DS-information

DS/CWA 16505

1. udgave 2012-11-02

Containersikkerhed – Sporing –

Tekniske specifikationer og kommunikationsstandarder

Container Security & Tracking Devices – Technical Specifications and Communication Standards

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DS-publikationstyper Dansk Standard udgiver forskellige publikationstyper. Typen på denne publikation fremgår af forsiden. Der kan være tale om: Dansk standard

• standard, der er udarbejdet på nationalt niveau, eller som er baseret på et andet lands nationale standard, eller • standard, der er udarbejdet på internationalt og/eller europæisk niveau, og som har fået status som dansk standard

DS-information • publikation, der er udarbejdet på nationalt niveau, og som ikke har opnået status som standard, eller • publikation, der er udarbejdet på internationalt og/eller europæisk niveau, og som ikke har fået status som standard, fx en

teknisk rapport, eller • europæisk præstandard DS-håndbog • samling af standarder, eventuelt suppleret med informativt materiale

DS-hæfte • publikation med informativt materiale

Til disse publikationstyper kan endvidere udgives

• tillæg og rettelsesblade DS-publikationsform Publikationstyperne udgives i forskellig form som henholdsvis

• fuldtekstpublikation (publikationen er trykt i sin helhed) • godkendelsesblad (publikationen leveres i kopi med et trykt DS-omslag) • elektronisk (publikationen leveres på et elektronisk medie)

DS-betegnelse Alle DS-publikationers betegnelse begynder med DS efterfulgt af et eller flere præfikser og et nr., fx DS 383, DS/EN 5414 osv. Hvis der efter nr. er angivet et A eller Cor, betyder det, enten at det er et tillæg eller et rettelsesblad til hovedstandarden, eller at det er indført i hovedstandarden. DS-betegnelse angives på forsiden. Overensstemmelse med anden publikation: Overensstemmelse kan enten være IDT, EQV, NEQ eller MOD

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præsentationen er ændret. • NEQ: Når publikationen teknisk eller præsentationsmæssigt ikke er i overensstemmelse med en

given standard, men udarbejdet på baggrund af denne. • MOD: Når publikationen er modificeret i forhold til en given publikation.

DS/CWA 16505 København DS projekt: M266172 ICS: 35.240.60; 55.180.10 Første del af denne publikations betegnelse er: DS/CWA, hvilket betyder, at det er en europæisk CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA). Denne publikations overensstemmelse er: IDT med: CWA 16505:2012. DS-publikationen er på engelsk.

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EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A LI S A T I O N EUR OP ÄIS C HES KOM ITEE FÜR NOR M UNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No.:CWA 16505:2012 D/E/F

CEN

WORKSHOP

AGREEMENT

CWA 16505

September 2012

ICS 35.240.60; 55.180.10

English version

Container Security & Tracking Devices - Technical Specifications and Communication Standards

This CEN Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties, the constitution of which is indicated in the foreword of this Workshop Agreement. The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the National Members of CEN but neither the National Members of CEN nor the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre can be held accountable for the technical content of this CEN Workshop Agreement or possible conflicts with standards or legislation. This CEN Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN and its Members. This CEN Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the CEN Members National Standard Bodies. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

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Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 11 2 Normative References ......................................................................................................... 13 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ................................................................................ 14 3.1 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................. 14 3.3 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 14 4 SMART-CM ......................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Basic Structure of a Global Container Security System (GCSS) ...................................................... 16 4.2 Participants and Stakeholders in the Container Security Device System ......................................... 18 4.3 Container Security Devices ............................................................................................................... 20 4.4 Long-Range Communications Networks........................................................................................... 25 4.5 CSD System Processing Centers (CSD “back office”) ..................................................................... 26 4.6 The Internet ....................................................................................................................................... 30 4.7 Security Monitoring Center(s) ........................................................................................................... 30 4.8 Communications between the various global Customs Agencies and the Security Monitoring

Centers .............................................................................................................................................. 31 4.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Annex A (informative) …………………………………………………………………………………………………32 Annex B (informative) …………………………………………………………………………………………………52 Annex C (informative) …………………………………………………………………………………………………66 Annex D (informative) …………………………………………………………………………..……………………224

Supplemental Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………..………277

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Foreword This CEN Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties on 2012-03-11, the constitution of which was supported by CEN following the public call for participation made on 2010-09-21. A list of the individuals and organisations which supported the technical consensus represented by the CEN Workshop Agreement is available to purchasers from the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre. These organisations were drawn from the following economic sectors: large IT companies, ICT practitioners, academia as well as machinery and plant manufacturing.

The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of the CEN Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the National Members of CEN but neither the National Members of CEN nor the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre can be held accountable for the technical content of the CEN Workshop Agreement or possible conflict with standards or legislation. This CEN Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN and its members.

The final review/endorsement round for this CWA was started on 2011-01-11 and was successfully closed on 2012-03-11.The final text of this CWA was submitted to CEN for publication on 2012-08-14. A list of the individuals and organizations which supported the technical consensus represented by the CEN Workshop Agreement is available to purchasers from the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre. The CEN Workshop involved 156 participants from the SMART-CM sector.

Name Organisation Country

Aftabruyan, Hassan Agheera Germany

Ahart, Curt Digi International USA

Akbari, Homaira SkyBitz USA

Anusorn, Lovichit TIFFA EDI Service Co. LTD Thailand

Arkan, Nihat SA2 Worldsync Germany

Auerbach, Micha Higtek USA

Ayfandopoulou, Georgia CERTH/HIT Greece

BALCAEN, Eric Département Transports Energie Communication - Groupe AFNOR

France

Barthel, Henri GS 1 Belgium

Benesch, Alexander Kuehne + Nagel Belgium

Bennett, Giselle Georgia Tech USA

Bernacchioni, Marco AME Italy

Beuck, Niels CLECAT Eu/Be

Bitzas, Peter Birds Eye Global Tracking USA

Björnsdottir, Guobjörg Logar ehf Iceland

Boen, Jan EyedPro Ltd Belgium

Bogatu, Christian Kirsen Technologies Corporation USA

Boile, Maria CERTH/HIT Greece

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Bonneux, Rudi V.I.L. Belgium

Brassington, Bill ETS Consulting UK

Breuillin, Fleur DG Move (European Commission) Belgium

Busch, Wolfgang EDAS – Project Contain IT Germany

Carroll, Glenn SecurTrack USA

Cavage, George I-Control USA

Cerruti, Corrado Un. Rome Italy

Chowdary, Subhash Aankhen, Inc. USA

Chrisohoou, Evangelia CERTH/HIT Greece

Clifton, Ted U.S. Department Homeland Security USA

Conlon, Barry FreightWatch USA

Concepcion, Ken DHS S&T, HSARPA APEX Secure Transit Corridor, USA

Crossno, Adam OnAsset Intelligence Inc USA

Curto, Fabio Euro-helpline AG Switzerland

Daniele Ciulli () Contship Italia Italy

Davis, James W Global Trak USA

De Bock, Joost EU Commission DG RTD Eu/Be

De Vitis, Antonio Id-Solutions S.r.l. Italy

Dechamps, Alain CEN Belgium

Di Fazio, Antonella Telespazio Italy

Dijkstra, Jelte NEN Netherlands

Dobson, Eric TrakLok USA

Dong, Tinglong Shanghai Int. Port China

Dowdall, Jonathan SECURITY EUROPE Belgium

Draper, Robert Raytheon/SPC Belgium

Duong, Anh Borders and Maritime Security Division USA

Dupraz, Chloe Mobistar/Orange Belgium

Familiari, Giovanni University of Rome Italy

Faynsztein, Patsy Raytheon/SPC Belgium

Fei, Weijun The Ministry of Transport P.R.C China

Feyen, Eric UIRR scrl Belgium

Foqué, Maarten EDCHQ Belgium

Gachuche, David GLOC8 Canada

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Geoffray, Bertrand BIC France

Ghislaine de Hartingh-Boca French Ministry of sustainable development France

Gill, Eric SAVI Technology USA

Grangard, Anders GS 1 Belgium

Greaves, John OnAsset Intelligence Inc USA

Grinshtain, Ran Arrowspot Israel

Grisilla, Andrea Eurpean Intermodal Association Belgium

Gross, Philippe CLS France

Hanley, Dave MIQ Logistics USA

Harrison, Ed Powers International and CISLA USA

Harrod Booth, Jonathan BSI UK

Hennemand, Michel BIC France

Hester, Brian Satamatics USA

Holmberg, Stefan IKEA of Sweden Sweden

Huang, Dale COSCO Network e-Logistics China

Huschebeck, Marcel PTV AG Germany

Itz, Ian Comtech Mobile Data Corporation USA

Jacobs, Luc DHL Belgium

Jiang, Xi Shanghai Int. Port China

Juriado, Rein European Commission DG Transport Belgium

Katsochis, Dimitris Planet S.A. Greece

Kessler, Rick Horizon Service Group USA

Knoors, Frank Sequoyah Belgium

Koch, Rainer CSB Technologies GmbH Germany

Kraft, Volker Fraunhofer IML FhG Germany

Krietsch, Florian PTV AG Germany

Kroeger, Martin ZDS Germany

Kundt, Ramona Security Europe Belgium

Latan, Alina CEN Belgium

Leontakianakos, John Gatekeeper USA Inc. USA

Li, Shiwei Shanghai Int. Port China

Libert, Hubert European DATACOM EDC Belgium

Lowe, Stephen CargoTrax Singapore Singapore

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Magown, Robert NaviTag Technologies, Inc USA

Mazur, Steve DIGI, International USA

Mc Kinney, Joe SCV Solutions USA

Meenke, Detlef German Shipowners Association Germany

Melsen, Anna i-Trans Competitiveness Cluster France

Meyers, Rich GlobalTrak USA

Michiels, Sam K.U.Leuven Belgium

Miller, Mark Cotecna Inspection SA Switzerland

Modabber, Baktash Agheera (DHL) Germany

Moerman Johan Mobistar/Orange Belgium

Montiel-Sanchez, Ignacio EC-DG ENTR, H3 Belgium

Moro, Richard Raytheon USA

Mostov, Kirill Kirsen Technologies USA

Muller, Rudy Elektronik & Präzisionsbau Saalfeld GmbH Germany

Naylor, Michael Thales Research and Technology (UK) UK

Neubauer, Frank EADS Germany

Nilsen, Erling Damco International A/S Denmark

Noudari, Mo Siemens Nederland N.V. BN The Hague Netherland

Ong, David DHL Global Forwarding Belgium

Page, Gary Numerex Corp. USA

Palm, Gerit Agheera (DHL) Germany

Papakanelou, Eleutheria CERTH/HIT Greece

Pavlova, Sarka Collecte loaclisation Satellites CLS France

Permala, Antti VTT Transport and Logistics Finland

Peters, Sebastian Kommission Transportkette Germany

Plenge, Christian Metro Group Information Technology GmbH Germany

Pleysier, Luc Technology Vlaams Instituut voor de Logistiek VZW – VIL, Antwerpen

Netherland

Pollack, Jonathan GeoDecisions USA

Quifan, Bao SIPG China

Radford, Arthur Agheera USA

Ramsey, Brian Inteligistics Pittsburgh, PA USA

Regenhardt, Christopher Schenker AG Germany

Reidy, Stefan Arviem AG Switzerland

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Resano, Luis Fernando Secretaria de Portos da Presidência da República Brazil

Rizzi, Antonio University of Parma - Department of Engineering Italy

Roberts, Brian Damco USA

Salieri, Paolo EU Commission DG Enterprise Eu/Be

Sarwar, Ahsan TPL Trakker Pakistan

Schrader, Ed Airista USA

Seetoo,John Gatekeeper USA, Inc. USA

Shevchenko, Yuliya GS 1 Belgium

Smith, Clayton Comtech Mobile Data Corporation USA

Somsak, Wisetruangrot TIFFA Thailand

Sonnabend, Peter DHL Germany

Sorensen, Mikkel A.P. Moller – Maersk Denmark

Sorgetti, Marco L. CLECAT Eu/Be

Sowden, Richard Container Security Logistics, Ltd. USA

Stephen Lowe CargoTrax Singapore Singapore

Stewart, Dave SAVI Technology USA

Sverrisson, Runar Globe Tracker Iceland ehf Iceland

Tan, Chin Tong Envotech Malaysia

Taylor, David DHS S&T, Borders and Maritime Div, Cargo Security USA

Taylor, Roni Pars Technology Corporation USA

Topp, Eric APL USA

Toubol, Armand BIC France

Tsoukos, Giorgos TREDIT Greece

van Heeswijk, Wil EU Commission Taxation and Customs Union Eu/Be

Van Hoorde, Bernard Porthus Descartes Belgium

Verheyen, Jean Porthus Descartes Belgium

Wallström, Stina SIS Stockholm, Sweden

Wei Dong, Qiu COSCO Container Lines China

Widmer, Rolf SNV Switzerland

Wolters, Peter European Intermodal Association Belgium

Wronkowitz, Anthony Kirsen Technologies Corporation USA

Yao-Hua Tan Delft University of Technology Netherland

Yu, Hui The Ministry of Transport P.R.C China

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Yu, Xiujuan The Ministry of Transport P.R.C China

Zhang, Xiwen BPV Germany

Zhou, Shouqin CIMC Co. LTD China

The organizations which support the technical consensus represented by the CEN Workshop Agreement are:

MIQ Logistics USA

Envotech Network Sdn Bhd Malaysia

Globaltrak USA

DHL GLOBAL FORWARDING Germany

SCV Solutions USA

European Datacomm NV Belgium

Hellenic Institute of Transport HIT Greece

Powers International/CISLA USA

COSCO Network e-Logistics China

Telespazio S.p.A. Italy

EPSa GmbH Germany

Kuehne + Nagel Eastern Europe AG Austria

This CEN Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the National Members of CEN: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Comments or suggestions from the users of the CEN Workshop Agreement are welcome and should be addressed to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre.

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CWA 16505:2012 (E)

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Introduction Background1—CEN Workshop on “Container Management System: an outcome from the FP7 Project SMART-CM

Millions of containers are handled between continents by very heterogeneous stakeholders in the logistics chain, be it transporter, logistic service provider or (customs) authorities. They all have different processes, network infrastructure, in-house platforms and CSD technologies. Various standards (proposals), specifications, identifiers, data capture methods, protocols and applications concerning supply chain and security information exchange exist (ISO / CEN / GS1 / ETSI/BIC/RFID/E-seals etc.) as well as private formats of EDI messages (UN/EDIFACT, XML etc). A growing number of container security regulations like Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) and Secure Trade Lanes (EC2, WCO, and UNECE) have to be fulfilled. It is nearly impossible for a single enterprise to make (EDI) connections with all relevant players. Unnecessary costs and risks are implicated while various smart business opportunities are being left open. Interoperability between authorities (customs) and market players need to be further streamlined and therefore standardized based on a common industrial, unbiased and neutral agreement. ‘Information Gateways’ have to be linked or created, providing a single entry point for status information from a variety of sources, including CSD devices/e-seals, RFID infrastructure, Port MIS or fleet management systems. The Smart-CM project (Smart Container Chain Management), a research project co- funded by the Seventh

Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Commission and partners from freight – related industries, has undertaken a comprehensive review of the entire container door – to – door transport chain. The purpose is to help make it more efficient, secure, market driven and competitive as well as more environmental friendly. The benefits of supply chain security realized by the SMART-CM platform could be summarized as an improved legal basis, increased reliability, quick response, improved flexibility, and risk management improvements. The CEN Workshop Agreement is a logical part of the SMART-CM project, with one objective being to develop an ICT platform that enables neutral secure and interoperable B2B and B2A data exchange in global door – to –door container management. SMART-CM is facilitating trade and building bridges between existing initiatives by:

A. ‘Interoperable Single Window Platform’: enabling all stakeholders involved to monitor container security status independently of the CSD technologies, no bias towards specific technology providers or towards customs or businesses, using the Movements Reference Number (MRN). To be decided at CEN level: Container devices technical characteristics; Information exchange standard (protocol) on container security status; Information exchange standards with existing platforms.

B. ‘Neutral information administering organization’: managing the neutral platform, guaranteeing data integrity along the whole process of security related container data gathering, providing information from platform to stakeholders. To be discussed: an EIA/SMART-CM platform for potential users.

C. ‘Industry Added Value creation’: the “burden” of the security regulations has been transformed to an added value for the transport industry, based on intelligent re-combining data incl. Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) between a trusted environment – technology and neutral platform.

Demonstration ‘Green Lane’ corridors have successfully been operated by project partners DHL, K+N, COSCON, involving major ports around the globe such as Antwerp, Rotterdam, Singapore, Ningbo, Dubai, Nhava Sheva.

Purpose of the CEN Workshop Process, and the publication and posting of the CEN Workshop Agreement document

1 SMART-CM document N 0016

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According to CEN’s own publications, a CEN Workshop is “A meeting place for market stakeholders to discuss critical standards issues and agree how to resolve them.”2 These workshops may involve any interested party with no geographical restrictions on participation. The process is to provide “a flexible working platform for rapid elaboration of consensus documents at the European level.”3

This particular “ workshop aims to reach public consensus on a CEN Workshop Agreement providing a standardized approach for Key Performance Indicators for the security requirements of container security and tracking devices, and for messages for communicating the security status of these devices.”4 The CWA document is to reflect industry consensus, achieved through facilitated workshops and collaborative, iterative document review.5 Three key goals6 are to be achieved through this process and document:

1. Transparency—giving visibility to good professional practices or reference documents 2. Flexibility—proposes a flexible solution that meets the requirements of companies, industry

associations, and other relevant consortia 3. Economic growth—guide market development in a coordinated manner, taking into account

varying interests amongst the stakeholders while removing barriers to trade This process and document are one of the several means that the SMART Container Chain Management Project is utilizing to meet its original project objectives7:

1. Stimulate interoperable B2B co-operation in door-to-door container transport security. 2. Develop compliant application of B2B and B2A container security data solutions with international

Customs operations. 3. Develop a neutral approach and service platform for secure and interoperable data communications. 4. Define added value services and supply chain visibility enabling techniques for fulfilling operational

requirements of the actors in managing global container chains. 5. Develop prototypes of advanced applications in global container management, such as dynamic

scheduling at the containers, resulting from the research and development activity of the project. 6. Assess large applicability of the above-mentioned project solutions by considering costs and benefits

from solution implementation in real global container chains operational environment. 7. Analyze existing business models in global container chain management and operation and study e-

managing business models influencing the exploitation of the project technological outcomes (services of SMART-CM platform).

8. Contribute to standards development for advancing of interoperability of technologies currently applied to safe container chain management at global level and for messages exchange and process implementation between customs and actors and among actors of the global container transport industry.

This current Workshop Process and its deliverable the CEN Workshop Agreement will fulfil Objective #8, as well as contribute to the accomplishing of Objectives 1, 2, and 3.

2 “CEN Workshops; the Way to Rapid Consensus” 3 Ibid. 4 SMART-CM document N 0016 5 “CEN Workshops; the Way to Rapid Consensus” 6 Ibid. 7 http://www.smart-cm.eu/Project/Objectives/tabid/73/Default.aspx

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1 Scope The Scope of this CEN Workshop, and its deliverable the CEN Working Agreement (CWA), were defined in the “Business Plan for a CEN Workshop”8

“The SMART-CM project, through the real life testing of the applications it has developed, concluded on lack of standardization on two major subjects:

a) Key Performance Indicators for Container Tracking & Security devices in fulfilling security requirements, and b) Messages for communicating the container security status by these devices.

In the context of the CEN standardization workshop, the SMART-CM consortium also wishes to start a dialogue with the industry in order to achieve interconnectivity with existing internal to industry information systems in order to acquire input information…”9

The Value added Service communications were determined to be out of scope for the purposes of the CEN standardizations workshop discussions.

Conceptual point of view, the CWA should cover the requirements for harmonization of interfaces between CSD (Container Security Devices) and a "common neutral layer" for quick communication to relevant stakeholders (container owners, CSD equipment suppliers;

8 D8.1.4 Business Plan for a CEN Workshop Container Security and Tracking Devices’ technical characteristics and Security

Messages’ Standardization, SMART Container Chain Management Project (FP7), WP8 T8.3, 18/05/10, page 6 9 Ibid.

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insurance companies, customs authorities10. The CWA should permit a quasi-holistic approach for container equipment and facilities (but not working procedures at this stage). Consensus is required regarding the features of container-related data. Major pursuit is to facilitate standardization and neutrality, calling for investigation of the relation between user needs and SMART-CM architecture. 11 Protocol point of view, consensus should be reached on the content of Container Security Device (CSD) messages in case of:

Authorized Closing Authorized Opening Breach (Real or False Alarm) Customs check during a container trip Geographic location of the container (latitude/longitude) Service oriented and security

oriented information (shock, temperature, humidity, nuclear, etc) 12 The discussions should also take into account any possible need for standard message format (fields), which has been stressed during a SMART-CM expert review meeting (noting WCO regulations).13 The objectives proposed will have to:

o provide stakeholders with a preliminary standard to be used in setting

requirements for relevant installations in the international supply chain; o facilitate international exchange and collaboration; o implement, maintain and continually improve goods data devices and their use; o ensure correct interface, protection and authentication, using set formats; o demonstrate conformity between clients and authorities; o specification of standardized vis-à-vis neutral security related information; o establish a management system to minimize risk to goods carried by containers

and to enhance security; o carry out a self-assessment of the required conformity; o improve performance through the adoption of recognized good practice, product

requirements and testing methods; o Increase awareness and adoption of best system approaches within the sector;

Promote training and learning.14

10 This system architecture will require a high degree of data sharing, and therefore data security. To the extent that this issue is

explicitly addressed in this document, please see Annex One, “Protocol Standardization: Exchange of Security Status Information Between a Container Tracking & Security Device (CSD) and the SMART-CM Middleware Platform,” by Tom Goovaerts, Sam Michiels and Wouter Joosen of the DistriNet Research Group, at the K.U.Leuven (dated March 30, 2011.)

11 D8.1.4 Business Plan for a CEN Workshop Container Security and Tracking Devices’ technical characteristics and Security Messages’ Standardization, SMART Container Chain Management Project (FP7), WP8 T8.3, 18/05/10,page 7. (Annex Four to this CWA)

12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid., pages 7-8.

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2 Normative References

D8.1.4 Business Plan for a CEN Workshop Container Security and Tracking Devices’ technical characteristics and Security Messages’ Standardization, SMART Container Chain Management Project (FP7), WP8 T8.3, 18/05/10

Secure Data Device Standardization (SECCONDD) Project, Stakeholder Workshop, 8 MAY 2007, Brussels, BE, CEN; and SECCONDD Project Final Report

US Department of Homeland Security, Cargo Security Environmental Considerations & Sensors Ready-Reference Guide, Version 4.1, dated 17 August, 2009

“Protocol Standardization: Exchange of Security Status Information Between a Container Tracking & Security Device (CSD) and the SMART-CM Middleware Platform,” written by Tom Goovaerts, Sam Michiels and Wouter Joosen of the DistriNet Research Group, at the K.U.Leuven (dated March 30, 2011.)

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