Contents and Subiect Index

1

1389

...12

KEYNOTE ADDRESS-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TOXICS IN

WASTEWATER: THE PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Dolloff F. Bishop and Norbert A. Jaworski

Introduction TheProblems EPAResearchApproach Treatability Research. Toxicity Detection and Reduction. Innovative Approaches to Enhance Toxics Control- The

Opportunities Integrated System Engineering. Conclusions. References12

18

20

20

KEYNOTE ADDRESS-HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT:

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. 25

Suellen W PiragesRole of Biological Treatment Technologies. 26

CommerciaIDevelopment 27

Degradation 27

Concentration. 28

DiverseTargetConstituents 28

Consistency. 29

Relatively Low Cost. 30

Stringent Treatment Requirements. 30

Impact on Development of Biological Technologies. 32

Conclusion. 34

ix

.

Contents and Subject Indexx

KEYNOTE ADDRESS-TOXICITY ASSAYS AND MOLECULAR

STRUCTURE TOXICITY. 36

R.E. Speece, N. Nirmalakhandan and Peter C. Jurs

Introduction 36

Toxicity Assays. 37

QSARBackground 40QSAR. 43

Log P Modelling. 44

Molecular Connectivity. 48

Chemometrics. 54

DrexeICorrelations 54

Summary 64References. 64

COMPETITIVE KINETIC MODEL OF SUSPENDED.GROWTH

INHIBITEDBIOLOGICALSYSTEMS 67

Pablo B. S;Jez

Introduction. 67

Mass Balances. 68

KineticsRelationships 69

InhibitorUtilizationRate 69

SubstrateUtilizationRate 7O

ActiveBacterialGrowthRate 71

CompetitiveKineticModel 72General Model. 72

LimitingCases 73

Effect of the Parameters of the Model. 74

SummaryandConclusions 79References 80

TOXICITY OF NICKEL IN METHANE FERMENTATION

SYSTEMS: FATE AND EFFECT ON PROCESS KINETICS. 82

Sanioy K. Bhattacharya and Gene F. Parkin

Introduction 82

Materials and Methods. 83

Kinetics of Acetate and Propionate Utilization. 84

ToxicityKinetics 85

Results and Discussion. 86

SlugAddition 88

Continuous Addition. 88

Fate of Nickel. 93

Application of Uncompetitive.lnhibition.Coefficient Model. 97

Acclimation. 97

UsingMeasured Nickel intheModel. 97

ContinuousAddition 97

Conclusions. 98

References l00

.

Contents and Subject Index xi

HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY AQUATIC MACROPHYTES IN A

TEMPERATE CLIMATE AQUATIC TREATMENT SYSTEM. Paul L. Bishop and Jan DeWaters

Introduction. Experimental Methods. Results and Discussion. Conclusions. References.

..102

102

104

108

117

118

120

..121

..122

..123

..123

..123

..123

130

REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL BY RECYCLING OF WASTE

SLUDGE IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. Kuei-Iang Tsai and Pak-shing Cheung

Introduction Experimentals ResultsandDiscussion Wastewater with Single Heavy Metal Ions. Wastewater with Low Concentration of Cu. Wastewater with High Concentration of Cu Combined Wastewater with Different Heavy Metal Ions but Cu

Dominant. Combined Wastewater with Different Heavy Metal Ions but Cr

and Fe Dominant. Conclusions. References.130.135.136

137

137

141

141

142

146

150

153

153

154

THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC CATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL

FIXED-FILMSYSTEMS Robert W. Peters

Introduction Objectives. Results and Discussion. TricklingFilters Anaerobic Filter. Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC's) Summary Nomenclature References.

159

159

162

162

164

165

165

PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL AND ANAEROBIC FIXED FILM TREATMENT

OF LANDFILL LEACHATE. ,

Dhandapani Thirumurthi, Shahid M. Rana and Thomas P. Austin

Introduction CurrentTreatment LiteratureReview Objectives. ExperimentaIProcedure Phvsical-ChemicaITreatment

.

Contents and Subject Indexxii

..165

..165

..168

..168

..168

..184

..187

..189

..189

..192

..194

Biological Treatment. Procedure Results Discussion of Results. Physical-Chemical Treatment. Biological Treatment. Biomass Estimation. Substrate (Removal) Utilization Rate

Comparison with Previous Studies. .

Conclusions. References

TREATMENT OF LEACHATE FROM A HAZARDOUS WASTE

LANDFILL SITE USING A TWO-STAGE ANAEROBIC FILTER. 196

Y.C. Wu, O.J. HaoandK.C. Ou

Introduction 196

MaterialsandMethods 197

Leachate 197

SystemDescription 197

SystemStart-Up 199

Analytical Methods. 202

Results and Discussion. 204

Start Up and Acclimation. 204

Influent Leachate Characteristics. 205

WasteStabilization 208

Kinetics. 214

SummaryandConclusions 215References 217

EFFECTS OF EXTENDED IDLE PERIODS ON HAZARDOUS WASTE

BIOTREATMENT. 221

A. Scott Weber, Mark R. Matsumoto, John G. Goeddertz and

Alan J. Rabideau

Introduction 221

Experimental Approach. 223

AnalyticalTests 224Results and Discussion. 225

Effect of Extended Idle Time Between Bioreactor Operation. 225

Effect of Temperature on Bioreactor Performance. 228

Effects of Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Addition to the

Bioreactors 231

Comparison of Effluent Quality Measures. 239

Summary 239References 242

A TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE INHIBITION IN THE ACTIVATED

SLUDGE PROCESS USING A FED.BATCH REACTOR. Andrew T. Watkin and W Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr. ..244

.

Contents and Subject Index xiii

..244

..245

..245

..247

..249

..252

..257

..258

Introduction Fed-Batch Reactor Methodology. Fed-Batch Reactor Testing Protocol. Theoretical Substrate and Oxygen Utilization Response in a

Fed-BatchReactor AnalysisofExperimental Results. Differences Between Inhibition Constants of Various Sludges

Discussion. References

260

A COMPARISON OF THE MICROBIAL RESPONSE OF MIXED

LIQUORS FROM DIFFERENT TREATMENT PLANTS TO

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS. G. Lewandowski, D. Adamowitz, P. Boyle, L. Gneiding, K. Kim,

N. McMullen, D. Pak and S. Salerno

Background Procedures Microbial Characterization. Results and Discussion. References.261261263263272

~

SBR TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTEWATER-FUll.SCAlE

RESUl TS 275

Kenneth L. Norcross III, Robert L. Irvine and Philip A. Herzbrun

Introduction 276

Background. 276

Description of Facility 278

OxygenTransferTheory. 279

Oxygen Transfer Evaluation Procedure. 281

OxygenTransferDiscussion 281

ProcessResults 283

Summary 288

References 291

~

THE USE OF PURE CUL TURES AS A MEANS OF UNDERSTANDING

THE PERFORMANCE OF MIXED CUL TURES IN BIODEGRADATION

OF PHENOLICS. 292

G. Lewandowski, B. Baltzis and C. Peter Varuntanya

Background. 292

Procedures 293

Phenol-DegradingSpecies 295

Pure-CultureExperiments 300

Mixed-Culture Experiments and Kinetics. 308

Conclusions. 308

References 314

.

xiv Contents and Subject Index

316

316

317

319

319

320

321

321

322

322

325

325

326

327

A COMPARTMENTALIZED ONE SLUDGE BIOREACTOR FOR

SIMUL TANEOUS REMOVAL OF PHENOL, THIOCYANATE,

AND AMMONIA. Jeffrey H. Greenfield and Ronald D. Neufeld

Introduction LiteratureReview Methods and Materials. ExperimentaISystem OperationofBioreactors ExperimentaIMethods Results and Discussion. One Compartment Bioreactor Two Compartment Bioreactor Three Compartment Bioreactor Four Compartment Bioreactor. Conclusions. References

329

329330337337339339339343347349351353

HIGH-RATE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF

PHENOLIC WASTES. Alan F. Rozich, Richard J. Colvin, and Anthony F. Gaudy, Jr.

Introduction Background MaterialsandMethods Bench-ScaleApparatus Analyses Process Description. BenchScaleResults Potential Field Applications. SummaryandConclusions References. List of Symbols. Appendix.

BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS

WASTE CONTAMINATED SOILS AND RESIDUES. 359

Mark E. Singley, Andrew J. Higgins, Vijay S. Rajput, Sumith Pilapitiya,

Reba Mukherjee, and Ven Mercade

Introduction 359

Microcalorimeter 361

References .373

376

..376

..377

BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF POL YCHLORINATED

BIPHENYLS. Ronald Unterman, Michael J. Brennan, Ronald E. Brooks, and

Carl Johnson

In.troduction Biodegradation of Soil-Bound PCBs

Contents and Subject Index

382

385

386

Modeling a Mock Biodegradation Process. Summary. References

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT PLANT STARTUP

FOR AN EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY WASTEWATER. 387

David M. Potter

Introduction 387

Aerobic Treatability Study. 390

Two-Stage Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatability Study. 398

Comparison of Studies. 410

Full-ScaleStartUp 414

Summary 418

References. 419

420

420422424424426426429430430434

UTILIZATION OF NITRITE OXIDATION INHIBITION TO

IMPROVE THE NITROGEN ELIMINATION PROCESS. S. Suthersan and J.J. Ganczarczyk

Introduction Materials and Methods. Results and Discussion. Technical Concept of the Modification. DefinitionofParameters Adaptation to Increasing FA Concentrations. Deadaptation by Reverting to Favorable Conditions. Role of pH. Influence of Exposure Time. Inhibitor: Biomass Ratio. Effects on Nitrosomonas Due to the Inhibition Imposed on

Nitrobacter ,

SummaryandConclusions References.

436438440

444444444444444445446446446446447448

ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF MOLASSE SUGAR CANE

STILLAGE WITH HIGH MINERALS. Miche! Henry, Emmanue! Miche!ot, and Jean Pierre Jover

Introduction MaterialandMethods Reactor AnalyticaIMethods Influents ResultsandDiscussion Seeding and Start-Up of Reactor. Transition to Molasse Cane Stillage. Influence of Salty Level on the System Stability. Recovery of the System and Progression of Mineral Load

FinaIResults Conclusions.

" ..." ~nt)"n)J" mflJYlV1A'1ff\J)'J ]J'f1"

Contents and Subject Index

449

.449

.450

.451

.452

.452

.453

.455

.458

.459

..460

..460

..462

POTENTIAL FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF HIGH SULFUR

WASTEWATER IN A UNIQUE UPFLOW-FIXED FILM-

SUSPENDEDGROWTHREACTOR L. Syd Love

Introduction Sulfide Production in Anaerobic Degradation. Sulfide Toxicity. One Solution to Sulfide Toxicity. An Alternative Solution to Sulfide Toxicity. Advantages of the Sydlo Reactor. The Sydlo Reactor-How It Operates. Conclusion. References Appendix A: HIPERION-Economical H2S Removal by Direct

Conversion to Elemental Sulfur. Process Description. Advantage of the HIPERION Sulfur Removal Process.

463

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS

CONTAINING TOXIC COMPOUNDS BY DOWNFLOW FIXED FILM

TECHNOLOGY. Michel Henry, Yves Thelier, and Jean Pierre Jover

Introduction 464

MaterialandMethods 464

Reactor 464

Influents 465

Analytical Methods. 466

FrequencyofSampling 466

Results 466

Start-Up Phase-Loading Rate Increase-Influent NR 1. 466

Toxicity of CA-Effect of CA Shock During Start-Up Phase. 466

RecoveryoftheSystem 467

Performances Obtained with Influent NR 1 467

Transition to Influent NR 2. 468

Discussion 470

Conclusion. 471

References 471

472

..472

..473

..476

..477

..478

..478

TREATMENT OF PROCESS WASTEWATER FROM PETROCHEMICAL

PLANT USING A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR-A CASE

STUDY. Warren C. Davis, Jr. and Tom M. Pankratz

General Introduction Product(System)Description PilotTestChronology Test Meth9ds ResultsandDiscussion

a

Contents and Subject Index xvi

..478

..478

..479

..479

..480

..482

..482

Start-Up-November. Flowrate-December Disc Rotation-January. PAC Addition-February. Pre-aeration-March and April.

Conclusions. References

484485486486487

LAND TREATMENT OF NITROGUANIDINE WASTEWATER. ..

Richard T. Williams, A. Ronald MacGillivray and David E. Renard

Introduction Materials and Methods. Results Summary References

COMBINED FIXED BIOLOGICAL FILM MEDIA AND

EVAPORATIVE COOLING MEDIA TO SOLIDIFY HAZARDOUS

WASTES FOR ENCAPSULATION AND EFFICIENT DISPOSAL. 489

Sheldon F. Roe, Jr.

Introduction 489

Discussion. 490

ExistingTechnology 490

ConventionaIEvaporation.. 490

Utility Cooling Tower Evaporation. 491

Description of Evaporative Cooling with Structured Packing. ..491

C.L.E.A.R.S.Process 494

VOC Stripping. 494

Biotechnology. 494

Process Description. 496

AProcessExample 498

Evaporation-Biotechnology Combination. 500

Evaporation-Anaerobic. 500

Anaerobic-Evaporation 500

Aerobic-Evaporation 501

Evaporation-Aerobic 501

Ambient Temperature Evaporation. 501

Recommendations 501

References 502

..504

..504

..505

..509

..509

..513

FATE OF COD IN AN ANAEROBIC SYSTEM TREATING HIGH

SULPHATE BEARING WASTEWATER. G.K. Anderson, J.A. Sanderson, C.B. Sawand 7: Donnelly

Introduction Role of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria in Anaerobic Digestion. .

Source of.Sulphate Bearing Effluent in Edible Oil Refining. .

Descriptiofl of Pilot Plants. ResultsandDiscussion

.

xviii Contents and Subject Index

Start-Up and Development of the SRB-Dominated System. 513

Inhibition of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria. 514

GrossCODRemovaIEfficiency 514

Relative Contribution of Carbonaceous COD and Sulphides to

theTreatedEffluentCOD 518

RemovalofCarbonaceousCOD. 520

COD:SulphateUtilizationRatio 520

DownstreamTreatment 526

Conclusions. 528

References 529

~

THE FATE OF 4,6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL IN MUNICIPAL ACTIVATED

SLUDGESYSTEMS 532

Henryk Melcer and Wayne K. BedfordIntroduction 532

MethodsandMaterials 533

ResultsandDiscussion 536

Conventional Parameters. 536

Fateof4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol 538

Conclusions. 541

References 541

PILOT.SCALE ANAEROBIC BIOMASS ACCLIMATION STUDIES

WITH A COAL LIOUEFACTION WASTEWATER. 542

David N. Young, Eric B. Vale and Eric R. HallIntroduction 542

Materials and Methods. 544

Experimental Design. 547

Results and Discussion. 548

WastewaterCharacteristics 548

Co-Substrate Addition. 550

Low Severity Solvent Extraction Pretreatment. 551

Anhybrid Reactor Acclimation to Increasing Organic LoadingRate 555

GAC Fluidized Bed Reactor Acclimation to IncreasingOrganicLoadingRates 561

Comparative Performance of Anhybrid and GAC Fluidized

BedReactors 568

SummaryandConclusions 569

References 571

ANOXIC/OXIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF

CYANOGENS AND AMMONIA IN THE PRESENCE OF PHENOLS. 573

Deanna J. Richards and Wen K. Shieh

Introduction 573

MaterialandMethods 574

Experimental Units. 574

Experimental Design. 577

Contents and Subject Index xix

577577577578579581582

AnalyticaIProcedure Results and Discussion. TOC Removal. Cyanide and Thiocyanate Removal. Formation and Removal of Ammonia-Nitrogen Conclusion. References

584586586586587588588588593593598599

PARTITIONING OF TOXIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SOLIDS

Richard A. Dobbs, Michael Jelus and Kuang- Ye Cheng

Introduction Materials and Methods. Reagents. Analytical Methods. Wastewater Solids Preparation. ExperimentaIProcedure Experimental Protocol Development. Preliminary Studies. Sorption or Partitioning of Selected Toxic Organics. .

Discussion of Results. SummaryandConclusions References.

PATAPSCO WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT TOXICITY

REDUCTION EVALUATION. 601

John A. Botts, Jonathan W. Braswell, Elizabeth C. Sullivan, William

Goodfellow, Burton D. Sklar and Dolloff F. Bishop

Introduction 601

Background. 602Wastewater Sources. 602

Wastewater Treatment Facilities. 602

KeyProjectTasks 604Relationship of Plant Performance to Effluent Toxicity 605

Influent Parameters versus Effluent Toxicity. 605

Operational Parameters versus Effluent Toxicity. 606

BOD and COD Removals versus Effluent Toxicity. 607

Performance During Toxic Events. 608

Summary 611

InitialStudyResults 611Wastewater Toxicity Characterization. 611

FutureProjectTasks 616Characterization of Plant Performance. 616

IdentificationofSpecificToxics. 616

WastewaterTreatability 619

ProjectBenefits 620References 621

.

Contents and Subject Indexxx

MICROTOX ASSESSMENT OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL TOXICITY. ..622

Doris S. A tkinson and Michael S. Switzenbaum

Introduction 622

Background. 623

AnaerobicToxicityTesting 623

Microtox Testing. 624

Methods 625

LiteratureStudy 625

Anaerobic Toxicity Assays (ATA's) 626

MicrotoxToxicityAssays 626

Results 627

LiteratureReview 627

LaboratoryResults 632

CombinedResults 632

Discussion. 632

SummaryandConclusions 636

References 638

RESPIRATION-BASED EVALUATION OF NITRIFICATION

INHIBITION USING ENRICHED NITROSOMONAS CUL TURES. 642

James E. Alleman

Introduction 642

Background 642

Methods and Materials. 644

Enriched Culture Development and Maintenance. 644

BatchBioassayProcedure.. 644

Respirometric Analysis. 645

Ammonium-Nitrogen Oxidation Rate Analysis. 645

Results and Discussions. 645

Summary 649

References 649

ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF TREATMENT REQUIRED FOR

TOXICWASTEWATEREFFLUENTS 651

G. Fred Lee and R. Anne Jones

Introduction 651

Chemical Concentration.Based Effluent Limitations. 652

AmmoniaDischargeLimits 654

HeavyMetaIDischargeLimits 657

Chlorine Discharge Limits. 660

Toxicity.Based Effluent Limitations. 661

"Quickand Easy"ToxicityTests. 663

RecommendedApproach 664

PartA-Chemical.Specific 665

Part B- Toxicity Testing. 666

Variable Effluent Discharge Limits. 668

Effluel:1tToxicityvs. PublicHealth. 669

Hazardous Waste Treatment Facilities. 670

.

Contents and Subject Index xxi

671;

672

673

Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants. Conclusions. References

RESEARCHNEEDSWORKSHOP 677

Edward H. Bryan and A. F. Gaudy, Jr., Chairman and Co-Chairman

Discussion of Paper by Robert W. Peters. 6'77Discussion of Paper Presented by Olli H. Tuovinen (Co-Authored ;

byConleyHansen) 677

PreliminaryPaneIComments ~78

RemarksbyMorganKommer 678

RemarksbyDolloffF.Bishop 678Remarks by D.B. Chan 680

Remarks by Michael Switzenbaum : 681

RemarksbyRonaldUnterman. 682

RemarksbyAnthonyF.Gaudy. 683

CommentsbyEdwardH.Bryan 683Panel Discussion. 684

CommentsbyC.P.L.Grady 684

CommentsbyHenrykMelcer 688Closing Remarks by the Session Chairman. 691

INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSORTIUM FOR BIOLOGICAL

WASTEWATER TREATMENT RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY. 692

Anthony F. Gaudy, Jr.

Introduction 692

Background. 693CurrentActivities 696

.