construction methods & management cieg 486-010

Construction Methods & ManagementCIEG 486-010


Construction Managers must be both…

…business and technically oriented

Construction Education Options

Education Format

• Traditional

• CEM

• BC

• CM

• Engineering (civil or architectural)

–Specialization/area of concentration

–Curriculum Elective


Construction-FocusedEducation

CEM CM BCM

CivilEngineering

Applied Technologyor

Professional Studies

Architecture

School of Construction

Construction Management Education

• National CEM Programs– Stanford University– University of Michigan– Virginia Tech– Purdue University– University of Illinois-UC– Oregon State University– University of Colorado– NC State

Construction Management Education

• National BCM Programs– Georgia Tech– University of Florida– Purdue University– Virginia Tech– Auburn University– Georgia Southern University– University of North Florida


• National CM Programs– Arizona State University– Florida International University– Colorado State– Clemson– University of Washington– Michigan State University– Brigham Young – Wentworth Institute of Technology


• Graduate Construction Programs– Stanford University– University of Colorado– University of Michigan– Virginia Tech– University of Southern California– Arizona State University– Florida International University– Texas A&M

Construction Management

• Interdisciplinary Education

• Practice rather than theory based

• Foundation of Business and Science Courses

• Architectural & Engineering Coursework

• Core of Construction Management Courses


B.S.C.M. Coursework

Engineering subjects

• Strength of Materials• Statics and Structures• Soil Mechanics• Steel and Concrete Design• Surveying



B.S.C.M. Coursework

Business Management

• Accounting• Economics• Statistics• Financial Mgt.• Contract Law


B.S.C.M. Curriculum Course DistributionEngineering(incl math &

science)34%

Construction Mgt.30%

Liberal Arts13%

Business 15%

Architecture8%


Licensing/Certifications

• Professional Engineer’s License issued by state or local governing board.

• Certified Constructor issued by the American Institute of Constructors (AIC).

• Certified Construction Manager issued by Construction Management Association of America (CMAA)

• Project Management Professional (PMP) by the Project Management Institute (PMI)

Basic Skills needed by Construction Managers

– Estimating– Computer– Leadership/supervisory– Communication = writing and oral skills– Negotiating

– Team Building



Construction Management Functions

• Coordination

• Planning & Scheduling

• Purchasing & Expediting

• Supervision

• Cost Control

• Documentation and Reporting


Construction Management Functions

• Quality Control/Quality Assurance

• Estimating

• Safety and Risk Management

• Contract Administration

• Claims Analysis/Avoidance


Additional Skills & Knowledge needed by Construction Engineers

• Surveying (GPS, GIS, Hydrographic)

• Structural Design

• CADD/Drafting

• Specialization in Mechanical, Electrical,

Chemical, or Environmental disciplines


Construction Engineering Functions

• Preparation and Review of Shop Drawings

• Constructibility & Sequencing Studies

• Value Engineering

• Erection Diagrams and Procedures

• Survey & Layout


Executive Functions

• Corporate Management

• Strategic Planning

• Marketing & Business Development

• Public Relations

• Labor Relations


Executive Functions

• Ultimately responsible for quality, safety, production, and general financial health.


Construction training can be valuable to design professionals……

• To enable them to produce practical and efficient designs

• Develop needed management skills

• Learn scheduling techniques that can be applied to the preconstruction process


Project Life Cycle


Life Cycle of a Constructed Facility

1. Concept and Feasibility

2. Engineering and Design

3. Procurement

4. Construction

5. Startup and Implementation

6. Operation or Utilization


What is Construction?

Application of art and science

Inherently dangerous

Organized chaos

Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength, determination, and persistence to control his environment


Construction differs from manufacturing in that:

• Not performed in controlled conditions, therefore highly impacted by weather and other environmental conditions

• Seasonality

• Each project is unique

• Remotes sites with various access problems



• Process is not as predictable

• Difficulty in applying automation

• High potential for encountering unforeseen conditions

• Costs can vary according to conditions


• Difficult to manage and supply utilities and other resources.

• Technical innovations are adopted slower.• Success is dependent upon the quality of its

people.• Very custom-oriented

• Product can be of mind-boggling size, cost, and complexity

Problems Facing Construction Industry:

• Highly traditional and fragmented; slow to embrace new technology

• Restrictive/outdated building codes

• Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues

• Liability and legal considerations

• Lack of profit motive or other incentive

Problems Facing the Construction Industry:

• Government regulation

• Environmental constraints

• NIMBY syndrome

• Global competition


“The Blame Game”

Overview of the Construction Industry

• 10% of GNP

• Employs over 10,000,000 workers

• Annual Volume exceeds $800 billion

• Vital to the Nation’s economic health and quality of life


Industry Divisions

1. Residential Construction

2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction

3. Heavy Construction

4. Industrial Construction


Residential • Types

– Single family houses

– Multi family dwellings

– High-rise apartments & condominiums

• 30-35 % of the industry

• Low capital and technology requirements


Residential (continued)

• Largely private

• Often speculative

• Developers = surrogate owners

• Designed by architects, builders/developers

Building Construction

• Institutional and Commercial Construction

– Schools and universities

– Medical clinics and hospitals

– Recreational facilities and sports stadiums




– Retail stores and shopping centers

– Warehouses and light manufacturing

– Office buildings (single story to sky scrappers)

– Hotels, convention centers, and theaters


Building Construction• Institutional and

Commercial Construction– Churches and

Synagogues– Prisons– Courthouses and other

government buildings


• 35-40 % of construction market• Larger and more complex than

residential • Various owners (mostly private)• Designed by architects and engineers


Heavy Construction

• Horizontal Construction

• 20-25% of the construction industry

• Mostly public financing or large consortium


Heavy Construction

• Highway & Bridges• Railroads & Urban Transit

Systems• Tunnels and Dams• Airports• Canals• Port & harbor structures


Heavy Construction

• Pipelines• Sewer Systems• Water treatment & distribution

systems• Power & communication

networks• Landfills



Heavy Construction

• Mass quantities of basic materials: earth, rock, steel, timber, and concrete

• Constructors need knowledge of engineering and geology

• Engineers and builders are often specialized


Heavy Construction

• Greatest impact on land and water

• High degree of mechanization

• Contracts awarded through competitive bidding

Industrial Construction

• Very large scale projects

• High degree of technological complexity

• Designed and built by the largest firms with the highest level of technical sophistication

• Represent 5-10% of the market



• Petroleum refineries

• Steel mills & aluminum plants

• Chemical processing plants



• Fossil fuel & nuclear power plants

• Other heavy manufacturing facilities



• Complex mechanical systems, process piping, and instrumentation

• Civil, but also mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering disciplines involved

• Mostly private ownership (in western countries)



• Negotiated contracts are typical

• “Turnkey” contract arrangements are common

• Design-constructor must be intimately familiar with the technology and operations of the facility


Construction Industry is further subdivided into sectors or segments by:

• Public vs. private ownership/funding• Union labor vs. open shop• Organization and method of project delivery• Type of work: new vs. rehab/retrofit/restoration• Contract type



Participants in the Construction Process

1. Owner

• Private or public• Conceives the construction project• Increasing level of sophistication



2. Designer• Architects

• Size of firms ranging form single practitioner to large integrated firms

• Mostly building and residential construction• Engineers

• Civil, mechanical, structural, electrical,chemical, environmental, geotechechnical, and multidiscipline


3. General Contractor• General contractor also called “Prime” contractor• Specialty contractors working as subcontractors• Organization ranges from small, one-person

company to large, integrated A/E/C firms• Part of a design-build team




4. Construction Manager Two principle divisions of CM

• CM for Fee (management services only)

• CM At Risk – Operates similarly to a GC or DB with no labor or

capital equipment• Can encompass the management of the design

process as well as construction• CM services including inspection and overall project or

program management



5. Suppliers Manufactures, distributors, research, promotions Materials and equipment sales Equipment Rental

6. Fabricators Structural steel, pre-castors, wood products

7. Labor/Trade Unions



8. Government Federal, State, local, and quasi-government Owner/client

GSA, DOT’s, School Districts, USACOE Non-ownership functions

Taxation and regulation Federal: IRS, OSHA, USACOE, DOL, NLRB, HUD (FHA),

FHWA, FAA, EPA, and several others State: DOL, DEP/DNREC, historic preservation (SHPO) Local: County/City/Township Building Officials, Planning

Boards, and Zoning Commissions Quasi-government agencies: development authorities,

bridge and turnpike commissions



9. Utility Companies Electric, communications, water, gas,sanitary

sewer Private petroleum pipelines Owner or service provider Integral part of the process Existing facilities in conflict with new

construction Interruption of service can be very costly



10. Industry Associations Organizations of construction contractors Organizations of the design and management

professions Construction material and equipment suppliers

and product research Construction labor organizations Coordination and arbitration Inspection, specifications, and costs


10. Industry Associations

Functions and services• Industry information and communication• Development and maintenance of standards• Interindustry coordination• Collective bargaining• Statistics (market & industry)• Meetings and conventions


10. Industry Associations

Functions and services• Public relations• Joint industry promotions• Management education• Market development• Apprenticeship training• Legislative• Government relations• Product research



11. Professional Services Business/management consultants Legal council CPA firms Surety Companies Financial Institutions/Lenders Insurance agents



12. Adjacent Owners and the Public At-Large Existing businesses, institutions, and

residences adjacent to the constructed facility

Civic organizations and community groups

Railroads and public lands


Project Delivery Organization

• Construction by owners forces

• Owner-managed construction

• Construction by general contractor

• Design-build team

• CM Contract


Construction employing owner forces– Usually small in-house construction or

renovations– Industrial projects or institutional (such as

hospitals or schools

Owner-managed construction– Residential/commercial building developers– Industrial or institutional


Construction by General Contractor– Also referred to as “Prime Contractor”– Most common method of delivery– Contractor bears substantial risks and

financial responsibility– Facility designed by in-house

architect/engineer or by design consultants– Often requires specialty subcontractors

Specialty contractors might include those specializing in one of the following:

• Excavation• Steel erection• Concrete

– Cast-in-place– Prestressed/Precast

• Masonry• Timber/wood framing• Piping/plumbing

• Clearing and grubbing• Blasting/demolition• Electrical• Painting• HVAC• Environmental

remediation• Many, many others


Design-Build (Turnkey)

– Single firm or team responsible for design and construction minimizes coordination problems

– More efficient designs with the interjection of constructibility and innovation

– Often employs fast-track construction– Benefits include reduced overall delivery time and “one-

stop shopping” for the owner– Disadvantages include complexity of evaluating

proposals


CM Contract -- Fee (management services only) also referred to as “Agency”– Specialized construction skills through all project stages

including preconstruction– Provides close coordination between design and

construction– Eliminates impact of conflicts of interest – Independent and objective evaluation of costs,

schedules, and performance– Potential saving in time and cost– Disadvantages include no risks associated with costs

increase


CM Contract – “At-Risk”– CM assumes financial risks similar to a GC– CM manages all phases of the work without

performing any actual work tasks– CM’s only resources are management personnel– Contractors/subcontractors have a direct contract

privity with CM– Contract form is often a negotiated guaranteed

maximum price arrangement– Disadvantages includes lack of impartiality

construction methods & management cieg 486-010

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