consumer behavior of ram deo

7/28/2019 Consumer Behavior of Ram Deo

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT

ON

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

National Institute of Fashion Technology

Ministry of Textile

Govt. of India

Submitted to:-

M/s Ruchika

Asst. Proff.

NIFT, Jodhpur

Submitted by:-

Ram Deo Bharti

MFM 2nd

Semester (2012-14)


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Introduction

Founded in 1853 by Bavarian immigrant Levi Strauss, Levi Strauss & Co (LS&Co) is one of the world's

largest brand-name apparel marketers with sales in more than 100 countries and distribution from more

than 500 contractors worldwide. The company designs, manufactures and markets apparel for men,

women and children, including jeans and jeans-related pants, casual and dress slacks, shirts, jackets, skirts

and related accessories. Headquartered in San Francisco, California, LS&Co employs approximately

13,000 people in more than 40 countries and owns and operates 21 production and finishing facilities, 20

distribution or customer service centers, and numerous sales and marketing offices. Today, the Levi's

trademark is one of the most recognised in the world and is registered in more than 160 countries. Despite

its glowing heritage, the companys financial performance is less than stellar, a slide that began in 1996.

Levis execs attribute the downturn to being inattentive to consumer needs, relying on its heritage,inefficient logistics, domestic production, poor relationships with retailers and a decline in department

store businessLevis primary channel.

Levis has been battling to reverse its situation with a major 5-year business turnaround, The Great Levi

Strauss & Co Turnaround. The turnaround is based on three parts: gaining control of the business,

steadying sales and realising profitable growth and is aimed at stabilising revenues and expanding the

business within the next few years. To make this happen, the company brought in Philip Marineau in

1999. Since his hire, hes instituted a number of major changes designed to improve relationships with

retailers and increase margins, such as updating inventory systems, closing domestic factories in favour of

overseas sourcing, revamping its executive force and cutting costs. Levis sales this fiscal year will rise 2

to 5 per cent above last years $4.14 billion, speculate Levis executives, down from $7.1 billion in 1996

when its revenues peaked, according to experts. Despite ending the last two quarters of fiscal 2002 with

strong sales, the company ended the year with its sixth straight annual sales decline and a steep slide in

profits (down 83 per cent to $25 million), say reports. Levis jeans are the original, authentic jeans.

Since their invention by Levi Strauss & Co. in 1873, Levis jeans have captured the imagination and

loyalty of millions of people, generation after generation. The Levis brand continues to evolve,

powered by a pioneering spirit unparalleled in the apparel industry. From quintessential classics, such as

the famous Levis 501 Original jean, to favorite fits and styles in our Red Tab and premium

collections, the Levis portfolio offers a wide range of products with innovative fits, fabrics and

finishes. Sold in more than 110 countries, the brand epitomizes classic American style and effortless cool,

allowing individuals around the world to express them.


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In 2009, the Levis brand continued to delight customers with new products, designer collaborations

and the launch of a new premium business Levis XXfeaturing the new Levis Made &

Crafted range and our Levis Vintage Clothing line. Last year also ma rked the 75th anniversary of

Levis invention of womens jeans, bringing relevant new interpretations of the brands classic skinny

and boyfriend jeans to markets around the world.

Reconnecting with consumers

Key to reconnecting with consumers is that Levis stops focusing entirely on its heritage and takes a

multi-pronged approach to growing multiple brands globally, according to experts. Its strategy must

leverage brand equity and generate news through relevant and innovative product offerings. In 2000 the

company segmented the marketplace better and designed and delivered relevant products and marketing

programs to a broader range of consumers, which should propel the company in the right direction.

The result has been recent launches like Dockers stain-resistant extensions in chains, Type 1 and super-

low-rise mens jeans, Levis Vintage Clothing and Levis Red Tab in specialty stores, Levis Premium

and Special Edition at high-end department stores and trendy chains, and the Signature label through

discounters. Marineau has stated that spring 2003 marks the first time the company will offer a womens

jeans line that is equal to or better than the mens line.New fits and innovative finishes in the Levis

brand have improved our brand relevance scores with consumers and helped us gain market share this

year in the US mens jeans market, says Beckman. He also cites innovations from the Dockers brand in

recent years like the Mobile Pants in 2001, Go! Khaki with Stain defender in 2002,and new Individual FitWaistband technology in 2003. These products have led innovation in the category and after several

years without any significant news in the khakis arena, given men a compelling reason to get off the

couch and go buy a new pair of pants. These produc ts have all performed extremely well in the market.

Analysts, however, have yet to see the sales gains from innovation and are taking a wait-and-see attitude

towards the Signature launch to see if Levis is truly reconnecting with consumers.

Introduction of Consumer Behaviour

Consumer behaviour has changed dramatically in the past few decades. Today, consumers can orderonline many customised products ranging from trainers to computers. Many have replaced their daily

newspapers with customised, online editions of these media and are increasingly receiving information

from online sources. Students choosing a university no longer rely on receiving prospectuses through the

post; instead, they have online access to all the pertinent information about a universitys courses and

teaching staff and, in some cases, can visit, virtually, actual classes. People wanting to sell their old

computers or grandmothers antique table no longer need to advertise in the local newspaper or rely on a

pricey auctioneer; instead, they can sell these items via online auctions or their own personalised online


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advertisement. Consumers who want out-of-print books no longer have to visit out-of-the-way shops with

hundreds of poorly organised dusty shelves, and those who wish to purchase a book published in another

country no longer have to call foreign publishers or deal with the bureaucratic nightmare of overseas

delivery; instead, they can visit online stores where they can easily locate and place orders for the books

they seek. Television viewers can now avoid the advertisement breaks by using the skip feature of their

recorders and order on demand previously shown television programmes as well as films. All of thesenew ways of selling products and services became available to consumers during the past 15 years and are

the result of digital technologies. And they also have another thing in common: they exist today because

they reflect an understanding of consumer needs and consumer behaviour.

The term consumer behaviour is defined as the behaviour that consumers display in searching for,

purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their

needs. Consumer behaviour focuses on how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources

(time, money, effort) on consumption related items. That includes what they buy, why they buy it, when

they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, how often they use it, how they evaluate it after the

purchase, the impact of such evaluations on future purchases and how they dispose of it. Clearly, as

individuals we are all unique. However, one of the most important constants among all of us despite ourdifferences is that, above all, we are consumers. We use or consume on a regular basis food, clothing,

shelter, transport, education, equipment, holidays, necessities, luxuries, services and even ideas. As

consumers we play a vital role in the health of the economy local, national and international. The

purchase decisions we make affect the demand for basic raw materials, for transport, for production, for

banking; they affect the employment of workers and the deployment of resources, the success of some

industries and the failure of others. In order to succeed in any business, and especially in todays dynamic

and rapidly evolving marketplace, marketers need to know everything they can about consumers what

they want, what they think, how they work, how they spend their leisure time. They need to understand

the personal and group influences that affect consumer decisions and how these decisions are made. And,

in these days of ever-widening media choices, they need not only to identify their target audiences, but

also to know where and how to reach them.

The term consumer behaviour describes two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumer

and the organisational consumer. The personal consumer buys goods and services for his or her own use,

for the use of the household, or as a gift for a friend. In each of these contexts, the products are bought for

final use by individuals, who are referred to as end-users or ultimate consumers. The second category of

consumerthe organisational consumerincludes companies and charities, government agencies (local

and national), and institutions (e.g. schools, hospitals and prisons), all of which must buy products,

equipment and services in order to run their organisations.

Despite the importance of both categories of consumers individuals and organisations this book will

focus on the individual consumer, who purchases for his or her own personal use or for household use.

End-use consumption is perhaps the most pervasive of all types of consumer behaviour, for it involves

every individual, of every age and background, in the role of either buyer or user, or both.


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Personality

Personality is defined as Individualistic, Lavish, Smart, Trendy, and Upper Crust.

AN OVERVIEW OF PERSONALITY: ITS NATURE AND THEIR APPLICATION TO

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

All of us, at some time or another, have described friends or acquaintances in terms of their personalities.

We may have described someone as having a `friendly personality', someone else as having an

`aggressive personality'. Sometimes we go to the extent of saying that someone has a `personality

problem'. The term personality is used, in other words, to describe individuals.

When we talk of personality, however, we do not just mean that a person is charming, has a positive

attitude towards life, or a smiling face. Personality is a much more dynamic concept which describes the

growth and development of an individual's whole psychological system. The fundamental question of

concern to marketers has been that, given that consumers differ on readily identifiable characteristics such

as personality, how do these factors influence their consumption behaviour?

As you know the personality is the composite sum of an individual's psychological traits, characteristics,

motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs and outlooks. Over the years many different definitions have been

proposed. One of the most widely used is that by Allport according to which personality is defined as an

`internal system' which includes all those aspects of a person that are inherited as well as those that are

learned. These two internal aspects are interdependent and cannot be isolated'. You will see this illustrated

in Figure 8.1 which highlights the origin of personality traits:

Some theorists believe that personality differences can be explained primarily, if not completely, by how

individuals acquire their behaviour patterns. If, as stated, personality is the result of a complex interaction

of genetic and environmental inputs then every person is, in certain respects:

1. like all other persons

2. like some other persons

3. like no other persons

In other words each person has some attribute in common with all other human beings and other, totally

unique qualities. Thus, we share certain characteristics with others because of our biological make-up. For

instance, you will find that some personality characteristics are dictated by heredity. Thus, you may be

`relaxed and easy going' because your parents were similarly so. A second important factor that impinges

on our personality formation is the culture in which we were raised, and our early conditioning, alongwith the groups and institutions from which that culture is acquired. Thus, our families and peers, i.e.

friends and associates; are important reference groups that influence our own personality characteristics.

Furthermore, it is necessary for you to note that, since learning contributes to personality formation, the

personality is not fixed because; learning itself is a continuous process'. This does not mean, however, at

personality is unstable or is subject to abrupt changes. On the contrary a basic personality change is

exceedingly difficult and, also, slows to occur.


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For your purpose you should think of personality as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts

and interacts.

As a concept applied to marketing, personality can be viewed as having following distinct characteristics:

1) Personality is used to account for differences between individuals rather than show how people are

alike. Here again, refer to Figure 8.1. This enables us to categorize people into groups on the basis of a

single or a few traits. The difficulty inherent in trying to understand uniqueness has led to an emphasis on

such measurable characteristics as intelligence, aggressiveness, and sociability. Unique combinations of

individual characteristics result in variations in thought and behaviour and these tend to differentiate one

person from another.

2) Personality is a set of response tendencies that are consistent and endure over time. Consistency means

that the characteristics contributing to an individual's personality tend to carry over to a variety of

situations. Consistency is essential if marketers are to predict consumer behaviour in terms of

personalities. The stable nature of the underlying personality characteristics also suggests that it is

unreasonable for marketing practitioners to attempt to change consumers personalities. At best they can

attempt to appeal to the relevant personality traits inherent in target groups of consumers.

3) Personality is, however, subject to change over time, in response to situations and events in life and,

also, as part of a gradual maturing process.

4) Finally, it is not possible to predict an individual's purchase behaviour from single measures of

personality; we cannot expect to predict the type of furniture a person will own, merely by looking at

specific personality, characteristics.

Activity 1

1) Make a list below, of six or more personality characteristics that you would say are inherited from yourparents.

2) Next, list four or more personality characteristics where you are like some of your friends.

3) Finally, list down six or more personality characteristics of your's which no person around you appears

to possess.

Theories of Personality

There are several theories that have been proposed on personality. While there is no agreement on exactlyhow personality influences behaviour, there are at least four distinct approaches that are known to have

implications for developing the marketing mix and for segmentation.

Each of these theories has played a prominent role in studying the relationship between consumer

personalities and their behaviour. These theories are:

1) The Psychoanalytic Theory of Freud


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2) Social-Psychological Neo-Freudian Theory

3) Trait Theory

4) Self-Concept Theory


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Segmentation Targeting and Positioning

Target Audience

Gender

Levis target both the male and females genders. They manufacture their jeans and cuttings to fit each

gender specifically. For instance, they have Levis Engineered specifically for male and Levis Curve for

females (Levis 2009). In such, their advertisements are exclusively published in unisex magazines such

as JUICE to attract both genders.

Age

Levis has a huge product line where they provide a wide range of products for children to adults.

However, they specially target the younger generation which age group falls between 15-30 years (Our

Course Work 2011). Their target audiences are younger, fresher, stylish and sophisticated, and wear jeans

as fashion. In order to reach out to their target audience, Levis portrays their advert isements for theirjeans as original, youthful, individualistic, rebellious, and masculine sexy and freedom. Hence, Levis

advertisements tend to be creative and deliver messages that represent their target audiences.

Education

The advertisements of Levis are targeted at individuals who are middle to highly educated. The

comprehension of their advertising message is correlated with intelligence where they use catchphrases

and images to bring across their messages to individuals. As a result, target audiences have to assess the

cognitive capacity to understand and interpret the meaning of the advertisement Levis has. In this case,

Levis target audience are of secondary level and above where they are able to interpret, understand and

appreciate the meanings and messages of the advertisements.

Income

The target audiences of Levis are from a middle to higher income range where they have a higher

purchasing power. The prices of Levis products are relatively high; hence, they target those individuals

who are able to afford to purchase the brand. On the average, a pair of Levis jeans ra nges between

S$85.50 to S$155.50.

Consumer Needs

According to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, the need that Levis focuses on is through self-esteem (Bayn.d.). In Levis, advertisers aim to use the self-esteem needs of individuals to emphasise on how

fashionable, stylish and lasting the jeans is and the feel good factors of owning a pair of Levis jeans.

Levis jeans are tailored to fit and suit each individual; hence when consumers put on a pair of Levis

jeans, they would have a sense of belonging and this would boost their self-esteem and confidence,

feeling good in a pair of Levis jeans.


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Consumer Wants

Levis consumer wants a pair of jeans that is of good quality, easy to handle, comfort and never goes out

of fashion over the years, and the assurance that their designs are young and trendy. To address such

wants in consumers, they use catchy phrases such as Easier to handle than your boyfriend in their

advertisements indicating that it is easy to handle and it can Last longer than your husband. On top ofthat, Levis advertisements also show that their jeans are so comfortable that consumers are reluctant to

remove the jeans for laundry.

Consumer Motivations

In Levis case, the consumer motivation that advertisers are appealing to their consumers woul d be the

desire of having a pair of good quality jeans. It is vital that Levis jeans are of good quality, fashionable

and comfortable. Hence, in Levis advertisements, advertisers portray that Levis jeans are made with

good quality that are lasting, trendy and fashionable and at the same time, giving comfort to their

consumers.

Consumer Attitudes

Consumer attitudes can be changed and replaced. Levis is often seen as a mummy jeans or work-wear

by many consumers, hence it was often thought as unfashionable, boring and dull. Therefore, advertisers

are determined to change the attitude consumer has of Levis. Their advertisements constantly aim to

reinforce the youthful perception of the brand by using messages containing humour and originality to

create a positive attitude from consumers. Now, Levis emphasizes on being a rugged, confident,

individualistic and laid back brand.

Consumer Personality

The personality traits of Levis consumers are individualistic, originality, sophisticated and youthful.

Likewise, Levis advertising personality has similar traits of their consumers personality. As such, Levis

consumers will be attracted to the design, style and how Levis brings across their messages through their

creative advertisements.

Psychographics

Psychographic influences lifestyle and psychological characteristics that have a bearing on how people

make decisions. According to the VALS system which uses a specific set of psychological traits and key

demographics that drive consumer behaviour, Levis advertisers are appealing to the Experiencers. They

are young, enthusiastic and impulsive consumers where they seek variety and excitement, savouring thenew, the offbeat and the risky. In addition, they are avid consumers who are willing to spend a high

proportion of their income on fashion, entertainment and socialising (Strategic Business Insight 2011).

With the characteristics of Experiencers, Levis is able to tap on their impulsiveness and their higher

purchasing power to convince them to purchase their product through Levis advertisements. In addition,

with catchy and witty advertising, Levis would be able to pique the interest of their consumers.


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Positioning

Positioning is to establish a location in the consumers mind based on what the product offers and how

that compares with the competition. It determines what place a product should occupy in a givenmarketplace. (Wells 2009, 248) Positioning strategies generally focuses on either the consumer or the

competition, and both approaches involve the association of product benefits with consumer needs. Many

advertisers consider market positioning the most important factor in establishing a brand in the market

place (Blech 2009). Generally, positioning differs between countries and market segments. For example,

in America and Europe, jeans are seen as casual attire however, in Russia, wearing jeans indicates to

society awareness and high status (Vrontis and Vronti 2004). According to the Product Life Cycle, Levis

is at the maturity stage where competition in the industry is intense (Jain and Haley 2009). Hence, it is

essential for Levis to emphasise on the usage of persuasive and reminder advertising.

Perceptual Map

In relation to the perceptual map above, Levis is positioned as a better value and quality than its

competitors. It positions itself as affordable with comparable quality against competitors such as Calvin

Klein Jeans. Levis also emphasise on the comfort it gives to its consumers where it is comfortable

enough to fit into consumers everyday lives in physical and social sense. In addition, Levis

advertisements perceive itself as durable, casual, affordable, fashionable and youthful. For instance, with

reference to Levis advertisements, using catchphrase like Last longer than your husband shows that

their jeans are durable.


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Motivation

Advertising appeals aim to influence the way consumers view themselves and how buying certain

products can prove to be beneficial for them. The message conveyed through advertising appeals

influences the purchasing decisions of consumers. An emotional appeal is related to an individuals

psychological and social needs for purchasing certain products and services. Many consumers areemotionally motivated or driven to make certain purchases. Advertisers aim to cash in on the emotional

appeal and this works particularly well where there is not much difference between multiple product

brands and its offerings (Different types of advertising appeals 2009).

In the series of advertisements that Levis produces, i t conveys a chain of message through the limited

choice of words such as last longer than your husband to convey the message long lasting instead of

just directly and straight forwardly use the word. Besides, in the three advertisements, there are very little

information shown about the product and they rely heavily on their soft selling strategy that appeal to the

consumer emotions rather than hard selling that requires a lot of facts and information to persuade the

consumer into buying the product.

Learning

Advertising has the power to persuade, the power to influence the mind and shape destiny. It has the

power to change markets and improve profit margins (Thomas n.d.). Therefore, an effective ad is one that

delivers the message the advertiser intended and consumers respond as the advertiser hoped they would

(Moriarty, Mitchell and wells 2008, 72). The fundamental to the measurement of the effectiveness of

interactive advertising is whether consumers are indeed responding and providing feedback. Hence, the

facet of effects model is used to determine and show the effectiveness of ads that shows how the market

gets attracted and make general opinions about them. In the facet of effects model, it consists of six

components that are perception, emotions, association, persuasion, cognitive and behaviour (Facet Model

of Advertising n.d.).

Perception

Perception is the process by which we receive information through our five senses and assign meaning to

it such as exposure, selection and attention, interest and relevance, awareness and lastly recognition

(Moriarty, Mitchell and wells 2008, 156). Exposure refers to whether a marketing communication

message reaches the consumers. For the three Levis advertisements, they can be found in either the Juice

magazine or 8 Days magazine. For Juice magazine, the readers of this magazine are usually fashionista,

whereby they would particularly seek for opinions and ideas and keep up with the latest trend that is

published in the magazine, and usually this group of people happens to fall within Levis target market

range which is 18-30 years old. Therefore publication of ad in this magazine represents that the designs

that Levis produce are up and on par with the current fashion goings, therefore it would be able to

achieve effective exposure due to the ability to send out its message in the ad to their main target market.

As for 8 days, readers of this particular magazine are usually interested in new products and the latest

happenings of movie stars and idols with readers ranging from 18-40, therefore it not only captures the

attention ofLevis main target group but also the remaining mass.


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The next factor that drives perception is selective attention in which it is a process by which a receiver of

a message chooses to attend to a message (Moriarty, Mitchell and wells 2008, 156). With high

competition level in the fashion industry, it is important that an ad stands out in order to capture the

attention of the audience amid all the clutter in the media environment. Thus Levis ad often uses the key

colors and logo to reinforce again and again that when a person wish to buy a pair of jeans, the first brand

that they would think of is non-other than Levis. They make use of pictures, signature logos, denimbackgrounds that are distinctive enough for the consumers to pick out the brand behind the ad almost

instantly, thus minimizing the risk of getting their ad being filter out as junk and non-interesting when the

consumer browses through the magazines.

The third factor is interest and relevance which refers to a factor in crossing the selection barrier is

interest, which means the receiver of the message has mentally engaged in some way with the ad and the

product (Moriarty, Mitchell and wells 2008, 156). Achieving the audience attention are just the

fundamentals, but to capture and hold the audience interest long enough to register the ad is the challenge.

Levis have been very straight forward and clear cut in the message that it wants to send across, and

besides, they have been rather consistent with the key points advertised as it wish for these key points

such as Levis represents quality to sink into the consumers mindset permanently. Though being straightforward, the ad often includes a twist in it, so that it does not come off as too direct and boring, but

neither does it appear to be difficult for the consumers to figure out the meaning behind it. This act of the

ad would then be able to hold and capture the audience attention and interest for that particular moment as

they decipher the whole ad, and with such effort, the ad would then tend to stick to the audiences mind

for a longer period of time as well.

Awareness is when an advertisement makes an impression of where something registers (Moriarty,

Mitchell and wells 2008, 156). Levis signature red tab logo and the m arch logo has been distinctive,

thus when consumers look at the ad, they are able to recall almost instantly the brand name and products.

Lastly, recognition is a measure of perception and is used to determine awareness (Moriarty, Mitchell andwells 2008, 156). The three different ads, though trying to send out different message, it all aims to

reinforce the key qualities of a pair of Levis jeans. With the signature red tab logo and m arch logo and

for the fact that they have been in the market for a relatively long period of time, it is not difficult for the

audience to achieve the recall factor as the key points and features are distinctive.

Affective/Emotions

Affective responses mirror our feelings about something and it describes something that stimulates wants,

touches the motions, creates liking and elicits feelings (Moriarty, Mitchell and wells 2008, 157).

Advertisements therefore evokes feelings that could results in wants and liking from the consumers

towards a particular product or brand, ultimately inducing the consumers to make the purchase. TheLevis advertisements are created in such a way that it brings out the key points and qualities of their pair

of jeans, creating a positive impression and feeling about their brand, therefore triggers the consumer to

visit the stores to try and feel the cutting of the whole package of the pair of Levis jeans.

Association


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Association is the technique of communicating through symbolism, thus it is the primary tool used in

brand communication. It is the process of learning to make symbolic connections between a brand and

desirable characteristics and qualities (Moriarty, Mitchell and wells 2008, 162). Levis has been quite

successful in this area, especially with their signature red tab logo that is sewn to the right butt pocket of

the jeans and the m arch threading on both the butt pockets. It is so successful that one look at it,

consumers are able to associate Levis jeans to it, and remember the good quality the pair of jeansprovides for the owners.

Persuasion

Persuasion is the conscious intent on the part of the source to influence or motivate the receiver of a

message to believe or do something. Persuasive communications create and change attitudes and create

convictions which are important goals of most marketing communication (Moriarty, Mitchell and Wells

2009, 163).

In Levis advertisements, they focus on sophistication and quality of their jeans which enabled them to

create a positive impression and feeling about their brand hence, motivating consumers to purchase andcreating conviction. Consumers can easily understand and interpret advertisements as they are direct and

straightforward. The advertisements require a low-involvement from consumers since it has little process

of responding to the message or decision making.

Cognitive

Cognition refers to how consumers search for and respond to information, as well as how they learn and

understand the ads. It applies to large purchases such as cars, computers and major appliances. In

addition, cognitive processing compliments feeling and thinking (Moriarty, Mitchell and Wells 2009,

159).

Levis advertisements focus more on consumers emotions rather than the rational aspect of providing

facts, information and explanations of their products. Adding on, Levis is able to differentiate itself

through its brand logo and the way they convey their message through their advertisements. Their

advertisements have achieved recognition through their copy points where consumers are able to recall

the advertisement message, remember seeing the advertisement or the brand.


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Behaviour

The behavioural response involving action of some kind is the most important goal in advertising. The

goal of the advertisement is to get people to try or buy their product (Moriarty, Mitchell and Wells 2009,

165).

Levis uses call to action in their advertisements where they convince and motivate consumers to

purchase through their advertising message. For instance, they use catchphrase like Last longer than your

husband to pique consumers curiosity on the durability of their jeans, hence motivating and influencing

them to purchase the product.

References

1. www.just-style.com2. Curtin Singapore Advertising Principle 211 Ad Book.3. Levis Strauss and Company, Annual Report 2009.
http://www.just-style.com/http://www.just-style.com/http://www.just-style.com/

consumer behavior of ram deo

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