Contemporary Media Consumption in the HomeA study on the media habits of two households

Jesse Hynes n8589615Hannah McMonagle n8320856Word Count: 4169Tutor: Nino Miletovic

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis research study explores and examines household media consumption, in particular, individual and group relationships to different media devices and how their daily routines, the domestic space and their gender affect or support these relationships. Two Australian households were analysed, totalling eight participants, using qualitative ethnographic based methods. Participant observation and in-depth interviews revealed the strong personal connection individuals had to particular devices and platforms as well as an ingrained reliance on media to structure, enhance and guide social experiences within a household. As technology continues to rapidly advance, multi-tasking and connectedness with various media devices and texts is an obvious part of all participants’ lives. However, data gained was limited in accuracy because of scope and scale and further studies should aim to broaden and diversify the participants involved.

Table of Contents

3 1.0 Introduction

3 2.0 Literature Review

4 3.0 Research Methods

5 3.1 Participant Observation

5 3.2 Interviews

5 4.0 Analysis and Findings

5 4.1 Temporal Rhythms

6 4.1.1 Dominant media platforms and daily structure

7 4.1.2 New Media’s affect on traditional temporal rhythms

8 4.1.3 TV programming schedules vs. online release date

9 4.2 Domestic Space

9 4.2.1 Private vs. Public Consumption

10 4.2.2 Modern Devices & Processes

11 4.2.3 Significance of the Television

12 4.3 Gender

13 4.3.1 Guilty and negative media consumption

14 4.3.2 Embracing new technologies

14 5.0 Limitations and Recommendations

14 5.1 Limitations

15 5.4 Recommendations

15 6.0 Conclusion

16 7.0 References

17 8.0 Appendix

1.0 Introduction :

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to either support or argue the continuing relevance of Schroder’s statement in 2003:

“The contemporary and future media audience is more aptly characterized as a semiotic juggler, keeping many communicative balls in the air, and frequently throwing them to and receiving them from other real and virtual jugglers. The notion frequently used to encapsulate this state of affairs is interactivity,” (Schroder, 2003).

In order to successfully understand the state of interactivity the modern media audience is apart of a research methodology heavily influenced by uses and gratifications theory was developed. The research developed its focus in coherence with the increasingly popular focuses of media and communications research, “from a concern with TV’s effects upon behaviour to its uses and gratifications; from a focus on the political and ideological role of TV to an examination of popular pleasures and audience interpretations in specific social and cultural contexts,” (Gillespie, 1995).The ethnographic approach was chosen as it facilitates “techniques for observing audience behaviours to accurately capture contextual aspect of media usage,” (Sullivan, 2013). Two households were observed for two-hour periods on Sunday evenings, and the participants subsequently interviewed for a more in-depth analysis.The data was separated into three categories for the discussion and analysis of the findings: temporal rhythms, domestic space, and gender. These three categories were used to examine how specific aspects of each impact household’s and individual’s media habits.

2.0 Literature Review:As media audience research studies evolved throughout the 1970’s, results that were gathered began to reflect a deeper understanding of individual’s connection to media texts. Theorists utilized a uses and gratifications approach as foundations for their research, aiming to explore how and why individuals used media (Sullivan 2013, p. 108). Ethnography becomes a vital method within research practice to overcome the limitations and inaccuracies of previous audience studies (Gillespie 1995, p. 54). Ethnographic studies rely on qualitative research methods to gain an in-depth observation of audience behaviours towards contextual aspects of media use (Sullivan 2013, p. 162). Many research studies that followed this framework explored reception analysis of media texts within the household dynamic, focusing especially on television.To thoroughly understand the evolving relationships households have with media use, in particular regards to their daily routines, household spaces and gender relating to their consumption, this study drew comparative results from three ethnographic household media studies to examine the ways in which modern media has changed interactivity with media texts and devices. The first to conduct a uses and gratification based study on media within the household, James Lull’s 1978 ethnographic television study aimed to examine the social uses of television within family households (Lull 1978, p. 197). By using participant observation, Lull gathered results that highlighted television’s importance on socialization within the household, claiming that ”common social

instances of media consumption can be viewed as delicate and situated accomplishments created by the persons involved” (Lull 1978, p. 198).As the “traditional” television began to change as media technology advanced, audience’s relationships with this central household media began to also evolve. David Morley’s study Family Television, conducted in 1986, highlights the beginning of these changes as recording devices; VCR’s and video game consoles became increasingly popular within the domestic environment. This study explores the relationships households held with programming decisions, in particular the degrees of attention, commitment and responses to certain programs (Morley 1986, p. 50).The third point of comparison is to Welsh researchers Mackay and Ivey and the 2004 study Modern Media in the Home. Drawing upon both participant observation and in-depth interviewing methods, this ethnographic study decoded data into categories of analysis, including temporal rhythms, domestic space and gender to deepen the understanding of household’s relationship to media consumption (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 107). They found an overwhelming connection to these categories’ presence in constructing reception, understanding and analysis within household groups and individual participants.

3.0 Research Methods:This study depended on participant observation and interviews to gather information on two households’ media usage. Lull’s study “paid careful attention to the role that the social context of the family played in individuals uses of the television…which allowed him to consider the role that social interactions and interpersonal relationships played in shaping media uses,”  (Sullivan, 2013). This study developed a research method that permitted similar understandings to Lull’s. However focussing on all media consumption and interactivity rather than television-specific behaviour. The reliance on self-reports as a main form of research is also similar to Blumer’s methodology during the Payne Studies (Sullivan, 2013).This study consisted of the observation of two households’ media usage, and then individual interviews with each participant. The two households were of very different demographics to ensure a range of media habits for observation. The demographics of the houses were as follows:

Household

Members Age Relation Gender

1 Brittany MealeIrene MealeJames Meale

214549

DaughterStep-motherFather

FemaleFemaleMale

2 Pat GuerreraLiam CassidyHarrison TangSaagar ChandraJames Ward

2020221919

RoommateRoommateRoommateFriendFriend

MaleMaleMaleMaleMale

3.1 Participant ObservationThe participant observations were recorded as field notes. The observation lasted two hours on a Sunday evening from 7pm to 9pm. The aim of the observation

was directed by Marie Gillespie’s notion that, “field notes aim at an accurate and factual account of specific observations and experiences and follow a thematic or topical categorisation,” (Gillespie, 1995). The notes focussed around recording four things:

a)    Individual media usageb)   Group media usagec)     Interaction with people in the same physical spaced)    Interaction with people in the same virtual space

The observations were detailed and provided information crucial for the analysis aspect of this study.

3.2 InterviewsThe interviews were semi-structured person-to-person individual interviews. This structure was developed from Gillespie’s idea; “The term ethnography has come to be associated with one method in social research, the in-depth, open-ended, semi-structured interview,” (Gillespie, 1995). Each interview had an eight-question guide that it centred around (see appendix). The interview was flexible so interviewers could ask superfluous questions unique to each participant. The aim of this was to understand their personal media habits in depth, rather than develop an understanding of the group’s media habits superficially. Each interview provided different information and extended the understanding of the participant’s media habits.

4.0 Analysis & Findings:4.1 Temporal RhythmsThe concept of routines and rituals as important creators of media consumption patterns for individuals has been acknowledged throughout media audience studies since the introduction of such technology. Traditional media has played a leading role in the structure of daily routine and time schedules, however in today’s contemporary era these routines and rituals are transforming (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 108). The evolution of portable and “all encompassing” personal devices have made it entirely possible and common place to juggle between texts, devices and engagement. This new audience relationship has changed the act of watching television to also accompany multiple other devices and activities at the same time, making multitasking a standard and almost necessary feature of the audience experience - challenging previous understandings of household temporal rhythms (Sullivan 2013, p. 172).

4.1.1 Dominant media platforms and daily structureWhile observing both households, it was obvious to see that a lot of the time the communal group spent accessing media together was for it to act as a background setting, creating ambience and tone for specific times of the daily routine and encouraged groups to share communally. Mackay and Ivey’s study found that household temporal rhythms with media naturalise, stabilise and structure the day (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 107).

“In the mornings too, the radio will be on but we never watch television in the mornings, we’ll connect with the Internet a bit with the news and things like that” (James Meale 2014, appendix).

Household one reflected a much more defined and traditional connection to media and structure throughout the day. All individuals within household one

worked throughout the week or studied full time; this was an indicator that recurring and defined routines with media consumption occurred when daily schedules were structurally organised. This was evident in the contrast with household two, as a group of young men that were studying or working part time, meaning that their daily schedules were subject to change. A temporal media pattern emerged from all members in the presence of basic interactions, such as checking phone’s in the morning, however routine interactions on a much more commonly occurring scale was not evident.Temporal rhythms surrounding media were also common in structuring the day ahead and providing a form of orientation for households and individuals (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 113). Both households practiced this, more obviously in the mornings, by accessing certain types of texts as a way of easing themselves into the day.

“I’m into formula one so I check that because they’re all international websites so they would be the first things that I would check in the morning. The formula one news happens overnight because it’s European. So it’s all there fresh in the morning” (James Meale 2014, appendix).“I usually wait until I’m in the city with a coffee reading the paper to do my routine of checking all of my social media and e-mails.” (Harrison Tang 2014, appendix).

4.1.3 New Media’s affect on traditional temporal rhythmsGenerational differences also hold spotlight as a key determination of media consumption patterns (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 107). With infinite choice of content accessible at any available time on a variety of different devices and platforms, this then decreases the urgency to be in front of the television at any scheduled time, disembedding the media use from the time constraints of scheduling (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 114). This even leads to traditional television use becoming obsolete, in the particular case of household 2, therefore changing temporal rhythms to fit with new media’s integration with traditional platforms. Household two didn’t have any channels however the television was still the focal point of household meetings. They used their television for playing music or connecting with their laptops to watch a streamed program.This convergence between new and traditional media was obvious even in a much more traditional, older household like household one. Even though normal channels were regularly accessed, it was noted that a portable hard drive was left connected to the television, containing downloaded programs for easy interchangeability. It is evident that new media technologies are evolving traditional media into much more convenient and user driven platforms.(Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 115).

“There was something that came up on the TV and so I Googled that. So yeah I use that a lot to, if I’m not sure of something I’ll quickly Google it on my phone” (Brittany Meale 2014, appendix ).

This interchanging between television’s structured time frames and new media’s ability to create structure, examines temporal arrangements ongoing transformation (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 108). While a generational shift is evident, with younger audiences adapting to the greater intrusion of more media technologies within the home (Sullivan 2013, p. 173), the mobile phone is a

device that resulted in connections that disregarded generations within this study. Individuals phones were always available to access, even to connect to media that used to belong to a traditional media platform, reversing the concepts of highly structured schedules for consuming different types of media.

“My phone is everywhere. I just walk around with it” (Brittany Meale 2014, appendix).

“My phone’s just right there” (Liam Cassidy 2014, appendix).

“When I’m at my desk I have access to the Internet and the phone’s always at my desk so I have access to that anytime as well.” (James Meale 2014 appendix).

When asked about being constantly connected to media: “Not always, but usually I’m always relatively close to it – I might not check my phone because I don’t hear it for an hour or two but eventually I’ll check it” (Patrick Guerrera 2014, appendix).

4.1.4 TV programming schedules vs. online release datesAn interesting question was raised in regards to what kinds of programmes are viewed on television programming schedules and why individuals chose to watch others on new media devices - within online release dates.  With the concept of ‘Time shifting’ being so common and accessible, viewers can choose to watch their favourite shows at more convenient times and on a variety of platforms (Sullivan 2013, p. 165), why were there still instances of household viewing programmes within a much more ‘traditional’ and ‘unempowering’ schedule?

“If it’s Monday night I know there’s a new Game of Thrones episode, I’ll watch it on my laptop. Where as if it is shows that are already broadcast on TV, um where as I watch like Elementary and I think the biggest change is if I’m watching it with someone else. Like Game of Thrones I watch by myself, on my laptop in my room, but Elementary I watch with Dad and Irine, so we sit at the TV and watch it together” (Brittany Meale 2014, appendix ).

When interviewer asked Brittany how this communal vs. private, traditional vs. new media decision was made within the household, she explained that:

“Sunday is probably the only night that it really happens (communal television watching), there’s always a new episode of Modern Family and we all like that so we’ll all watch that together, same with Elementary.” (Brittany Meale 2014, appendix).

It could be easy to dismiss this aspect as issues of taste between individuals, but television shows like Game of Thrones or Suits were enjoyed by all participants in household one, but always watched separately. Marie Gillespie determines this as certain kinds of programs, such as soaps, have become ritual social events in which people talk about the programme before, during and after viewing (Gillespie 1995, p. 56). This is entirely identifiable in the observation of household one during the communal viewing of comedy program Modern Family. This weekly event was much looked forward to as the whole family was visibly excited. While they were mostly quietly engrossed in the text, as soon as the commercial breaks began, discussion would start immediately. Perhaps the decision for these

communal viewings was a mixture of appropriate timing, comfortable and easily digestible content as well as the obvious bonding experience shows such as Modern Family created. After decades of being promoted in this way the television has become the staple media of most communal living rooms. It is important to note, “although the TV is usually controlled by one person, it is clearly a medium that supports social interaction in the domestic setting,” (Tsekleves, Witham, Kondo, & Hill, 2009).

4.2 Domestic SpaceThis section investigates media consumption and communication in two spaces of occupation: physical space, and personal virtual space. For the purposes of this section ‘personal virtual space’ refers to being engaged online, to every manner of occupying a virtual space. This section will discuss how the domestic environment impacts media consumption. There were three ways in which the domestic space of a situation was seen to affect its inhabitant’s media usage. These were: the private vs. public nature of consumption, the modern communicative devices and processes that are emerging, and the centrality of the television as a unifying and conversational device in the household. The perspective that frames this section can be introduced by Shaun Moores statement in 2004, “our ‘presence’ in the virtual space of the online world exists side-by-side with our physical presence in another space … experiencing a ‘doubling’ of space,” (Sullivan, 2013). This statement reflects the notion that new media technologies allow people to access different “spaces” simultaneously, existing in a state of almost constant interactivity.

4.2.1 Private vs. Public ConsumptionThe first aspect of domestic space discovered to affect media consumption and interactivity was the ways in which people interact with private and public spaces. Traditionally, public and private spaces were clearly defined and separate. ‘Public spaces’ refer to virtual or physical spaces in which there are no clear barriers excluding others from participating. ‘Private spaces’ refer to areas with clear barriers designed to facilitate private communication. These barriers could be a physical wall or door, or a virtual barrier designed to permit privatised online interaction. Sullivan noted a way of creating a private space is to engage individually with a device, or adopt another technology to permit further distance from public surroundings, (i.e. headphones) (Sullivan, 2013). This study specifically explored how new media technologies are changing the way private and public spaces allow people to interact with each other.Sullivan (2013) noted the importance of new media technologies is in their ability to “provide instantaneous links between our private, domestic world and the world outside,” (Sullivan, 2013). Shaun Moores also noted that new media technologies enable people to fully occupy these two spaces at the same time; not partially occupy one space, and partially occupy another (Sullivan, 2013). These allowances permit individuals to communicate with a number of others, virtually or physically, simultaneously.This notion was supported by the findings from both households. In household one the occupation of a public space and personal virtual space was most utilised by Brittany. The youngest of the household, Brittany frequently used her phone as a method of entering a private virtual space in frequent intervals, while simultaneously watching TV with the other members of the household. The participant observation noted Brittany on Facebook on her phone, reading lifestyle articles and blog posts, while talking to her parents about her weekend.

The older members, Irene and James, seemed more adept to devoting their attention to a specific platform, or space, at a time.

Household two’s members, more similar in demographic to Brittany than her parents, were all observed to be occupying a public and private space. The most significant displays of this were when:

o   Pat was involved in the communal conversation, sitting in the living room with all other household members, and also using his laptop to do an assignment and go on Facebook.

o 4 out of 5 of the household members were engaged on their personal mobile devices playing the same game, and conversing about it in the public space between rounds.

These examples of hopping between a public and private space show how new media audiences are acting in a more engaged, interactive way. These processes wouldn’t exist without the modern technologies and behaviours that have developed within media audiences.

4.2.2 Modern Devices & ProcessesDeveloping devices are facilitating new actions and new behaviours to emerge as a part of individual’s media landscape. As noted by Sullivan, “in households, high levels of technology allow for evening entertainment at home using a whole range of different devices in one space,” (Sullivan, 2013). The ability to use multiple devices at once, some in cohesion with others, extends the range of communication processes people are exposed to. Modern devices and process were observed to impact:

a) How household members interact with each otherb) How household members interact with the external worldc) How household members consume media (individually and group

situations)

Modern devices allow people to personally tailor their media experience to what works for them personally. For example, the development of downloading programs online has permitted a time-space distanciation, allowing individuals to control when and how they consume media. Both households download films and shows from the Internet, uploaded them to hard-drives, and then have them available to consume whenever via individual or communal devices. This allows the household members to choose if they want to consume media in private or public, and where they have to be to consume the media.During the observation of household two one of the most significant observations was the use of a Facebook “group” for its members to communicate. The group was used for conversation and as a means of sharing media between both physically and virtually present bodies simultaneously. This is a type of new media technology that is enhancing how people can communicate and interact, and further establishes a state of interactivity. The members of the household all receive notifications on their Facebook accounts and their mobile devices, ensuring they are almost always connected to one another.  4.3 GenderIn comparison to many other media habit studies, this study did not find a strong correlation between gender and media consumption. It is understood that “there

are not inherently “masculine” or ‘feminine” technologies, but that the technologies can become gendered through their social construction within the home environment,” (Sullivan, 2013). Both houses observed were not overly divisive gender-wise, resulting in a lack of determined ‘male technologies/behaviours’ and ‘female technologies/behaviours’. The findings instead pointed more toward a generational divide dictating how media is consumed, however the study was not done in enough depth to fully understand the link between age and media consumption.

4.3.1 Guilty and negative media consumptionAlthough in many past studies such as Mackay and Ivey’s and Morley’s there was direct correlation to gender in viewing amounts regarding the television, that males watched far more television than their female partners (Morley 1986, p. 154); this concept has seemingly disappeared in the young generation of avid media users. However, the theme of guilt and negativity regarding media consumption was still somewhat present. Mackay and Ivey found a recurring pattern of deprecating television for it’s negative affect on the family and everyday life (Mackay & Ivey 2004, p. 127). They found that women more commonly regarded television viewing habits with negativity and while new media technologies were much more prevalent within this study, there was still common ground over women’s identification of media consumption with negative implications. The males interviewed in this study seemly referred to their constant media use with little emotion for implications.When asked whether he had any personal restrictions for media:

“Not really – unless I’m working. That’s only if it’s enforced by another party, if it were up to me I’d always be online and accessible” (Harrison Tang 2014, appendix).

“Yeah if I’m not with my phone and I’m on the computer I’ll have Facebook open in the background” (Liam Cassidy 2014, appendix).

This was an overwhelming contrast to the reflects the women gave during the interviews, as individual and societies use of media was met with concern and negativity. There was also an element of control over certain media when there was the possibility of negative impact.

“For me, it’s sometimes good and sometimes really frustrating. But James and I went to Cradle Mountain for a couple of days, no TV, no phone and we loved it. We’ve been to a couple of places where there’s no phone, no TV and it’s great... I think we’ve just become so used to having all this technology at our fingertips, we’ve forgotten how to really connect with people. It’s easier to text and communicate and it’s almost soulless, you’re not really talking to somebody” (Irine Meal 2014, appendix ).

“Um, I think I definitely suffer from ‘phomo’, I just want to see what people are doing. I’m very particular about what I post. I try to be very discerning about what I do and don’t put on there, so that in the future I can get more followers and you know go to a job, things like that. Where as other people just do it for fun” (Brittany Meale 2014, appendix ).

5.0 Limitations and Recommendations:5.1 LimitationsThis study had a number of methodological and external-influence-caused limitations. The scope of the study was problematic due to the study being short in nature. Pike noted, “Anthropological ethnography requires long-term immersion and investigation: eighteen months is the standard length of fieldwork required to attain the ‘emic’ or ‘native’ point of view,” (Gillespie, 1995). The participant observation lasted two hours due to the limits of the study. A longer observation of media usage would have enabled a more detailed analysis, more first-hand observations, and relied less heavily on self-reports. This would have reduced the problems of self-censoring, forgetting, or recalling information incorrectly impacting the findings of the report.Another methodological problem was identified in Gillespie’s Television, Ethnicity, and Cultural Change (1995), “completely accurate ethnographic data reflecting individuals relationships with media can hardly be grasped through a series of one-off ‘in-depth’ interviews or brief periods of observation,” (Gillespie, 1995). Here Gillespie taps into the notion that interviews cannot gather completely accurate information. This is due to the limited amount of time and depth they go into, and the fact that media usage patterns are very developed systems needing extensive time to study and comprehend (Gillespie, 1995).

5.2 RecommendationsHighlighting the limitations within this study and the problematic accuracy of data gathered, recommendations for future research start with this studies major issue of scoping. A much wider sample of participant households is needed to accurately reflect on the media consumption of ‘nationwide’ households. As all the comparative studies pointed out within their participant observation data reliability, the presence of a researcher or video-capturing devices within a household environment of course problematizes the essence of organic relationships. Recommendations to overcome this issue would be to follow Marie Gillespie’s ethnographic study of media and culture connections within household method. She sought to ‘become’ part of the families by extending her data collection over 2 years and actively creating close personal relationships with participants. This lead to much more in-depth and natural data to be analysed.

6.0 Conclusion:Through the analysis of both primary and secondary data Schroder’s 2003 statement has been found as still relevant to today’s emerging media audiences. The ethnographic study of two households paired with external research of previous media studies has found that the emerging media audience is adopting their own media habits in an ever-increasing state of interactivity. The integration and growth of new media technologies is facilitating individuals developing their own media patterns, so media consumption is not universal but individual to each person. It was clear however, that the developing modes of interaction and media consumption are universally creating a more interactive audience who frequently communicate with others, both physical and virtual in presence.

References:

Sullivan, J. L. 2013. Media Audiences: Effects, Users, Institutions, and Power. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Gillespie, M. 1995. Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. London: Routledge.

Lull, J. 1978. “The Social Uses of Television.” Human Communication Research 6 (3): 197 - 209.

Morley, D. 1986. Family Television: Cultural Power and Domestic Leisure. London: Comedia Publishing Group.

Mackay, H. & Ivey, D. 2004. Modern Media in the Home. Rome: John Libbey Publishing.

Gregg, Melissa. 2011. Work’s Intimacy. Malden: Polity Press.

Tsekleves, E., Witham, R., Kondo, K., & Hill, A. (2009). Bringing the Television Experience to other Media in the Home: An Ethnographic Study. Lancaster University. Westminster: EuroITV.

Appendix:

Household 1 Field Notes:  7:00pm – 7:30pmModern Family, eating dinner sitting around the TV together, really looking forward to the show starting (highlight of the night).Everyone’s mobile phones are close by but are put to the side while this show in on, Brit only checks hers now and then. During ad breaks everyone catches up with their week, what they did on the weekend, chatting about current affairs and personal stories. Very engaged with program, brief conversations during the show – about the show. Other conversations are left until ad breaks.Excited about the special premier of Modern Family (the wedding) talking about everyone being at home ready to watch it all together. Talking about whether they want to watch their favourite shows when they air on TV or whether they should download them as soon as they’re released.Talking about other TV shows (Suits) and where they’re up to, how they feel about what’s happening in the show.**Changed channels – didn’t want to watch Masterchef7:30pm – 8:11pmThe Voice (started watching halfway through)Deciding what to watch next, during the space between modern family and the next show they want to watch.Decided to watch The Voice. Brittany more engrossed in her phone, but still watching bits and commenting on what’s going on. Parents are interested in the program but talk a lot about the show, what the judges are wearing, talking about other TV shows and what’s happening in the most recently watched episode (Breaking Bad)Not interested in any newsbreaks, talking about personal life goings on.Brits on Facebook on her phone, reading lifestyle articles, blog posts, while talking to her parents about her weekend stories – at the same time.(As soon as Modern Family started again after the ads all conversations ended as everyone was very engrossed in the show) As soon as The Voice starts parents are still talking to each other, Brit is still on her phone. Half engaged with the show, on and off conversation amongst each other about the show, brit talks about an interview she saw with Will I Am (judge on The Voice).Meerkat ad engaged everyone interest (Brit- “I haven’t seen this one!”), family follows these ads.Brit talking about the show, why is it so dramatic? So many sob stories instead of just watching them sing. Parents commenting on he contestants lip ring.Parents both looking at step mums iPhone briefly, laughing about a friend. Brit still on her phone. Clearing the table during the ads.Parents commenting on contestants appearance, body language – step mum voices her dislike at the dramatic moments > contestants wife running on stage, dramatic hug, the fact that this contestants segment has gone on for much longer than other contestants have had.**No change of channel, waiting for Elementary to come one, filling time until it comes on.8:12pm – 8:35pm60 Minutes (interview with Ricky Martin – judge on The Voice)

Talking indepthly about the journalist/interviewer Liz Hayes. About how she’s conducting the interview, not fans of her – commenting on her lack of hard hitting interview skills. Talking about other interview she has conducted in the past.Family is very engaged in the show, chatting about Ricky Martin, his video clips. Interview includes segments from The Voice – last year’s show and a contestant that he mentored and is now working as a back up singer during his tour. Discussion about his sexual orientation. Everyone is really quiet during the segment that he talks about ‘coming out’ – emotional moment.Ads during this show keep the family engaged, brief comments about the companies the ads are for and the look of the ads themselves.Lengthy discussion about Jamie Oliver’s ad, being a spokes person for Woolworths. Brit explains what Jamie Oliver is planning to do in business with Woolworths, brief talks about caged eggs and free range chickens.** Changed channel as the Ricky Martin interview was loosing their interest.8:35pm – 9:00pmMasterchefFiller until Elementary comes on. Show acts as background noise as the family isn’t completely engrossed in the programme. Gets them all starting to talk about good new restaurants around their area and their favourite meals, good food they have recently eaten. Irine talks passionately about the quality of the food on the show – she is really interested in cooking. She then picks up her phone and scrolls through her iPhone for a while before passing it over to her husband to put it on the couch’s arm.

***Discussion about understanding/and being open to new media technologies being linked to the amount of exposure each individuals had to developing media platforms and trends. Noticed that the more your workplace worked with technology, the more open you were to the changing media and the easier it was to quickly understand and keep up with this media.9:00pm – n/aElementaryHousehold becomes again fully engaged and engrossed in TV show that they’ve been waiting to watch, phones are put aside to direct all attention to TV set.OBSERVATIONS

·      Portable hard drive plugged into TV set, holds downloaded episodes of favourite TV shows. Downloaded from internet (James and Irine were taught how to download torrents by their daughter Brittany) individually by everyone and transferred to portable hard drive which is regularly left plugged into TV set for easy access to viewing.

·      Household talked about understanding/and being open to new media technologies being linked to the amount of exposure each individuals had to developing media platforms and trends. Noticed that the more your workplace worked with technology, the more open you were to the changing media and the easier it was to quickly understand and keep up with this media.

Interviews:Brittany Meale

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?Probably my phone, I’m very connected to my phone. I can be on my computer watching something but i’ll also still be on my phone, or I can be watching TV and still be on my phone. And just before I go to bed I look at my phone, as soon as I wake up I look at my phone.

Why do you think it’s your phone that you’re the most connected to?Because you can do multiple things on it, so I can be texting people, or I can go onto Facebook or instagram, if I see a funny picture I can screen shot it and text it to them. I can check my emails, I can check my work time, set reminders, alarms and everything. So there’s a lot happening on there at once.

What media platform do you use the most in the morning?In the morning probably just my phone because - it depends what i’m doing - if I have plans when I get up, it’ll just be my phone to turn off my alarm and check my emails, Facebook, Instagram and text messages in the morning while I’m having breakfast. But if it’s a lazy day then I’ll sit in front of the TV for a few hours.

What media platform do you use the most during the day?It again depends what I’m doing. If i’m at work I can’t use media at all because in retail on the shop floor you can’t have anything on you, so on my break I’ll just check my phone or read a magazine. But if i’m at home i’ll either be on my laptop doing uni work or downloading stuff to watch or watching things that I might have recorded on Foxtel or watching a movie on the TV. If I’m at Uni it’s a combination of my phone and my laptop to do uni work and then I’m looking at my phone as a bit of procrastination.

What media platform do you use the most at night?The nights that I’m at home, when I’m not working, just TV and phone - otherwise i’m at work so I’ll just look at my phone occasionally because that job is a little bit more free, so I’ll have a little look at my phone when there’s quiet periods.

Why does this change/why doesn't it change? Why the change between platforms and specific activity? (Downloading stuff on laptop vs.

watching stuff on TV)I think it just depends on the type of program, if it’s Monday night I know there’s a new Game of Thrones episode, I’ll sit on my laptop and watch it on my laptop. Where as if it is shows that are already broadcast on TV, Game of Thrones is only on Foxtel, um where as I watch like Elementary and i think the biggest change is if I’m watching it with someone else. Like Game of Thrones I watch by myself, on my laptop in my room, but Elementary I watch with Dad and Irine (Stepmother), so we sit at the TV together and watch it together.

And your dad and Irine don’t watch Game of Throne?They do but um, just at different times. Because I’m sometimes at my mum’s so… And Irine is a bit behind.

And what do you think makes it so that everyone wants to sit down, communally and watch a TV show? What are the elements involved in that? Is there a decision amongst everyone about what TV show you’ll all sit down together and watch?

Sunday is probably the only night that it really happens, there’s always a new episode of Modern Family and we all  like that so we’ll all watch that together, same with Elementary. But there’s other nights where, if for example it’s a Wednesday night, there’s not really much that anyone wants to watch on. Top Gear is on and my dad likes to watch that so me and Irine will watch that, or if it’s something that Irine wants to watch I’ll watch it too but i’ll be looking at my phone or just go to bed early or something.

What do you think your favourite media platform(s) says about you as a person and your personality?

Um, I think I definitely suffer from ‘phomo’, I just want to see what people are doing. I think mostly on my phone, I’m either looking at Instagram, which is obviously very visual, so just a quick look at pictures. I don’t just follow friends, I follow celebrities and fashion designers and stuff like that, magazines, things like that. Where as if i’m looking at Facebook, I’m more likely to be looking at articles that like Pedestrian or The Vine and stuff like that are posting, and watching the videos that are in there, like Jennifer Lawrence was in a chat show and said something funny; rather than reading actual people’s statuses

and stuff and then unless I get a notification as well. So I guess the other aspect as well of looking at my phone is being social.

How much would you say you’re connected to the social aspect of media?I probably look, It’s probably 7 times out of 10 that I’m looking and only 3 times out of 10 that I’m actually posting. I like a lot more things than I do comment or really engage. Yeah sort of more an observing roll rather than really getting in there and commenting on things and posting things myself.

Why is that? Why do you take more of an observer approach?I think it’s because I don’t like to overshare, so I don’t often have a lot that I want to post. With Instagram I think, because of what I’d like to do as a job (Media Industry), I’m very particular about what I post. So I try to be very discerning about what I do and don’t put on there and make sure it’s a good quality photo, so that in the future I can get more followers and you know go to a job, things like that. Where as other people just do it for fun so it’s just taking a selfie or whatever.

What kind of things were you looking at on your phone tonight? Um, I checked Facebook and Instagram a couple of times, I read a couple of articles and I shared an article that I liked with another friend. Um… and then there was something that came up on the TV and we wanted to know where Ricky Martin was from and so I googled that. So yeah I use that a lot to, if I’m not sure of something and if something comes up in conversation I’ll quickly Google it on my phone… to settle disputes.

Are there any places or times that are off limits to media use?If we sit down at the table to have dinner phones aren’t… well our phones will be near us but we try to not use them or they’re just away, they’re not on the table. But other than that, my phone is everywhere. I just walk around with it

And what about you personally? Is there anywhere that would be anywhere that would be off limits for you using your phone or any other media?

No.

Irine Meale What media platform do you most connect and identify with?

I think it would be a combination of all of them, mostly online, so probably my computer and my phone because I have a phone with emails, so probably Iphone and computer mostly.

What media platform do you use the most in the morning?Computer.

What sort of content would you be looking at in the morning?Mostly the news.

What media platform do you use the most during the day, say on a working week?Google, checking emails mostly on my work computer.

What about on the weekends?Same thing, checking emails and the news.

What media platform do you use the most at night?TV.

Why do you think there’s that change between your computer and then to your TV at night?I don’t know… when we spend time together we’re in front of the TV but mostly talking. I don’t know, maybe it’s mindless?

What do you think all these platforms say about you as a person, what sort of image do you portray by being connected to those different sorts of media?

A lot of it’s habit because I rely on computers for my work so I think it becomes almost habitual to check email and just be online, even on weekends. Whether you mean to or not, it’s just because it’s an extension of what you’ve been doing during the week so sometimes there’s no off switch. I don’t know what that says about us… or about me…

Are you on any social media?No. I used to about 8 years ago.

Why was there the change?I was just never on there.

As a family, are there any times that are restricted for media use or limited for media use?No.

Is there anywhere for you personally that certain media is restricted or limited?Well, if we sit down and have a meal during the week, we don’t sit in front of the TV and there are generally no phones, there’s just us. When we’re in Tasmania (visiting family), because we can’t get phone reception down there so I guess that generally restricts, it’s forced restriction but generally speaking if we’re here having a meal at a table, we don’t have phones. It’s almost an unwritten rule.

Why is that an unsaid rule that phones aren’t allowed at the table?Because it interferes with communication.

What’s the difference when you have media and your phone all the time here and then not having that reception in Tasmania, what’s that change like?

For me, it’s sometimes good and sometimes really frustrating. But James and I went to Cradle Mountain for a couple of days, no phone reception up there and it was brilliant. So no TV, no phone and we loved it. We’ve been to a couple of places where there’s no phone, no TV and it’s great.

Why is that great for you?I think we’ve just become so used to having all this technology at our fingertips, we’ve forgotten how to really connect with people. It’s easier to text and communicate and it’s almost soulless, you’re not really talking to somebody, just pick up the phone rather than text.

James Meale

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?Probably a computer, with the internet, mostly… and then television… and then social - internet - ah with my phone I guess. Probably in that order.

Is that a laptop or a desktop computer that you would use?It would be the laptop here (at home) or the desktop at work.

What do you use the most? Out of all three of the platforms that you mentioned?30% each for the television and the laptop, then the last 40% would probably be my phone.

What media platform do you use the most in the morning?Internet, so the laptop.

And what sort of things are you looking at on the internet in the mornings?That would be the news usually, the sport that i’m into. I’m into formula one so I check that because they’re all international websites and there’s a couple of those that I check so they would be the first things that I would check in the morning. The formula one news happens overnight in Australia because it’s European it’s all overnight. So it’s all there fresh in the morning.

Is there any other platforms that you use in the morning?The phone, because the phone is beside my bed. Mostly on a weekend if you wake up and you don’t have to get up, I’ll pick the phone up in bed and check the same things out but just on the phone.

What media platform do you use the most during the day, say the working week?It would be the desktop at work.

What about on the weekends during the day?The laptop.

What media platform do you use the most at night?That would be the television.

Would it just be watching television at night?No, sometimes the phone is there and I’ll check the phone, again with formula one because it’s European it races in the night and it clashes with something that the girls are watching on TV on a sunday night I’ll sit down there with them (in the living room) but I’ll have the laptop down there and I’ll be watching that.

Why do you think there’s a change between all those media platforms that you use between different times of the day?

Convenience and location. Obviously I can’t watch television at work, but when I’m at my desk I have access to the internet and the phone’s always at my desk so I have access to that anytime as well.

What do you think your use of these media platforms says about you and your personality?Mainstream maybe. I guess they’re the three most common platforms that people have access to, so, mainstream.

What about the sort of content that you’re interested in? What do you think that says about your image?

I guess to the Australian male and the mainstream in Australian sport I don’t follow. I don’t follow the football or the cricket, so i’m probably not mainstream when it comes to that. I think i’m… well i don’t know what the alternative to mainstream is but I guess it’s alternative. I’m not run of the mill I guess.

What else would you consider to be ‘mainstream’ Australian male media consumption?It’s all those football codes isn’t it? It depends whether it’s summer or winter, it’s either cricket or football. I don’t really follow either, so I don’t know what other things guys look at but I don’t think I really fall into a common denominator.

With your family that’s here at the moment, is there any times or places that media consumption is limited or constricted?

Meal times, but it’s not a black and white rule - sunday nights are a little bit different - we’ll sit in front of the TV. In the mornings too, the radio will be on but we never watch television in the mornings, we’ll connect with the internet a bit with the news and things like that but yeah. It’s not a restriction as such, but we don’t watch television in the morning. When we sit down for dinner we’re not watching television

or we don’t use the phones at the table. Dinner seems to be more of a restricted time, we just don’t let them sort of encroach on us when we’re having dinner.

Why do you think that is?It’d be easier to say it’s ‘family time’ but it’s probably a cultural or a traditional sort of thing guess.

What changes about a Sunday night for your family to sit and eat dinner watching TV?I think it’s just the end of the weekend and we just chill out and I think a lot of people probably do that. The kitchen is more or less closed on a Sunday night, Irine doesn’t cook, I don’t cook - it’ll be cheese on toast or a take away pizza. On a Sunday night it’s very casual as opposed to the rest of the week.

Household 2Field Notes:

Participant ObservationPatrick GuerreraLiam CassidyHarrison TangSaagar ChandraJames Ward7.00 – 7.30

Turns on music – playing off iPhone through TV speakers.Doing uni work on laptop.Gets a call form James asks the room if he should answer it – not positive response – doesn’t answer it.Continue’s uni work – hopping in between virtual work and real time conversation (partially focused on both)Checking facebook on phone “just got the notif” conversation switches to being about facebook and James’s post

Playing game on phoneLooking through photosHad to go outside for a cigaretteReturns from insideJames posts message in Facebook group (everyone in the house are members and get notifications)Given up on uni work for the night – laptop put away.Liam comments on James’s post in the group without mentioning it in the house.

Checking Facebook on phonePlaying music – talking about the songs being playedAsks pat if he can turn a song off, sparks new conversation with Liam about the band playingOutside for cigaretteReturns from inside.Harrison checking facebook too – everyone seems to see each other checking facebook and go on it themselves.

Saagar arrives. Saagar starts talking about the musician playing on shuffle on the TV – conversation begins with everyone around the musician and then spirals into other music.Saagar is on his phone on facebook too (happening at same time as everyone else)

7.30 – 8.00

Doing uni work again. Partially in conversation – in and out a lotUni work on laptop not in conversationPat joins in the conversation about the game – attention averts

Playing queen 48 (game) and jumping in and out of conversationNot in conversation muchSaagar is playing the same game as liam they start talking about high scores and playing

Changes song“I really don’t want to listen to this” conversation turns to paying out Kanye West who just came on shuffle”Conversation sparks around artist again with

Saagar on Facebook on phoneNow playing game on phone – when half or more are on their phones/laptops conversation lullsTalking about playing the game

from assignment – he plays too offers expertiseAttention on assignment

the gameOccasionally speaking/asking opinions/adviceAttention on game

SaagarChanges songJoins conversation – starts playing the gameGroup focus switches to individual phones each playing their own gameTalking about Splendour and other acts with Saagar

2048 with Liam and HarrisonStart talking about Splendour – band playing that was there with Harrison

8.00 – 8.30

Still doing assignment half presentPat sees article on computer and starts to talk about it, conversation switches to be about articleEveryone singing along to song playingAttention on assignment stillAttention shifts to everyoneMood in room changes, everyone starts to converse now they are collectively going to view a program

All three à still playing game and talking about itJames texting LiamStill playing game

Asks Saagar about a picture he sent to someoneJames texting HarrisonStill playing game/Wants to put on a TV show but no one can decide on which one, attention still half on gamesGets laptop to watch a show on the lounge room TV where everyone isPuts a song on while looking for a show to play via laptop

Texting in between rounds of the gameJames texting SaagarStill playing gameStops playing game

8.30 – 9.00

Doing assignment againWatches for a bit of the video then goes back to assignmentTalking about washing the dishesEveryone watches

Playing game stillPoints out how he is going in the gameWatches video joins conversationConversation remains around the videoStart discussing what to watch – put on music video gets

Harrison talking about his high scores while looking for show to watchChecks the news on the computer – plugged in to TV though and comes

Saagar playing his game, loses round and checks snapchatTalking about the video playing on the TV now

James arrives, Liam is still playing the game so James gets out his iPhone and starts playing too prompting SaagarPrompts everyone to look at his screen

video James suggested – news videoEveryone’s talking about it and watching it (goes for 10 minutes)Goes back to assignmentWatching video

everyone’s attention – sparks conversations

up for everyone to seeGets up video of news report to show Saagar – everyone watches it except JamesHarrison still on the computerGets the article and video up for everyone to watchSwitching between facebook on his phone and the video on the TV

Goes back to gameAttention halfway between game and TV

Talking about a TV series (Hannibal) and telling everyone about it à everyone considers watching it brieflyJames is talking about an article and wants to show it to everyone, asks Harrison to find it on the computer which is connected to the big screenAttention entirely on the TV

Interviews

Harrison Tang

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?The internetComputer or phone or…?Ooooh…. I would have to say my phone. I’d have to say my phone, I’m always on it texting or playing games or stuff. At the moment I’m playing a lot of 2048 and yeah just to talk to people/What media platform do you use the most in the morning?My phone – I wake up and usually just check it.Do you have a morning ritual?I usually wait until im in the city with a coffee reading the paper to do my routine of checking all of my social media and e-mails etc.What media platform do you use the most during the day?Um my computer probably, when I have access to it. Other than that my phone. I usually just use it to read articles or connect via social media – facebook is always open in the background. If im on the computer or have a charged phone I’m in some form of communication usually – with more than 1 person frequentlyWhat media platform do you use the most at night?My computer –doing the same thing usuallyWhy does this change/why doesn't it change?I think its because I have more access to different things at certain points of the days. I’d prefer to use my computer over a phone but I’m usually out anf about without access to a computer so I have to just access all of my media on my phone in hotspot areasWhat do you think this says about you?I’m boring. Um I don’t know, I like to talk and communicate a lot. And read and just kind of trawl the internet.Is there anywhere in your household that certain media is restricted?NopeIs there anywhere for you personally that certain media is restricted?Not really – unless I’m working. That’s only if it’s enforced by another party, if it were up to me I’d always be online and accessible.

James Ward

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?Phone because it’s the one I always have on me – I always have it on me unless im at work. But even then its close by.What media platform do you use the most in the morning?Again, my phone. I have a morning routine – firstly it will wake me up because of the alarm. Then I check my texts then emails, then go through facebook and intagram. Then depending on my moring: if it’s a uni day ill get up then and start my day. But if it’s a chilling/nothing day I’ll usually do that then get straight on my laptop and sort of do the same thing but in more detailWhat media platform do you use the most during the day?Uni day: LaptopStay at home day: laptopOut to see friends/work: phone purely because of accessibility/portabilityWhat media platform do you use the most at night?Same as above. I only use my laptop for articles and things like that, stuff you have to find on the internet rather than prearranged for you in a news feed. So if im out of the house for a few days I won’t really see anything big on the internet until im home and get a chance to just catch up on everything I’ve missedWhy does this change/why doesn't it change?Just where I am really, what my goals for the day are.What do you think this says about you?That I’m always in the loop, unless I know I need to devote my attention elsewhere. Like I don’t feel the need to text and drive, I can wait it’s not that important.Is there anywhere in your household that certain media is restricted?NopeIs there anywhere for you personally that certain media is restricted?Work, tutes, lectures à do not disturb. Whenever im watching a movie I try not to reply (in the cinemas I never look at my phone, if im at home it just depends how hooked/into the program I am)Are you usually always accessible?Yeah like 70-80% of the time I’m reachable through media

Liam Cassidy

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?ComputerWhy?Because it gives you the largest variety of processes you can do – facebook and social media or be watching amovie or tv show or be playing a game, or all at once.What media platform do you use the most in the morning?I wake up and check my phone and facebook (on my phone) usuallyWhat media platform do you use the most during the day?My computerWhat processes are you usually doing?Uni work, facebook. Faceobok is always open in the background.Do you always have some form of communication open?Yeah if I’m not with my phone and I’m on the computer I’ll have facebook open in the backgroundDo you always respond to people when its open in the background?Not always, depends on the person. Some people message you and you see it but you don’t click on it to send the seen message so you can keep ignoring themWhat media platform do you use the most at night?Depends on who’s in the house/where I am/what I’m doing. I’ll usually be on my phone like playing a game or something, like if people are over I won’t be on my laptop probably because it takes too much of your attention.If there are more people over are you less likely to be on your computer or your phone?Less likely to be on my computerWhy does this change/why doesn't it change?I don’t know, in the morning because my phone’s just right there. During the day I’ll set up my area and be focused on my uni work so I’ll be on my computer. And at night it just depends on who’s over and what I’m doing – it can change a lot.What do you think this says about you?I’m a pretty avid media user I guessDo you feel over exposed constantly being in communication with people?Not really, I can always disconnect if I feel overwhelmedIs there anywhere in your household that certain media is restricted?NopeIs there anywhere for you personally that certain media is restricted?Yeah movies, work, etc.

Patrick Guerrera

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?What media platform do you use the most in the morning?That’s a hard one because I don’t relaly use any media in the morning’s – I just check my phone but I usually get up and read or go to uni (reading comic books). I’’m not usually up before 11 so I don’t really have a morning routine. I usually get up and get all of my stuff and go.What media platform do you use the most during the day?Probably my phone (for what purpose?) facebook, messaging people, calling/texting. Checking buses, looking stuff up on the interet. I don’t really take my laptop anywhere because it’s heavy and I’m scared it will be damaged. I write all of my notes and only use the uni computers if I have an assignment. The course I do is a writing course and I think it’s good to write physically in pencil rather than use technology.What media platform do you use the most at night?It would probably depend on whether I’m going out or staying at home. If I’mg oing out if would be my phone again but if I’m staying in I use my laptop to do stuff or watch TV or listen to music, especially if there are people over –Why does this change/why doesn't it change?Depends on what Im doing – whether Im at home or out in publicWhat do you think this says about you?That I don’t interact with media constantly, I’m most separated from itIs there anywhere in your household that certain media is restricted?NoIs there anywhere for you personally that certain media is restricted?When I’m writing, if im having a conversation with someone or in a movie or at work or somethingAre you always connected to some form of media/communication technology?Not always, but usually I’m always relatively close to it – I might not check my phone because I don’t hear it for an hour or two but eventually I’ll check it and get back to whoevers contacted me

Saagar Chandra

What media platform do you most connect and identify with?Oh man, probably a phone actually. Because it’s always on me and ill use it just at any given point, even just to check the time.What media platform do you use the most in the morning?The computer. I don’t really have a routine because I don’t really have any daily structure, each day is different so I don’t really know what’s going to happenWhat media platform do you use the most during the day?My phone still probably, just to talk to people, search random things like facts I want to know during the day, buses, facebook, games. I get music off youtube and soundloud and stuff so I use it for that.What media platform do you use the most at night?Computer, mostly for searching stuff, doing uni work, reading articles and news etc, communicating with people.Why does this change/why doesn't it change?When I’m at home (usually at night) I have access to my computer, which is better because of the bigger screen and stuff. But I’m usually out during the day so I just use my phone because it’s way more portable.What do you think this says about you?I think it says that I access social media generally a lotDo you generally have communication open at some point?Yeah, at some points I shut it all off and just do some work, I get distracted otherwise sometimes. I usually always have some process happening though, unless I make a conscious effort to remove myself form the cybersphereIs there anywhere in your household that certain media is restricted?NopeIs there anywhere for you personally that certain media is restricted?Yeah, I’m a writer and it’s just kind of a think like you shouldn’t be online and connected when you’re writing so I usually get away from interactivity --- I’m pretty consistently available to contact online, unless deliberately avoiding it.>noted that during interview Saagar was using phone to play a game>

Group Work Contract KCB301: Media AudiencesGroup work contract

Notes:Submit the signed and completed contract with your assessment.You will need to sign a new contract each time your group changes.

We, the undersigned agree to participate in the following activities as part of the assessed group work for KCB301: Media Audiences. We acknowledge that this document does not replace the advice given regarding the allocation of group and individual marks awarded on the KCB301Week One Document. However, this document may be used to resolve disputes regarding the amount and type of work undertaken by the group and may result in the reallocation of marks as part of any conflict resolution process.

Workload allocation (please add additional rows to the table as appropriate)

Activity (e.g. data analysis, proofreading and editing)

Hannah contribution (%)

Jesse contribution (%)

All 100 100

Details of group meetings (e.g. purpose, date)

Details of group communication strategies (e.g. will group members be able to contact each other by phone; if communicating by email, what is the minimum time for replying, will group members be using the “reply all” function?)

Detail any problems which you anticipate may occur that will impact on your group.

Agreement

Group member 1

Name: Signature: H. McMonagle Date: 2/06/14Hannah McMonagle

Group member 2

Name: Signature: Date: 2/06/14Jesse Hynes

Participant release forms