constipation, encopresis, and the role of dietary fiber in management
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Constipation, encopresis, and the role of dietary fiber in management. Randy Rockney, M.D. The Alpert Medical School of Brown University Hasbro Children’s Hospital Providence, R.I. Disclosure Statement. There are no financial conflicts to disclose. Objectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Constipation, encopresis, and Constipation, encopresis, and the role of dietary fiber in the role of dietary fiber in
managementmanagement
Randy Rockney, M.D.Randy Rockney, M.D.
The Alpert Medical School of The Alpert Medical School of
Brown UniversityBrown University
Hasbro Children’s HospitalHasbro Children’s Hospital
Providence, R.I.Providence, R.I.
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Disclosure StatementDisclosure Statement
There are no financial conflicts to disclose.There are no financial conflicts to disclose.
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ObjectivesObjectives
Review the epidemiology and Review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of constipation and pathophysiology of constipation and encopresisencopresis
Discuss treatment options for constipation Discuss treatment options for constipation and encopresisand encopresis
Discuss the role of dietary fiber in the Discuss the role of dietary fiber in the management of constipation and encopresismanagement of constipation and encopresis
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Normal Frequency of Bowel Normal Frequency of Bowel MovementsMovements
Age Bowel Movements per
week
Bowel Movements per
day 0-3 months
Breast milk 5-40 2.9
Formula 5-28 2.0
6-12 mos 5-28 1.8
1-3 years 4-21 1.4
>3 years 3-14 1.0
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Definition of constipationDefinition of constipation
“A delay or difficulty in defecation for more than 2 weeks, sufficient enough to cause distress to the patient.”
North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (1999)
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Constipation in 1st Century AD RomeConstipation in 1st Century AD Rome
“With the little finger whose nail has first been cut short one must for the unhindered passing of the excrements dilate the anus and divide the thin membranous body which is often grown around it.”
Soranus
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Important points in history of patient Important points in history of patient with constipation and encopresis Iwith constipation and encopresis I
Age of onsetAge of onset Frequency and consistency of stoolsFrequency and consistency of stools Withholding behavior?Withholding behavior? Abdominal pain or distentionAbdominal pain or distention Pain/bleeding with passage of stoolsPain/bleeding with passage of stools Toilet trainingToilet training Previous and Current treatment--resultsPrevious and Current treatment--results Toilet use at schoolToilet use at school
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Dread of school bathroomsDread of school bathrooms
““A child who used to defecate each morning A child who used to defecate each morning at 11 AM at home may discover that there at 11 AM at home may discover that there are no doors in front of the toilets or that the are no doors in front of the toilets or that the school lavatory is a well-publicized school lavatory is a well-publicized amphitheater with a varied program of amphitheater with a varied program of humiliating scenarios.”humiliating scenarios.”
M.D. Levine, 1992M.D. Levine, 1992
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Important points in history of patient Important points in history of patient with constipation and encopresis IIwith constipation and encopresis II
Is child aware of urge to defecate?Is child aware of urge to defecate? Does child seem unaware of having Does child seem unaware of having
soiled?soiled? Does the family keep a broomstick (or Does the family keep a broomstick (or
other peculiar object) in the bathroom for other peculiar object) in the bathroom for emergencies?emergencies?
Does child hide soiled underwear?Does child hide soiled underwear? What time of day does soiling occur?What time of day does soiling occur?
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DSM-IV Criteria for Diagnosis DSM-IV Criteria for Diagnosis of Encopresisof Encopresis
Involuntary passage of feces into places Involuntary passage of feces into places not appropriate for that purposenot appropriate for that purpose
Must occur at least once a month for at Must occur at least once a month for at least 6 monthsleast 6 months
Chronological and mental age of at least 4 Chronological and mental age of at least 4 yearsyears
Physical disorders like aganglionic Physical disorders like aganglionic megacolon must be ruled outmegacolon must be ruled out
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Epidemiology of Constipation Epidemiology of Constipation and Encopresisand Encopresis
Prevalence: among 7-8 year old children-Prevalence: among 7-8 year old children-2.3% of boys, 1.3% of girls; among 10-12 year 2.3% of boys, 1.3% of girls; among 10-12 year old children-1.3% of boys, 0.3% of girlsold children-1.3% of boys, 0.3% of girls
Male: Female 4-6:1Male: Female 4-6:1 3% of pediatric outpatient visits3% of pediatric outpatient visits 25% of pediatric gastroenterology visits25% of pediatric gastroenterology visits 50-60% secondary50-60% secondary No study of natural historyNo study of natural history
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Other conditions to think about with Other conditions to think about with constipation/encopresisconstipation/encopresis
Anterior displacement of the anus, anal stenosis, Anterior displacement of the anus, anal stenosis, pelvic mass (sacral teratoma)pelvic mass (sacral teratoma)
Hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, DM, Hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, DM, CFCF
Spinal cord abnormalities, e.g., tethered cord, spinal Spinal cord abnormalities, e.g., tethered cord, spinal cord trauma or tumorcord trauma or tumor
Drugs: opiates, phenobarb, antacids, Drugs: opiates, phenobarb, antacids, antihypertensives, anticholinergics, antidepressantsantihypertensives, anticholinergics, antidepressants
Physical or sexual abusePhysical or sexual abuse Hirschsprung’s DiseaseHirschsprung’s Disease
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Encopresis: First stepsEncopresis: First steps
Education
Demystification
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Evaluation of the Rectal Examination as a Evaluation of the Rectal Examination as a Screening Instrument for the Determination of Fecal Screening Instrument for the Determination of Fecal
RetentionRetention
Diagnosis of Retention byAbdominal X-rayRectal
Examination Positive Negative Total
Positive 39 7 46
Negative 5 5 10
Total 44 12 56
Positive Predictive Value 85; Negative Predictive Value 50(Sensitivity 88.6; Specificity 41.6)
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Rectal examination and childrenRectal examination and children
““The rule in deciding whether to perform an anogenital The rule in deciding whether to perform an anogenital examination during acute care should be the pertinence examination during acute care should be the pertinence of the examination to the specific complaint. For of the examination to the specific complaint. For example, a health care provider would be remiss not to example, a health care provider would be remiss not to perform a rectal examination in a child with encopresis, perform a rectal examination in a child with encopresis, but such a procedure would be inappropriate for a simple but such a procedure would be inappropriate for a simple sore-throat complaint.”sore-throat complaint.”
(AAP) Policy Statement-Protecting Children from Sexual Abuse
by Health Care Providers. Pediatrics 2011;128:407-426
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Encopresis treatment-Step I: Encopresis treatment-Step I: “When in doubt, clean ‘em out.”“When in doubt, clean ‘em out.”
Davidson (1962): 2-4 enemas then high dose Davidson (1962): 2-4 enemas then high dose mineral oilmineral oil
Levine (1976): Enema, suppository, laxative Levine (1976): Enema, suppository, laxative cycle x 2 weekscycle x 2 weeks
Heyman (1991): Mineral oil-30 ml/yr of age/bid x Heyman (1991): Mineral oil-30 ml/yr of age/bid x 2-7 days up to 300 ml bid (“No enema therapy”)2-7 days up to 300 ml bid (“No enema therapy”)
Ingebo, Heyman (1988): Polyethylene glycol-Ingebo, Heyman (1988): Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution (Golytely) 14-40ml/kg/hr until electrolyte solution (Golytely) 14-40ml/kg/hr until clearclear
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Clean out program for_________Clean out program for_________
Day 1: EnemaDay 1: Enema Day 2: Dulcolax Day 2: Dulcolax
suppositorysuppository Day 3: Dulcolax tabletDay 3: Dulcolax tablet Day 4: EnemaDay 4: Enema Day 5: Dulcolax Day 5: Dulcolax
suppositorysuppository Day 6: Dulcolax tabletDay 6: Dulcolax tablet Day 7: EnemaDay 7: Enema
Day 8: EnemaDay 8: Enema Day 9: Dulcolax Day 9: Dulcolax
suppositorysuppository Day 10: Dulcolax tabletDay 10: Dulcolax tablet Day 11: EnemaDay 11: Enema Day 12: Dulcolax Day 12: Dulcolax
suppositorysuppository Day 13: Dulcolax tabletDay 13: Dulcolax tablet Day 14: Return to clinicDay 14: Return to clinic
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Maintenance regimen goals: regularity Maintenance regimen goals: regularity before continencebefore continence
At least one soft stool per dayAt least one soft stool per day Ability to sense urge to defecate in Ability to sense urge to defecate in
time to use the toilettime to use the toilet Reduced or no soilingReduced or no soiling Eventual ability to do the above with Eventual ability to do the above with
life style and diet changes onlylife style and diet changes only
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Maintenance regimen I: BasicsMaintenance regimen I: Basics
Use of a laxative on a daily basis at a dose Use of a laxative on a daily basis at a dose sufficient to produce a daily soft stoolsufficient to produce a daily soft stool
Reduce intake of milk (<16-24 oz/day) and other Reduce intake of milk (<16-24 oz/day) and other dairy productsdairy products
Drink water and juices (prune, pear, apple)Drink water and juices (prune, pear, apple) Eat a diet high in fiber: (age in years + 5)X2 gramsEat a diet high in fiber: (age in years + 5)X2 grams Sit on toilet for 10-15 minutes 2-3x/daySit on toilet for 10-15 minutes 2-3x/day
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Osmotic laxativesOsmotic laxatives
LaxativeLaxative DosageDosage Side Side EffectsEffects
CommentsComments
LactuloseLactulose 1-3 ml/kg/day1-3 ml/kg/day Flatulence, Flatulence, crampscramps
Synthetic Synthetic disaccharidedisaccharide
SorbitolSorbitol 1-3 ml/kg/day1-3 ml/kg/day SameSame
Barley malt Barley malt extractextract
2-10 ml/240ml milk 2-10 ml/240ml milk
or juiceor juice
Unpleasant Unpleasant odorodor
MgCitrate MgCitrate MgHydroxideMgHydroxide
1-3 ml/kg/day1-3 ml/kg/day Mg overdose Mg overdose
in infantsin infants
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WARNINGSWARNINGSA theoretical hazard may exist for patients being treated A theoretical hazard may exist for patients being treated with lactulose who may be required to undergo with lactulose who may be required to undergo electrocautery procedures during proctoscopy or electrocautery procedures during proctoscopy or colonoscopy. colonoscopy. Accumulation of H2 gas in significant Accumulation of H2 gas in significant concentration in the presence of an electrical spark may concentration in the presence of an electrical spark may result in an explosive reaction.result in an explosive reaction. Although this Although this complication has not been reported with lactulose, complication has not been reported with lactulose, patients on lactulose therapy undergoing such patients on lactulose therapy undergoing such procedures should have a thorough bowel cleansing with procedures should have a thorough bowel cleansing with a non-fermentable solution. Insufflation of CO2 as an a non-fermentable solution. Insufflation of CO2 as an additional safeguard may be pursued but is considered additional safeguard may be pursued but is considered to be a redundant measure. to be a redundant measure.
Package InsertPackage Insert
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Stimulant laxativesStimulant laxatives
LaxativeLaxative DosageDosage Side EffectsSide Effects
SennaSenna <6 ½-1½ tsp/day<6 ½-1½ tsp/day
6-12 1-3 tsp/day6-12 1-3 tsp/day
Melanosis coli, Melanosis coli, hepatitishepatitis
BisacodylBisacodyl 0.5-1 suppository or 0.5-1 suppository or 1-3 tabs/dose1-3 tabs/dose
Abdominal painAbdominal pain
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Miralax Miralax (Polyethylene Glycol 3350)(Polyethylene Glycol 3350)
Osmotic laxativeOsmotic laxative Non-toxic, highly soluble, minimally Non-toxic, highly soluble, minimally
absorbedabsorbed Acceptable to kids if Acceptable to kids if dissolveddissolved Safe for long-term useSafe for long-term use Parent and physician need to be flexible Parent and physician need to be flexible
re: dosingre: dosing
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Dietary Fiber: Insoluble material Dietary Fiber: Insoluble material derived from edible plantsderived from edible plants
Insoluble: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin;in skins or structural parts of fruits/vegetablesand whole grains with germ or outer bran notremoved (think brown rice, whole wheat bread)
Soluble: pectins, gums and mucilages in fruits and vegetables and some grains (oats)
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Fiber Rich Foods
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Purported Health Benefits of Dietary Fiber
Lower blood cholesterol
Increase satiety/decrease obesity
Reduce risk of diabetes
Prevention and management of diverticulosis
Protection against colon and breast cancer
Promotion of normal laxation
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How does fiber help GI function?
Insoluble fiber: Reduces transit timeIncreases stool weight and frequency
Soluble fiber:Absorbs water in small intestine increasing stool size; provides fermentable substrate for colonic bacteria (source of flatulence)
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Table 1. Recommendations for Table 1. Recommendations for fiber intake during childhoodfiber intake during childhood
OrganizationOrganization Recommended Daily IntakeRecommended Daily Intake
American Academy of PediatricsAmerican Academy of Pediatrics 0.5 gm/kilogram0.5 gm/kilogram
Food & Drug AdministrationFood & Drug Administration 12 gm/1000 calories12 gm/1000 calories
U.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Department of Agriculture 12 gm/1000 calories12 gm/1000 calories
American Health FoundationAmerican Health Foundation Age + 5 (grams)Age + 5 (grams)
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Table 2. Trends in dietary fiber intake during Table 2. Trends in dietary fiber intake during childhoodchildhood
Age (Yr)Age (Yr) 1977-1978 1977-1978 NFCS*NFCS*
meanmean
1987-1988 NFCS1987-1988 NFCS
Intake (gm/day)Intake (gm/day)
1994-1996 1994-1996
NHANESNHANES##
2007-20082007-2008
2-52-5 8.98.9 8.28.2 9.69.6 11.3 11.3 ♂♂
10.5 ♀10.5 ♀
6-116-11 12.112.1 11.511.5 13.113.1 13.7 13.7 ♂♂
12.0 12.0 ♀♀
12-18 males12-18 males 15.215.2 14.014.0 17.417.4 14.914.9
12-18 females12-18 females 11.011.0 10.610.6 13.013.0 13.313.3
*National Food Consumption Survey
#National Health and Nutrition Examination survey
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Table 3. Fiber containing foods for ChildrenTable 3. Fiber containing foods for ChildrenFoodFood AmountAmount Grams of FiberGrams of Fiber
GrainsGrains
Raisin bran cerealRaisin bran cereal 1 cup1 cup 77
Whole wheat biscuit Whole wheat biscuit cerealcereal
1 cup1 cup 66
OatmealOatmeal 1 cup cooked1 cup cooked 44
Whole wheat breadWhole wheat bread 1 slice1 slice 22
Bran muffinBran muffin 1 small1 small 22
Fruit filled cereal barFruit filled cereal bar 11 11
VegetablesVegetables
Baked beansBaked beans ½ cup½ cup 1010
Cooked green peasCooked green peas ½ cup½ cup 44
Cooked broccoliCooked broccoli ½ cup½ cup 22
Cooked carrotsCooked carrots ½ cup½ cup 22
Baked potatoBaked potato ½ medium½ medium 22
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Table 3. Fiber containing foods for Table 3. Fiber containing foods for Children (continued)Children (continued)
FoodFood AmountAmount Grams of FiberGrams of Fiber
FruitsFruits
Apple with peelApple with peel 1 medium1 medium 33
OrangeOrange 1 small1 small 22
StrawberriesStrawberries ½ cup½ cup 22
RaisinsRaisins ¼ cup¼ cup 22
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Group Behavioral Treatment of Retentive Group Behavioral Treatment of Retentive EncopresisEncopresis
J Pediatr Psychol 1990 Oct;15(5):659-71.
Investigated the efficacy of behavioral group treatment for children with retentive encopresis who had previously failed medical management. Eighteen children between the ages of 4 and 11 years and their parents were seen in small treatment groups of 3 to 5 families over 6 sessions. The sessions focused on education about retentive encopresis, and the integration of behavioral parenting procedures with medical management. Parents and children were taught to deliver an enema clean-out, increase the children's dietary fiber, and appropriate toileting techniques. The results indicated that children significantly increased their fiber consumption by 40%, increased appropriate toileting by 116%, and decreased their soiling accidents by 83% pre- to posttreatment. Further, these treatment gains maintained or improved at the 6-month follow-up. The results are discussed in terms of cost-effective interventions and the interface between psychology and medicine in pediatric psychology.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Baseline
Fiber Interv.
Toileting Interv.
6 mo. Follow-up
Fig 1. Mean grams of fiber consumed per day for younger children, ages 3 to 6 years, and older children, ages 7 to 12 years, across the three phases of treatment (n = 7, younger children; n = 11, older children) and 6-month follow-up (n = 5, younger children; n = 9, older children).
Young Children Older ChildrenM
ea
n G
ram
s o
f F
ibe
r p
er
Day
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Soil
Appropriate
Me
an
# o
f S
oili
ng
Inc
ide
nts
an
d
Ap
pro
pri
ate
Bo
we
l Mo
ve
me
nts
pe
r W
eek
Fig 2. Mean number of soiling incidents and appropriate bowel movements per week for all subjects across the three phases of treatment (n = 18) and 6-month follow-up (n = 14).
Baseline Fiber Toileting 6 Mo. Follow-up
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Probiotics and constipationProbiotics and constipation
““Dysbiosis” as possible cause of Dysbiosis” as possible cause of constipationconstipation
Probiotics like Bifidobacterium lactis DN-Probiotics like Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173010 lowers colonic pH173010 lowers colonic pH
Lower pH enhances peristalsisLower pH enhances peristalsis Two RCTs (adults w/IBS and women) Two RCTs (adults w/IBS and women)
showed increased stool frequencyshowed increased stool frequency
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1.3
4.24.0 3.9
1.6
4.24.4 4.5
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Week 0 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
Placebo
Probiotics
Sto
ol f
requ
ency
per
wee
k
Fig 3. Change in stool frequency from baseline to after 3 weeks
(P = .35) and overall test of stool frequency during treatment (P = .51)
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Use of play with clay to treat children with Use of play with clay to treat children with intractable encopresisintractable encopresis
We used play with modeling clay to treat six children, aged 4 to 12 years, with a history of intractable constipation with encopresis for a mean of 5.4 (2 to 8) years, refractory to treatment; biofeedback therapy had not been tried. Clay was chosen because, as a brown, messy material, it was a metaphor for feces and could let the child express either his disgust or aggressivity, or let him build symbolic structures. No interpretation was made during treatment. Four children had no symptoms during 2 months of therapy and no relapse during 1 year of follow-up, one child improved significantly, and one child failed to respond but withdrew from treatment after only three sessions. Modeling clay may be a cheap and effective treatment modality for refractory constipation with encopresis.
J Pediatr.1993 Mar;122(3):483-8
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Fig. 3. "Production" by patient 3. Top, Opus 1. Chronology is from right to left. Last specimen does not have the form of a scybalum but looks like a formed stool. Middle, Opus 2. "The toboggan." Bottom, Opus 3. "The story of my life."
J Pediatr.1993 Mar;122(3):486
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Fig. 1. Opus 1 by patient 1. Child growing up in a tub.
J Pediatr. 1993 Mar;122(3):485
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Hasbro Partial Hospital Hasbro Partial Hospital ProgramProgram
A program for A program for school age children school age children with both medical and with both medical and psychological needspsychological needs
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www.study.ucanpooptoo.com
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“In appreciating the tragedy of encopresis, one must conceptualize a human condition in which a child is, shamed, or blamed (by himself and others)for something he did not cause and over which he has had little, if any, actual control.”
M.D. Levine