e co
nser
vati
on,
urd,
sol
e cr
op
urd
+ m
ung,
m
ix c
rop
of
mix
cro
p of
re
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to
of t
il,
urd,
mun
gso
le c
rop
of
Kat
hia
whe
at,
Kat
hia
whe
at,
0.4
ha m
ax.
soyb
ean,
urd
, m
usta
rd,
gram
, pe
a,
mun
gG
ram
, le
ntil
mus
tard
, le
ntil
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
inG
roun
dnut
, ur
d,
Soy
bean
, jo
war
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, L
enti
l, g
ram
, M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
wat
erw
ays,
so
ybea
n
pea,
gra
mpe
ave
geta
ble
vege
tabl
ere
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to
max
. 0.
4 ha
.
7.
-N
orm
al k
hari
fN
orm
al k
hari
fB
arle
y, g
ram
, G
ram
, pe
a,
Mai
zeM
ung
mus
tard
, pe
a,
mus
tard
, w
heat
/tal
l ba
rley
, In
dian
) K
athi
a w
heat
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
barl
ey,
Gra
m,
pea,
M
aize
, M
ung,
m
usta
rd,
pea
lent
ilve
geta
ble,
ve
geta
ble,
fl
ower
sfl
ower
s
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
of
Mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
wit
h le
ntil
, pe
ave
geta
ble,
in
crea
sed
seed
rat
efl
ower
s
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
cro
p by
M
aize
Mun
gw
ater
ing
whe
at,
barl
ey
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pel
l; 4
. E
arly
ces
sati
on o
f m
onso
on;
5.
Dro
ught
like
sit
uati
on (
rain
fall
<81
%);
6. E
xces
sive
rai
nfal
l; 7
. No
win
ter
rain
s; 8
. Exc
essi
ve w
inte
r ra
ins;
9. H
igh
tem
pera
ture
in O
ctob
er-N
ovem
ber;
10.
Ear
ly te
mpe
ratu
re
rise
in F
ebru
ary-
Mar
ch.
28
9. T
ikam
garh
(Roc
ky, U
ndul
atin
g n
eed
to
inc
reas
e ar
ea u
nd
er K
hari
f)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
Mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
Cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
pres
owin
g ir
riga
tion
so
ybea
nor
dry
sow
ing
of
jow
ar
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure,
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
pM
aize
,M
ung,
cons
erva
tion
, su
mm
er
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
ve
geta
bles
vege
tabl
es
plou
ghin
gm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g, s
oybe
an
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
cr
op +
tor
ia a
s
drou
ght
in r
ed a
nd
irri
gati
on.
Use
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
to
ria
as c
atch
ca
tch
crop
10 d
ays
in b
lack
soi
lre
mai
ning
for
sp
rink
ler,
use
cr
op
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
opG
row
tor
ia,
G
row
tor
ia a
s
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
seby
sup
plem
enta
lpo
tato
as
catc
h
catc
h cr
op +
rem
aini
ng f
or
irri
gati
on t
hrou
ghcr
op +
nor
mal
no
rmal
rab
i
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
ra
bi c
rop
crop
on
tim
e
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
29
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
ofM
ixed
cro
p of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
w
heat
, ba
rley
, w
heat
, ba
rley
, m
oist
ure
cons
erva
tion
,ur
d, s
ole
crop
of
urd
+ m
ung,
sol
e
mix
cro
p of
mix
cro
p of
re
duce
fie
ld s
ize
to
til,
urd
, m
ung
crop
of
soyb
ean,
K
athi
a w
heat
, K
athi
a w
heat
, 0.
4 ha
max
.ur
d, m
ung
mus
tard
, gr
am,
gram
, pe
a,
lent
ilm
usta
rd,
lent
il
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
Soy
bean
,
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, L
enti
l, g
ram
, M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
so
ybea
n
jow
arpe
a, g
ram
pea
vege
tabl
eve
geta
ble
wat
erw
ays,
red
uce
fiel
d si
ze t
o m
ax.
0.4
ha.
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
pea,
M
aize
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
barl
ey,
whe
at/t
all
Kat
hia,
In
dian
, K
athi
aS
affl
ower
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, pe
a M
aize
, M
ung,
M
usta
rd,
Pea
vege
tabl
e,
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
flow
ers
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
of
Mun
g,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
le
ntil
, pe
am
aize
, ve
geta
ble,
fl
ower
s
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
cro
p by
M
ung,
M
ung
wat
erin
g w
heat
, M
aize
barl
ey
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
obe
r-N
ovem
ber;
10.
Ear
ly te
mpe
ratu
re
rise
in F
ebru
ary-
Mar
ch.
30
10. C
hh
ata
rpu
r(R
ocky
, Und
ulat
ing
nee
d t
o i
ncre
ase
area
un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, u
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
Cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
pres
owin
g s
oybe
anir
riga
tion
or d
ry s
owin
g of
jow
ar
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure,
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
pM
aize
, M
ung,
cons
erva
tion
, su
mm
er
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
ve
geta
bles
vege
tabl
es
plou
ghin
gm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g, s
oybe
an
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
cr
op +
tor
ia a
s (M
ung,
drou
ght
in r
ed a
nd
irri
gati
on.
Use
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
to
ria
as c
atch
ca
tch
crop
Veg
etab
les)
10 d
ays
in b
lack
soi
lre
mai
ning
for
sp
rink
ler,
use
cr
op
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
T
oria
, po
tato
as
Tor
ia a
s ca
tch
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
catc
h cr
op +
cr
op +
nor
mal
(M
ung,
rem
aini
ng f
or
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
norm
al r
abi
rabi
cro
p on
V
eget
able
s)
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
cr
opti
me
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
31
32
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Sow
mix
ed c
rop
of
Sow
tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
whe
at,
barl
ey,
whe
at,
barl
ey,
moi
stur
e co
nser
vati
on,
urd,
sol
e cr
op o
fur
d +
mun
g, s
ole
mix
cro
p of
m
ix c
rop
of
redu
ce f
ield
siz
e to
ti
l, u
rd,
mun
gcr
op o
f so
ybea
n,
Kat
hia
whe
at,
Kat
hia
whe
at,
0.4
ha m
ax.
urd,
mun
gm
usta
rd,
gram
, gr
am,
pea,
le
ntil
mus
tard
, le
ntil
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, L
enti
l, g
ram
, M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
sed
soyb
ean
jow
ar
pea,
gra
m,
pea
vege
tabl
eve
geta
ble
wat
erw
ays,
red
uce
fiel
d si
ze t
o m
ax.
0.4
ha.
7.-
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
pea,
M
ung
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
barl
ey,
whe
at/t
all
Indi
an),
K
athi
a,
Kat
hia
wh
eat
saff
low
er
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, pe
aM
aize
, M
ung,
M
usta
rd,
Pea
vege
tabl
e,
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
flow
ers
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
Mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
of
len
til,
pea
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alG
ram
, pe
a G
ram
, pe
a,
Mai
zeM
ung
mus
tard
Sav
e pa
rt
mus
tard
, cr
op b
y w
ater
ing
saff
low
erw
heat
, ba
rley
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
11. P
ann
a(R
ocky
, Und
ulat
ing
nee
d t
o i
ncre
ase
area
un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
Mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
pres
owin
g so
ybea
nir
riga
tion
or d
ry
sow
ing
of j
owar
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
ure,
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
pM
aize
, M
ung,
co
nser
vati
on,
sum
mer
jo
war
+ a
rhar
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
vege
tabl
esve
geta
bles
plou
ghin
gm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g,
soyb
ean
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
opS
ave
part
of
crop
N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
ple
aves
aft
er o
ne w
eek
by s
uppl
emen
tal
by s
uppl
emen
tal
crop
+ p
otat
o,
crop
+ t
oria
as
(Mun
g,dr
ough
t in
red
and
ir
riga
tion
. U
se
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
tori
a as
cat
ch
catc
h cr
opV
eget
able
s)10
day
s in
bla
ck s
oil
rem
aini
ng f
or
spri
nkle
r, u
se
crop
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
si
lage
/hay
mak
ing
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
T
oria
, po
tato
as
Tor
ia a
s ca
tch
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
catc
h cr
op +
cr
op +
nor
mal
(M
ung,
(Mun
g,re
mai
ning
for
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
no
rmal
rab
i ra
bi c
rop
on
Veg
etab
les)
Veg
etab
les)
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
cr
opti
me
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
33
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
whe
at,
barl
ey,
whe
at,
barl
ey,
moi
stur
e co
nser
vati
on,
urd,
sol
e cr
op
urd
+ m
ung,
sol
e m
ix c
rop
ofm
ix c
rop
of
redu
ce f
ield
siz
e of
til
, ur
d, m
ung
crop
of
soyb
ean,
K
athi
a w
heat
, K
athi
a w
heat
, to
0.4
ha
max
.ur
d, m
ung
mus
tard
, gr
am,
gram
, pe
a,
lent
il,
tara
mir
am
usta
rd,
lent
il,
saff
low
er
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, S
ow l
enti
l,
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
fiel
d, w
ater
way
s,
soyb
ean
jow
arpe
a, g
ram
gr
am,
pea
vege
tabl
eve
geta
ble
redu
ce f
ield
siz
e to
m
ax.
0.4
ha.
7.
-N
orm
al k
hari
fN
orm
al k
hari
fB
arle
y, g
ram
, G
ram
, pe
a,
Mai
zeM
ung
mus
tard
, pe
a,
mus
tard
, ba
rley
, w
heat
/tal
lInd
ian)
, K
athi
a,
Kat
hia
whe
at
saff
low
er
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, P
eaM
aize
, M
ung,
M
usta
rd,
Pea
vege
tabl
e,
vege
tabl
e,fl
ower
sfl
ower
s
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
Mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
wit
h of
len
til,
pea
vege
tabl
e,in
crea
sed
seed
rat
efl
ower
s
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
of
crop
by
Mun
g,
Mun
gw
ater
ing
whe
at,
Mai
zeba
rley
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
34
12
. Da
mo
h(R
ocky
, Und
ulat
ing
nee
d t
o i
ncre
ase
area
un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
iZ
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, U
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
Mai
zeM
ung,
M
ung
wit
h jo
war
+ a
rhar
, N
orm
al C
rop
Nor
mal
Cro
ppr
esow
ing
irri
gati
on
soyb
ean
or d
ry s
owin
g of
jo
war
2.
Bun
ding
for
moi
st.,
M
ixed
cro
p of
M
ixed
cro
p of
N
orm
al c
rop
Nor
mal
cro
pM
aize
, M
ung,
co
nser
vati
on,
sum
mer
jo
war
+ a
rhar
, jo
war
+ a
rhar
+ve
geta
bles
vege
tabl
espl
ough
ing
mun
g, t
ilur
d/m
ung,
so
ybea
n
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
crop
+ t
oria
as
drou
ght
in r
ed a
nd
irri
gati
on.
Use
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
t
oria
as
catc
h ca
tch
crop
10 d
ays
in b
lack
soi
lre
mai
ning
for
sp
rink
ler,
use
cr
opsi
lage
/hay
mak
ing
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
T
oria
, po
tato
as
Tor
ia a
s ca
tch
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
catc
h cr
op +
cr
op +
nor
mal
re
mai
ning
for
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
no
rmal
rab
i ra
bi c
rop
on
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
cr
opti
me
rem
aini
ng f
or
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
35
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jo
war
+ a
rhar
+
whe
at,
barl
ey,
whe
at,
barl
ey,
moi
stur
e co
nser
vati
on,
urd,
sol
e cr
op o
f ur
d +
mun
g, s
ole
mix
cro
p of
m
ix c
rop
of
redu
ce f
ield
siz
e to
ti
l, u
rd,
mun
g c
rop
of s
oybe
an,
Kat
hia
whe
at,
Kat
hia
whe
at,
0.4
ha m
ax.
urd,
mun
g m
usta
rd,
gram
, gr
am,
pea,
le
ntil
mus
tard
, le
ntil
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, L
enti
l, g
ram
, M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
m
ung
jow
arpe
a, g
ram
pe
ave
geta
bles
vege
tabl
esw
ater
way
s, r
educ
e fi
eld
size
to
max
. 0.
4 ha
.
7.-
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
Pea
, M
aize
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
barl
ey,
whe
at/t
all
Kat
hia,
In
dian
), K
athi
asa
fflo
wer
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Nor
mal
kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, P
eaM
aize
, M
ung,
M
usta
rd,
Pea
vege
tabl
e,
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
flow
ers
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
Mai
ze,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
of
len
til,
pea
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
of
crop
by
Mai
zeM
ung
wat
erin
g w
heat
, ba
rley
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
15 d
ays;
2.
Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht li
ke s
itua
tion
(ra
infa
ll <
81%
); 6
. Exc
essi
ve r
ainf
all;
7. N
o w
inte
r ra
ins;
8. E
xces
sive
win
ter
rain
s; 9
. Hig
h te
mpe
ratu
re in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
tem
pera
ture
ri
se in
Feb
ruar
y-M
arch
.
36
13. S
aga
r(R
ocky
, Und
ulat
ing
nee
d t
o i
ncre
ase
area
un
der
Kha
rif)
Ab
b.
Gen
. Pre
cau
tion
Kh
arif
Rab
i
Z
aid
Typ
e*R
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
Red
Soi
lB
lack
Soi
lR
ed S
oil
Bla
ck S
oil
1.-
Gro
undn
ut, u
rd,
Dry
sow
ing
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al C
rop
Mai
ze,
Mun
g,
mun
g w
ith
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
pre-
sow
ing
soyb
ean
irri
gati
on o
r dry
so
win
g of
jow
ar
2.B
undi
ng f
or m
oist
.,
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
Mun
g,M
ung,
cons
erva
tion
, su
mm
er
jow
ar +
arh
ar,
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
m
aize
, ve
geta
bles
plou
ghin
gm
ung,
til
urd/
mun
g, s
oybe
anve
geta
bles
3.M
ulch
ing
wit
h tr
ee
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Sav
e pa
rt o
f cr
op
Nor
mal
rab
i N
orm
al r
abi
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
leav
es a
fter
one
wee
k by
sup
plem
enta
l by
sup
plem
enta
l cr
op +
pot
ato,
cr
op +
tor
ia a
s
drou
ght
in r
ed a
nd
irri
gati
on.
Use
ir
riga
tion
thr
ough
to
ria
as c
atch
ca
tch
crop
10 d
ays
in b
lack
soi
lre
mai
ning
for
sp
rink
ler,
use
cr
op
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gre
mai
ning
for
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
g
4.S
ave
part
of
crop
S
ave
part
of
crop
T
oria
, po
tato
as
Tor
ia a
s ca
tch
Nor
mal
cro
pN
orm
al c
rop
by i
rrig
atio
n, u
se
by s
uppl
emen
tal
catc
h cr
op +
cr
op +
nor
mal
rem
aini
ng f
or
irri
gati
on t
hrou
gh
norm
al r
abi
rabi
cro
p on
sila
ge/h
aysp
rink
ler,
use
cr
op (
gram
, ti
me
(gra
m,
rem
aini
ng f
or
pea,
mus
tard
, pe
a le
ntil
,
sila
ge/h
ay m
akin
gta
ram
ira)
saff
low
er)
37
5.B
undi
ng o
f fi
eld
and
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Mix
ed c
rop
of
Tal
l In
dian
T
all
Indi
an
--
sum
mer
plo
ughi
ng f
or
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
jow
ar +
arh
ar +
w
heat
, ba
rley
, w
heat
, ba
rley
m
oist
ure
cons
erva
tion
, ur
d, s
ole
crop
ur
d +
mun
g, s
ole
mix
cro
p of
m
ix c
rop
of
redu
ce f
ield
siz
e to
of
til
, ur
d, m
ung
cro
p of
soy
bean
, K
athi
a w
heat
, K
athi
a w
heat
,0.
4 ha
max
.ur
d, m
ung
mus
tard
, G
ram
, gr
am,
pea,
le
ntil
mus
tard
, le
ntil
6.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
in
Gro
undn
ut,
urd,
S
oybe
an,
Whe
at,
mus
tard
, L
enti
l, g
ram
, M
aize
, M
ung,
fi
eld,
gra
ssed
m
ung
jow
ar
pea,
gra
mpe
ave
geta
ble
vege
tabl
ew
ater
way
s, r
educ
e fi
eld
size
to
max
. 0.
4 ha
.
7.-
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Bar
ley,
gra
m,
Gra
m,
pea,
M
aize
Mun
gm
usta
rd,
pea,
m
usta
rd,
barl
ey,
whe
at/t
all
Kat
hia,
In
dian
), K
athi
asa
fflo
wer
8.A
rran
ge d
rain
age
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Nor
mal
Kha
rif
Whe
at,
Bar
ley,
G
ram
, pe
aM
aize
, M
ung,
M
usta
rd,
Pea
vege
tabl
e,
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
flow
ers
9.-
Nor
mal
Nor
mal
Lat
e so
win
g of
L
ate
sow
ing
Mun
g,
Mun
gw
heat
, ba
rley
of
len
til,
pea
mai
ze,
vege
tabl
e,
flow
ers
10.
-N
orm
alN
orm
alS
ave
part
cro
p by
M
ung,
M
ung
wat
erin
g w
heat
, M
aize
barl
ey
*Abe
rrat
ion
type
-1. D
elay
ed m
onso
on b
y 15
day
s; 2
. Del
ayed
mon
soon
by
1 m
onth
; 3.
Tim
ely
mon
soon
fol
low
ed b
y lo
ng d
ry s
pell
; 4.
Ear
ly c
essa
tion
of
mon
soon
; 5.
D
roug
ht l
ike
situ
atio
n (r
ainf
all
<81
%);
6. E
xces
sive
rai
nfal
l; 7
. No
win
ter
rain
s; 8
. Exc
essi
ve w
inte
r ra
ins;
9. H
igh
tem
pera
ture
in
Oct
ober
-Nov
embe
r; 1
0. E
arly
te
mpe
ratu
re r
ise
in F
ebru
ary-
Mar
ch.
38
Agroforestry can play a vital role in meeting the diverse needs of people through trees, crops and livestock in addition to the multiple produce viz. food, fruit, fodder, fuel, fertilizer and fibre from limited land resources. Trees are integral to our traditional farming systems, for the innumerable benefits that they provide. Trees complement farming in terms of manure, fodder and fuel needs of the farmer. They form the backbone for practicing integrated farming systems which is necessary for self-reliant and sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry systems due to diverse options and products provide opportunities for employment generation in rural areas. Agroforestry has the potential to mitigate the climate change effects through microclimate moderation and conservation of natural resources in the short run and through sequestration of carbon in the long run, which is far greater than the crop and grass systems. The role of agroforestry in stabilizing the CO levels and increasing the C sink potential has attracted 2
considerable attention, especially after the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Agroforestry has an important role in reducing vulnerability, enhancing resilience of farming systems and buffering households against climate related risks. Agroforestry, as a strategy to combat changing climate should include live fencing with karonda (Carissa carandas), mehadi, (Lawsonia inermis), kumat (Acacia senegal) and boundary plantation of teak (Tectona grandis), siris (Albizia procera), mahua (Madhuca indica), neem (Azadirachta indica), babul (Acacia nilotica), ardu (Ailanthus excelsa). Bamboo plantation along boundary can serve both the purposes together. Amongst fruit plants, aonla (Emblica officinalis), ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) bael (Aegle mermelos), citrus spp., guava (Psidium guajava), chironji (Buchanania lanzan) can be planted on field bunds or inside the field. Homestead plantations of fruit plants have shown great promise. Since, trees are spaced far apart, bund space can be further utilized for raising forage grasses to feed animals. Needless to emphasize that dairying is most dependable source of rural economy during aberrant weather conditions. Trees on field bunds serve the purpose of top feed during scarcity which plays crucial role in dairying in drought prone regions. Even tree management practices like pruning or lopping can be altered in accordance with weather aberration. Thus agroforestry can help in combating ill effects of drought. In fact, agroforestry need to be strengthened in areas prone to drought for greater resilience.
In Bundelkhand region as much every field should have trees either on bunds or inside field for risk partitioning, sustainability and income. Therefore to counter ill effects of frequent weather aberrations and looming climate change, agroforestry must be treated as potent tool and should be included in contingent plan as long term strategy.
39
Agroforestry for climate change resiliency
40
ICAR- Central Agroforestry Research Institute Gwalior Road, Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.) India
Telephone: +91- 510- 2730213, 2730214Fax : +91-510-2730364
E. mail : [email protected] Web site : http://www.cafri.res.in