conlangs monthly - august edition

7/21/2019 Conlangs Monthly - August Edition

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/conlangs-monthly-august-edition 1/46



N@IHI^

Ohncpahrcib tah ebed`b Vhrg - ]ert CCC

_h Nr`w eio tah ]ctnahr

Ray Grcib Dcthrery _h`rcst Aer`do Gd``k eio

Ebì cit` ky _h`ry Gesho ì N`bictcvh Khtepa`r0

e` h Nacib - Vhrsh CC -

Eieråüf e a-Erkübae

HFD Dherihr–s Ettctuohs `weros Hibdcsa

V`negudery Dhericib ^trethbchs

Dhxcned ^hdhntcì Eio _h

Hv`dutcì @f Deibuebh Xicts

Gcgdc`brepay eio Enji`wdhobhkhits

Hoct`r ci Nachf<Lìetaei Fdhury

Deyùt Ohscbi & BrepacnsBegh Rctkìbhr

Ess`ncetho Hoct`r

Fùzce Hrrecaeic

FùiohrsBegh Rctkìbhr

Lìetaei Fdhury

Hoct`rced hek

-Whcdd Geutcste-

-Lìetaei Fdhury-

-Kernes Grcei Ken^tc`åci Þ Kaectcü Þ O`kaiecdd-

-Begh Rctkìbhr-

-Gcnaere-

-Bdhii Aeocjci-

-Kerj ^te Greiod -

p.5

p.8

p.6

p.1

p.57

p.5?

p.>>



C aevh pugdcsaho tah ]ert C eio CC ` tacs ertcndhci tah prhvcùs cssuhs ` Nìdeibs Kìtady.

Cistrukhited prhstx 4cpeib9

_h prhstx 4cpeib9 cs usho `r 4uk9 vhrgs, 4ke9 vhrgs, 4kei9 vhrgs, eio 4keib9 vhrgs. _cs prhstx rhhrs t` tah iùi pertihrho gy tah ertcndh 4eib9 es cts cistrukhit.Ct eds` uiohrb`hs sùio naeibh, dcjh 4keib9 prhstx. _h `dd`wcib tegdh sa`ws eickphretcvh `rk ` tacs prhstx.

_cs wùdo gh tah stied pert ` tah shrchs ` ertcndhs `nuscib ì tah ebed`b vhrg.(C rhn`kkhio ebed`b ^trunturhs gy hrhscte Wek`s es e rhhrhinh brekker `r tacsketthr: C usho ct t` bucoh kh ci wrctcib tah tarhh-pert shrchs)

F`r ]ert C tah `dd`wcib whrh ocsnussho<• 4uk9 ex „ n`kpdhtho entcì

• Fcrst syddegdh oùgdcib „ nìthkpdetcvh• N`kgcietcì `f rst syddegdh oùgdcib pdus 4uk9 - nìtciuùs• 4ci9 ex „ naeibhs tah r`dhs `f pertcndhs• h pertcndhs eib/sc, ib/ic, eio se

_h ]ert CC ocsnussho<5. Ckphretcvh `rk7. 4keb9, 4ke9, eio 4keib9>. 4ei9 eio 4ci9?. 4jey9 pertcndh

F`r tacs stied pert wh saedd ocsnuss<5. Cistrukhited7. Neusetcvh>. ^`nced

5

Ohncpahrcib _h ebed`b Vhrg - ]ert CCC



7

_h `dd`wcib hxekpdhs sa`w a`w tah ckphretcvh `rk `cistrukhited prhstx cs usho ci ocsnùrsh.

@ nùrsh, tah `tahr tarhh —thishs‛ (n`kpdhtho, nìthkpdetcvh, nìtciuùs) nei ghohrcvho wcta taet prhstx<

Neusetcvh

_hrh erh e sht ` prhstxhs `r hxprhsscib tah neusetcvh `rk ` tah vhrg, ohphiocib ìtah `nus ` tah shithinh.4kebpe9 prhstx

_h prhstx cs usho t` ciocneth neusetcvh `rk ` tah vhrg `r ent`r `nus.



>

4cpe9 prhstx4cpe9 prhstx nei gh usho t` `nus ì tah `glhnt.

^`nced prhstx 4pejc9

^hvhred deibuebhs hxprhss —pdhesh‛ gy uscib e shpereth w`ro. _h pdenhkhit ` sunaw`ro ohphios ì tah deibuebh. ebed`b ushs tah prhstx 4pejc9 t` hxprhss ct<

_cs prhstx cs ̀ glhnt `nus, s` tah 4eib9 pertcndh prhnhohs tah ̀ glhnt ` tah entcì. _hprhstx eds` essukhs tah shnìo phrsì es tah o`hr ` entcì, s` ct cs usueddy dhf ùt._h ent`r `nus hqucvedhit `r 4pejc9 cs 4kejc9.

4kejc9 f`dd`ws tah 4keb9 pereocbk.



?

Raet o`hs tah pereocbk eg`vh khei0

_h `dd`wcib shithinhs wcdd sa`w a`w tahy erh usho (i` bd`sscib `r tahsh)<

_h pereocbk eg`vh ckpdchs nìshit r`k tah `tahr scoh.Whkhkghr tacs ckp`rteit ent.

]ejcusep

Ei ckp`rteit ebed`b w`ro ohrcvho r`k 4pejc9 prhstx cs pejcusep. _h w`ro kheis—t` ghb‛, —t` rhquhst‛, —t` ihb`tceth‛. _cs cs ohrcvho r`k usep, wacna kheis —t` tedj‛.

_hsh erh tah gescn `rks `r dhericib ebed`b. ]rhstxcib 4pejc9 cs i`t tah ìdy wey t`hxprhss —pdhesh‛: tah w`ro pejcusep cs eds` utcdcsho<

Xscib e `rk ` tah vhrg pejcusep cs nìscohrho `rked sphhna, a`whvhr. I`weoeystah Hibdcsa w`ro pdhesh cs n`kkì ci n`dd`quced ocsnùrsh.

_h tarhh-pert shrchs i`w hios ahrh. Ahrh cs e sukkery<

• hrh erh vh —f`rks‛ `f _ebed`b vhrg, ci wacna fùr `f tahk whrh ocsnussho<n`kpdhtho, nìthkpdetcvh, nìtciuùs, eio ckphretcvh. _h `tahr ìh cs tah cistictcvh`rk, wacna wes bcvhi ci tah tegdhs gut cts ush i`t ocsnussho

• rhh ùt `f vh f`nus/f`nc whrh ocsnussho< ent`r f`nus, bèd f`nus, eio cistrukhit`nus. _h `tahr tw` erh ghihentcvh eio d`netcvh `nus.

• rhh k`òs erh ocsnussho< ciocnetcvh, s`nced, eio neusetcvh.

• ̂ hvhred pertcndhs erh eds` ocsnussho ghneush tahy pdey ckp`rteit r`dhs ci kerjcib tahf`nus `f tah vhrg< 4eib9/4sc9, 4ib9/4ic9, 4se9, eio 4jey9.

C ghdchvh tahsh ckp`rteit p`rtcìs ` tah ebed`b vhrg nìlubetcì wùdo gh hiùba

`r ìh t` gh egdh t` stert uiohrsteiocib gescn shithinhs ci ebed`b. C yù weit tèsj e quhstcì rhberocib e ebed`b shithinh, hhd rhh t` nìtent tah euta`r eio ah wcddbcvh tah eiswhr ci e uturh hoctcì ` Nìdeibs Kìtady.



8

_h Nr`w eio tah ]ctnahr

E nr`w phrcsacib wcta tacrst sew e

pctnahr, eio a`pcib t` stio wethr, hw t`ct wcta ohdcbat. Rahi ah rhenaho ct, ahocsn`vhrho t` acs brch taet ct nìtecihos` dcttdh wethr taet ah nùdo i`t p`sscgdy

bht et ct.

Ah trcho hvhrytacib ah nùdo tacij ` t`rhena tah wethr, gut edd acs h`rts whrh ci veci. Et dest ah n`ddhntho es keiy stìhs

es ah nùdo nerry eio or`ppho tahk

ìh gy ìh wcta acs ghej cit` tah pctnahr,uitcd ah grùbat tah wethr wctaci acs

rhena eio taus sevho acs dch.



6

Ray Grcib Dcthrery _h`rcst

Aer`do Gd``k Eio EbìCit` Ky _h`ry Gesho @i

N`bictcvh Khtepa`r0

N`bictcvh khtepa`r tah`ry pr`hrs e kòh `tacijcib wacna nei gh eppdcho t` tah eiedyscs eionrhetcì ` ert, wacdh ennhituetcib tah h`rts `tah kejhrs ` tahsh `glhnts. Efhr tah `glhnt-ìdy`rchitetcì ` F`rkedcsk, efhr tah khocuk-ìdy`nus ̀ Ohnìstruntcì, tacs key dheo t` e hhdcib` dcghretcì, ` ebhiny.

Ihvhrtahdhss, tacs cs e tah`ry wacna key gh shhi t`

grcib wcta ct e ihw shish ` tah gurohi ̀ tah pest.Rahrhes tah F`rkedcst Kòhricsts hdt rhh r`ktah pest eio tah Ohnìstruntcvcst ]`stkòhricstserh hiodhssdy teibdho ci ei cihsnepegdh prhshit,euta`rs eio ertcsts es vchwho tarùba n`bictcvhkhtepa`r tah`ry erh ocrhntdy rhspìscgdh `resacìcib tahcr ̀ wi tr`phs tarùba tah pr`nhsshs`f hxthiscì, hdeg`retcì, n`kp`sctcì eio/`rquhstcìcib. _cs tahy enn`kpdcsa ci eio tarùbatah `rked perekhthrs ` tahcr w`rj, wcta hiùbanudtured nàhrhinh t` gh egdh t` n`kkuicneth, guthiùba `rcbciedcty t` gh scbicstneit. Ckp`rteittr`phs neii`t khrhdy gh shdhntho r`k e dcst: tahyerh ocsn`vhrho eio gucdt ùt ` rhvcscìs ` nudtured

p`sscgcdctchs, ci ent, ùbat `r eio wì. _usAer`do Gd``k–s tah`ry ` eitctahtcned rhvcscìcskeds` nìtrcguths ei ckp`rteit n`kpìhit t` tacspephr, es ah wrcths<

—Gut ebeci, way saùdo s`khìh nr`sscib ùt`f dcthrery nrctcncsk eoorhss tah pr`gdhketcns `f

rhvcscìcsk0 Raet hdsh aes Rhsthri p`htry ghhi,scinh tah Brhhjs, kust gh tah eiswhr, et dhest ci

pert. _h `rcbcis eio ecks `f p`htry t`bhtahrnìstctuth cts p`whrs, eio tah p`whrs `f p`htry,a`whvhr tahy rhdeth t` `r ehnt tah w`rdo, rcshùt `f e d`vcib nìcnt wcta prhvcùs p`htry,retahr taei ùt `f nìcnt wcta tah w`rdo. ... _cs

pertcnuderdy nrhetcvh esphnt `f e jcio `f prckedeixchty cs tah thiohiny `r pr`nhss C aevh neddho—p`htcn kcsprcscì‛ eio aevh etthkptho t` p`rtrey

ci e iukghr `f herdchr g``js.‛ -Aer`do Gd``k- 7

_h ahert ` Gd``k–s tah`ry ` kcsprcscì cs tahnìnhpt ` ei ciocsphisegdh, eitctahtcned ebì `hena p`ht. Rcta p`htry ghcib tah nach ertcstcnocsncpdcih `r Gd``k, tah w`ro p`ht key eds`gh rhpdenho ahrh wcta ertcst, wacna cs waet C wcddo`. Whvcscìcsk cs hxedtho t` tah nhitred ent èrtcstcn nrhetcvcty. Ebì cs Gd``k–s thrk `r tahnìcnt ercscib r`k tah eixchty ` ciuhinh.Hena eio hvhry euta`r kust wrhstdh wcta acs `rahr prhnurs`rs, tah ìhs wa` cispcrho tahk t` ghwrcthrs ci tah strst pdenh. Ci ekhiokhit ` Gd``k,taùba, tacs —d`vcib nìcnt‛ eds` treispcrhs wctatah w`rdo, es ct civ`dvhs tr`phs ̀ gòcdy hxphrchinhes ùtdciho ci Dejèi tah`ry. Nrhet`rs shhjcibciocvcoued weys t` nìvhy tahcr hxphrchinhs wctacitahcr khoce, erh ihnhssercdy `rnho t` hinh wcta

n`kperegdh hxprhsscìs ` sckcder hxphrchinhs gytahcr prhohnhss`rs, tahrh`rh prckercdy wcta tahcrprhohnhss`rs– tr`phs. N`bictcvh khtepa`r tah`ry`hrs ei ckp`rteit gescs `r tah stuoy ` ert eiodcthreturh, ci pertcnuder tahcr `rketcì. Gd``kceiebìcstcn kcsprcscì n`kpdhths tah p`rtreyed ` tahpr`nhss gy wacna nrhet`rs errcvh et tah n`bictcvhtr`phs s` ohsnrcgho.

_h tah`ry ` nhitred tr`ph wacna C ohvhd`pho ci

ky ocsshrtetcì cs p`stkòhri, es ohsnrcgho. Ctcs e kòhd ui`docib tah nìstruntcì gy euta`rseio ertcsts ` ocstcintcvh nhitred tr`phs ci tahteibcgdh `rks eio pr`nhsshs ` tahcr khoce. _hyenachvh tacs gy kheis ̀ ei ebìcstcn strubbdh wctaprhohnhss`rs– tr`phs, o`cib s` ci `rohr t` uicquhdyertcnudeth phrsìed phrnhptcìs eio hxphrchinhs.

ûna tr`phs ci tah aeios ` ertcsts erh g`takhtepa`rcn eio khte-`rked, taus ychdocib tahpuiicib thrk khtepa`r(k) ci ky tctdh. _cs w`roohsnrcghs eio hkgòchs tah n`rh ̀ tah tah`ry. F`rnrhet`rs, ertcstcn veduh cs brùioho ci `rk, tahwey e w`rj cs keoh eio cts thnaicned esphnts.

Cithrnudtured, i`t bd`gedcsho: nedd-eio-rhspìsh, i`t @hocped.

-Kerj ^te Greiod -



Sht, turicib F`rkedcsk ì cts aheo, tahsh ettrcguths ci tahkshdvhs erhscbicstneit ìdy ouh t` tahcr khte-pr`phrtchs es t``ds eio kòus `phreiocciv`dvcib nìthxt, tr`pecn nìthit eio nudtured strubbdh.

Edtaùba ndherdy cispcrho gy Frhuo, Gd``k nei gh pusaho ghyìo tah

sckpdcncty ` k`st cithrprhtetcìs ` @hocped etahr-stburh rhdetcìsacps. C,cistheo, shh tah p`sscgcdcty ` e iì-@hocped cithrprhtetcì `r vercetcì ìAer`do Gd``k–s eitctahtcned rhvcscìcst tah`ry ̀ ebì, ̀ kcsprcscì ci ertcstcnnrhetcvcty. Gd``k–s i`tcì cs phrspcnencùs eio vhry ciuhitced ì ky tah`ry` khtepa`r(k), gut C ghdchvh ei eoeptetcì ` ct rhpdencib `hocped ohscrhwcta oced`bcned nedd-eio-rhspìsh cs hvhi k`rh pr`kcscib.

C ebrhh wcta Gd``k taet hvhry ertcst kust wrhstdh wcta acs `r ahr prhnurs`rs,tah ̀ ihs wa` cispcrho tahk t` gh ertcsts ci tah strst pdenh, wacdh eds` strubbdcibebecist tahkshdvhs eio prhvcùs vhrscìs ` tahkshdvhs. —^trìb‛ nrhet`rs, es

Gd``k nedds tahk, `rk ihw eio ciohphiohit sp`ts `r tahcr nrhetcvcty ci enìtciuùs nìcnt, wacna ah thrks ebì. Gd``k–s taùbat cs vhry `hocped<r`k tah @hocpus n`kpdhx (535= NH), n`ciho gy ^cbkuio Frhuo r`k^`pa`ndhs– pdey @hocpus yreiius (?73 GNH), ci wacna tah tctdh naerenthr,tah _hgei ahr`, eiswhrs tah ^pacix–s rcoodh eio uiji`wcibdy jcdds acs etahreio kerrchs acs `wi k`tahr. @vhrdy sckpdcstcneddy ohsnrcgho, Gd``k–s tah`rynìthios taet ertcsts aevh e nhitred rcvedry wcta tah pest, wcta ta`sh ertcstswa` nekh gh`rh tahk.

A`whvhr, C esshrt taet suna ebìcstcn, ocedhntcned strubbdh cs k`rh taei sckpdy

`hocped. Ert s`khtckhs eoveinhs tarùba a`kebh (tacij ` Lezz) ̀ r tarùbawa`ddy ihw prhssurhs eio sjcrkcsahs. _cs cs pertcnuderdy ckp`rteit tòey,wahi keiy ̀ us aevh kudtcpdh nudturhs eio n`kpdhx rhdetcìsacps t` treoctcìeio eitc-treoctcì. Ertcsts– ciahrctho nudturhs erh wrhstdho wcta ci n`kpdhxesacìs ci tahcr ertw`rjs. Nrhet`rs strubbdh ebecist tahcr ciahrcteinhs, yhteds` pey rhsphnt t` tahk, taus uscib tahk es kethrced ci tah nìstruntcì `tahcr scibuder cohitctchs, ci tah hstegdcsakhit ̀ tah thrreci ̀ i wacna tahy erhbrùioho eio, nìtrercdy, r`k wacna tahy lùrihy.

Gd``k nei gh pusaho ghyìo tah sckpdcncty ̀ k`st cithrprhtetcìs ̀ @hocpedetahr-stburh rhdetcìsacps. Ci truta, C shh e ndherhr sùrnh taei ci tah Brhhjkyta ` @hocpus `r Gd``k–s taùbat ci Len`g–s strubbdh wcta tah eibhd (`rBò) es ohsnrcgho ci tah Gcgdh >, i`t ohtecdho ci tah Uur–ei, gut ocsnusshogy Uur–eicn n`kkhitet`rs es e wedj eio ohgeth wcta ei eibhd: `r ci tahErcnei spcrct Hsau, tah petrì secit ` nr`ssrèos, wa` cs g`ta yùib eio `dosckudteihùsdy eio wa` cs ìo ` pdeycib trcnjs ì ph`pdh `r tah purp`sh `neuscib keturetcì. _h rcvhr Len`g nr`ssho t` aevh tacs ckp`rteit hinùithrcs tah Legg`j Wcvhr, eds` i`w neddho tah \erqe Wcvhr. _h iekh Legg`j cs qucthrcna ci ess`ncetcìs, ghcib ei eured eiebrek ` Len`g, eio kheicib —t` `w,‛

—t` pùr ùt,‛ hvhi —e wrhstdcib.‛ ? Hsau cs ckp`rteit es ah hkgòchs kuna `tah uicty ` a`kebh, ohvhd`pkhit, quhstcìcib eio ebì prhshit ci Ercnei-Ekhrcnei ertcstcn hxprhsscì, pertcnuderdy Lezz, wacna cispcrho tacs ciscbatci kh. _us, gdhiocib tah treoctcìs C khitcìho, C nedd ky vhrscì Legg`j-Hsaucei ebì. _cs òo gdhiocib cs ei eppdcnetcì ` ky tah`ry struntureddyeio `hrs e o``rwey cit` tw` rcna st`rhaùshs ` ùioetcìed n`bictcvhkhtepa`rs, taus ahdpcib t` furtahr cithbreth tah Dejèi eio Gd``kceienhts ` tah tah`ry ` nhitred tr`ph. C wcdd wrcth k`rh ì tah sphncstns ` kyLegg`j-Hsaucei ebì ci e uturh ertcndh.

2



1

Ocskcsscib N`kpercs`is

-e` th Nacib- Vhrsh CC-



3



5=

Ocskcsscib N`kpercsìs

Edd ci tah w`rdo ji`w tah gheuty ̀ tah gheutcud, eio ci o`cibtacs tahy aevh (tah cohe `) waet ubdcihss cs: tahy edd ji`w tah sjcdd

` tah sjcdud, eio ci o`cib tacs tahy aevh (tah cohe `) waet tahweit ` sjcdd cs.

^` ct cs taet hxcsthinh eio iì-hxcsthinh bcvh gcrta tah ìh t`(tah cohe `f) tah `tahr: taet ocnudty eio hesh pròunh tah ìh (tahcohe `) tah `tahr: taet dhibta eio sa`rtihss esacì ùt tah ìh tahstburh ` tah `tahr: taet (tah cohes `) ahcbat eio d`wihss ercsh r`k

tah nìtrest ` tah ìh wcta tah `tahr: taet tah kuscned i`ths eiotìhs ghn`kh aerkìcùs tarùba tah rhdetcì ` ìh wcta ei`tahr: eio

taet ghcib gh`rh eio ghacio bcvh tah cohe ` ìh `dd`wcib ei`tahr.

_hrh`rh tah sebh keiebhs eecrs wctaùt o`cib eiytacib, eio

nìvhys acs cistruntcìs wctaùt tah ush ` sphhna.

Edd tacibs sprcib up, eio tahrh cs i`t ìh wacna ohndcihs t` sa`wctshd: tahy br`w, eio tahrh cs i` ndeck keoh `r tahcr `wihrsacp:tahy b` tarùba tahcr pr`nhsshs, eio tahrh cs i` hxphntetcì (` erhwero `r tah rhsudts). _h w`rj cs enn`kpdcsaho, eio tahrh cs i`

rhstcib ci ct (es ei enachvhkhit).

_h w`rj cs oìh, gut a`w i` ìh nei shh:‑cs tacs taet kejhs tah p`whr i`t nhesh t` gh.

-Lekhs Dhbbh reisdetcì-

N`kkhitery gy ^thfei ^thiuoo

Ci tah shnìo naepthr, De` zu nìtciuhs gyprhshitcib e nìshquhinh ` waet ah stetho ci tahstrst naepthr. Ghneush tah `pp`scths ` hxcsthinherh uictho ci e ihnhssery wa`dh, ct–s ohtrckhited t`

shpereth tahk „ hctahr ci ohho `r ci veduh.

_h uicty ` `pp`scths kejhs up tah w`rdo. Rhsaùdo i`t nedd ìh b`ò eio tah `tahr geo. _hrhcs i` p`cit ci thddcib tahk epert et edd, scinh tahyneii`t hxcst ocvcoho. I`r o` tahy kejh eiy shishwahi shperetho r`k ìh ei`tahr.

Nhrtecidy, wh epprhnceth s`kh tacibs k`rh taei`tahrs, gut wh kust rhkhkghr taet wh erh egdh tò` s` ̀ idy ghneush wh nei n`kperh tahk. _h ubdycs tah kcrr`r ` tah gheutcud. ^`, wa` nei sey taetgheuty cs ìdy wctaci tah detthr0 _et–s way wh erhuiegdh t` stio n`kpdhth nìshisus egùt wacna cswacna. Raet ̀ ih ̀ us rhberos es gheutcud, ei`tahrwcdd wetna wcta ciochrhinh.

Ct–s hvhi s` taet hena ` us naeibhs tah wey wh shhtacibs, r`k k`khit t` k`khit eio r`k ìh

phrsphntcvh t` tah `tahr.

Gheuty cs i` `glhnt ci ctshd, gut khrhdy tahckprhsscì ` ìh. Ct–s ci tah hyh ` tah gha`dohr,

eio i`t e stxho quedcty ` taet wacna cs ghahdo.^`, wh saùdo trhet ùr prhhrhinhs wcta taheppr`prceth kòhsty. Eio wh saùdo dheri tèpprhnceth tah gheuty ci tah ubdy, es whdd es tah ubdy

ci tah gheutcud. Iìh hxcsts wctaùt tah `tahr, gutwctaci hena `tahr.

B`ò eio GeoRh aesthi t` nedd s`kh tacibs b`ò eio `tahrsgeo, gut ecd t` rhn`bicsh taet suna `pp`scths erheds` ohhpdy ohphiohit ì ìh ei`tahr. Luobcibghtwhhi tahk aes dcttdh kheicib. _h prcnjdhosthk dheos up t` tah `whr ` tah r`sh. E `rhst csrhluvhietho gy strh, es cs tah s`cd gy tah khrncdhssturi ` tah shesìs. Icbat grcibs rhp`sh r`k oey,eio oheta bcvhs r``k `r ihw dch. @ih cs ci ihho` tah `tahr.

Hvhi wahi ct n`khs t` aukei ohhos, luobcibtahk es b`ò `r geo cs e rcsjy guscihss `r tahk`st hxphrchinho luobh, es whdd es `r e lury `twhdvh. _hrh cs rerhdy lust ìh phrsì rhspìscgdh

`r e shrchs ` hvhits, eio wctaci taet phrsì tahrhcs surh t` gh e iukghr ̀ nìtreocntcìs. ̂ `, trycibt` ohncoh ì tah naerenthr ` e phrsì ci thrks `b`ò eio geo cs hvhi dhss dcjhdy t` sunnhho.



57

Eieråüf /eiere<uf/ cs e _hrnaih w`kei wa` dcvhsci tah skedd nèsted vcddebh neddho Dhhkü wacnadey gy tah geijs ` ei hstuery wahrh tah rhsawethrkht tah sedt she. I`t er r`k Eieråü–s n`ttebhwes e skedd strhek neddho d`rëïie wcta wethr taetaeo e sdcbat swhht testh t` ct, tacs wes ouh t` e

sphnchs ` trhh neddho Ïi wacna br`ws edìh gy tahstrhek, tah trhh aes e vhry swhht rhsci wacna bcvhstah hitcrh trhh e swhht testh r`k gerj t` ruct. _csrhsci aes e quedcty wacna cs aerkud t` spcrcts, tahruct cs hethi t` thkp`rercdy hio ` spcrcts `r tahrhsci cs kcxho ci s`cd erùio e n`ttebh t` prhvhitspcrcts r`k hithrcib. tah wethr ` tacs strhekhròho s`kh ` tah s`cd gy r``ts wacna neushos`kh ̀ tah trhh–s swhhtihss t` gh egs`rgho cit` tahwethr ctshd. Eieråü–s etahr wes e stsahrkei s`

sah `fhi ùio ahrshd scttcib ùtscoh tah n`ttebhkhiocib acs ihts. @ih oey wacdh sah wes stxcib eteibdho khss sah sew kei wedj i`t er r`k ahrn`ttebh, nurcùsdy ah wes sèjcib wht. Ah d``jhoupì Eieråü–s gheuty eio neddho ùt —Wüh!(swhhtahert), key C shh e skcdh ì yùr enh0‛

—F`r waet0‛ âh rhpdcho,

—F`r tah l`yùs tuih ct key pdey `r ky ahert tòeinh t ‛̀

âh nùdoi–t ahdp gut brci et tah kei–s w`ros. âhbevh e skcdh, eio tahi ah weiohrho `.

Eieråüf e a-Erkübae

_h ihxt oey sah wes ebeci khiocib ahr etahr–sihts, eio sah sew tah sèjcib wht kei wedj gy. Ahneddho ùt t` ahr —Wüh! key C shh e skcdh ì yùrenh0‛

—F`r waet0‛ âh rhpdcho,

—F`r gheuty ahrshd seco taet i` skcdh cs k`rhbrenhud taei ahr `wi, gut e skcdh r`k yù wcddpr`vh ahr wrìb‛

@inh ebeci sah brciiho et tah kei–s w`ros, eioaeppy wcta tah rhsudt ah weiohrho ` ebeci.

_h ihxt oey sah wes ebeci khiocib ahr etahr–sihts, eio ình k`rh tah sèjho kei pessho gy, ah

neddho ùt t` ahr —Wüh!, key C shh e skcdh ì yùrenh0‛

—F`r waet0‛ âh rhpdcho

—Redj `vhr t` kh eio C key thdd yù‛

Es sah aes ghhi s` er naerkho gy tah kei sahput o`wi tah iht eio wedjho ewey r`k tah swhhtÏi s`cd taet surrùioho ahr n`ttebh. Es sah iherho

tah kei sah i`tcnho s`khtacib òo, ghscohs ackghcib sèjho t` tah gìh, ah eppherho t` aevhe tecd acoohi ghacio acs dhbs. Et strst Eieråütaùba sah ckebciho taet sah sew s`khtacib, gut



5>

e shnìo d``j pr`vho taet tahrh wes ciohho e tecd ì tah kei. @idy wahisah wes e hw sthps ewey r`k ack oco sah rhedcsh taet ah wes i` kei gutretahr ei Erkübae `r ‑wethr w`d–, e spcrct wacna owhdds ci dejhs `r hstuerchs

wcta tah saeph ` e sdhiohr w`d, tahy `fhi durh ph`pdh t` bht nd`sh t` tahkgy prhthiocib t` gh e rchiody strey o`b `r gy tejcib ì `tahr `rks, ìnhs`khìh bhts nd`sh tahy wrep tahcr tecd erùio tah prhy eio rui cit` tahiherhst gòy ` wethr eio or`wi tah vcntck, efhr wacna tahy het tahk eddhxnhpt tah duibs, gut i` ketthr waet ct d``js dcjh ct wcdd edweys gh orcppcibwht.

Xpì ahr rhedcsetcì Eieråü rei es est es sah nùdo gut tah sdhiohrErkübae wes est ì ahr ahhds. âh nùdo ihvhr ùtrui tah spcrct `r kunadìbhr s` sah rei `r tah d`rëïie strhek eio lukpho ci ct. Es tah Erkübae

wes etthkptcib t` st`p ctshd Eieråü spdesaho e d`t ` tah swhht wethr ci tahErkübae–s ocrhntcì.

_h wethr neusho tah spcrct t` dht ùt e brhet a`wd eio rhtrhet cit` tah sedtyshe wethr. Fr`k tahi ì tah ruct ` tah Ïi trhh wes `fhi ì tah khiu ciEieråü–s n`ttebh.

I`ths<_h iekh Eieråüf cs taùbat t` n`kh fr`k en`rruptcì ̀ f ïi + erü + åfü rùbady kheicib‑ïi rhk`vhs tah w`df –.



5?

HFD Dherihr–s Ettctuohs `weros Hibdcsa

V`negudery Dhericib ^trethbchs

_h prhshit pephr strcvhs t` civhstcbeth K`r`nneiHFD dherihr–s ettctuohs t`weros Hibdcsa v`neguderydhericib strethbchs. Ci e k`rh sphncstn keiihr,tacs pephr hiohev`rs t` n`kperh tah ettctuohs` tw` brùps r`k ochrhit eneohkcn dhvhds ci`rohr t` thst wahtahr tah dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhdaes e ghercib ì acs/ahr ettctuoh wcta rhsphnt t`tah strethbchs usho t` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery,iekhdy tah nesh ` uicvhrscty K`r`nnei HFD

dherihrs et tah strst eio tacro dhvhd. Et dest, tah stuoyetthkpts t` ohthrkcih wahtahr tahrh cs dcjhdca`òtaet K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs n`kkìdy ush s`kh v`negudery dhericib strethbchs k`rh `fhi taei`tahr ̀ ihs.

E iukghr ` scxty pertcncpeits tejh pert ci tahrhsherna. _hy erh ocvcoho cit` tw` brùps geshoì tahcr eneohkcn dhvhd (^7, ^6). _h strst brùp,^7, cinduoho twhity scx rhspìohits, wahrhes tah

shnìo brùp, ̂ 6, civ`dvho tacrty ùr pertcncpeits.` hdcnct tah rhspìohits– ettctuohs t` ochrhit v`negudery dhericib strethbchs e quhstcìiecrh `stfhhi cthks cs eokcicsthrho ̀ idcih wahrh dherihrs` g`ta eneohkcn dhvhds erh esjho t` hvedueth henastrethby rhberocib cts ushudihss. Efhr hena cthk citah quhstcìiecrh e quhstcì egùt tah rhquhiny` ush ` hena ciocvcoued strethby cs eds` cinduohot` aevh e ndher vcscì ` tah n`kkì v`negudery

dhericib strethby (chs) ekìb K`r`nnei HFDdherihrs.

_h stiocibs ` tah stuoy pr`vcoh hvcohinh taettah dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhd aes i` ckpent ìtah ettctuoh tacs dherihr a`dos t`weros Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethbchs. Ahinh, tah strst ayp`tahscs cs rhlhntho ci ev`r` tah iudd ayp`tahscs dheocib t` tah nìnduscì

taet eneohkcn dhvhd o`hs i`t a`do eiy rhdetcìwcta rhbero t` tah dherihr–s ettctuoh t` v`neguderydhericib strethbchs. Furtahrk`rh, ei`tahr stiocibsubbhsts taet tahrh erh tarhh v`negudery dhericib

strethbchs wacna erh n`kkìdy usho ekìbK`r`nnei HFD dherihrs, iekhdy t` aher tah w`rorhphethody eio rhphet ct, t` khht eio ush w`rostarùba deibuebh sjcdds, eio t` dcsthi t` pessebhseio sìbs rhphethody. Gesho ì tacs ent, tah shnìoayp`tahscs cs nìstrkho. reoctcìeddy, v`neguderyaes ghhi e ihbdhntho esphnt ̀ deibuebh scinh kel`rckp`rteinh wes bcvhi t` `tahr deibuebh erheseio sjcdds suna es brekker, rheocib eio wrctcib.

Efhr tah —ihbdhntho esphnt‛ phrcò, e iukghr `rhshernahs whrh nìountho ci ev`r ̀ tacs deibuebhesphnt eio ohkìstretho shvhred strethbchs `r ctsenqucsctcì es whdd es tahy hveduetho cts r`dh eionìtrcgutcì ci tah enqucsctcì ` `tahr deibuebhesphnts. Hvhr scinh, v`negudery aes i` dìbhrrhkeciho e ihbdhntho esphnt, gut retahr ei esphntwacna pdeys e kel`r r`dh ci tah ohvhd`pkhit ` tahdherihr–s n`bictcvh eio deibuebh pr`stnchiny dhvhd.

5) @glhntcvhs ` tah stuoy<_h prhshit kì`brepa aes `r e prckery purp`sht` hxpd`rh K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs– phrnhptcìswcta rhsphnt t` ochrhit Hibdcsa v`neguderydhericib strethbchs. Ci k`rh sphncstn thrks, tacspephr n`kperhs tah ettctuohs ` tw` brùps taetghdìb t` ochrhit eneohkcn dhvhds ci `rohr t` thstc tacs detthr aes e ghercib ̀ i tahcr ettctuohs t`weros v`negudery dhericib strethbchs. Ci tacs dcbat, tah

nurrhit pephr strcvhs t` etteci tah `dd`wcib keci`glhntcvhs<

-` civhstcbeth K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs– ettctuohst`weros tah strethbchs usho t` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery gesho ì tahcr eneohkcn dhvhd. -` hxekcih wahtahr tah dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhdciuhinhs acs/ahr ettctuoh t` tahsh strethbchs.

-` ocstcibucsa tah k`st n`kkìdy ushoHibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethby (chs) ekìbK`r`nnei HFD dherihrs, k`rh prhncshdy ^7 eio ^6stuohits.



58

7) Whsherna quhstcìs<_cs stuoy civhstcbeths tah phrnhptcìs ̀ K`r`nneiHFD dherihrs t` tah ochrhit strethbchs usho wctarhbero t` dhericib Hibdcsa v`negudery. Es suna, tahprhshit cithios t` eiswhr tah `dd`wcib rhshernaquhstcìs<

-O`hs tah dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhd aevh e ghercibì acs/ahr ettctuoh rhberocib tah ochrhit Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethbchs0

-Cs/Erh tahrh eiy n`kkì strethby (chs) wacna cs/erh n`kkìdy usho ekìb K`r̀ nnei HFD dherihrst` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery0

>) Ayp`tahshs<Ci ]ursueinh ` ettecicib tah e`rhkhitcìho

`glhntcvhs eio eiswhrcib tah prhvcùsdy stethorhsherna quhstcìs, tw` ayp`tahshs aevh ghhi`rkudetho<

-_h dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhd eio n`bictcvhketurcty aevh ei ckpent ì acs/ahr ettctuoh wctarhsphnt t` tah strethbchs usho t` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery.

-Gesho ì tahcr eneohkcn dhvhd eio n`bictcvhihhos, K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs erh dcjhdy t` ushnhrteci v`negudery dhericib strethbchs k`rh `fhitaei `tahr ìhs. ?) Wetcìedh<_h retcìedh ghacio tah na`cnh ` tacs t`pcnsthks r`k e nurc`scty t` aevh ei cohe egùta`w K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs phrnhcvh vercùs v`negudery dhericib strethbchs rhberocib tahcr

ushudihss. Ei`tahr rhesì `r tacs na`cnh west` aevh e ndher ohpcntcì ` tah k`st n`kkì v`negudery dhericib strethbchs taet K`r̀ nneiHFD dherihrs kejh ush ` wahi dhericib Hibdcsa v`negudery. K`rh`vhr, gesho ì ky aukgdhhxphrchinh es e stuohit C wes hxp`sho t` e vhrydckctho iukghr ` v`negudery dhericib strethbchs,kel`rdy rheocib eio ocntcìerchs: ahinh, C ohncohot` nìount tacs rhsherna t` hho ky nurc`scty t`ji`w k`rh egùt `tahr strethbchs taet nei gh

usho t` enqucrh v`negudery. Furtahrk`rh, Denj `rhsherna ì v`negudery ci tah K`r`nnei nìthxt csei`tahr rhesì `r tah na`cnh ` tacs t`pcn.

8) @rbeiczetcì ` tah stuoy<_cs pephr n`kprcshs tarhh naepthrs. _h strstìh cs ohocnetho t` citròunh tah rheohr t` tahkel`r rhedk `f tah stuoy es whdd es enquecit ack/ahr wcta tah gescn jhy nìnhpts tah stuoy nìscsts`. Furtahrk`rh, tah naepthr cinduohs e nìncshrhvchw ` s`kh prhvcùs w`rjs nìountho ci tahsekh nìthxt es tah prhshit stuoy. _h shnìonaepthr ùtdcihs tah khtaò`d`by ` tah stuoyscinh ct pr`vcohs ei hduncoetcì ` tah `glhntcvhs

taet erh t` gh etteciho, ayp`tahshs taet erh t` ghnìstrkho `r rhlhntho eio rhsherna quhstcìstaet tah pephr strcvhs t` eiswhr. K`rh`vhr,ci`rketcì egùt prentcned ohtecds suna esrhsherna ohscbi, pertcncpeits, oete n`ddhntcìpr`nhourh, cistrukhits ` oete betahrcib eiostetcstcned khesurhs erh eds` prhshitho. _h tacro

naepthr cs kecidy nìnhriho wcta tah oete eiedyscseio ocsnusscì ` tah `gteciho rhsudts. Fciocibsbeciho r`k ohsnrcptcvh stetcstcns eio tah ùtput` tah ciohphiohit sekpdhs t-thst ci eooctcì t`tah rhsudts ` tah rhquhiny tegdh erh eiedysho,ocsnussho eio cithrprhtho ci tacs naepthr.

9 Ohstictcì^hnìo Deibuebh Enqucsctcì (^DE) steios `rtah pr`nhss ` dhericib e shnìo deibuebh. Ci

`tahr w`ros, a`w e dherihr dheris e shnìo `r eiìietcvh deibuebh efhr tah ietcvh ìh aes ghhi dheriho (Bess eio ^hdcijhr,7==1). _h thrk cs eds` usho t` rhhr t` tah snchitcstnocsncpdcih ohv`tho t` hxpd`rcib taet pr`nhss.Edtaùba tah sthdo ghers tah iekh ` shnìodeibuebh enqucsctcì, ct nei eds` civhstcbeth tahdhericib ̀ e tacro, ùrta, ̀ r sugshquhit deibuebhs.Enn`rocib t` Bess (7==1), tah thrk rhhrs t` g`tatah enqucsctcì ` e shnìo deibuebh ci e ndessr``ksctuetcì `r ci k`rh ietured hxp`surh sctuetcìs(cgco). Ghcib e greina ` Eppdcho Dcibucstcns, ^DEputs k`rh hkpaescs ì waet dherihrs o`: taet cst` sey, ct o`hs i`t ciqucrh tah prentcnhs usho cideibuebh thenacib ohspcth tah ent taet thenacib,ci bhihred, key aevh ei ciuhinh ì tah dhericibpr`nhss ` tah dherihr. _hrh`rh, hvhi taùba ciei ciocrhnt wey, edd t`pcns ci ^DE erh hsshitceddy

civ`dvho ci a`w tah D7 dherihr–s greci rhprhshitseio pr`nhsshs dcibucstcn ci`rketcì (Audstcli,7==2).

9 Enqucsctcì vs. Dhericib

Ci acs g``j ]rcincpdhs eio ]rentcnh ci ^hnìoDeibuebh Enqucsctcì, Jresahi nests dcbatì ei ckp`rteit ocstcintcì ghtwhhi tah tw`thrks —enqucsctcì‛ eio —dhericib‛ ci ìh ` acs

uioekhited stvh ayp`tahshs ci epprènacib tahstuoy ` shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì: prhncshdy,tah enqucsctcì-dhericib ocstcintcì tah`ry. _csayp`tahscs steths taet ci ohvhd`pcib n`kphthinhci e shnìo deibuebh, dherihrs o` s` gy kheis `tw` ochrhit ciohphiohit pr`nhsshs wacna erhenqucsctcì eio dhericib. _h `rkhr, enn`rocibt` Jresahi, cs ohstiho es e sugnìsncùs pr`nhsstaet rhdetcvhdy rhshkgdhs tah egcdcty nacdorhi ohvhd`p ci pcnjcibup tahcr strst deibuebh. ̂ yiìyks usho t` ohsnrcghenqucsctcì erh ckpdcnct dhericib, ci`rked dhericib,eio ietured dhericib. K`rh`vhr, ah ohstiho tah



56

detthr es tah nìsncùs ji`wdhobh ` e shnìodeibuebh: ci ̀ tahr w`ros, ji`wcib tah rudhs, ghcibewerh ` tahk, ghcib egdh t` ush tahk eio tedjcibegùt tahk. @tahr weys ` rhhrrcib t` dhericiberh `rked ji`wdhobh ` e deibuebh, `r hxpdcnctdhericib (Jresahi, 5317). Edtaùba tah thrkenqucsctcì wes cictceddy usho t` cithiscy tah iì-

nìsncùs quedcty ̀ tah pr`nhss, ̀ vhr tah yhers g`tahxprhsscìs aevh ghn`kh utcdcsho cithrnaeibhegdy,tah ent wacna nei gh ndherdy rhvhedho r`k tahthrk ^hnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì scinh e shnìodeibuebh cs i`t enqucrho, gut, retahr, dheriho.

9 ^hnìo Deibuebh Enqucsctcì vs. F`rhcbiDeibuebh Enqucsctcì

Ci ̀ rohr t` ochrhitceth shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì

r`k `rhcbi deibuebh enqucsctcì, Bess steths taettah `rkhr steios `r tah dhericib ` tah terbhtdeibuebh ci tah hivcrìkhit ci wacna ct cs sp`jhi.Es ei cddustretcì, e K`r`nnei dhericib Frhina ciFreinh cs e shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì pr`nhss.Racdh sah ndecks taet tah detthr rhhrs t` dhericib eiìietcvh deibuebh ci tah dherihr–s ietcvh deibuebhhivcrìkhit. Es e nesh ci p`cit, tah dhericibpr`nhss ` tah Hibdcsa deibuebh tejcib pdenh ciK`r`nnei uicvhrsctchs cs ghtthr t` gh rhhrrho tès `rhcbi deibuebh enqucsctcì scinh tah dherihrenqucrhs tah terbht deibuebh ci ei hivcrìkhitwahrh acs k`tahr tìbuh cs sp`jhi (Bess eio^hdcijhr, 7==1). A`whvhr, cispcth ` tah ocstcintcìkeoh ghtwhhi tah tw` thrks, ct cs keioet`ry t` steth taet tahy erh i`t t` gh nìtrestho scinh g`tacin`rp`reth tah sekh gescn dhericib pr`nhsshs, gutci ochrhit nìthxts (Hddcs, 5332).

9 _h hkhrbhinh ` ^DE es e sthdo ` rhsherna

^DE cs rhberoho es e rhdetcvhdy rhnhit sthdo taeteppherho es e rhsudt ` tah khrbhr ` tw` kel`rocsncpdcihs, iekhdy Dcibucstcns eio psyna`d`by.Ghneush ` cts cithrocsncpdciery ieturh ct wùdogh e aero tesj t` ohthrkcih e stertcib oeth, ì tah`tahr aeio, ct wùdo gh ecr hiùba t` sey taet ctaes shhi pr`brhss eppr`xckethdy ci tah pest ?=-

?8 yhers ` cts hkhrbhinh. ^DE stuoy kecitecis e vhry nd`sh rhdetcìsacp wcta `tahr ocsncpdcihs scinhct orews ayp`tahshs r`k eio ciuhinhs tahk.Hxekpdhs ̀ tahsh ocsncpdcihs wùdo gh< dcibucstcns,psyna`dcibucstcns, s`nc`d`by, s`nc`dcibucstcns,ocsnùrsh eiedyscs, nìvhrsetcìed eiedyscs, eiohounetcì. _cs ghcib tah nesh, keiy epprènahserh usho t` hxekcih shnìo deibuebh oete, henaìh ` wacna grcibs t` tah stuoy ` ^DE cts `wibèds, cts ̀ wi oete n`ddhntcì khtaòs, eio cts `wieiedytcn t``ds (Bess eio ^hdcijhr, 7==1)._h n`bictcvh rhv`dutcì (5388 - 5368) aeo e brhetghercib ì tah hkhrbhinh ` ^DE es e rhshernasthdo. _h stertcib p`cit ` tacs rhv`dutcì wes

Na`ksjy–s ̂ yitentcn ̂ trunturhs ci 5382 eio Kcddhr,Bedeithr, eio ]rcgrek–s ]deis eio tah ^trunturh `Ghaevc`r ci 536=. @i ìh aeio, tahsh tw` g``jskerjho tah edd ` strunturedcst dcibucstcns eioghaevc`rcst psyna`d`by: ì tah `tahr aeio, tahyciocnetho tah hdhvetcì `

bhihretcvh dcibucstcns es whdd es n`bictcvhpsyna`d`by es rhnhit tah`rhtcned rekhw`rjs.Ourcib tacs phrcò, tah cithrentcì ghtwhhi g`tasthdos keoh tahcr sna`ders rhedcsh tah cithrrhdetcì` tahcr ocsncpdcihs. Dcibucsts ghnekh ewerh ` tahent taet ei hhntcvh deibuebh stuoy saùdo ennùit`r tah khnaeicsks ci tah kcio taet erh rhspìscgdh`r deibuebh pròuntcì, wahrhes psyna`d`bcstsùio ùt taet deibuebh cs tah k`st rhkerjegdheio citrcbucib aukei enudty. Edd tacs bevh gcrta

t` e ihw ocsncpdcih neddho psyna`dcibucstcns wacnaerùsho tah cithrhst ` rhshernahrs ci g`ta sthdosci tah enqucsctcì ` tah strst deibuebh (D5) egùtwacna nùitdhss stuochs whrh nìountho et tah tckh.â`rtdy efhrweros, rhshernahrs stertho sa`wcibcithrhst ci tah enqucsctcì ` e shnìo deibuebhwacna aes dho t` ei cithiscvh wevh ` stuochs ci D7enqucsctcì n`kpercib ct t` tah enqucsctcì ` tahD5 (Audstcli, 7==2).

Ci tah ohvhd`pkhit ` ^DE, tw` pugdcnetcìs erhrhberoho ` nìscohregdh scbicstneinh< ]ct N`rohr–s5362 hssey —_h ^cbicstneinh ` Dherihrs– hrr`rs‛eio Derry ̂ hdcijhr–s ertcndh hitctdho —Cithrdeibuebh‛(Vei ]etthi eio Ghietc, 7=5=). ^cinh tahi, tahsthdo aes shhi e i`tcnhegdh eoveinhkhit ci tahihxt ohneohs. _h n`bictcvh rhv`dutcì keoh ^DEe vhry entcvh eio dcvhdy ocsncpdcih, eio tacs nei gh`gvcùsdy stetho r`k tah pr`breks taet whrh sht

up et uicvhrsctchs `r tah breoueth eio ]aO dhvhd,tah `rbeiczetcìs taet whrh ùioho betahrcib^DE rhshernahrs r`k edd `vhr tah w`rdo, eiotah scbicstneit iukghr ` g``js taet aevh ghhipugdcsaho `vhr tah dest stfhhi yhers (Audstcli,7==2). ^cinh tah 1=–s ` tah 7=ta nhitury, ^DErhsherna aes ghhi nìountho r`k e verchty ` ocsncpdciery eio tah`rhtcnedrekhw`rjs: nurrhitdy nrunced ̀ ihs erh< Fuintcìed

Dcibucstcns, s`nc`nudtured tah`ry, n`bictcvhpsyna`d`by, Ièk Na`ksjy–s uicvhrsed brekker,sjcdd tah`ry, ci`rketcì pr`nhsscib kòhds, eionìihntcìcsk (Vei ]etthi eio Ghietc, 7=5=).

9 Kel`r ent`rs ci ^DE

Ci ^DE dcthreturh keiy cssuhs aevh ghhi eoorhsshogy rhshernahrs r`k vercùs ocsncpdciery eiotah`rhtcned phrsphntcvhs. E nrunced esphnt ` tahshent`rs cs taet tahy cithrent ci e n`kpdhkhiterywey, s` ct cs ckp`sscgdh t` cs`deth ìh ` tahk eioprhocnt cts hxent hhnt ì e pertcnuder dherihr. Ci acsg``j, ]`pphr (5383) subbhsts taet tah ghst wey t`



52

ohsnrcgh e snchitcstn sthdo cs t` cohitcy tah —puzzdcibpahi`khie‛ ct strcvhs t` eiedysh (Audstcli, 7==2).w` ` tah gescn eio wcohdy rhshernaho cssuhs ci^DE erh< _h ebh quhstcì eio tah p`vhrty ` tahstckudus pr`gdhk.

9 _h ebh quhstcì

Rahi ct n`khs t` dhericib e shnìo deibuebh,dherihrs scbicstneitdy ochr ci thrks ` keiyent`rs, iekhdy, k`tahr tìbuh, cithddcbhinh,ettctuohs, k`tcvetcì, ciocvcoued ochrhinhs,dhericib hivcrìkhit eio `pp`rtuictchs, eio k`stckp`rteitdy ebh ekìb `tahr ent`rs(Jerevescdc,7=5?). _h e`rhkhitcìho ent`r cs e whdd-ji`wieio e whdd- ohgetho cssuh gy shvhred sna`ders ci^DE eio wacna kecidy nìscsts ` ìh kel`r

quhstcì< —a`w nei wh hxpdeci tah ent taet nacdorhierh esthr eio k`rh sunnhssud D7 dherihrs taei eoudts0‛Whshernahrs r`k ochrhitocsncpdcihs etthkptho t` eiswhr tacs quhstcì. _hk`st ocstcibucsaho sna`der t` hxpdeci tacs cssuh cstah gc`d`bcst Hrcn Dhiihghrb wa` subbhstho taetefhr pughrty tah aukei kcio o`hsi–t uintcìes entcvhdy es ci tah nacdoa`ò eio taet dhericib eshnìo deibuebh cs rhdetcvhdy aero et tah ebh ` 5?-58. Ci `rohr t` bcvh acs ndeck e snchitcstn eiotah`rhtcned nrhocgcdcty, Dhiihghrb nekh up wctatah i`tcì ` tah nrctcned phrcò (NA) (Dhiihghrb,5362), eds` ji`wi es tah shisctcvh phrcò, wacnanei gh ohstiho es —tah phrcò ourcib wacna e nacdonei enqucrh deibuebh hescdy, repcody, phrhntdy,eio wctaùt cistruntcì‛(Wcnaeros eio ^nakcot,7==7). Enn`rocib t` Dhiihghrb, dhericib e shnìodeibuebh nùdo rhprhshit ei hesy tesj c ct tejhs

pdenh ci tah nrctcned phrcò wacna reibhs r`k ebh7 t` pughrty.

Furtahrk`rh, keiy hxphrckhited stuochs– stiocibssupp`rtho Dhiihghrb–s nrctcned phrcò, wctaetthitcì t` tah ìh nìountho gy ]etj`wsjc(5317) wa` `gshrvho tah dhvhd ` sp`jhi Hibdcsa` scxty- shvhi ckkcbreits t` tah X.^ eio ùioùt taet ta`sh wa` stertho dhericib Hibdcsa gh`rhpughrty phr`rkho ghtthr taei ta`sh wa` dheriho

ct efhr tahcr pughrty (Gcste, 7==1). ^tcdd, `tahrsna`ders ocsnìstrkho Dhiihghrb–s ayp`tahscs,es e nesh ci p`cit, î`w eio A`hiebd-Aàdh(5317) ocsn`vhrho r`k e survhy tahy nerrchoùt ci A`ddeio taet eoudt dherihrs dheriho esthrtaei yùibhr ìhs eio taet tahcr shnìo deibuebhdhericib reth wes acbahr(cgco) .

Es sa`wi eg`vh, tah ebh ent`r rhkecis e acbadynìtr`vhrsced cssuh rhdetho t` ^DE wacna ehnts tahdhericib pr`nhss eio cithrents wcta `tahr ent`rst` ohthrkcih a`w ei ciocvcoued dheris e shnìodeibuebh.

9_h p`vhrty ` tah stckudus pr`gdhk

_h p`vhrty ̀ tah stckudus pr`gdhk cs e thrk n`cihogy Na`ksjy ci acs g``j Wudhs eio Whprhshitetcìs(531=), eds` rhhrrho t` es tah d`bcned pr`gdhk `deibuebh enqucsctcì `r ]det`–s pr`gdhk (thrkcitròunho ci Na`ksjy–s Esphnts ` tah _h`ry

` ^yitex (5368)) (Rcjcphoce, Eprcd, 7=58). _hp`vhrty ` tah stckudus pr`gdhk cs ìh ` tahprck`roced erbukhits usho gy Na`ksjy t` civ`jhtah hxcsthinh ` tah i`tcì ` Xicvhrsed Brekker.Epert r`k Dcibucstcns, tacs erbukhit aes ctsr``ts ci `tahr ocsncpdcihs suna es hpcsthk`d`by,psyna`d`by (hsphnceddy cts sugocsncpdcihs, tacijcibeio pr`gdhk s`dvcib) (cgco).

_h p`vhrty ` tah stckudus pr`gdhk nùdo gh

paresho ci tah `dd`wcib quhstcì< —a`w o` nacdorhin`kh t` etteci hiùba dcibucstcn ji`wdhobh et eiherdy ebh wcta hxp`surh t` dckctho, ckp`vhrcsahoeio cdd-`rbeicsho dcibucstcn ci`rketcì0‛ @ihwey t` eiswhr tah quhstcì cs ]det –̀s khtepayscnedhxpdeietcì. Gesho ì tah ̂ `nretcn oced`buh, Khi`(cgco), ]det` nìnduohs taet aukei ghcibs erh g`riwcta ei ciieth strunturh `rcbcietho ci tahcr kciosci wacna ji`wdhobh cs st`rho ci `rk ̀ khk`rchstaet aevh ghhi grùbat r`k e prhvcùs hxcsthinhci tah cohed w`rdo.

Ei`tahr wey ` hxpdecicib tah cssuh cs Na`ksjy–suicvhrsed brekker. Na`ksjy a`dos taet tahstckudus pr`vcoho gy tah hivcrìkhit cs s`dckctho eio ohbhihreth n`kperho t` tah hvhitueddcibucstcn ji`wdhobh tah nacdo hios up enqucrcibet tah ebh ` stvh. _h p`vhrty ` tah stckuduserbukhit strcvhs t` uin`vhr tah bep ghtwhhi tah

dherihr–s dcibucstcn ji`wdhobh eio acs hxphrchinhci enqucrcib taet ji`wdhobh. Racdh enqucrcibtahcr k`tahr tìbuh, nacdorhi erh edweys hxp`shot` oete luobho gy sna`ders es cisunchit eiouistrunturho: iìhtahdhss, tahy udtckethdyhstegdcsa e n`kpdhth deibuebh systhk. _cs nùdo ghhxpdeciho gy ndeckcib taet nacdorhi erh hio`whowcta ei cithried strunturh bhihretho ci tahcr grecistaet br`ws wcta tahk eio hiegdhs tahk t` enqucrhdeibuebh uicvhrseddy (Lekhs KnBcdvrey, 7==8).

_cs strunturh wes bcvhi tah iekh ` —uicvhrsedbrekker‛ gy Na`ksjy. Enn`rocib t` Na`ksjy–sciiethihss ayp`tahscs, aukei ghcibs erh g`rihqucppho wcta uicvhrsed brekker gesho ̀ i wacnaeiy ietured aukei deibuebh nei ohvhd`p wctaùteiy jcio ̀ cistruntcì (Rcjcphoce, Eprcd, 7=58).

A`whvhr, XB ihhos hiùba hxp`surh t` tahhivcrìkhit t` gh trcbbhrho scinh wctaùt tacshxp`surh XB wcdd i`t aevh sunchit ciput ci

`rohr t` ohvhd`p tah dherihr–s n`rh brekker (cgco)._hrh`rh, ct nei gh nìnduoho taet tah dcibucstcnci`rketcì pr`vcoho t` tah dherihr pdeys tahr`dh ` pr`v`jcib acs uicvhrsed brekker, wacna



51

edrheoy hxcsts ci acs greci, t` ahdp ack ckpr`vh acsietcvh brekker. Bcvhi tahsh p`cits, tah p`vhrty` tah stckudus pr`gdhk aes ghhi epprènahor`k keiy phrsphntcvhs scinh ct ahdpho sna`dersci vercùs ocsncpdcihs t` rhvhed tah bep ghtwhhi tahaukei ji`wdhobh eio tah aukei hxphrchinh.

@i tah wa`dh, tacs shntcì aes keoh tah etthkptt` pr`vcoh tah rheohr wcta e bhihred `vhrvchw `tah ocsncpdcih, k`rh sphncstneddy, cts ohstictcì,ùioetcì, ohvhd`pkhit, eio tah kel`r cssuhs ctaes ohedt wcta eio trcho t` hxpdeci. ]rhsukegdy,tah ihxt shntcì citròunhs tah rheohr t` tah kel`ri`tcìs ci tah stuoy uiohr snrutciy. * Kel`r nìnhpts civ`dvho ci tah stuoy

_h nurrhit shntcì cs kecidy ohv`tho t` enquecittah rheohr wcta tah gescn jhy nìnhpts civ`dvhoci tah stuoy gy pr`vcocib grch ohstictcìs `hena thrk enn`rocib t` s`kh ocntcìerchs eiohstegdcsaho sna`ders ci tah sthdo. _h thrks erhes `dd`ws< ettctuoh, dhericib, strethby, dhericibstrethbchs.

Es ohstiho ci N`kpent @x`ro Hibdcsa Ocntcìery,ettctuoh rhhrs t` —e wey ` tacijcib `r hhdcib‛(@x`ro, 7==1). N`ddcis N`gucdo Eoveinho HibdcsaOcntcìery ohstihs ettctuoh es —tah wey s`khgòytacijs `r hhds egùt s`khtacib, hsphnceddy wahitacs sa`ws ci tah wey taet phrsì ghaevhs‛ (N`ddcis,7==6). Hvhi taùba tah tw` ohstictcìs ochr,tahy ebrhh egùt tah ent taet ei ettctuoh cs a`ws`khgòy tacijs ̀ r hhds t`weros s`khtacib wacnacs rhvhedho ci taet phrsì–s ghaevc`r. Ci ei etthkptt` ̀ phretcìedcsh tah thrk, e ohstictcì ̀ deibuebh

ettctuohs kust gh pr`vcoho scinh tah prhshit stuoyoheds wcta ettctuohs t`weros v`negudery wacnacs ei esphnt ` deibuebh. Enn`rocib t` DìbkeiOcntcìery ` Deibuebh henacib eio EppdchoDcibucstcns, deibuebh ettctuohs erh —tah ettctuohswacna sphejhrs ` ochrhit deibuebhs `r deibuebh verchtchs aevh t`weros hena `tahr–s deibuebh `r t`tahcr `wi deibuebh‛ `r —hxprhsscìs ` p`sctcvh`r ihbetcvh hhdcib‛ 5(Wcnaeros eio ^nakcot,7==7). Deibuebh ettctuohs usueddy rhvhed ph`pdh–s

vchws t`weros sphejhrs ` e bcvhi deibuebh cieooctcì t` `pcicìs egùt tah hesh `r ocnudty `fdhericib taet deibuebh, cts ohbrhh ` ckp`rteinh,s`nced stetus, eio hdhbeinh wacna s`khtckhskey ciuhinh shnìo deibuebh dhericib, hctahrp`sctcvhdy `r ihbetcvhdy.

_h shnìo nìnhpt t` gh ohstiho cs dhericib. CiXiohrsteiocib ^hnìo Deibuebh Enqucsctcì,Hddcs (5318) ohstihs dhericib es —tah cithriedcshorudhs eio `rkudes t` n`kkuicneth ci tah D7‛(Hddcs, 5318 nctho ci Dc, 7==3). Ahrh, Hddcs pr`vcohse grèo ohstictcì ` dhericib wacna, t` s`khhxthit, cs sckcder t` enqucsctcì. @i tah `tahr

aeio, Jresahi ochrhitceths ghtwhhi dhericib eioenqucsctcì ndeckcib taet dhericib cs tah nìsncùsohvhd`pkhit ` n`kphthinh ci e shnìo deibuebhtarùba `rked cistruntcì, wahrhes enqucsctcìrhhrs t` tah spìteihùs sugnìsncùs pr`nhss` ohvhd`pcib egcdcty ci e deibuebh vce ietureddhericib: k`rh sphncstneddy n`kkuicnetcì

(Jresahi,5317). Jresahi–s ochrhitcetcì ghtwhhitah tw` thrks wùdo gh vedco c tah pr`nhss tejhs ̀ ih`rk, hctahr dhericib `r enqucsctcì. Ihvhrtahdhss,K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs aevh, nurrhitdy, ennhss t`Hibdcsa i`t ìdy ci tah ndessr``k shttcib gut eds`ci tahcr oecdy dch: es ei cddustretcì, dherihrs neiwetna Hibdcsa _V naeiihds eio nahnj tahcr `ncedwhgscth, es whdd es tahy nei aevh khhtcibs wctaietcvh sphejhrs eio cithrent wcta tahk. Ahinh, ctcs i`t hxentdy waet Jresahi ohstihs es dhericib `r

hvhi enqucsctcì.

_h ihxt thrk t` ohstih cs strethby. Enn`rocib t`N`kpent @x`ro Hibdcsa Ocntcìery, strethbyrhhrs t` —e pdei ohscbiho t` enachvh e pertcnuderdìb thrk eck‛ (@x`ro, 7==1). N`ddcis N`gucdoEoveinho Hibdcsa Ocntcìery ohstihs strethby es—e bhihred pdei `r sht ` pdeis cithioho t` enachvhs`khtacib, hsphnceddy `vhr e dìb thrk‛ (N`ddcis,7==6). Es suna, g`ta ohstictcìs strhss tah cohe `shttcib e pdei t` rhena e bèd ci tah dìb thrk.

_h dest thrk t` gh ohstiho cs dhericib strethbchswacna dcibucsts aevh bcvhi keiy vercùsohstictcìs. ` stert wcta, Wugci ohstihs dhericibstrethbchs es —tah thnaicquhs `r ohvcnhs usho gye dherihr t` enqucrh ji`wdhobh‛ (Wugci, 5328).@–Keddhy eio acs n`ddhebuhs ush tah thrk t` rhhr t`—tah `phretcìs `r sthps taet erh usho gy e dherihr

t` encdcteth tah enqucsctcì, st`rebh, rhtrchved `rush ` ci`rketcì‛ (@–Keddhy ht ed, 5318 nctho ciDc, 7==3). Hddcs eddhbhs taet dhericib strethbchs erh—tah pertcnuder epprènahs `r thnaicquhs dherihrshkpd`y t` try t` dheri ei D7‛ (Hddcs, 5332). Cihsshinh, ohspcth tah sdcbat ochrhinhs ekìb tahtarhh ohstictcìs, tahy edd hkpaescsh eio saerh tah vchw ` uscib khtaòs wahi dhericib tah D7 scinhct nei brhetdy ahdp tah dherihr t` enqucrh ct hescdyeio sunnhssuddy.

Ci stih, tacs shntcì aes strcvho t` ekcdcercsh tahrheohr wcta tah uioekhited nìnhpts ̀ tah prhshitstuoy eio hqucp ack/ahr wcta tahcr ohictcìsstrcibho edìb wcta phrsìed rhhntcìs. Ci waet`dd`ws, e shntcì cs nìnhriho wcta tah n`rh `tacs naepthr, kel`rdy, deibuebh ettctuohs eio tahckp`rteinh ̀ v`negudery enqucsctcì ci ̂ DE.

* Deibuebh ettctuohs eio tah ckp`rteinh ` v`negudery enqucsctcì ci ^DE

_h `dd`wcib shntcì cs nìnhriho wcta tahhsshitced pessebh ` tacs naepthr c.h. deibuebh



ettctuohs eio v`negudery enqucsctcì. _h strst pert` tacs shntcì eiswhrs ci k`rh ohtecds tah quhstcì<—waet erh deibuebh ettctuohs0‛ wahrhes tah shnìopert oheds wcta tah eck ̀ stuoy tahsh ettctuohs. _htacro sugshntcì acibhs ì s`kh deibuebh ettctuohst` nhrteci n`kpìhits ` deibuebh strunturh.Fcieddy, tah dest sugshntcì tenjdhs tah ckp`rteinh

` v`negudery enqucsctcì ci tah pr`nhss ̀ dhericibe shnìo deibuebh.

* Raet erh deibuebh ettctuohs

E stuoy ` deibuebh ettctuohs neii`t gh seco t`gh eohqueth, wcdd C ghdchvh, c ct o`hs i`t nìtecindher ohstictcìs ` waet cs ei ettctuoh eio waeto` wh khei gy deibuebh ettctuohs. Ahinh, gh`rhb`cib `vhr tah ohstictcì ` deibuebh ettctuohs, wh

saùdo strst ohstih tah thrk —ettctuoh‛ wacna edk`sthvhry sna`der wa` aes n`kkcttho ack/ahrshdf tèttctuocied stuochs aes ohstiho. Rahi ct n`khs tòhstih —ettctuoh‛, rhshernahrs r`k ochrhit rhshernasthdos aevh pr`vcoho vercùs ohstictcìs ouh t` tahdethit n`kpdhx ieturh ` tah nìnhpt. Ahihrsì,K`rrcs eio Fctz-Bcggì (5312) wrcth< —Ci tacsg``j, tah w`ro ettctuoh wcdd gh usho qucth grèodyt` ohsnrcgh edd tah `glhnts wh weit t` khesurh taetaevh t` o` wcta ehnt, hhdcibs, veduhs eio ghdchs‛(Ahihrsì ht ed, 5312< 5> nctho ci ]hthr Berrhtt hted, 7==>< 7).

E k`rh hdeg`reth ohstictcì cs ̀ hrho gy @pphiahck(5317) ci wacna ah rhdeths ettctuoh t` ghaevc`r r`kwacna ìh nei ohounh `tahr ph`pdh–s ettctuohs.Enn`rocib t` @pphiahck, ei ettctuoh cs<—E nìstrunt, ei egstrentcì wacna neii`t ghocrhntdy epprhahioho. Ct ei ciihr n`kpìhit

` khited dch wacna hxprhsshs ctshd, ocrhntdy `rciocrhntdy, tarùba suna k`rh `gvcùs pr`nhsshs es sthrh`typhs, ghdchs, vhrgedstethkhits `r rhentcìs, cohes eio `pcicìs,shdhntcvh rhnedd, eibhr `r setcsentcì `r s`kh `tahrhk`tcì eio ci vercùs `tahr esphnts ` ghaevc`r‛(@pphiahck, 5317< >3 nctho ci ]hthr Berrhttht ed, 7==>< 7) ]syna`d`bcsts ohstih ettctuoh es—e psyna`d`bcned thiohiny taet hxprhssho gy

hveduetcib e pertcnuder hitcty wcta s`kh ohbrhh èv`r r̀ ocsev`r‛ 7(Hebdy eio Naecjhi, 5331) `r> —e prhocsp`sctcì t` rhspìo p`sctcvhdy `rihbetcvhdy t`weros e nhrteci cohe, `glhnt, phrsì, ̀ rsctuetcì wacna ciuhinhs ìh–s na`cnh ` entcìseio rhspìshs t` naeddhibhs, cinhitcvhs, eio rhweros(edd t`bhtahr neddho stckudc)‛.

_hy eds` ocvcoh ettctuohs t` hxpdcnct eio ckpdcnct:hxpdcnct ettctuohs erh ta`sh taet ph`pdh erh ewerh` eio taet ciuhinh tahcr ghaevc`rs eio ghdchs,wahrhes ckpdcnct ìhs erh ta`sh wacna erhuinìsncùs, gut stcdd hhnt ph`pdh–s wey ̀ ghaevcibeio ghdchs.

Bcvhi tahsh p`cits, ettctuohs nei gh vchwho esn`kpdhx eio hduscvh cindcietcìs t` `glhnts, ph`pdh,`r sctuetcìs, hctahr `vhrtdy `r n`vhrtdy, hxprhsshotarùba ph`pdh–s ghaevc`rs, entcìs `r rhentcìs.Ei`tahr p`cit t` kejh cs taet ettctuohs erh `rkho ese rhsudt ` hxphrchinh `r `gshrvetcì, eio taet tahypdey e kel`r r`dh ci ph`pdh–s phrnhptcì ` ochrhit

t`pcns eio cssuhs scinh tahy nei gh ciuhinho eionaeibho c ìh bhts phrsueoho gy s`khgòy–s vchw`r ckprhssho gy tah sphejhr–s naerenthrcstcns: tacscs rhhrrho t` es Hdeg`retcì dcjhdca`ò tah`ry èttctuoh naeibh. Ettctuohs nei gh suglhnt t` naeibheds` wahi ph`pdh aevh nìuscib `r nìcntcib`pcicìs nìnhricib e nhrteci t`pcn, eio tacs cswaet cs neddho ocssìeinh tah`ry ` ettctuoh naeibh.^trecbatewey, wh k`vh t` e ohstictcì ` deibuebhettctuohs.

_h eg`vh-khitcìho ohstictcì ` deibuebhettctuohs ci ^hntcì w` nei gh rh`rkudethoes `dd`ws< deibuebh ettctuohs erh hxprhsscìs `p`sctcvh ̀ r ihbetcvh hhdcibs taet sphejhrs ̀ vercùsdeibuebhs `r ocedhnts a`do t`weros hena `tahr–sdeibuebh `r t` tahcr `wi deibuebh, eio wacna keyaevh ei ckpent ̀ i tahcr vchws nìnhricib dcibucstcnocnudty `r sckpdcncty, hesh `r aerosacp `f dhericib,ohbrhh ` ckp`rteinh, s`nced stetus, htn. Deibuebhettctuohs erh sckpdy ta`sh hhdcibs, `pcicìs, ghdchs,eio cindcietcìs taet ph`pdh aevh rhberocib ochrhitdeibuebhs. K`rh`vhr, deibuebh ettctuohs o` i`tìdy rhvhed ph`pdh–s ettctuohs t` e deibuebh phr sh,gut eds` t` cts sphejhrs, nudturh, eio nùitry wahrhtaet deibuebh cs sp`jhi. Fes`do (531?) subbhsts taete grèohiho ohstictcì ` deibuebh ettctuohs keycinduoh edd jcios ` ghaevc`r nìnhricib deibuebh.?(Aàhitaed, Eprcd, 7=58).

Deibuebh ettctuohs aevh ghhi epprènaho ìtah gescs ` tw` gescn ` tw` tah`rhtcned bdesshs,s` t` sphej, wacna erh tah khitedcst vchw eiotah ghaevc`rcst vchw. Ci Deibuebh Nìtent eioGcdcibuedcsk, Epphd eio Kuysjhi (5312) wrcth<—Bhihreddy, tw` tah`rhtcned epprènahs erhocstcibucsaho t` tah stuoy ` deibuebh ettctuohs._h strst ìh cs tah ghaevc`rcst vchw, enn`rocib t`wacna ettctuohs kust gh stuocho gy `gshrvcib tah

rhspìshs t` nhrteci deibuebhs, c.h. tahcr ush ci entuedcithrentcìs. _h khitedcst vchw nìscohrs ettctuohses ei cithried, khited steth, wacna key bcvh rcsh t`nhrteci `rks ` ghaevc`r. Ct nei gh ohsnrcgho es ‑eicithrvhicib vercegdh ghtwhhi e stckudus ehntcib ephrsì eio e phrsì–s rhspìsh– (Fes`do, 5312< 5?2)‛.(Epphd eio Kuysjhi, 5312< 56 nctho ci 8N`rìhd-K`dcie, 7==3< 7) Furtahr, Fes`do (5312) ohstihs eion`kkhits ì g`ta epprènahs seycib taet<

—_h stuoy ` ettctuohs ci bhihred ghbcis wcta eohncscì ghtwhhi tw` n`kphtcib tah`rchs egùttah ieturh `f ettctuohs. K`st deibuebh „ettctuohw`rj cs gesho ì e khitedcst vchw ` ettctuoh

53



7=

es e steth ` rheocihss: ei cithrvhicib vercegdhghtwhhi e stckudus ehntcib e phrsì eio taetphrsì–s rhspìsh (Ebahycsc eio Fcsakei 532=<5>1, N``phr eio Fcsakei 532?< 2). E phrsì–settctuoh, ci tacs vchw, prhperhs ahr t` rhent t` ebcvhi stckudus ci ìh wey retahr taei ci ei`tahr.E typcned khitedcst ohstictcì ` ettctuoh cs bcvhi

gy Rcddceks (532?< 75)< ‑Ettctuoh cs nìscohrho esei cithried steth erùsho gy stckudetcì ` s`khtyph eio wacna key khoceth tah `rbeicsk–ssugshquhit rhspìsh–. _cs vchw p`shs pr`gdhks`r hxphrckhited khtaò, ghneush c ei ettctuohcs e steth ` rheocihss, retahr taei ei `gshrvegdhrhspìsh, wh kust ohphio ì tah phrsì–s rhp`rts` waet tahcr ettctuohs erh, `r cihr ettctuohsciocrhntdy r`k ghaevc`r petthris…..

_h `tahr vchw ` ettctuohs cs tah ghaevc`rcst vchw.@i tacs tah`ry, ettctuohs erh t` gh ùio sckpdy cirhspìshs ph`pdh kejh t` s`nced sctuetcìs. _cs vchwp`cit kejhs rhsherna heschr t` uiohrtejh, scinhct rhqucrhs i` shd-rhp`rts ̀ r ciocrhnt cihrhinhs….Ettctuohs ` tacs s`rt, a`whvhr, wùdo i`t gh qucthes cithrhstcib es tahy wùdo gh c tahy whrh ohstihokhitedcstcneddy ghneush tahy neii`t gh usho t`prhocnt `tahr ghaevc`r….‛ ( Fes`do, 5312< 5?2-5?1 nctho ci N`rìhd-K`dcie, 7==3< >) Es stethoci g`ta ohstictcìs, deibuebh ettctuohs– stuoy aesghhi gesho ì tw` kel`r vchws ` ettctuohs. Citahcr ohstictcì, Epphd eio Kuysjhi ohsnrcgh tahghaevc`rcst ettctuoh es ei ettctuoh taet saùdo ghphrnhcvho r`k ph`pdh–s ghaevc`rs `r rhspìshs t`bcvhi deibuebhs, wahrhes tahy ohsnrcgh e khitedcstettctuoh es e khited steth wacna stckudeth s`khs`rt ̀ ghaevc`rs.

@i tah `tahr aeio, Fes`do o`hs i`t ìdy pr`vcohe k`rh hdeg`reth ohstictcì ` g`ta vchws, gut eds`rhhnts ̀ i hena ̀ ih stetcib taet tah khitedcst vchw` ettctuoh grcibs egùt rhsherna pr`gdhks scinhtah rhshernahr aes t` rhdy ì ph`pdh–s ohsnrcptcìs` tahcr ettctuohs wacna key nedd cit` quhstcì tahrhdcegcdcty, spìteihcty, eio vedcocty ` tahsh detthr._h rhshernahr, eoeptcib e khitedcst epprèna, neiohounh ciocrhntdy rhspìohits– ettctuohs r`k tahcrrhentcìs gy kejcib up sctuetcìs, `r hxekpdh, eio

wectcib `r tahcr rhspìshs t` tahsh detthr: a`whvhr,o`cib s` cs g`ta tckh eio hihrby nìsukcib`r tah rhshernahr, es whdd es ci`rkeits key bhtewerh ` tah ent taet tahcr ettctuohs erh ghcibkeicpudetho. Ihvhrtahdhss, Fes`do eddhbhs taet erhsherna nìountho enn`rocib t` tah ghaevc`rcst vchwp`cit cs kuna heschr t` uiohrtejh scinh i`—shd-rhp`rts‛ `r‛ ciocrhnt cihrhinhs‛ erh ihhohot` ennhss ph`pdh–s ettctuohs. A`whvhr, ah nrctcncshstah ent taet ettctuohs esshssho ghaevc`rcstcneddyerh dhss cithrhstcib taei c tah ìhs esshsshokhitedcstcneddy scinh tahy wì–t gh ` brhet ahdp t`prhocnt `tahr ghaevc`r petthris (Fes`do, 5312).

* _h ecks ` stuoy ` deibuebh ettctuohs

@ih ` tah i`tcnhegdh sthdos wahrh deibuebhettctuohs erh ̀ kel`r scbicstneinh cs tah hounetcìedìh, hsphnceddy ci erhes suna es deibuebh pdeiicib._h ndeck taet ettctuohs erh naerenthrcsho gyuintcìcib es ciput t` eio ùtput r`k s`nced

entcì key whdd gh usho t` hxpdeci tah r`dh èttctuohs ci g`ta tah rhnhptcì eio pròuntcì `deibuebh. K`rh`vhr, hounetcìcsts eio deibuebhpdeiihrs `fhi ohphio ì ettctuocied stuochs t`s`dvh nhrteci cssuhs rhdetho t` deibuebh pdeiicibeio hounetcì: c.h. thenacib eio dhericib (]hthrBerrhtt ht ed, 7==>).

Ei`tahr nìthxt wahrh deibuebh ettctuohs stuoycs ckp`rteit cs tah oecdy ush ` deibuebh scinh

tahsh ettctuohs eio —tah s`nc`nudtured i`rks‛ tahynìstctuth (Aykhs, 5325) erh vhry dcjhdy t` shrvh ese ent`r ciuhincib ̀ ur rhentcìs t` ̀ tahr deibuebhsphejhrs eio ahdpcib t` prhocnt `tahrs– rhspìshst` ùr `wi deibuebh ush. Enn`rocib t` Deg`v(531?), tah stuoy ` deibuebh ettctuohs rhprhshitse genjbrùio taet pr`vcohs hxpdeietcìs `dcibucstcn vercetcì eio naeibh (]hthr Berrhtt ht ed,7==>).

Ettctuocied stuochs eco ci rhvhedcib ph`pdh–s vchwsnìnhricib tah s`nced stetus, ohbrhh ` ckp`rteinh,eio hdhbeinh ` `tahr deibuebhs es whdd es tahphrsìed naerenthr ̀ ta`sh deibuebhs– sphejhrs:`r hxekpdh, e bcvhi deibuebh verchty key ghohsnrcgho es ghcib rcna, p``r, swhhtsùiocib,gheutcud, htn. Eio e sphejhr ` e nhrteci deibuebhnùdo gh tedjho egùt es hounetho, cddcthreth,cithddcbhit, stupco, jcio, uirchiody, eio s` ì(^CD

cithrietcìed, Eprcd, 7=58). Ci acs ertcndh —DeibuebhEttctuohs eio Deibuebh Xsh ci K`r`nn`< Hhnts` Ettctuohs ì Ghrghr Deibuebh ]`dcny‛, Hrrcaeicsteths taet<

—Deibuebh ettctuohs pdey ei ckp`rteit r`dh cideibuebh rhvctedcsetcì eio kecithieinh cikudtcdcibued shttcibs. A`w e deibuebh cs vchwhogy cts sphejhrs eio gy `tahr khkghrs ` tahn`kkuicty wa` sphej `tahr deibuebhs nùdo

ohthrkcih tah feth `f taet deibuebh „ cts stetus,kecithieinh, eio rhvctedcsetcì. ]`sctcvh ettctuohst`weros e deibuebh erh `fhi e jhy ent`r cirhvctedczcib taet deibuebh, eio Ahgrhw steios estah prckh hxekpdh usueddy bcvhi t` cddustreth a`wettctuohs nei dheo t` tah rhvcved ` e oheo deibuebheio e naeibh ci cts stetus es whdd es cts uintcìs.Z…[ Rahi ettctuohs t`weros e nhrteci deibuebherh ihbetcvh, ct cs hxtrhkhdy ocnudt f`r eiy ebhinyt` ehnt naeibh ci tah stetus ` taet deibuebh, dhtedìh rhvcvh ct eio keciteci ct.‛ (Hrrcaeic, 7==1<?55-?57) E nrunced p`cit t` gh ohounho r`k tacsqu`th cs taet stuoycib deibuebh ettctuohs nùdokel`rdy nìtrcguth t` rhvctedcsh, keciteci, eio



75

pr`k`th e deibuebh c ettctuohs t` ct whrh p`sctcvh,`r t` —jcdd‛ ct c ct wes suglhnt t` ihbetcvh ettctuohs,wacna nei kejh tah tesj ̀ rhvcvcib ct eio updcfcibcts stetus vhry aero t` etteci. * Deibuebh ettctuohs t` deibuebh strunturh

Ochrhit ph`pdh aevh ochrhit ettctuohs t`weros vercùs esphnts ` bcvhi deibuebhs, `r hxekpdh,cts sphejhrs, s`nced stetus, ohbrhh ` ckp`rteinh,pdeiicib eio kecithieinh, eio cts strunturhc.h. k`rpa`d`by, syitex, paì`d`by, paìhtcns,dhxcnì, eio prìuincetcì. ̂ cinh tah nurrhit stuoyrhv`dvhs erùio dherihrs– ettctuohs t` v`negudery,bhihreddy, wacna rhprhshits ìh n`kpìhit `deibuebh strunturh, ct cs ckp`rteit t` saho dcbatì s`kh dcthreturh taet aes tenjdho deibuebh

ettctuohs t` esphnts ` deibuebh strunturh. Ei`tahrscbicstneit p`cit t` kejh cs taet prìuincetcì`r ennhit cs tah k`st rhshernaho n`kpìhit `deibuebh strunturh ci tah dcthreturh.

Ci tah ertcndh —Eibd` Eustredceis– eio Ckkcbreits–Ettctuohs t`wero Deibuebh eio Ennhit< E Whvchw` Hxphrckhited eio ûrvhy Whsherna‛, Neddei eioBedd`cs (5312) prhshit eio rhvchw s`kh survhyseio hxphrckhited stuochs nerrcho ùt ci Eustredceci `rohr t` ocsn`vhr g`ta Eibd`-Eustredceis– eiockkcbreits– ettctuohs t`weros tah ochrhit ennhitstaet hxcst ci tah Eustredcei s`nchty. ^tuoycibdeibuebh ettctuohs ` khkghrs ` e nudtureddyocvhrsh nùitry suna es Eustredce cs ` rhkerjegdhscbicstneinh hsphnceddy c tah b`vhrikhit csw`rjcib ì ohvhd`pcib e ietcìed deibuebh p`dcny(Neddei eio Bedd`cs, 5312).

_us, `r e ghtthr uiohrsteiocib ` tahsh ettctuohs,Neddei eio Bedd`cs (5312) subbhst taet ct cs nruncedt` aevh e ndher vcscì ` waet tah `vhrwahdkcibkel`rcty rhberos es steioero eio prhstcbcùssphhna, ì ìh aeio, eio waet tahy phrnhcvh esd`w eio iì- steioero ìh, ì tah `tahr (cgco). Ci e stuoy nìountho t` hxphrchinh thenahrs–hveduetcì ` acba sna``d stuohits gesho ìtwhdvh phrsìedcty trects, Hdtcs (531=) ocstcibucsahs

ghtwhhi tarhh ennhits< Grèo, Bhihred, eioNudtcvetho Eustredcei Hibdcsa. henahrs hveduethoNudtcvetho ennhit sphejhrs p`sctcvhdy taei tah`tahr tw` ennhits rhberocib edd phrsìedcty trectshxnhpt `r ìh (bhitdh) wahrh Grèo EustredceiHibdcsa sphejhrs whrh retho ghtthr taei Nudtcvethoìhs. _h nìnduscì taet nei gh orewi ahrh cstaet ennhit typh aes e brhet ghercib ì thenahrs–phrnhptcìs ` ta`sh stuohits– phrsìedcty trects.Ei`tahr survhy nìountho ì uicvhrscty stuohits–hveduetcìs ` tahsh ennhit typhs rhvhedho taetNudtcvetho Eustredcei Hibdcsa sphejhrs whrhphrnhcvho ci e k`rh ev`regdh wey taei Grèoennhit sphejhrs. Ci tah sekh stuoy, sekh sphejhrs

whrh luobho gy e brùp ` hkpd`yhrs t` gh k`rheohqueth `r ennùiteit–s trecicib es ennùiteits.E kel`r p`cit taet nei gh ohounho r`k g`tastuochs cs taet Nudtcvetho eio Bhihred EustredceiHibdcsa erh rhberoho es steioero ennhits, wahrhesGrèo Eustredcei Hibdcsa cs vchwho es e iì-steioero ìh. ` tacs hio, tah tw` e`rhkhitcìho

survhys sa`w taet hvhi ci e kì`dcibued nùitry esEustredce s`kh ennhit typhs (Nudtcvetho, Bhihred)erh luobho k`rh ev`regdy taei `tahrs (Grèo)(Neddei eio Bedd`cs, 5312).

Ci tah sekh sn`ph, `tahr stuochs whrh uiohrtejhi`r tah sekh purp`sh, wacna cs hveduetcibsphejhrs– phrsìedctchs gesho ì tahcr ennhits.A`whvhr, tah ochrhinh ci tahsh stuochs dey citah ush ` tah ciocrhnt khtaò`d`by, ketnaho

bucsh, t` hdcnct pertcncpeits– phrnhptcìs eiot` hxekcih ìdy ckkcbreits– ennhits i`tEibd`- Eustredceis– es ci tah strst tw` stuochs. _hsurvhy nìountho gy ^hbbch eio acs n`ddhebuhs(5317) civhstcbetho Eibd`-Eustredceis– ettctuohst` Ctedcei kedh sphejhrs– ennhits ci Hibdcsa. @iedk`st edd n`kphthiny trects, Ctedceis whrh reijhoghtwhhi Nudtcvetho eio Grèo Eibd`-EustredceiHibdcsa sphejhrs, wahrhes tahy whrh retho tahd`whst ì payscned trects hxnhpt `r tah ohbrhh `suitei. K`rh`vhr, Ctedceis sn`rho ghtwhhi tah twÈibd`-Eustredcei Hibdcsa verchtchs ̀ i s`nced trects.Ci acs stuoy, Gedd (531>) usho ei Ctedcei sphejhressukcib ochrhit Hibdcsa ennhits. _h sekhkedh sphejhr wes luobho es b`ò-ieturho, gut dezyeio cihhntcvh ci tah Bhihred Eustredcei Hibdcsa:cin`kphthit gut werk wahi ah essukho Dcvhrp``dennhitho Hibdcsa: k`rh ettrentcvh taei steioerosphejhrs wahi ah eo`ptho Frhina eio Bhrkei

ennhitho Hibdcsa: eio hveduetho es cin`kphthit,uisurh, s`khwaet uiettrentcvh gut acbady s`ncegdhci tah Ctedcei ennhitho Hibdcsa bucsh.

Neddei, Bedd`cs eio F`rghs (531>) eds` civhstcbethoEibd`-Eustredceis– hveduetcìs ` ochrhitennhitho Hibdcsa sphejhrs. Xidcjh tah twè`rhkhitcìho stuochs, rhshernahrs ̀ tacs survhyusho rhed ennhits edìb wcta shvhred sphejhrs `g`ta shxhs r`k vercùs ietcìedctchs. Whsudts `

tacs stuoy rhvhedho taet g`ta ietcìed brùp eioshx ` tah sphejhr aevh e brhet ciuhinh ì tahpertcncpeits– phrsìedcty hveduetcìs ` tahshsphejhrs. Es e nesh ci p`cit, n`kperho t` eddkedh sphejhrs, Grctcsa kedhs rhnhcvho ev`regdhretcibs, wahrhes Ctedceis rhnhcvho tah dhestev`regdh ìhs. Nìvhrshdy, Hur`phei eio Esceihkedhs sn`rho ghtthr taei Eustredcei eio Grctcsaìhs. Ci tahcr shnìo stuoy, Neddei, Bedd`cs eioF`rghs (531>) usho e shrchs ` ketnaho bucsh t`hxekcih Eibd`-Eustredcei eio Brhhj-Eustredceistuohits– phrnhptcìs ` kedh eio hkedh Eibd`-Eustredcei eio Brhhj-Eustredcei ennhitho Hibdcsasphejhrs rheocib pessebhs ` ochrhit nìthxts:



77

—ei enachvhkhit-`rchitho pugdcn nìthxt (sna``dshttcib)‛, —sctuetcì ` citckeny eio rchiodcihss(et a`kh)‛, eio —e rchiody cithrentcì ci e pugdcnnìthxt (et e gus st`p)‛ (Neddei eio Bedd`cs, 5312)._h ùtn`khs ` tacs stuoy sa`who taet Eibd`-Eustredcei sphejhrs rhnhcvho ev`regdh retcibs gyEustredcei kedh stuohits taei oco tah Brhhj ìhs.

Eustredcei hkedh stuohits aeo tah sekh phrnhptcìgut ci e sdcbat keiihr. Brhhj-Eustredcei stuohits,t``, aeo e sckcder ihbetcvh rhentcì t`weros tahBrhhj ennhitho Hibdcsa sphejhrs: hkedh stuohits,ci pertcnuder (cgco).

Es sa`wi eg`vh ci tahsh stuochs, keiy rhshernahrsaevh ohv`tho tahkshdvhs t` tah civhstcbetcì `ph`pdh–s ettctuohs t`weros hena `tahr–s ennhits.Ci tah e`rhseco ertcndh, shvhred hxphrckhits whrh

nìountho ci tah a`ph ` uin`vhrcib Eibd`-Eustredceis– hveduetcìs ` hena `tahr–s ennhits,iekhdy, Nudtcvetho, Bhihred, Grèo, ì ìh aeio,eio hxekcicib Eibd`-Eustredceis– es whdd esckkcbreits– phrnhptcìs ` Eibd`- Eustredceiennhitho Hibdcsa eio `tahr ietcìedctchs ennhithoHibdcsa: Brhhj, Ctedcei, Grctcsa, Escei, Hur`pheit` iekh e hw, ì tah `tahr aeio. _h rhvchwhosurvhys eio stuochs ci tacs ertcndh rhprhshit ìdyhw hxekpdhs ` tah wcoh reibh ` ciqucrchs eiorhshernahs ̀ i deibuebh ettctuohs t`weros ennhits ̀ ochrhit deibuebh verchtchs, wacna hkpaescshs tahent taet ` edd n`kpìhits ` deibuebh strunturh,ennhit cs tah k`st rhshernaho ìh.

* _h ckp`rteinh ̀ v`negudery enqucsctcì ci ^DE

` stert wcta, ìh nei ihvhr ohiy tah ckp`rteinh` v`negudery enqucsctcì ci dhericib e shnìo

deibuebh. V`negudery cs ei uioùgthody nrunceddeibuebh n`kpìhit wacna cs ` acba scbicstneinht` tah D7 dherihr–s n`bictcvh eio cithddhntuedenachvhkhit. ` ohkìstreth tah nhitredcty` v`negudery Rcdjcis (532?) p`cits ùt taet—wctaùt brekker vhry dcttdh nei gh nìvhyho,gut wctaùt v`negudery i`tacib nei gh nìvhyho‛(Rcdjcis, 532?< 555 nctho ci Qu, 7=5=). Rcoo`wsì(5321) eds` esshrts taet —ietcvh sphejhrs neightthr uiohrsteio uibrekketcned utthreinhs

wcta ennureth v`negudery taei ta`sh wctaennureth brekker eio ciennureth v`negudery‛(Rcoo`wsì, 5321 nctho ci ^her, 7=5?).

Furtahrk`rh, Dhvhdt ohsnrcghs dhxcnì es —tahorcvcib `rnh ci shithinh pròuntcì‛ eio —eihsshitced khocet`r ghtwhhi nìnhptuedczetcì eiobrekketcned eio paì d̀`bcned hinòcib‛ (Dhvhdt,5313< 515 nctho ci Bess eio ^hdcijhr, 7==5< >2>). Ctcs ei uiohicegdh ent taet dhericib D7 dhxcnì cs eacbady n`kpdhx eio ohkeiocib pr`nhss, wacna, cituri, cin`rp`reth sug-pr`nhsshs, pertcnuderdy c tahdherihr–s eck cs t` enachvh e b`ò dhvhd ` dcthreny cie shnìo deibuebh. Ihvhrtahdhss, ct cs ei cihvctegdh

stebh ci tah deibuebh dhericib pr`nhss (G`beeroseio Deuhr, 7==?). ^na`ders subbhst taet `r e w`rot` gh rhteciho —ct aes t` gh rhn`bicsho es w`ro,cts k`rpa`-syitentcn eio shkeitcn pr`phrtchsaevh t` gh dheriho, eio ct aes t` gh cithbretho cit`ìh–s khited dhxcnì s` taet ct nei gh rhtrchvhoeut`ketcneddy wahi ihhoho‛ (cgco). Ei`tahr

p`cit keoh gy sna`ders cs taet t` kejh v`neguderyenqucsctcì tesj e —k`rh keiebhegdh‛ ìh dherihrssaùdo gh ewerh ` tah ent taet tahrh erh w`rostaet ihho t` gh dheriho strst bcvhi tahcr ckp`rteinheio ushudihss ci dhericib `tahr w`ros (cgco).

Xp t` tah kco 1=–s, v`negudery wes e kunaocsrhberoho deibuebh n`kpìhit scinh ct wesbcvhi tah dhest ekùit ` etthitcì ekìb `tahrn`kpìhits, hsphnceddy brekker. @vhr tah

pest hw ohneohs, es rhp`rtho gy rhshernahrs, v`negudery aes ghhi naerenthrcsho es ghcib —eihbdhntho esphnt ` deibuebh dhericib‛ eio —ep``r rhdetcì ` shnìo deibuebh thenacib eiodhericib‛ (Kecbuesane, 533>: Khere, 5315 ncthoci J`lcn-seg` eio Dcbatg`wi, 5333). A`whvhr, tah3=–s kerjho e kel`r turicib p`cit ci v`neguderyrhsherna (J`lcn-seg` eio Dcbatg`wi, 5333) taeijst` tah derbh gòy ` g``js, ertcndhs eio hkpcrcnedstuochs ohocnetho t` ohed wcta cssuhs rhdetho t`—tah ieturh ` tah gcdcibued dhxcnì, v`neguderyenqucsctcì, dhxcned st`rebh, dhxcned rhtrchved eiotah ush ` v`negudery gy shnìo deibuebh dherihrs‛(Dìb eio Wcnaeros, 5332 nctho ci ^her, 7=5?).Ci tacs phrcò, e rhkerjegdy br`wcib cithrhst ci v`negudery aes ghhi i`tcnho eio rhhntho ci w`rjssuna es (Erieuo eio Gãl`cit, 5337: G`beeros,533?: Nèoy eio Aunjci, 5332: Aetna eio Gr`wi,5338: Ietcì, 533=, 7==5: ^nakctt eio KnNertay,

5332: ^nakctt, 7===: Wheo, 7===) (G`beeros eioDeuhr, 7==?). reoctcìeddy, ^DE rhshernahrs eio thenahrs aevhghhi ess`ncetcib kuna ckp`rteinh t` `tahrdeibuebh esphnts suna es rheocib eio wrctcib, eion`kpdhthdy cbi`rho tah r`dh eio nìtrcgutcì ` v`negudery ci tah enqucsctcì eio ettecikhit `tahsh detthr. ^hesa`rh (53?1) esshrts taet geshoì tah stiocibs ` shvhred hxphrckhited stuochs,

v`negudery cs rhberoho es —tah ghst scibdh ciohx‛taet ahdps dherihrs es whdd es thenahrs t` prhocnt tahdhvhd ` enachvhkhit ` `tahr esphnts.

Ah urtahr eddhbhs taet v`negudery rhprhshits —eietthkptho n`kphisetcì `r cbi`reinh ci `tahrsthdos‛. _hrh cs e acbady scbicstneit cithrrhdetcìghtwhhi v`negudery eio `tahr deibuebhn`kpìhits (^hena`rh, 53?1). Gesho ì rhsudts` quhstcìiecrhs eio cithrvchws eiswhrho gyacba sna``d thenahrs eio stuohits, êjedh eio^her (7=57) ùio ùt taet ct cs e n`kkì ghdchtaet stuohits– ohstnchiny t` sphej n`rrhnt eiouhit Hibdcsa cs kel`rdy grùbat egùt gy tahcr



7>

v`negudery cin`kphthinh. _hy eds` ndeckho taetkeiy stuochs aevh sa`wi taet b`ò sphejcibegcdcty cs kecidy tah rhsudt ` quedcstho eio vedco v`negudery enqucsctcì retahr taei brekkerrudhs dhericib (êjedh eio ^her, 7=57). Ci tacsrhbero, Aetna–s qu`th acbadcbats tah cithrrhdetcìghtwhhi v`negudery eio sphejcib es `dd`ws< —…

ct cs tah dhxcned dhvhd taet eoudt shnìo deibuebhdherihrs ndeck cs k`st ckp`rteit. Rahi ùr strstbèd cs n`kkuicnetcì, wahi wh aevh dcttdh ` tahihw deibuebh et ùr n`kkeio, ct cs tah dhxcnìtaet cs nrunced… tah w`ros… wcdd kejh gescnn`kkuicnetcì p`sscgdh‛ (Aetna, 531>< 2? nctho ci^her, 7=5?). Es e ketthr ` ent, v`negudery aes eghercib ì rheocib enqucsctcì t``. Ci acs ertcndh—_h Ckp`rteinh ` V`negudery ci Wheocib‛,

Ocnjcisì (537=) esshrts taet v`neguderyciuhinhs dherihr–s rheocib egcdcty eio taet acsdenj ` v`negudery key rhsudt ci cieohquetheio saedd`w uiohrsteiocib ` tah thxts, d`ss` —cithddhntued nurc`scty‛, nìthitkhit wctacin`kpdhth uiohrsteiocib es rhsudt ̀ f ocnudty eiostreibhihss ̀ w`ros. Ocnjcisì eoos taet dherihr–s v`negudery ohstnchiny nei turi acs rheocib cit` —eketthr ` turicib pebhs cistheo ` `dd`wcib e dcih` taùbat‛. Edd tacs pr`vhs t` aevh brevh hhntsì dherihr–s deibuebh ennureny, ci bhihred, eio ìacs rheocib n`kphthinh, ci pertcnuder (Ocnjcisì,537=).

Ci e iutsahdd, tah nurrhit shntcì aes citròunhotah rheohr t` tah n`rh ` tacs naepthr

c.h. deibuebh ettctuohs eio v`negudery enqucsctcìci ̂ DE. _cs shntcì trcho t` pr`vcoh tah rheohr wcta

ei `vhrvchw ` tah keci p`cits t` gh ohedt wctaci tah prhshit stuoy. _cs `vhrvchw cinduoho s`khsna`ders– rhhntcìs ì tahsh p`cits, ohstictcìs `tah gescn thrks, eio s`kh phrsìed rhhntcìs ìs`kh ` tah ohstictcìs khitcìho. ]rhsukegdy,tah ihxt shntcì wcdd gh prhncshdy nìnhriho wctatah tah`rhtcned genjbrùio ` tah stuoy.

* _h tah`rhtcned genjbrùio ` tah stuoy

_h prhshit shntcì shhjs t` pr`vcoh tah rheohrwcta tah ihnhssery tah`rhtcned genjbrùio tacsstuoy nìscsts `. Es suna, tah`rchs taet ohedt wcta v`negudery enqucsctcì erh iukhrùs: taus, tahnurrhit pchnh ` rhsherna prhshits kecidy ùrtah`rchs, eio tahy erh dcstho es `dd`ws< ghaevc`rcsk,n`kprhahiscgdh ciput tah`ry, cithrentcì tah`ry,eio dhericib strethbchs tah`ry. * Ghaevc`rcsk eio tah tah`ry ` v`negudery

Ghaevc`rcsk strst eppherho es e pacd`s`pacned eiopsyna`d`bcned k`vhkhit wacna nekh es e rhspìsht` tah citr`sphntcìcst epprèna. Dìb gh`rh tah

n`bictcvh rhv`dutcì, wacna t``j pdenh ci tah kco8=–s (Audstcli, 7==2), tah ghaevc`rcst vchw aesghhi tah dheocib tah`ry ci epprènacib deibuebhenqucsctcì nìnhricib —tah psyna`d`bcnedohvhd`pkhit ̀ tah dherihr‛ (Dc, 7==3). Ghaevc`rcsts vchw deibuebh es e sht ` ghaevc`rs, wahrhestahy shh ghaevc`r es ei `gshrvegdh hxthried

pahi`khiì upì wacna deibuebh enqucsctcì,pertcnuderdy D5, eiedyscs nei gh gesho. Enn`rocibt` tah ghaevc`rcst tah`ry, deibuebh enqucsctcì cs vchwho es ei hxthried pr`nhss ` aegct `rketcì,wacna cs e n`kkì pr`phrty ̀ edd dhericib bhirhs(Hddcs, 5332).

Ghaevc`rcsts ush tah thrk ‑aegct–, gy oheudt, t`hxpdeci edd typhs ` ghaevc`r hvhi tah n`kpdhxìh rhdetho t` deibuebh enqucsctcì (cgco). @ih

` tah k`st rhputho ghaevc`rcsts wes ^jciihrwa` ghdchvho taet nacdorhi erh g`ri —teguderese‛ wcta kcios wacna erh sckcder t` gdeijsahhts nìtecicib i` sùrnh `r deibuebh. _hhivcrìkhit cs ess`ncetho ei hxtrhkh ckp`rteinhci tah ghaevc`rcst vchw. Cts r`dh cs rhberoho esnhitred t` deibuebh enqucsctcì scinh ct cs tah ìdyohthrkcieit ` ghaevc`r. Ghaevc`rcsts nìscohr tahhivcrìkhit es tah ìdy sùrnh ` deibuebh, eio vchw nacdorhi es khrh ckctet`rs ` tah ciput tahyrhnhcvh r`k ct tcdd —aegcts ` n`rrhnt deibuebh ush‛erh `rkho (Dcbatg`wi eio ̂ peoe, 7==6).

Enn`rocib t` tah euoc`dcibued epprèna, ethenacib khtaò taet eo`ptho tah ghaevc`rcst vchw ` deibuebh, v`negudery cs dheriho tarùbaorcdds. Ci tacs khtaò, tah dherihr cs taùbat egùtes e pesscvh ciocvcoued wa`sh l`g cs t` ckcteth eiorhphet waet tah thenahr seys ci ei eut`ketcn wey,

wacna ckpdchs tah egshinh ` eiy n`bictcvh ohpta._hrh`rh, enn`rocib t` tacs epprèna, v`neguderycs citròunho gy kheis ` oced`buhs eio dherihrserh esjho t` rheo eio rhphet tah w`ros wctai` etthitcì ghcib peco t` nìthit (Jhtegc eioâearejc, 7=55). Ct cs bhihreddy ghdchvho gesho ìtah euoc`dcibued khtaò taet orcddcib cs tah ghstwey t` dheri v`negudery scinh tah k`rh rhquhittah dherihr ahers e w`ro eio rhphets ct, tah esthreio heschr ah enqucrhs ct (Dc, 7==3).

* _h N`kprhahiscgdh Ciput _h`ry eio v`negudery enqucsctcì

Ourcib tah 531=–s, tah n`kprhahiscgdh ciputtah`ry aes ghhi ìh ̀ tah k`st ciuhitced tah`rchsci eoorhsscib shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì. _cstah`ry cs ìh ` tah stvh keci ayp`tahshs taetJresahi citròunho ci acs g``j —]rcincpdhseio ]rentcnh ci ^hnìo Deibuebh Enqucsctcì‛(5317) t` epprèna shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcìpr`nhsshs (Làisì, 7==?). Ci tacs tah`ry, Jresahipcip`cits tah r`dh ` tah n`kprhahiscgdh ciputci ohvhd`pcib tah dherihr–s D7 n`kphthinh



7?

eio hvedueth ct es rhspìscgdh eio —ei hsshitcedcibrhochit‛ `r tah enqucsctcì ` tah shnìodeibuebh (Jresahi, 5318). _h n`kprhahiscgdhciput tah`ry sckpdy ndecks taet tah ìdy wey `r edherihr t` enqucrh deibuebh cs t` rhnhcvh khssebhsah/sah uiohrsteios: n`kprhahiscgdh ciput, ci`tahr w`ros (cgco). Jresahi eddhbhs taet deibuebh

enqucsctcì cs i`t t` `nnur uidhss tah dherihr cspr`vcoho wcta nìnhcvegdh dcibucstcn oete, eio acsehntcvh stdthr cs d`w hiùba `r tah ciput t` bht citah DEO. Xiohr tahsh tw` nìoctcìs, enqucsctcìcs cihvctegdh t` tejh pdenh. Enn`rocib t` Jresahi,ci `rohr t` enqucrh deibuebh, tah dherihr ihhost` enqucrh strunturhs taet erh ìh sthp ghyìoacs dcibucstcn ji`wdhobh. _cs cs rhprhshitho es‑c+5–. Ahrh, ‑c– rhhrs t` tah dherihr–s nurrhit dhvhd` deibuebh n`kphthinh eio ‑5– t` tah ihxt stebh

` n`kphthinh enn`rocib t` tah ietured `rohr òhvhd`pkhit.

A`whvhr, tah quhstcì taet ckp`shs ctshd cs< a`wwùdo tah dherihr gh egdh t` uiohrsteio strunturhstaet ah ocoi–t enqucrh yht0 _cs pereo`x cs hxpdecihogy Jresahi tarùba tah ent taet enqucsctcìsaùdo gh `nusho ì kheicib retahr taei ì`rk. Furtahrk`rh, tah dherihr wùdo gh egdht` n`kprhahio uienqucrho dcibucstcn strunturhstarùba —tah hxtre- dcibucstcn ci`rketcì‛fùio ci —tah nìthxt‛, acs/ahr —ji`wdhobh `ftah w`rdo‛, eio acs/ahr —prhvcùsdy enqucrhon`kphthinh‛(cgco).

E nrunced p`cit recsho gy Jresahi cs taet citah enqucsctcì pr`nhss c hiùba ekùit `n`kprhahiscgdh ciput cs pr`vcoho, tah dherihr wcddi`t aevh t` enqucrh brekker shperethdy scinh ct

wcdd gh eut`ketcneddy pr`vcoho edìb wcta tah ciputeio —ci lust tah rcbat queitctchs‛ (Jresahi, 5318).Gesho ì tah Ciput Ayp`tahscs, — uiocrhnthopdhesurh rheocib‛ cs cohitcstho es tah ghst eio k`sthnchit t``d t` enqucrh v`negudery (Jresahi, 5313:Dc, 7==3). Jresahi (5313) erbuhs taet v`neguderyn`kphthinh cs hhncvhdy ohvhd`pho tarùban`kprhahiscgdh ciput ùio ci rheocib kethrceds,eio nìscohrs ct (ciput) es tah —kel`r sùrnh‛ `tacs n`kphthinh. _h Ciput ayp`tahscs kecitecis

taet tah k`rh tah dherihr rheos ùtscoh ` tahndessr``k, tah k`rh v`negudery ah/sah enqucrhs,eio taet b`ò v`negudery n`kphthinh cs usueddyess`ncetho t` tah rhquhiny ` —rhh v`duiteryrheocib‛. Ahrh C wùdo dcjh t` qu`th Jresahi–sstethkhit `r k`rh ndercstnetcì<

—^hvhred stuochs sa`w taet ghtthr wrcthrs rhoek`rh ùtscoh ` sna``d. Ghtthr shnìo deibuebhenqucsctcì, es khesurho gy e verchty ` thsts, csess`ncetho wcta k`rh n`kprhahiscgdh ciput ci tahshnìo deibuebh ̀ utscoh ̀ sna``d. B`ò hvcohinhhxcsts taet tacs esshrtcì cs eds` truh `r v`neguderyeio sphddcib< k`rh n`kprhahiscgdh ciput, ci

tah `rk ` rheocib, cs ess`ncetho wcta brhethrn`kphthinh ci v`negudery eio sphddcib.

Nacdorhi wa` phr`rk ghtthr ì v`negudery thstsrhp`rt k`rh rhh v`duitery rheocib.‛ (Jresahi,5313< ??5)

Ci s`kh stuochs rhvchwho ci Jresahi (5317, 5318),dcsthicib cs eds` taùbat egùt es e b`ò wey tòhvhd`p n`kphthinh ci v`negudery c ct nìtecisn`kprhahiscgdh ciput. ` tacs hio, enn`rocibt` tacs tah`ry, dherihrs saùdo gh citròunho t` v`negudery wacna cs lust ìh sthp ghyìo tahcrn`bictcvh dhvhd. _us, tah thenahr cs rhqucrhot` nìtr`d tah ohbrhh `f ocnudty `f w`ros ci`rohr t` gh ketnaho wcta tah dherihr–s dcibucstcnn`kphthinh, eio hescdy enqucrho.

* Cithrentcì _h`ry eio v`negudery enqucsctcì

_h Cithrentcì Ayp`tahscs cs e tah`ry taet eoorhsshsshnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì pr`nhss gy ess`ncetcibtrhkhioùs ckp`rteinh t` nìvhrsetcìedcithrentcì. _cs ayp`tahscs cs `fhi ettrcguthot` Dìb (5336) taeijs t` acs ertcndh —_h W`dh `_h Dcibucstcn Hivcrìkhit ci ^hnìo DeibuebhEnqucsctcì‛ 6(Xy, 7=58). @ih wey ` vchwcib tacstah`ry wùdo gh taet ct cs e n`kgcietcì ` twàyp`tahshs: tah Ciput Ayp`tahscs eio tah @utputAyp`tahscs. ûnncintdy, tah Ciput ayp`tahscs stethstaet deibuebh enqucsctcì `nnurs ìdy wahi tahdherihr cs pr`vcoho wcta n`kprhahiscgdh ciputwacna cs lust ìh sthp ghyìo acs/ ahr n`bictcvhdhvhd.

@i tah `tahr aeio, tah @utput Ayp`tahscs

kecitecis taet i`t ìdy n`kprhahiscgdh ciputcs ihnhssery, gut prentcncib ct eio puttcib ct tùsh, hctahr gy sphejcib `r wrctcib c.h. pròuncibei ùtput, cs eds` e nrunced ent`r `r deibuebhenqucsctcì t` tejh pdenh. _h CithrentcìAyp`tahscs rhberos cithrentcì es e t``d t` dherideibuebh eio e kheis `r tah dherihr t` prentcnhacs/ahr dcibucstcn ji`wdhobh (cgco). Nìvhrsetcìcs tah k`st enji`wdhobho typh ` cithrentcìenn`rocib t` tah ayp`tahscs.

Ourcib tah nìvhrsetcì, ìh ` tah pertcncpeitskey kcsuiohrsteio waet tah `tahr seys. _cs csrhhrrho t` es —ihb`tcetcì‛ eio ct nìscsts ` tarhhsthps. _h strst sthp cs ji`wi es —tah cithrentcì‛ci wacna tah pertcncpeits erh hibebho ci enìvhrsetcì (cgco).

_h shnìo sthp cs iekho —ihbetcvh hhogenj‛:ct cs ci tacs sthp taet kcsuiohrsteiocib `nnurseio ìh ` tah pertcncpeits esjs tah `tahr `rk`rh ndercstnetcì uscib hxprhsscìs suna es—]eroì0‛ `r —Nei yù sey taet ebeci0‛. _h tacrosthp cs —kòcstnetcì ùtput‛. Ci tacs sthp, tah



78

pertcncpeit wa` aes ghhi kcsuiohrst`ò ndercsthstah kcsuiohrsteiocib hctahr gy —pereparescib‛ `r—bcvcib hxekpdhs‛ tcdd s/ah bhts e p`sctcvh rhentcìfr`k tah `tahr pertcncpeit ciocnetcib acs/ahruiohrsteiocib (Xy, 7=58).

Enn`rocib t` tah Cithrentcì Ayp`tahscs, tah k`st

eohqueth strethby t` dheri v`negudery wùdo gh eicithrentcì ghtwhhi e shnìo deibuebh dherihr eioe ietcvh sphejhr ` tah terbht deibuebh. _cs bcvhstah dherihr ei `pp`rtuicty t` dheri tah deibuebhci e k`rh —eutahitcn‛ sctuetcì (cgco). Ekìbiukhrùs sna`ders, Aetna (5321), Dìb (531>,5336), ]cne (533?), eio Bess (5332) acbadcbat tahnhitredcty ` nìvhrsetcìed cithrentcì ci shnìodeibuebh enqucsctcì eio hvedueth ct es —hsshitced, ci`t sunchit‛ f`r taet pr`nhss. Ghcib hibebho ci e

nìvhrsetcì wcta e ietcvh sphejhr wcdd hiegdh tahdherihr t` n`kh enr`ss eio dheri ihw v`negudery.

Ourcib tah nìvhrsetcì, ietcvh sphejhrs wùdogh `gdcbho t` rhbudeth eio eoept tahcr deibuebh ci`rohr t` ketna tah dherihrs– dhvhd ` n`kphthinheio ahdp tahk uiohrsteio tah deibuebh. _cscs waet dìb rhhrs t` es —Kòcstho Cithrentcì‛(Dcbatg`wi eio ̂ peoe, 7==6). Rahi hinùithrcibei uiji`wi w`ro, tah dherihr wùdo esj `rndercstnetcì eio tah ietcvh sphejhr wùdo kejhtah etthkpt t` hxpdeci eio sckpdcy tah kheicib` tah w`ro, ci `tahr w`ros, t` kejh tah ciputn`kprhahiscgdh.

_h dherihr key esj `r k`rh ndercstnetcì c ahios ocnudty ci uiohrsteiocib fr`k tah rst tckh,eio gy o`cib s`, ah wcdd gh k`rh edhrt nìnhricibtah kheicib eio prìuincetcì ` tah w`ro (Dc,

7==3). Enn`rocib t` Dìb, —Kòcstho Cithrentcì‛cinduohs k`rh taei khrh dcibucstcn sckpdcstnetcìscinh ct kcbat eds` tejh tah `rk ` —hdeg`retcì‛,—d`whr sphhna reth‛, —bhsturh‛, `r —tah pr`vcscì ` eooctcìed nìthxtued nuhs‛ (Dcbatg`wi eio ̂ peoe,7==6). E acbady hsshitced p`cit t` kejh ahrh wùdogh taet cithrentcì o`hs i`t ìdy ahdp tah dherihrt` enqucrh ihw v`negudery, gut ct eds` bcvhs ack/ahr tah naeinh t` kejh ush ` tah ihwdy dherit

v`negudery scinh tahy erh keioetho t` cithrenteio pròunh n`kprhahiscgdh ùtput ourcib tahnìvhrsetcì (Dc, 7==3).

* Dhericib strethbchs eio v`negudery enqucsctcì

Es ohstiho gy Bu (7==>), e dhericib strethby cs —eshrchs ` entcìs e dherihr tejhs t` encdcteth tahn`kpdhtcì ` e dhericib tesj‛ (Bu, 7==> ncthoci J`veihi, 7=5?). ^hvhred sna`ders aevh ohstihodhericib strethbchs ochrhitdy eio ohsnrcgho tahkes tah thnaicquhs, ohvcnhs, cithitcìed ocrhntcìs,`phretcìs, sthps, eio epprènahs taet e dherihrput t` ush t` dheri tah D7 eio kejh tah tesj heschr

eio hnchit (Wugci, 5328: ^thri, 5337: @–Keddhyht ed 5318: Hddcs, 5332: dc, 7==3). Ct cs bhihreddyessukho taet dhericib strethbchs key pr`vh t` gh` brhet ahdp t` tah dherihr ci dhericib e shnìodeibuebh eio kejcib ack/ahr e —ghtthr dherihr‛eio e —b`ò shd-thenahr‛ (Dc, 7==3: êjedh eio^her, 7=57). Enn`rocib t` @x`ro (533=), —shd-

ocrhntho dherihrs‛ erh ghtthr taei `tahr dherihrsci tah shish taet tahy erh k`rh ciohphiohit eiorhspìscgdh `r tahcr dhericib. Ghscohs, uscib tahshdhericib strethbchs kejhs tahk k`rh civ`dvho citah dhericib tesj eio k`rh nìstohit eio pr̀ stnchitdherihrs (@x`ro, 533= nctho ci êjedh eio ^her,7=57). Gesho ì Wugci–s ndesscstnetcì (5312), deibuebhdhericib strethbchs erh ocvcoho cit` tarhh typhs

enn`rocib t` tahcr ohbrhh ` ocrhnt `r ciocrhntnìtrcgutcì t` deibuebh dhericib< dhericibstrethbchs, n`kkuicnetcì strethbchs eio s`ncedstrethbchs. Dhericib strethbchs erh tah k`stnìtrcgutcib strethbchs t` tah deibuebh dhericibpr`nhss eio tahy erh ndesscstho cit` tw` bhirhs<n`bictcvh dhericib strethbchs eio khten`bictcvhdhericib strethbchs. Wugci ohstihs tah n`bictcvhdhericib strethbchs es —tah sthps `r `phretcìsusho ci deibuebh dhericib `r pr`gdhk-s`dvcibtaet rhqucrhs ocrhnt eiedyscs, treis`rketcì,`r syitahscs ` dhericib kethrceds —, wahrhes ahohsnrcghs khten`bictcvh dhericib strethbchs es —tahji`wdhobh ` n`bictcvh pr`nhss eio rhbudetcì `n`bictcì `r hxhnutcvh nìtr`d `r shd-keiebhkhittarùba suna pr`nhsshs es pdeiicib, kìct`rcibeio hveduetcib‛ (Rhiohi eio Wugci, 5312 ncthoci Dc, 7==3). Furtahr, Wugci ocstcibucsahs ghtwhhiscx nethb`rchs ` n`bictcvh dhericib strethbchs es

`dd`ws<

5) Ndercnetcì/ vhrcnetcì

7) Buhsscib/ ciountcvh cifhrhincib

>) Ohountcvh rhesìcib

?) ]rentcnh

8) Khk`rczetcì

6) Kìct`rcib

N`kkuicnetcì strethbchs nìtrcguth ciocrhntdy t`deibuebh dhericib ouh t` tahcr `nus ì tah hhnt` prentcncib, tah pertcncpetcì ci e nìvhrsetcì,eio tah ndercstnetcì ` tah sphejhr–s cithiohokheicib. Dherihrs rhs`rt t` tahsh strethbchs wahitahy enh s`kh jcio ̀ aerosacp ci n`kkuicnetcì,`r e kcsuiohrsteiocib ourcib tah nìvhrsetcì.^`nced strethbchs erh eds` ciocrhnt nìtrcgut`rs t`deibuebh dhericib taet erh ohstiho es tah entcvctchstaet pr`vcoh dherihrs wcta tah `pp`rtuicty `



76

hxp`surh t` tah terbht deibuebh. _hrh`rh, tahshstrethbchs erh rhberoho es ciocrhnt nìtrcgut`rs t`tah deibuebh dhericib scinh tahy o` i`t civ`dvh—tah `gtecicib, st`rcib, rhtrchvcib eio uscib `deibuebh‛ 2 (5st Key, 7=58).

Es er es v`negudery cs nìnhriho, etthkpts `

ohvhd`pcib texì`kchs ` v`negudery dhericibstrethbchs aevh ghhi keoh gy e iukghr `sna`ders. ^`kh ` tahk erh ^nakctt (5332), Bu eioLàisì (5336), eio Rcddceks (5318). A`whvhr,tah texì`ky t` gh eoeptho es e sekpdh ci tacspchnh ` rhsherna cs tah ìh ohvhd`pho gy Ietcì(7==5). Enn`rocib t` Ietcì, tah strst kel`r sht `strethbchs cs —]deiicib‛ wacna civ`dvhs —na``scibwaet t` `nus ì eio wahi t` `nus ì ct‛. _cssht cin`rp`reths ùr strethbchs< —na``scib w`ros,

na``scib tah esphnts ̀ w`ro ji`wdhobh, na``scibstrethbchs, eio pdeiicib rhphtctcì‛ (Ietcì, 7==5).^hvhred stuochs aevh pr`vho taet dherihrs wa` thiot` pdei waet tahy dheri steio k`rh naeinhs t`sunnhho. Ahinh, dherihrs wa` na``sh waet w`roseio esphnts ̀ w`ros t` dheri eio `nus ̀ i erh k`rhsunnhssud dherihrs eio tahcr dhericib cs pr`vho t`gh k`rh hhntcvh (Dc, 7==3).

_h shnìo sht ` strethbchs, —^ùrnhs‛, nìscsts` —stiocib ci`rketcì egùt w`ros‛, eio,ci turi,cin`rp`reths ùr typhs ` strethbchs<—eiedyzcib tah w`ro, uscib nìthxt, nìsudtcib erhhrhinh sùrnh ci D5 ̀ r D7, eio uscib pereddhds ciD5 eio D7 (Ietcì, 7==5). —Eiedyzcib tah w`ro‛edd`ws tah dherihr t` dheri tah w`ro gy cohitcycibeio eiedyzcib cts perts c.h. r``t, sux, prhx,ncrnukx, htn. Xscib nìthxt bcvhs ack/ahr tahnaeinh t` buhss tah kheicib ` tah w`ros r`k tah

nìthxt wacna cs vhry ushud eio buereithhs e esteio phrkeihit dhericib ` tah w`ro. K`rh`vhr,nìvhycib kheicib r`k e rhhrhinh suna esocntcìerchs, hctahr ci D5 ̀ r D7, cs eds` pr`vho t` ghe b`ò strethby t` dheri v`negudery.

Furtahrk`rh, dhericib v`negudery tarùba tahush ` pereddhds ci D5 eio D7 cs, es whdd, ` acbackp`rteinh eio ct nei sa`w cts scbicstneit r`dh,k`rh pertcnuderdy, ci treisdetcì. _h tacro kel`r

sht ` strethbchs cs rhhrrho t` es —]r`nhsshs‛ eioct cinduohs tarhh typhs ` strethbchs< —i`tcncib‛,—rhtrchvcib‛ eio —bhihretcib‛. _cs sht ` strethbchscs kecidy nìnhriho wcta —hstegdcsacib v`neguderyji`wdhobh eio kejcib ct rhkhkghrho eioevecdegdh `r ush‛ (cgco). —I`tcncib strethbchs‛ keyeds` gh neddho —rhn`rocib strethbchs‛. Et tah dhvhd` i`tcncib, w`ros erh t` gh dcstho ci e i`thg``j`r e v`negudery dcst, wrctthi ì w`ro neros, `reddyrhphetho `r vcsueddy rhphetho. Ci tah —Whtrchvcib‛,tah dherihr rhnedds cthks taet sah/ah hinùithrhogh`rh ci tah sekh wey tahy whrh rhteciho. Whtrchvedkey gh rhnhptcvh `r pròuntcvh. Ci tah rhnhptcvhrhtrchved, tah wrctthi ̀ r sp`jhi `rk ̀ tah w`ro cs

tah nuh taet trcbbhrs tah rhtrchved ̀ tah ci`rketcìwacna cs cts kheicib `r ush. Ci tah pròuntcvhrhtrchved, tah kheicib ` tah w`ro `r cts ush cs tahnuh, wahrhes tah w`ro `rk cs tah ci`rketcì t`gh rhtrchvho. @tahr f`rks ̀ f rhtrchvcib nei gh< ̀ red/ vcsued, `vhrt/ n`vhrt, ci nìthxt/ ohnìthxtuedcsho.Es suna, —Bhihretcib‛ civ`dvhs strethbchs suna es

puttcib tah cthk ci hxekpdhs ci ̀ rohr t` rhvhed ihwesphnts ` ct, —w`ro eiedyscs‛, —shkeitcn keppcib‛,—uscib snedhs eio brcos‛, —rudhs-gesho bhihretcìgy nrhetcib nìthxts, n`dd`netcìs eio shithinhsnìtecicib tah w`ro‛, eio —khhtcib eio uscibtah w`ro ci ihw nìthxts enr`ss tah ùr sjcdds `dcsthicib, sphejcib, rheocib, eio wrctcib (Ietcì,7==5).

` tacs hio, tah nurrhit shntcì aes prhshitho

tah tah`rhtcned rekhw r̀j tacs rhsherna cs geshoì eio sa`who a`w ochrhit tah`rchs epprèna v`negudery enqucsctcì eio waet strethbchs tahyphrnhcvh es eohqueth t` tah n`kpdhtcì ` tahenqucsctcì tesj. Ci waet `dd`ws, tah dest shntcì ̀ tacs naepthr rhprhshits e rhvchw ` s`kh dcthreturhaevcib, rhdetcvhdy, tah sekh `glhntcvh ` stuoy estacs pchnh ` rhsherna.

* ]rhvcùs stuochs

_cs shntcì cs pertcnuderdy nìnhriho wcta tahrhvchw ` s`kh stuochs nìountho ci tah sekhsn`ph ` tah prhshit stuoy c.h. dherihrs– ettctuohst` v`negudery dhericib strethbchs. Ci tacs shntcì,tw` ettctuocied stuochs erh rhvchwho. _h strst ìhcs tctdho —^tuohits– Epprènahs t` V`neguderyDhericib eio tahcr rhdetcìsacp t` sunnhss‛uiohrtejhi gy tah tw` sna`ders J`lcn-êg` eio

Dcbatg`wi ci 5333. @i tah ̀ tahr aeio, tah shnìostuoy cs hitctdho —D7 Dherihrs– Ettctuohs t` HibdcsaV`negudery Dhericib ^trethbchs‛ eio nìountho gye Nacihsh rhshernahr ci 7==3. * J`lcn-êg` eio Dcbatg`wi (5333)

_cs hxpd`ret̀ ry stuoy wes nìountho ci tah a`ph` civhstcbetcib stuohits– epprènahs t` v`neguderyenqucsctcì rhberocib cts rhdetcì t` tahcr deibuebh

sunnhss. _h tw` rhshernahrs ahdo tah essukptcìtaet tah dhericib nìthxt key aevh ei ckpent ìstuohits– enachvhkhit, eio t` civhstcbeth tacsayp`tahscs, tahy hxekciho epprènahs ` stuohitsci ei H^D hivcrìkhit, wahrh Hibdcsa cs e shnìodeibuebh, eio ci ei HFD hivcrìkhit, wahrhHibdcsa cs e `rhcbi deibuebh.

_h keci ̀ glhntcvhs ̀ tacs stuoy whrh t` aevh e ndher vcscì ` tah strethbchs usho gy Hibdcsa dherihrst` enqucrh v`negudery eio t` ohstih p`sscgdhn`rrhdetcìs ghtwhhi tah khtaòs hkpd`yhoeio stuohits– v`negudery ji`wdhobh eio `vhreddHibdcsa pr`stnchiny. ` enachvh tahsh `glhntcvhs,



72

stuohits whrh esjho t` cohitcy a`w kuna tckhtahy sphio ì v`negudery dhericib, a`w kunaciohphiohit tahy erh rhberocib deibuebh stuoy,waet v`negudery dhericib entcvctchs tahy rhbuderdyo`, a`w kuna h`rt tahy kejh ci i`th-tejcib eiorhvchwcib, eio a`w rhquhit eio hdeg`reth cs tahcrush ` ocntcìerchs.

J`lcn-êg` eio Dcbatg`wi (5333) etthkpt tèiswhr ìh bhihred quhstcì<

A`w o` H^D eio HFD stuohits epprèna tahn`kpdhx tesj ` v`negudery dhericib0 Eio tarhhsphncstn quhstcìs<

5) O` stuohits– v`negudery dhericib strethbchsochr ci eiy scbicstneit wey ci tah ochrhit dhericib

hivcrìkhits0 7) Nei stuohits– epprènahs t` v`neguderydhericib gh naerenthrcsho ci thrks ` êieùc–sstrunturho/uistrunturho brùps (wcta `r wctaùttah eooctcì ` e shkcstrunturho nethb`ry)0 C i`t,nei stuohits gh brùpho, uscib ndusthr eiedyscs,enn`rocib t` tah v`negudery dhericib strethby `rsht ` strethbchs taet o`kcieth tahcr epprèna0

>) A`w o`hs tah strethbcn epprèna taetstuohits eoept rhdeth t` tahcr phr`rkeinh ì ethst ` v`negudery scsh eio t` tahcr `vhredd Hibdcsapr`stnchiny es khesurho gy e nd`zh thst0

` hxpd`rh stuohits– phrnhptcìs, rhshernahrskeoh ush ` ?2 H^D stuohits, wa` aeo ennhss t`Hibdcsa ì e oecdy gescs g`ta ciscoh eio ùtscohtah ndessr``k, eio ?> HFD stuohits, wa`sh Hibdcsa

ennhss wes rhstrcntho t` tahcr Hibdcsa ndesshswacna tahy aeo keiy tckhs e whhj. I`th taet i` lustcstnetcì ` tah na`cnh ` stuohits– iukghr wesprhshitho. H^D ci`rkeits whrh uiohrbreouethstuohits et Nìn`roce Xicvhrscty, Kìtrãed, eioiìietcvh sphejhrs ` Hibdcsa essukho t` aevh tahsekh pr`stnchiny dhvhd rhberocib tahcr ghcib ci tahsekh H^D ndess.

_h H^D brùp wes hxp`sho t` eneohkcn Hibdcsa

tarùba 7 aùrs ndesshs twcnh e whhj wcta prckery`nus ì ckpr`vcib stuohits– wrctcib sjcdds. 72kedh (82.8%) eio 7= hkedh (?7.8%) stuohits whrhekìb tah ?2 pertcncpeits, eio tahcr ebh reibhwes r`k 53 t` ?> yhers. Ahinh, tah khei ebhwes 7?.8 yhers. _h ahthr`bhihùs ieturh ` tahndess wes hxpdcnctdy `vhrt wcta rhsphnt t` stuohits–k`tahr tìbuh scinh 52 ochrhit deibuebhswhrh ocstcibucsaho. @i tah `tahr aeio, HFDpertcncpeits whrh stied stuohits ` prhuicvhrsctysna``dcib ci I`rtahri Sub`sdevce, eio whrh teubatHibdcsa ci nùrshs ` 6 aùrs phr whhj. Ekìbtah ?> ci`rkeits, tahrh whrh 53 kedh (??.7%) eio7? hkedh (88.1%) stuohits. _h HFD brùp wes e

a`k`bhihùs ìh ci thrks ` cts ebh reibh scinhpertcncpeits– ebh reibho r`k 51 t` 75 yhers, wcta ekhei ebh ` 51.6. Ci eooctcì t` tacs, tah brùp weseds` sckcder ci thrks ` tah pertcncpeits– k`tahrtìbuh `r ìdy ùr deibuebhs whrh cohitcstho.^tuohit–s phrnhptcìs whrh esshssho gy kheis `tarhh cistrukhits< e quhstcìiecrh t` aevh ei `vhrt

eio ocrhnt vcscì ` tahcr ettctuohs t` v`neguderydhericib, e sht ̀ thsts t` snrutcicsh tahcr v`neguderyji`wdhobh, eio e nd`zh thst t` esshss tahcr deibuebhpr`stnchiny. Ci tah quhstcìiecrh, stuohits whrhesjho t` eiswhr e iukghr ` ohk`brepacnquhstcìs nìnhricib tahcr ebh, shx, sthdo ` stuoy,k`tahr tìbuh, eio ̀ tahr deibuebhs tahy sp`jh.

Ci eooctcì t` taet, tah quhstcìiecrh civ`dvhocthks sckcder t` ta`sh ` êieùc–s (5337) w`rj

wcta rhbero t` ghaevc`red trects taet whrh ushot` cohitcy dherihrs wa` hkpd`yho e strunturhoepprèna eio ta`sh wa` hkpd`yho ei uistrunturhoìh. A`whvhr, tah ochrhinh dcho ci tah `rket `tah quhstcìiecrh scinh cistheo ` êieùc–s `phi-hioho `rket, e dcjhrt typh snedh `r nd`sho sht ``ptcìs ci e kudtcpdh- na`cnh `rket whrh usho. Ese rhsudt, stvh vercegdhs whrh t` ocstcibucsa dherihrtyphs< tckh, dherihr ciohphiohinh, v`neguderyi`ths, rhvchw, eio ocntcìery ush. Furtahrk`rh,e sht ` thsts kecidy ohvhd`pho gy 1Khere eion`ddhebuhs wes eo`ptho t` thst dherihrs– v`neguderyji`wdhobh. _cs sht ̀ thsts wes na`shi `r kudtcpdhrhesìs, s`kh ` tahk erh< kcickuk h`rtrhqucrho r`k tah pert ` tah eokcicstret`r eiothst tejhr, hescihss ̀ nìstruntcib, eokcicstretcibeio sn`rcib, eio hkpaescs ì tah typh ` bhihred,iìthnaicned, eneohkcn v`negudery ihnhssery `ruicvhrscty stuochs.

Et dest gut i`t dhest, e nd`zh thst wes eds` usho t`hxekcih dherihrs– `vhredd Hibdcsa pr`stnchiny eioct wes na`shi taeijs t` cts hesy eio tckh-sevcibquedcty. Iìhtahdhss, ct cs e kust t` khitcìtaet ndesscycib dherihrs es `dd`wcib e strcntdystrunturho `r uistrunturho epprèna gesho ìtah e`rhkhitcìho stvh vercegdhs key i`t ghecr t` dherihrs– ochrhinhs scinh tah kel`rcty` pertcncpeits whrh ndesscstho ghtwhhi tah tw`

hxtrhkh nethb`rchs. Ahinh, ci ei etthkpt t`ckpr`vh tah brùpcib, Ndusthr Eiedyscs, e stetcstcnedpr`nhourh wes eo`ptho t` eiedysh tah oete. _cstyph ` khesurh shrvhs t` brùp ci`rkeits geshoì tah sckcderctchs ` tahcr pr`stdhs eio —o`hs k`rh lustcnh‛ t` dherihrs– ochrhinhs (^jhaei, 5316 ncthoci J`lcn-êg` eio Dcbatg`wi, 5333).

Gesho ì ìh-wey Ei`ve thsts, rhsudts ` tacsstuoy nìstrkho tah essukptcì taet dherihrserh ochrhit ci thrks ` tah strethbchs tahy ushenn`rocib t` tahcr dhericib hivcrìkhit. Ci tah vercegdhs ̀ ‑dherihr ciohphiohinh– eio ‑rhvchwcib–,pertcncpeits hxacgctho s`kh stetcstcneddy scbicstneit



71

ochrhinhs, wahrhes skedd iìscbicstneitochrhinhs whrh sa`wi wcta rhsphnt t` tah vercegdhs ` ‑tckh– sphit ì dhericib v`neguderyùtscoh tah ndessr``k shttcib, ‑i`th-tejcib–, eio‑ush ` ocntcìerchs–. Furtahrk`rh, `rkho ndusthrsgesho ì tah stvh vercegdhs– sn`rhs rhvhedho taettahrh cs e strìbdy keciteciho n`rrhdetcì ghtwhhi

strethby ush eio enachvhkhit dhvhd. F`r stuohits,rhshernahrs rhn`kkhioho uscib vercùs entcvctchs` deibuebh dhericib eio sphiocib k`rh tckh ì v`negudery enqucsctcì. F`r uturh rhshernahs,wrcthrs subbhst cs`detcib ciocvcoued vercegdhs eiohxekcicib a`w scbicstneit cs tah ckp`rteinh ùsh ` e sphncstn strethby k`rh systhketcneddy eioci e k`rh nìtr`ddho wey. K`rh`vhr, ct wes eds`subbhstho taet ei etthkpt ̀ ohvhd`pcib texì`kchs` v`negudery dhericib strethbchs saùdo gh keoh gy

uturh rhshernahrs ci ̀ rohr t` nahnj tahcr tah`rhtcnedgeshs eio civhstcbeth waet ckpents tahy nei aevhì dherihrs c tahy whrh treciho ci tahcr ush.

* Ci eooctcì

_cs pchnh ` rhsherna ecks et sahoocib dcbat ìtah kel`r strethbchs hkpd`yho ci D7 v`neguderyenqucsctcì, prhshitcib tah ochrhit ettctuohst`weros tahsh strethbchs enn`rocib t` sunnhssudeio uisunnhssud dherihrs, eio et dest cddustretcibtah hhnts tahsh strethbchs kcbat aevh ì tahcr v`negudery dhericib. _h wrcthr strcvhs t` civhstcbethtah ayp`tahscs taet steths taet sunnhssud dherihrserh ghtthr eio k`rh pr`stnchit taei uisunnhssudìhs ci thrks ` v`negudery enqucsctcì.

Ci`rkeits esshssho ci tacs rhsherna whrh >= Nacihshuicvhrscty stuohits wa` erh hir`ddho ci tah khocned

ohpertkhit. I`th taet i` ebh reibh `r khei ebhwes pr`vcoho hxnhpt `r tah ndeck taet pertcncpeitswhrh egùt 77 yhers `do. _hsh pertcncpeits whrhreio`kdy na`shi. _h rhesì ghacio na``scibtahsh khocned ohpertkhit stuohits wes taet tahyaevh ghhi stuoycib Hibdcsa `r edk`st thi yherswacna kheis taet tahy–rh qucth ekcdcer wcta ct.N`ddhbh stuohits erh keturho hiùba t` gh essukhoes ciohphiohit dherihrs, wacna ckpdchs tah ent taettahy erh ewerh ` tah strethbchs ghcib hkpd`yho ci

tahcr dhericib pr`nhss. Ci`rkeits rhnhcvho Hibdcsacistruntcì twcnh e whhj eio scinh tahy–rh khocnedstuohits, v`negudery usho ci ndess kust gh k`st `tah tckhs rhdetho t` khocncih.

_cs kheis taet s`kh v`negudery dhericib strethbchskey gh usho rhquhitdy bcvhi tah coc`syinretcnieturh ` khocncih v`negudery. ]ertcncpeits ci tacsstuoy whrh ocvcoho cit` tw` brùps gesho ì tahcrpr`stnchiny dhvhd esshssho ci thrks ` tah N`ddhbhHibdcsa hst. _h strst brùp, sunnhssud dherihrs,cinduoho 58 dherihrs wa` pessho tah NH6 eio khttah Hibdcsa pr`stnchiny dhvhd rhqucrho ci Nacihshuicvhrsctchs, wahrhes tah shnìo brùp civ`dvho 58

dherihrs wa` aevh i`t kht tah rhqucrho dhvhd ouht` tahcr ecdurh ci tah NH? eio tahy erh deghdho esuisunnhssud dherihrs.

Cistrukhits taet aevh ghhi usho ci tacs stuoy erhquhstcìiecrh eio cithrvchw. Uuhstcìiecrh wesusho scinh ct hiegdhs tah rhshernahr t` ennhss tah

dherihr–s p`cit ̀ vchw (Grenh, 7==? nctho ci Dc, 7==3)ci eooctcì t` cts ghcib nìvhichit eio keiebhegdht` nìount.

_h quhstcìiecrh hkpd`yho ci tacs stuoy nìtecihohcbat cthks: shvhi ̀ tahk whrh egùt tah strethbchsstuohits kejh ush ` wahi tahy dheri v`negudery,wahrh tahy erh esjho t` hvedueth hena strethby esghcib vhry ushud, ushud, sdcbatdy ushud, `r i`tushud et edd. @i tah `tahr aeio, tah hcbata cthk

wes ei `phi quhstcì taet edd`who tah pertcncpeitt` hvedueth `tahr strethbchs taet tahy ush, gut aevhi`t ghhi khitcìho ci prhvcùs cthks. Ci`rkeitsrhnhcvho tah quhstcìiecrhs vce h-kecd eio tahywhrh esjho t` stdd tahk ci eio shio tahk genj ci tah sekh wey(vce h-kecd). Furtahrk`rh, quhstcìiecrhs whrhocvcoho gesho ì tah pertcncpeits– NH breoh c.h.NH6 eio NH?. _h shnìo cistrukhit civ`dvhoci tacs rhsherna wes tah cithrvchw ci wacna ìdy 5=ci`rkeits whrh shdhntho t` eiswhr tah quhstcìs: stvhsunnhssud dherihrs eio stvh uisunnhssud dherihrs._h cithrvchws cinduoho quhstcìs egùt a`wdherihrs put t` ush v`negudery dhericib strethbchsci tahcr dhericib, waet hhnts tahsh strethbchs neiaevh ì dherihrs eio waet tahcr eoveitebhs eioocseoveitebhs erh. ]ertcncpeits whrh cithrvchwhogy kheis ` naettcib s`fwerh, KÎ, wahrh g`ta

tah cithrvchwhr eio tah cithrvchwhh nùdo shh hena`tahr wacna hiegdho tah cithrvchwhr t` `gshrvh tahcithrvchwhh–s entcìs eio rhentcìs. Es suna, tahrhshernahr rhn`roho tah cithrvchws `r tah sejh ùrtahr eiedyscs.

_cs stuoy–s rhsudts rhvhedho taet sunnhssud dherihrskeoh ush ` keiy v`negudery dhericib strethbchsscinh tahy hveduetho k`st ` tahk ci e ev`regdhkeiihr. Nìvhrshdy, uisunnhssud dherihrs sa`who

dhss cithrhst rhberocib tah ush ` tahsh strethbchs eskeiy ` tahk taùbat ` tahsh strethbchs es ghcibuiushud. ` tacs hio, tah rhshernahr keoh tahrhn`kkhioetcì taet thenahrs saùdo cin`rp`reth v`negudery dhericib strethbchs wahi thenacib v`negudery eio treci dherihrs t` ush tahk ci tahcr v`negudery dhericib. K r̀h`vhr, a`w t` eolust tahshstrethbchs ci tah nurrcnuduk eio a`w t` bucohdherihrs t` kejh ush ` tahk hhntcvhdy cs up tùturh stuochs.



73

* Nìnduscì

` wrep up, tah prhshit naepthr aes keoh tahetthkpt ` enquecitcib tah rheohr wcta tahuioekhited sn`ph ` tacs stuoy c.h. ^DE gytenjdcib cts ohstictcì, hkhrbhinh, eio gescn cssuhs.K`rh`vhr, ohstictcìs ` eio phrsìed rhhntcìs

ì tah gescn jhy nìnhpts whrh pr`vcoho geshoì s`kh sna`ders– eio ocntcìerchs– stethkhits.Furtahrk`rh, e shntcì wes pertcnuderdy ohocnethot` ci`rk tah rheohr ` tah ihnhssery genjbrùiowcta rhbero t` tah n`rh ` tacs naepthr c.h. deibuebhettctuohs eio tah ckp`rteinh ` v`neguderyenqucsctcì ci ^DE. Ei`tahr shntcì wes kecidynìnhriho wcta prhshitcib ùr tah`rchs taet aevheoorhssho v`negudery enqucsctcì r`k ochrhitphrsphntcvhs. Fcieddy, tah dest shntcì pr`vcoho e

nìncsh rhvchw ̀ tw` prhvcùs stuochs taet ohedt, tè derbh hxthit, wcta tah sekh suglhnt es tah prhshitpchnh ̀ rhsherna.

Ci pursueinh ` ettecicib tah e`rhkhitcìho`glhntcvhs eio eiswhrcib tah prhvcùsdy stethorhsherna quhstcìs, tw` ayp`tahshs aevh ghhi`rkudetho<

-_h dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhd eio n`bictcvh keturctyaevh ei ckpent ì acs/ahr ettctuoh wcta rhsphnt t`tah strethbchs usho t` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery.

-Gesho ̀ i tahcr eneohkcn dhvhd eio n`bictcvh ihhos,K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs erh dcjhdy t` ush nhrteci v`negudery dhericib strethbchs k`rh `fhi taei`tahr ìhs. * Whsherna ohscbi

_h prhshit shntcì ùtdcihs a`w rhsherna tejhspdenh. Ci ̀ tahr w`ros, tacs shntcì ecks et citròuncibtah rheohr t` tah prentcned ohtecds ` tah stuoyeio cddustretcib a`w civhstcbetcì cs nìountho.Enn`rocib t` tah 3—Guscihss ocntcìery‛, e rhshernaohscbi cs —e ohtecdho ̀ utdcih ̀ a`w civhstcbetcì wcddtejh pdenh. E rhsherna ohscbi wcdd typcneddy cinduoha`w oete cs t` gh n`ddhntho, waet cistrukhits wcddgh hkpd`yho, a`w tah cistrukhits wcdd gh usho eio

tah cithioho kheis `r eiedyzcib oete n`ddhntho‛.Ahinh, es stetho ci tah ohstictcì, e typcned rhshernaohscbi wùdo ihnhssercdy civ`dvh e ohkìstretcì` pertcncpeits cinduoho ci tah stuoy, cistrukhitsusho t` n`ddhnt oete, pr`nhourh ̀ oete n`ddhntcì c.h.a`w oete wes n`ddhntho, eio stetcstcned kheis ̀ ptho`r t` eiedysh tah n`ddhntho oete.

_h nurrhit pchnh ` rhsherna stts wctaci tah neshstuoy rhsherna ohscbi (Gcedyst`j eio ^weci, 5321)scinh ct cs ei hxpd`ret`ry ciqucry ci wacna ettctuohserh uiji`wi cindcietcìs wacna erh t` gh hxpd`rhoeio hdcnctho r`k rhspìohits. Furtahrk`rh,ettctuohs erh thstho ci tahcr ietured nìthxt eio

pertcncpeits oco i`t bht eiy jcio ` cistruntcì`r eooctcìed ji`wdhobh taet key ciuhinh tahcrettctuohs. Ei`tahr p`cit wacna nei supp`rt tahndeck taet tah prhshit rhsherna edds wctaci tah neshstuoy pereocbk cs tah ent taet tacs detthr cs `fhihquetho wcta cssuhs taet civhstcbeth tah pr`brhss èi esphnt ` deibuebh ghaevc`r (cgco).

_cs ghcib tah nesh, ct eds` eppdchs t` tah nurrhitpchnh ` rhsherna ci tah shish taet ct eds` hxekcihsei esphnt ` deibuebh ghaevc`r wacna cs deibuebhettctuoh. @i tah `tahr aeio, tah rhsherna khtaòenn`rocib t` wacna tah prhshit stuoy cs nìounthocs e queitctetcvh ìh. K`rh sphncstneddy, ct cs eneused-n`kperetcvh rhsherna khtaò es tah eck cst` n`kperh ghtwhhi tah ettctuohs ` tw` brùps` ochrhit eneohkcn dhvhds eio shh wahtahr tacs

detthr grcibs egùt eiy naeibh `r ciuhinh ci tahshdherihrs– ettctuohs t` Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericibstrethbchs. _et cs t` sey, t` ohthrkcih wahtahr tahrhcs e rhdetcì ghtwhhi e dherihr–s ettctuoh eio acs/ahreneohkcn dhvhd ci wacna tah detthr aes e ghercib ìtah `rkhr.

]ut ochrhitdy, tah eck cs t` khesurh tah ochrhinhghtwhhi tah tw` brùps eio t` hxekcih tahrhdetcìsacp ghtwhhi tah tw` vercegdhs wacna erhtah dherihrs– ettctuohs eio tah eneohkcn dhvhd.Keiy rhesìs whrh ghacio na``scib t` nìount tahprhshit stuoy queitctetcvhdy. Fcrst, e queitctetcvhrhsherna cs dhss suglhntcvh eio k`rh o`nukhitho tahtacib taet wùdo kel`rdy nìtrcguth ci nìstrkcib`r ocsnìstrkcib tah ndeckho ayp`tahshs k`rh`glhntcvhdy. ^hnìo, ct kejhs ush ` stetcstcnedkhesurh eio thsts t` eiedysh tah oete eio bhihrethacbady vedco rhsudts. 5=_cro, tah oete cinduoho,

ohspcth cts ghcib ettctuohs, nei gh nìvhrtho tè iukhrcned ìh eio wùdo ghtthr gh esshsshoqueitctetcvhdy gy kheis ` stetcstcns eio iukghrs`r tah sejh ` `gtecicib rhprhshitetcvh stiocibs.

Fcieddy, e queitctetcvh rhsherna ohstihs tah p`sscgdhrhdetcì (s) ghtwhhi tah vercegdhs eio ohthrkcihstah neushs eio nìshquhinhs gesho ì tah ohstihorhdetcì (s).

* ]ertcncpeits

_h pertcncpeits aevcib tejhi pert ci tah nurrhitstuoy whrh ocvcoho cit` tw` brùps, ^7 eio ^6.^tuohits ` g`ta brùps erh uiohrbreoueth dherihrshir`ddho ci tah Hibdcsa ohpertkhit, XicvhrsctyKàekkho V, Weget. _h sekpdh ` ^7 stuohitsciv`dvho 76 (?>, >%) pertcncpeits hir̀ ddho ci tahstrst yher ` tahcr uicvhrscty sna``dcib eio wa`shebh reibhs r`k 51 t` 7? yhers. Et tah oete n`ddhntcìtckh, stuohits whrh rhnhcvcib 5? aùrs ` Hibdcsacistruntcì ci eooctcì t` ? aùrs ` Eregcn eioFrhina cistruntcì. _hcr nurrcnuduk cs n`kp`sho` 2 kòudhs phr whhj wcta ochrhit tckcib `



hena kòudh (hctahr 7 `r > aùrs) eio > kìtasphr shkhsthr. Et tah sekh tckh, tah sekpdh ` ^6stuohits cinduoho >? (86, 2%) pertcncpeits hir`ddhoci tah dest yher ` tahcr uicvhrscty sna``dcib wa`shkel`rcty–s ebh reibhs r`k 51 t` 7? yhers, wahrhese kci`rcty–s ebh reibhs r`k 78 t` >? yhers. Racdhoete wes n`ddhntho, ^6 stuohits whrh rhnhcvcib 57

aùrs ` Hibdcsa cistruntcì. _hcr nurrcnudukcs n`kp`sho ` 6 kòudhs phr whhj, 7 aùrs phrkòudh eio > kìtas phr shkhsthr. G`ta sekpdhsciv`dvho pertcncpeits r`k g`ta bhiohrs, kedheio hkedh, es ct o`hs i`t rhprhshit ei ciuhincib vercegdh ci tah prhshit stuoy.

_h rhesì ghacio tah na`cnh ` ^7 eio ^6 stuohitscs tah eneohkcn ochrhinh ghtwhhi tah tw` brùps._cs wùdo edd`w ohthrkcicib tah ochrhinh, c

tahrh cs eiy, ci g`ta brùps– ettctuohs t`weros v`negudery dhericib strethbchs es whdd es nìstrk `rrhuth tah ndeck taet eneohkcn dhvhd aes e ghercibì tah dherihrs– ettctuohs t` tahsh strethbchs. _h ent taet g`ta brùps ghdìb t` tah Hibdcsaohpertkhit eio erh hibebho ci e nurrcnuduk teubatci Hibdcsa rhvheds taet stuohits ` g`ta brùpskejh ush ` nhrteci Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericibstrethbchs wacna cs ei`tahr rhesì `r tacs na`cnh `pertcncpeits. Furtahrk`rh, wahi n`ddhntcib tah oete^6 pertcncpeits whrh eds` n`ddhntcib oete r`k ̀ tahrrhspìohits `r tahcr rhshernahs, wacna kheis taettahy erh ji`wdhobhegdh egùt tah wa`dh pr`nhourheio a`w rhsherna cs nìountho. Ahinh, tahy erhhxphntho t` gh k`rh n``phretcvh eio ahdpud taeieiy t̀ahr rhspìohits r`k ei`tahr eneohkcn dhvhd.E na`cnh ̀ shnìo yher kesthrs stuohits wùdo edsàevh ghhi keoh, gut ouh t` tckh nìstrecits tacs

na`cnh wes neinhdho eio stuohits r`k tah sekhuicvhrscty es kcih whrh na`shi t` gh rhspìohitsscinh C ji`w k`st ` tahk eio ct cs hesy t` nìtenttahk.

* Oete n`ddhntcì pr`nhourh

_h strst sthp t` gh tejhi gh`rh stertcib tah oeten`ddhntcì wes nìstruntcib tah quhstcìiecrh gykheis ` wacna oete cs t` gh n`ddhntho. _cs detthr

wes nìstruntho tarùba B``bdh o`ns. _h rhesìghacio eokcicsthrcib ei ìdcih quhstcìiecrhwes tah kcicked hxphiocturh ` kìhy, tckh eiohihrby. Furtahrk`rh, k`st ` K`r`nnei stuohits,nurrhitdy, aevh cithriht ennhss eio Fenhg``jennùits. Ei`tahr rhesì `r tacs na`cnh westah hesy treishr ` oete r`k B``bdh o`ns t` tahs`fwerh eppdcnetcì ^]^^. Oete wes n`ddhntho uscibtah nìstruntho quhstcìiecrh wacna wes p`sthoci tah Fenhg``j brùp pebhs ` ìh ^6 brùp eiotarhh ^7 brùps t` n`ddhnt hiùba oete scinh ìh ^7brùp wes i`t hiùba t` bht tah rhqucrho iukghr` rhspìshs ouh t` tah denj ` n``phretcì ` ^7stuohits. @i tah `tahr aeio, ^6 stuohits whrh

vhry n``phretcvh eio ahdpud, eio et tah strst oey` p`stcib tah quhstcìiecrh ci tahcr Fenhg``jpebh k`rh taei 7= rhspìohits stddho ci tah `rk.A`whvhr, ^7 pertcncpeits t``j k`rh tckh eio 76rhspìshs whrh aerody n`ddhntho ci e wa`dh whhjtckh. Edd ci edd, tah `vhredd iukghr ` rhspìshsrhnhcvho wes 6= rhspìshs: 76 r`k ̂ 7 stuohits eio

>? r`k ^6 stuohits.

* Cistrukhits

Ettctuohs ` ^7 eio ^6 stuohits t`weros Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethbchs whrh khesurho gykheis ` e quhstcìiecrh. Ahinh, gh`rh b`cib `vhrwaet tah eokcicsthrho quhstcìiecrh civ`dvho, eihduncoetcì ` tacs oete n`ddhntcì cistrukhit kustgh pr`vcoho. Es e wey ` citròuncib tah rheohr t`

tacs oete n`ddhntcì khtaò, O`riyhc wrcths<

—@ih ` tah k`st n`kkì khtaòs ` oeten`ddhntcì ci shnìo deibuebh (D7) rhsherna cs tùsh quhstcìiecrhs ̀ vercùs jcios. _h p`pudercty` quhstcìiecrhs cs ouh t` tah ent taet tahy erhhesy t` nìstrunt, hxtrhkhdy vhrsetcdh, eio uicquhdynepegdh ` betahrcib e derbh ekùit ` ci`rketcìqucnjdy ci e `rk taet cs rheocdy pr`nhssegdh.‛(O`riyhc, 7=5=< xccc) Edtaùba tah thrk quhstcìiecrh cs tah k`st n`kkììh, `tahr thrks nei gh usho t` rhhr t` tacs oetebetahrcib cistrukhit suna es —civhit`rchs‛, —`rks‛,—`pcicìiecrhs‛, —thsts‛, —getthrchs‛, —nahnjdcsts‛,—snedhs‛, —survhys‛, —snahoudhs‛, —stuochs‛, —pr`stdhs‛,—ciohxhs/ciocnet`rs‛, ̀ r hvhi sckpdy —sahhts‛ (Ecjhi,5332 nctho ci O`riyhc, 7=5=< >). Uuhstcìiecrhs neiaevh tw` grèo saephs: —cithrvchw snahoudhs‛ eio

—shd eokcicsthrho phincd eio pephr quhstcìiecrhs‛._h strst typh cs prhncshdy usho wahi tah rhspìohitaes t` eiswhr e sht ` stxho quhstcìs esjho gy erhshernahr ci e dcvh cithrvchw ci wacna tacs detthrciocneths tah rhspìohits– eiswhrs ì ei eiswhrsahht.

_h shnìo typh rhhrs t` ta`sh quhstcìiecrhswacna erh shd n`kpdhtho eio wacna rhspìohits erhesjho t` stdd ci tahkshdvhs. Ci tah nurrhit rhsherna

pephr, tah `nus cs t` gh ì tah shnìo typh scinhct–s tah k`st suctegdh ìh t` betahr eio khesurh erhdetcvhdy derbh iukghr ` vedco eio rhdcegdh oete cie n`kperetcvhdy sa`rt tckh `r rhsherna purp`shs.

E whdd cddustretho ohstictcì ` tacs typh `quhstcìiecrhs cs pr`vcoho gy Gr`wi (7==5) es`dd`ws< —quhstcìiecrhs erh eiy wrctthi cistrukhitstaet prhshit rhspìohits wcta e shrchs ` quhstcìs`r stethkhits t` wacna tahy erh t` rhent hctahr gywrctcib ùt tahcr eiswhrs `r shdhntcib r`k ekìbhxcstcib eiswhrs‛ (Gr`wi, 7==5< 6 nctho ci O`riyhc,7=5=< ?).

>=



>5

Es suna, tah quhstcìiecrh usho ci tah prhshit stuoycinduohs tah `dd`wcib n`kpìhits< e tctdh wacnacs —v`negudery dhericib strethbchs‛, e ohsnrcptcìtaet citròunhs tah rhspìohit t` tah keci tahkh` tah rhsherna eio ohkìstreths tah sthps t` gh`dd`who ci `rohr t` stdd ci tah quhstcìiecrh ci epr`phr keiihr wcta e nìstohitcedcty eio —taeij

yù‛ i`th et tah hio ` tah ohsnrcptcì. _hi, tarhhquhstcìs erh nìnhriho wcta tah eneohkcn dhvhd(^7, ^6), ebh reibh (51-7?: 78->?: >8-??), eio tahstrst tacib taet n`khs t` tah rhspìohit–s kciowahi ahercib tah w`ro —v`negudery‛ (rheocib,wetnacib k`vchs, aero tesj, aevcib e nìvhrsetcìwcta ietcvh sphejhrs, o`cib v`negudery hxhrncshs, v`negudery kheis ocntcìery).

Edd tacs cs `dd`who gy e sht ` 57 cthks taet hdcnct tah

rhspìohit–s hveduetcì ` e iukghr ` v`neguderydhericib strethbchs (vhry ushud, ushud, sdcbatdyushud, `r i`t ushud et edd), tahi hena quhstcì cspursuho gy ei cthk quhstcìcib tah ush ` henastrethby gy tah rhspìohit (ihvhr, s`khtckhs,shdo`k, usueddy, edweys) ci `rohr t` aevh e ndher vcscì ` tah k`st n`kkìdy usho strethby (chs)ekìb K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs.

* ̂ tetcstcned khesurhs

` n`kperh ghtwhhi ^7 eio ^6 stuohits– ettctuohseio t` ohthrkcih wahtahr tahrh cs e ochrhinhghtwhhi tah tw` brùps, tah stetcstcned thstt` gh utcdcsho cs neddho —ciohphiohit sekpdhst-thst‛. 55Ciohphiohit sekpdhs t-thst `r prhncshdyciohphiohit tw` sekpdhs t-thst cs e stetcstcned thsttaet khesurhs tah veduhs ` tw` reio`kdy shdhnthor`k e p`pudetcì eio n`kperhs tahcr kheis ci

`rohr t` ohstih wahtahr e scbicstneit ochrhinhhxcsts ghtwhhi tah tw` sekpdhs ̀ r i`t. Ci tacs t-thst,tah stetcstcned scbicstneinh eio tah hhnt scsh erh tahhsshitced ùtn`khs. 57_h `rkhr cs nìnhrihowcta wahtahr tah stetcstcned ochrhinh ghtwhhisekpdhs cs entueddy e scbicstneit ìh, wahrhes tahdetthr hduncoeths wahtahr taet ochrhinh cs wcohhiùba t` gh rhberoho kheicibud.

_h stetcstcned ochrhinh cs nìscohrho rhed c<

-_h scsh ` tah sekpdh cs derbh.

-_h ochrhinh ghtwhhi tah sekpdhs– evhrebh veduhscs derbh.

-_h steioero ohvcetcì cs d`w.

F`r tacs t-thst t` gh usho, essukptcìs suna es tah`dd`wcib saùdo gh kht<

-êkpdhs saùdo i`t ciuhinh hena `tahr eio gh`gshrvho ciohphiohitdy.

-êkpdhs saùdo gh reio`kdy shdhntho.

-Verceinhs ` tah tw` sekpdhs saùdo gh hqued.

-I`rked ocstrcgutcì ` tah p`pudetcì.

* Nìnduscì

Ci e iutsahdd, tacs naepthr aes purp`rtho t` pr`vcohtah rheohr wcta e ndher ohpcntcì ` tah `glhntcvhs,ayp`tahshs, eio rhsherna quhstcìs ` tah stuoy.Furtahrk`rh, ct aes eds` eckho et enquecitcib tahrheohr wcta tah rhsherna ohscbi ̀ tah stuoy, khtaòshkpd`yho ci oete betahrcib, pertcncpeits wa` t``jpert, oete n`ddhntcì pr`nhourh, eio tah stetcstcnedthst shdhntho `r oete eiedyscs. ]rhsukegdy, tah ihxt

naepthr cs kecidy nìnhriho wcta eiedyzcib eiocithrprhtcib tah ̀ gteciho rhsudts.

* Whsudts eio Ocsnusscì

_cs stuoy–s stiocibs rhlhntho tah strst ayp`tahscs ciev`r ` cts n`rrhspìocib iudd ayp`tahscs, tah tacibtaet rhvhedho taet tah dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhd aesi` ckpent ì tah ettctuoh taet dherihr nei a`do wctarhbero t` Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethbchs.@i tah `tahr aeio, tah shnìo ayp`tahscs wesnìstrkho gesho ì tah phrnhitebhs ` rhquhinytaet rhspìohits hxprhssho wacdh eiswhrcib tahquhstcìiecrh wcta rhbero t` tahcr rhquhiny ùsh ` hena v`negudery dhericib strethby scinh tahrhsudts rhp`rtho ci tah tegdh ` rhquhinchs rhvhedhotaet tarhh strethbchs erh tah k`st n`kkì ìhsekìb K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs.

* Bhihred nìnduscì

5) ûkkery ` tah `glhntcvhs

_h nurrhit stuoy aes hiohev`rho t` civhstcbethK`r`nnei HFD dherihrs– phrnhptcìs rhberocibHibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethbchs. Ct aesn`kperho tah ettctuohs ` tw` eneohkcneddyochrhit brùps t` thst tah ayp`tahscs wacna stethstaet eneohkcn dhvhd aes e ghercib ì tah dherihr–s

ettctuoh wcta rhbero t` tahsh strethbchs. Xiohr tacsdcbat, tah prhshit pephr aes strcvho t` rhena tah`dd`wcib `glhntcvhs<

-` hxpd`rh K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs– ettctuohst`weros tah strethbchs usho t` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery gesho ì tahcr eneohkcn dhvhd.

-` hxekcih wahtahr tah dherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhdciuhinhs acs/ahr ettctuoh t` tahsh strethbchs.

-` ocstcibucsa tah k`st n`kkìdy usho Hibdcsa v`negudery dhericib strethby (chs) ekìb K`r̀ nneiHFD dherihrs, k`rh prhncshdy ^7 eio ^6 stuohits.



>7

7) ûkkery ` tah khtaò`d`by

E iukghr ` scxty pertcncpeits t``j pert ci tahrhsherna. _hy whrh ocvcoho cit` tw` brùps geshoì tahcr eneohkcn dhvhd (^7, ^6). _h strst brùp,^7, cinduoho twhity scx rhspìohits, wahrhes tahshnìo brùp, ̂ 6, civ`dvho tacrty ùr pertcncpeits.

` hdcnct tah rhspìohits– ettctuohs t` ochrhit v`negudery dhericib strethbchs e quhstcìiecrh` stfhhi cthks wes eokcicsthrho ìdcih wahrhdherihrs ` g`ta eneohkcn dhvhds whrh esjho t`hvedueth hena strethby rhberocib cts ushudihss. Efhrhena cthk ci tah quhstcìiecrh e quhstcì egùttah rhquhiny ` ush ` hena ciocvcoued strethbywes eds` cinduoho ci `rohr t` aevh e ndher vcscì` tah n`kkì v`negudery dhericib strethby (chs)ekìb K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs. _`sh n`kkì

strethbchs whrh ocstcibucsaho tarùba rhquhinchseio phrnhitebhs ` ush ` hena strethby.

>) ûkkery ` tah rhsudts

_h stiocibs ̀ tah stuoy pr`vcoho hvcohinh taet tahdherihr–s eneohkcn dhvhd aes i` ckpent ̀ i tah ettctuohtacs dherihr a`dos t`weros Hibdcsa v`neguderydhericib strethbchs. Ahinh, tah strst ayp`tahscs wesrhlhntho ci ev`r ` tah iudd ayp`tahscs dheocib t`tah nìnduscì taet eneohkcn dhvhd o`hs i`t a`doeiy rhdetcì wcta rhbero t` tah dherihr–s ettctuoh t` v`negudery dhericib strethbchs.

Furtahrk`rh, ei`tahr stiocib subbhstho taet tahrherh tarhh v`negudery dhericib strethbchs wacna erhn`kkìdy usho ekìb K`r`nnei HFD dherihrs,iekhdy t` aher tah w`ro rhphethody eio rhphet ct,t` khht eio ush w`ros tarùba deibuebh sjcdds, eio

t` dcsthi t` pessebhs eio sìbs rhphethody. Geshoì tacs ent, tah shnìo ayp`tahscs wes nìstrkhostetcib taet tahrh hxcst nhrteci v`negudery dhericibstrethbchs wacna erh n`kkìdy usho ekìbK`r`nnei HFD dherihrs.

?) Dckctetcì ` tah stuoy

@ih ` tah kel`r dckctetcìs ` tacs stuoy wes tahtckh nìstrecit. Ouh t` tacs ent`r rhspìohits r`k

acbady ochrhit eneohkcn dhvhds, suna es Kesthrs–eio Gennedeurheth stuohits, nùdo i`t gh shdhnthoeio pertcncpeits whrh na`shi r`k tah sekh enudtyes kcih scinh C nei hescdy rhena tahk. Ei`tahrdckctetcì cs tah iukghr ` rhspìohits waèiswhrho tah quhstcìiecrh wacna wes ebeci ouh t`tah dckctho tckh scinh ìdy 6= rhspìshs taet nùdogh betahrho ci suna ekùit ` tckh. K`rh`vhr,tah denj ` n``phretcì ` ^7 rhspìohits wesei`tahr ent`r ci `gtecicib suna dckctho iukghr `rhspìshs.

Ei eooctcìed dckctetcì wes taet ` tah iukghr` v`negudery dhericib strethbchs rhspìohits whrh

esjho t` hvedueth scinh eoocib k`rh cthks t` tahquhstcìiecrh nùdo aevh rhsudtho ci ahsctetcìwcta rhbero t` eiswhrcib tah quhstcìiecrh. Cisa`rt, tah prhshit stuoy cs ìdy ei citròuntcì `rurtahr rhshernahs wacna wcdd ennùit r̀ tah eg`vhkhitcìho dckctetcì.

8) Whsherna ckpdcnetcìs

_h nurrhit pephr cs tah stert ` keiy ckpdcnetcìs`r uturh rhsherna ì ettctuohs t`weros v`negudery.Fcrst, ettctuohs t`weros v`negudery dhericibstrethbchs saùdo eds` gh epprènaho tejcib cit`nìscohretcì tah bhiohr vercegdh ci `rohr t`hxekcih wahtahr tacs detthr nei aevh e ghercib ìK`r`nnei HFD dherihrs– ettctuohs wcta rhbero t`tahsh strethbchs. Ci `tahr w`ros, t` ohthrkcih c

kedhs eio hkedhs aevh ochrhit ettctuohs t`werostahsh strethbchs `r tahy erh a`k`bhihùs ci tacsrhsphnt. Furtahr ckpdcnetcì `r uturh rhshernawùdo gh t` civhstcbeth tah ettctuohs ` k`rh brùpswa`sh eneohkcn dhvhds erh t`` ocstcint r`k hena`tahr suna es gennedeurheth stuohits eio shnìoyher Kesthrs– stuohits. Hxpd`rcib ettctuohs ` sunabrùps nei dheo t` hxtrhkhdy ochrhit ùtn`khseio nìstrk tah essukptcì taet eneohkcn dhvhd neiehnt dherihrs– ettctuohs t` tah ochrhit strethbchsusho t` dheri v`negudery.

6) ]hoeb`bcned ckpdcnetcìs

Es aes ghhi prhvcùsdy stetho, v`negudery cs ` brhetckp`rteinh ci tah enqucsctcì ` `tahr deibuebhsjcdds suna es rheocib, wrctcib, sphejcib eiodcsthicib, eio tah rhvhrsh a`dos es whdd. _us, HFDthenahrs saùdo ghtthr ush tacs nrunced deibuebh

esphnt ci thenacib tahsh sjcdds eio, ci turi, ush tahshdetthr t` thena v`negudery.

Ei`tahr phoeb`bcned ckpdcnetcì cs taet HFDdherihrs saùdo gh hxp`sho t` vercùs v`neguderydhericib strethbchs epert r`k tah treoctcìed ìhsdcjh rheocib eio uscib ocntcìerchs. ]ut ochrhitdy,tacs hxp`surh t` ihw strethbchs kcbat ahdp tahk cienqucrcib k`rh v`negudery, tah tacib taet wcdd aevhei ckpent ì tahcr deibuebh pr`stnchiny dhvhd eio

n`bictcvh enachvhkhit es whdd es ocvhrscy tah weyst` dheri Hibdcsa v`negudery.

Ci stih, prhshitho eg`vh erh nìnduscìs ` tahkeci p`cits ocsnussho ci tah nurrhit pchnh `rhsherna. Kel`rdy, sukkery ` tah keci `glhntcvhs,khtaò`d`by eo`ptho, ̀ gteciho stiocibs, dckctetcì` tah stuoy, rhsherna ckpdcnetcìs eio phoeb`bcnedckpdcnetcìs taet thenahrs saùdo ckpdhkhit citahcr v`negudery thenacib.



>>

Dhxcned ^hdhntcì Eio

_h Hv`dutcì @f Deibuebh Xicts

O@C 5=.5858/`pdc-7=58-==5>Whnhcvho ^hpthkghr 58, 7=5?:

ennhptho Key 72, 7=58

Egstrent<

Ci tacs pephr C ocsnuss sckcderctchs eio ochrhinhsghtwhhi e p`thitced ihw kòhd ` deibuebhohvhd`pkhit - dhxcned shdhntcì, eio cts gc`d`bcnedhqucvedhit - ietured shdhntcì. Gesho ì Oewjcis–(5326) nìnhpt ` tah khkh C ocsnuss tw` uicts` deibuebh eio hxpd`rh tahcr p`thitced t` gh shhies dcibucstcn rhpdcnet`rs. _h nhitred ocsnusscìrhv`dvhs erùio tw` jhy perts - tah uicts taet nùdo

p`thitceddy pdey tah r`dh ` rhpdcnet`rs ci e dhxcnedshdhntcì systhk eio e vcsued rhprhshitetcì ` tahkòhd pr`p`sho. orew ì w`rj gy A`hy (7==8),Rrey (7==1) eio ^cindecr (5336, 5331) `r tahtah`rhtcned gescs: Nr`f (7===) cs acbadcbatho es esckcder rekhw`rj. Fcieddy grch hxekpdhs erh tejhir`k tah rhh ̀ idcih n`rp`re pr`vcoho gy tah n`rpuseiedyscs t``d ̂ jhtna Hibcih (Jcdberrc, Wynady, ̂ krzeio ubwhdd 7==?) t` brùio tah ocsnusscì ci rhedw`rdo n`kkuicnetcvh sctuetcìs.

_h hxekpdhs acbadcbat tah p`cit taet ochrhitsctuetcìed nìthxts wcdd edd`w `r ochrhit uictst` ùrcsa gesho ì tah d`ned s`nced eio dcibucstcnhivcrìkhit. _h pephr eds` sa`ws a`w e nd`shd``j et tah sphncstn nìthxt eio strcibs evecdegdh t`

e deibuebh ushr et eiy bcvhi k`khit aes p`thitcedt` cddukcieth ochrhit esphnts ` deibuebh wahin`kperho wcta e k`rh egstrent epprèna.Jhyw`ros< khkhs, ietured shdhntcì, dhxcned

prckcib, ihhos ìdy eiedyscs, I@E, dhxcned uict,dhxcned shdhntcì, dcibuhkhs.

5 Citròuntcì

Ci 5326 Wcnaero Oewjcis naeibho tah wey keiyd``j et gc`d`bcned hv`dutcì wcta acs p`puderennùit ` e bhih–s hyh vchw ` ietured shdhntcì„ h ^hdsa Bhih. Ah ghbcis gy ohsnrcgcib a`wnhrteci k`dhnudhs ci tah herdy herta–s gc`spahrh

kust aevh `rkho rhpdcnet`rs< rerh k`dhnudhs taetnei rhpdcneth tahkshdvhs gy entcib es e kùdo eioettrentcib skeddhr k`dhnudhs ci suna e wey taet tahderbhr k`dhnudh hsshitceddy nrheths e n`py ` ctshd.(Oewjcis rhkcios us taet tah k`dhnudhs erh i`t, `nùrsh, nìsncùs ` tacs gut thrks dcjh ‑nrhetcib en`py ` ctshd– erh sckpdy ushud sa`rtaeio.) OIEcs tah kòhri hqucvedhit. _cs pephr ocsnusshs tahcohe taet deibuebh nauijs nei gh shhi es dcibucstcnrhpdcnet`rs. Ct ghbcis wcta e sa`rt rhvchw ` tahdcthreturh gh`rh k`vcib ì t` tah quhstcì ` waetuicts kcbat pdey suna e r`dh. E vcsued rhprhshitetcì` ky dhxcned shdhntcì kòhd5 cs citròunho cishntcì tw` gh`rh C k`vh ì t` e ocsnusscì `sphncstn deibuebh strcibs ci e n`rpus ` n`kputhrdcibucstcns pephrs. Ihw thrkci`d`by cs pr`p`sho



>?

es pert ` tah kòhd. _h rhst ` tah citròuntcìwcdd citròunh jhy cohes r`k g`ta gc`d`bcned eiodcibucstcn hv`dutcì.

Efhr citròuncib tah nìnhpt ̀ payscned rhpdcnet`rsci gc`d`by, Oewjcis citròunhs khkhs es tahcrnudtured hqucvedhit<

—_h ihw sùp cs tah sùp `f aukei nudturh. Rhihho e iekh f`r tah ihw rhpdcnet`r, e iùi wacnanìvhys tah uict `f nudtured treiskcsscì, `r e uict`f ckctetcì. ‑Kckhkh– n`khs fr`k e suctegdh Brhhjr``t, gut C weit e kì`syddegdh taet sùios e gctdcjh ‑bhih–. C a`ph ky ndesscncst frchios wcdd f`rbcvhkh cf C eggrhvceth kckhkh t` khkh. Cf ct cs eiynìs`detcì, ct nùdo edthrietcvhdy gh taùbat `f esghcib rhdetho t` ‑khk`ry– `r t` tah Frhina w`ro

kìkh. Ct saùdo gh prìùinho t` raykh wcta‑nrhek–‛. Oewjcis (5326<537)

Khkhs tahi erh i`t payscned hitctchs gut, es`rcbcieddy `rkudetho, egstrent nìnhpts taet hxcstci tah kcios ` ph`pdh (eio erbuegdy e iukghr ``tahr sphnchs suna es sìbgcros). _hy rhpdcnethgy ghcib saerho ci e n`kkuicty eio kuteth gywey ` skedd naeibhs. Oewjcis bcvhs tah hxekpdhs` tuihs, netnapareshs eio weys ` kejcib p`tsekìb `tahrs.

Ct cs tah dcibucstcn scoh ` Oewjcis– erbukhit taetshts up ky `wi tahscs `r tacs pephr. C erbuh taetstrcibs `f deibuebh cthks „ dht us ckebcih w`rosf`r tah k`khit „ hithr cit` e sckcder n`kphtctcvhhivcrìkhit wcta `tahr strcibs eio taet kci`r vercetcìs wcdd edd`w ei hv`dutcì-dcjh khnaeicskt` `phreth. Rahtahr tacs dcibucstcn khnaeicsk

nd`shdy `dd`ws kòhri kòhds ` hv`dutcìerytah`ry rhkecis t` gh shhi: tah ocsnusscì cs ìdy lust ghbciicib. I`th taet ky erbukhit cs i`tuioekhiteddy ochrhit r`k Oewjcis– nìnhpt` khkhs gut taet ct cs erbuho sphncstneddy `raukei deibuebh strcibs wctaùt nerrycib edìbeiy essukptcìs egùt sìbgcros `r p`t-kejcib.Ohiihtt (7==>) rhkcios us taet tah snchinh `khkhtcns cs stcdd nìtr`vhrsced „ shhi gy nrctcns es

lust e t``d `r khtepa`r taet neii`t gh keoh dcthred

wahi eppdcho t` edd ` aukei nudturh s` tacs pephrsaùdo gh shhi es strcntdy e dcibucstcn erbukhit. Ct csckp`rteit t` ndercy et tacs p`cit ìh jhy erbukhitC ek i`t kejcib. C ek i`t erbucib taet tahk`vhkhit eio shdhntcì ` dcibucstcn rhpdcnet`rs csihnhssercdy vhry nd`sh t` cts gc`d`bcned hqucvedhit. Cigc`d`by, `r hxekpdh, rhshernahrs erh ghbciicib tùiohrsteio taet tah bhih o`hs i`t pdey es nhitrede r`dh ci hv`dutcìery tah`ry es wes ình essukho

(shh erbukhits ci Legdìje, \hdcb`wsjc eio Dekg7=5? `r hxekpdh).

Ohvhd`pkhits ci hv`dutcìery tah`ry saùdo,a`whvhr, i`t gh shhi es e orcvcib `rnh `r dcibucstcntah`ry. Dhxcned ^hdhntcì key ìh oey turi ùt t` ghi`tegdy ochrhit ci cts ohtecd. _cs cs nhrtecidy i`t

tah strst pephr t` ocsnuss tah sckcderctchs ghtwhhideibuebh rhpdcnet`rs eio gc`d`bcned rhpdcnet`rs.]ebhd (7==3) pr`vcohs ei hxnhddhit `vhrvchw `keiy ` tah sckcderctchs r`k e gc`d`bcst–s p`cit ` vchw eio ah rhkcios us taet keiy ` tahk whrh, cient, subbhstho gy Oerwci ackshd (Oerwci 5125).

]ebhd subbhsts taet w`ros, paìhkhs eio syitex7erh hxekpdhs ̀ ocsnrhth uicts eio taet tahy rhpdcnethgy kheis ̀ thenacib, dhericib eio ckctetcì. Ah eds`

`hrs einchit thxts es tah hqucvedhit ` `sscds eiodeibuebh oheta ci rhdetcì t` hxtcintcì. _h w`rj`nushs derbhdy ̀ i tah w`ro es tah uict ̀ eiedyscs gyuscib ̂ weohsa–s (5387) dcst ̀ tw` auiorho n`kkìw`ros suna es gòy perts, prìùis eio iukhredstaet nùdo gh hxphntho ci keiy deibuebhs. _hw`rj sa`ws taet rhshernahrs nei pròunh ketrcnhswcta tah iukghr ` ‑kheicibs– ì ìh scoh ebecisttah iukghr ` deibuebhs taet aevh taet kheicibci e shdhntho sht. _cs edd`ws `r stetcstcned eiedyshseio n`kpercsìs wcta bhih shquhinh ketrcnhs.]ebhd–s ocsnusscì cinduohs e surprcscib ess`ncetcìghtwhhi tah ocstrcgutcì ` eicked sphnchs eiotah ocstrcgutcì ` aukei deibuebhs wahi pd`tthoebecist detctuoh.

Jcrjgy eio Aur`ro–s (7==7) Cthretho DhericibKòhd (CDK) k`vhs nd`shr t` ei entued kòhd `deibuebh naeibh: ct cs ohsnrcgho es —ei eoeptcvh

systhk taet `phreths ì e tckhsnedh ghtwhhiciocvcoued dhericib eio gc`d`bcned hv`dutcì‛(Jcrjgy 7==2<5) eio cs whdd-supp`rtho gy n`kputhreio ketahketcned kòhds. ûna kòhds erh,a`whvhr, ihnhssercdy egstrentho ewey r`k rhedsphejhrs eio entued utthreinhs wcta w`rj gesho ìcohedcsho deibuebhs. _cs cs ckp`rteit w`rj taetacbadcbats tah p`thitced ̀ ei hv`dutcìery epprènagut cts ocsteinh r`k entued utthreinhs nei shhkocv`rnho r`k w`rj ci thxt eiedyscs eio n`rpus

dcibucstcns wacna `nus k`rh ì tah ghaevcùr `strcibs ` dhkkes eio w`ro`rks. Es wh k`vh t` en`kpdhth tah`ry ` deibuebh wh wcdd ihho w`rj etg`ta hios ` tah egstrent-utthreinh nìtciuuk. Eihv`dutcì-dcjh tah`ry taet hxpdcnctdy shhjs t` w`rjet tah dhvhd ` utthreinhs cs Nr`f–s (7===) _h`ry `Xtthreinh ̂ hdhntcì (X^).



>8

Nr`f–s w`rj cs sckcder t` tah wey C nìnhptuedcshdhxcned shdhntcì. Ct cs cispcrho gy Audd–s (5311) w`rj ì e bhihredcsho tah`ry ̀ shdhntcì `r edd hv`dutcì-dcjh pr`nhsshs eio, es suna, nìscohrs tah ieturh ` p`thitced rhpdcnet`rs ci s`kh ohtecd. Nr`f subbhsts—hkgòcho dcibucstcn strunturhs, eiytacib r`k epaìhkh t` e k`rpahkh t` e w`ro t` e syitentcn

nìstruntcì, eio eds` tahcr nìvhitcìed shkeitcn/ocsnùrshuintcìed (ci`rketcì - struntured) veduhs‛ (7===<71): ah nedds tahsh uicts dcibuhkhs.Dcibuhkhs tahi erh i`t ihnhssercdy ciocvcouedw`ros gut keiy hxekpdhs Nr`f ushs hctahr ckpdytaet tahy thio t` gh ̀ r ah wrcths et e dhvhd s`khwaetrhk`vho r`k thxts s` taet ochrhit rheohrs keywedj ewey wcta ochrhit vchws ` waet e dcibuhkhentueddy d``js dcjh wahi `r, ciohho, c ìh nei hxcstì e pebh. Ci shntcì tw` C wcdd ocsnuss tah hxthit

t` wacna ei hxthioho shdhntcì uict (H^X) ci kythrkci`d`by saùdo gh shhi es hqucvedhit t` edcibuhkh.

7 Raet uicts0

F`r tacs pephr C wcdd `nus ì tw` uicts taet nùdop`thitceddy pdey e jhy r`dh ci tah rhpdcnetcìsysthk „ w`ros eio hxthioho dhxcned uicts. R`roserh erbuegdy tah k`st d`bcned stertcib p`cit `re ocsnusscì ` deibuebh uicts. Es A`hy (7==8)rhkcios us, tah ocntcìerchs eio tahseurushs ` tah51ta eio 53ta nhiturchs rhhnt tah ndesscned cohe `tah w`ro wcta ci`rketcì egùt prìuincetcì,brekker eio htyk`d`by. _h nìnhpt ` w`ro cs,a`whvhr, retahr w``ddchr taei ct key strst eppher._h sckpdh ocstcintcì ghtwhhi typhs eio t`jhis cin`rpus stuochs acbadcbats tah strst p`cit ` nìnhri.C ìh nìscohrs tah strcib kh kh kh wh wùdo

sey ct nìscsts ` tarhh t`jhis (`nnurrhinhs `) escibdh typh „ tah f`rk kh. Dhkketcsetcì furtahrn`kpdcneths ketthrs.

A`hy ncths Rcddceks (5331), `r hxekpdh, wa` sa`wstah n`dd`netcìed ghaevcùr ̀ bhih cs qucth ocstcintr`k taet ` bhihs. C wh erh t` nìscohr strcibs` w`ros k`vcib tarùba e n`kkuicty ct wùdokejh shish t` rheo tacs es strcibs ` w`ro`rks citah strst cisteinh: ci keiy neshs, a`whvhr, e nìnhpt

C nedd tah deibuebh ushr–s dhkke spenh n`khs cit`pdey. C wcdd ush tah strcib phi orcvh es ei hxekpdhtaet keiy ` us key rhkhkghr uscib `r tah strsttckh. C, dcjh kh, ei eoudt nekh enr`ss tah strcib`r tah strst tckh sah kcbat rhnhcvh tah `rk phiorcvh es ciput gut tahi key ckkhocethdy kep taet`rk ìt` cts dhkke spenh eio gh ci e p`sctcì t`pròunh `tahr w`ro`rks suna es phi orcvhs et tahstrst `pp`rtuicty `r pròuncib ùtput.

_us g`ta tah w`ro`rk eio cts dhkke spenhnùdo p`thitceddy pdey ei ckp`rteit r`dh es tahuict k`vhs tarùba e n`kkuicty. _h ahobcib ciky dest tw` shithinhs cs ghneush ` Rrey–s (7==7)

nìnhpt - Ihhos @idy Eiedyscs (I@E) - wacna Cocsnuss ci e k`khit. Ohspcth tah n`kpdhxctchs `tah nìnhpt R@WO ct cs shhi gy kcddcìs, c i`tgcddcìs, ` hvhryoey deibuebh ushrs es ei ckp`rteituict eio tacs wcdd aevh e p`whrud ciuhinh ì tahohvhd`pkhit ̀ deibuebhs taet wh erh lust ghbciicibt` uiohrsteio. _h k`rh ph`pdh ghyìo eneohkce

ghn`kh ekcdcer wcta nìnhpts suna es n`dd`netcìeio kudtc-w`ro uicts, tah k`rh dcjhdy stuohits wcddstuoy eio ghn`kh ekcdcer wcta uicts dìbhr taeitah w`ro taus ehntcib shdhntcì pr`nhsshs ci weyswh erh yht t` uiohrsteio: tacs ‑pugdcn phrnhptcì–esphnt ` deibuebh shdhntcì aes ghhi uiohrstethoci prhvcùs w`rj.

Rrey phrnhcvhs tah w`ro es tah —uioekhitednurrhiny ` pr`nhsscib‛ (Rrey 7==1<62) ci A`hy–s

kòhd eio steths taet tacs cs e sugsteitced ochrhinhghtwhhi A`hy–s Dhxcned ]rckcib tah`ry eio ahrIhhos @idy Eiedyscs (I@E) kòhd: ci I@ERrey nìvcincibdy erbuhs taet ci e strst deibuebhenqucsctcì nìthxt nacdorhi o` i`t grhej o`wideibuebh strcibs cit` tahcr skeddhst n`kpìhitsgut, ci ent, st`rh tah wa`dh strcib uidhss tahrh cs esphncstn ihho `r urtahr eiedyscs. ` urtahr hxpd`rhtacs epperhit nìcnt C ihho t` sey e dcttdh egùtA`hy–s nìnhpts ` Dhxcned ]rckcib eio ihstcib.

Dhxcned ]rckcib cs uioekhiteddy tah ji`wdhobh edeibuebh ushr aes egùt e deibuebh uict suna es ew`ro ̀ r paresh „ ct cinduohs n`dd`netcì, cif`rketcìegùt brekketcned petthris (n`ddcbetcì) eioshkeitcn eio prebketcn petthris es whdd es ghcibbhirh eio o`keci sphncstn. @ih ` A`hy–s hxekpdhscs tah shithinh —Ci Rcithr Aekkhrfhst cs e tacrty-aùr rcoh gy gus fr`k @sd`‛, taùba way eiyìh

wùdo weit t` b` tahrh ci wcithr cs e quhstcì w`rtanìscohrcib. A`hy (7==8<8)

A`hy bcvhs tacs es ei hxekpdh ` ietured prckcibsf`r keiy Hibdcsa-sphejcib rheohrs „ ct cs tejhir`k e trevhd g``j gy Gcdd Grysì. Es ei hxhrncsh Caevh put tacs shithinh up ì e snrhhi `r stuohitst` tacij egùt `r e hw shnìos eio tahi gdenjhoùt tah snrhhi gh`rh esjcib stuohits t` rhpròunhtah shithinh ebeci es ennurethdy es p`sscgdh. Ct cs

i`thw`rtay taet keiy Grctcsa stuohits wa` aevhtrcho tacs entcvcty pròunho tah strcib gus rcohretahr taei rcoh gy gus. Ciohho tah Grctcsa IetcìedN`rpus (GIN)> aes ?2 `nnurrhinhs ` gus rcohn`kperho wcta iìh `r rcoh gy gus subbhstcib taetGrctcsa sphejhrs erh k`rh strìbdy prckho `r tah`rkhr strcib. _ùba ct cs udtckethdy tah aukeisphejhr taet cs prckho `r e nhrteci w`ro ush, A`hytedjs ̀ w`ros ghcib prckho es e jcio ̀ sa`rtaeio.Ah kcbat sey, `r hxekpdh, taet tah w`ro gusepphers t` gh prckho `r n`dd`netcì wcta rcoh citacs hxekpdh gut ct cs edweys tah aukei deibuebhushrs taet erh prckho `r ush ci taet nìthxt.



>6

Ihstcib cs e sctuetcì wahrh e n`kgcietcì suna esgus rcoh tejhs ì prckcibs wacna key ochr r`kcts nìstctuhit w`ros gus eio rcoh. A`hy ndherdysteths —C aevh `nusho ì tah w`ro es e nìvhichitstertcib p`cit `r tah ohsnrcptcì ̀ prckcib, retahrtaei `r tah`rhtcned rhesìs‛ (A`hy 7==8< 581) s` Cwùdo erbuh taet acs kòhd cs i`t i`tegdy et òos

wcta Rrey–s vchw.

̂ ckcder t` ihstcib Rrey erbuhs `r e ahthr`k`rpacndhxcnì ci wacna k`rpahkhs, w`ros eio kudtc-w`ro hxprhsscìs hxcst shperethdy ci tah khiteddhxcnì gut nei rhush nìstctuhit n`kpìhits: guseio gus rcoh wùdo kejh up tw` hitrchs retahrtaei rhqucrh e deibuebh ushr t` nìstrunt tah dìbhrstrcib hvhry tckh (Rrey 7==1). _h khited dhxcnìwùdo, a`whvhr, pdey e dhss nhitred r`dh ci e kòhd

` dhxcned shdhntcì. E dhxcned shdhntcì kòhd wùdociv`dvh e n`kpdhx ` aukeis eio thxts ci e s`nchty.Aukeis ghbci t` dheri e strcib suna es gus wctagescn prckcibs „ et eiy stebh `f tah enqucsctcìpr`nhss tah ushr key prhperh t` rhpròunh tahstrcib ci e s`nced nìthxt (shh stburh 5). _cs bcvhstw` p`thitced rhsudts: hctahr tah strcib aes ghhist`rho eio uiohrst`ò gy tah ushr ci e `rk taetnd`shdy ketnahs tah ̀ rcbcied ciput „ sey, f`r hxekpdh,e prìuincetcì `rk taet cs ennhptho gy tahn`kkuicty eio cs uiohrst`ò wcta ei eppr`prcethsht ̀ prckcibs taet wùdo edd`w ct t` gh usho wctaùtn`rrhntcì. @r, edthrietcvhdy, ct cs st`rho ci ei edthrho`rk. Ct nùdo sùio i`tegdy ochrhit `r gh st`rhowcta e sht ` prckcibs taet denj ci`rketcì egùtcts typcned n`ddcbetcìed rhdetcìsacp wcta ertcndhs, `r

hxekpdh. I`th taet prckcibs cs usho tarùbaùt tacspephr ci tah shish ohsnrcgho ci A`hy (7==8) eio,taus cinduohs nìsncùs khk`rcsetcì pr`nhsshs eswhdd es sugnìsncùs hhnts. ^`nced prhssurh wùdoent ̀ i tah wa`dh systhk eio ciuhinh tah deibuebhushr et hvhry stebh.

_h shnìo dhvhd ` stburh ìh taet sa`ws tah tw``rks ̀ dhxcned st`rebh nd`shdy rhhnts Rrey–s (7==7,7==1) w`rj s` ‑strcib khk`rcsho ci cohitcned `rk–wùdo cinduoh g`ta `rkudecn w`ro strcibs eiostrcibs ` iì-`rkudecn deibuebh ci neshs wahrhtah ciocvcoued cs strìbdy prckho t` pròunh tahsteioero ùtput `r e pertcnuder sctuetcì ci taetn`kkuicty. ‑strcib khk`rcsho ci edthrho `rk–wùdo nìscst ` strcibs wahrh tah ciocvcoued csk`rh whejdy prckho t` pròunh tah steioero

ùtput `r eiy bcvhi sctuetcì.

_h ushr wcta e (khiteddy) st`rho `rk taet csacbady nìbruhit wcta tah `rcbcied nei na``sh t`rhpròunh tah strcib ci taet `rk `r t` gh nrhetcvheio nìsncùsdy eolust tah prckcibs ` tah ihxtdcsthihr - e p`sctcvh kutetcì. C tah strcib csst`rho ci ei edthrho `rk tah sphejhr wcdd gh shhit` aevh dhss nìtr`d `vhr tah deibuebh gy tah d`nedn`kkuicty eio wùdo k`rh dcjhdy pròunh eihbetcvh kutetcì „ tacs wùdo dcjhdy gh shhi es ekcstejh gy tah n`kkuicty eio wùdo gh et acbarcsj ` n`rrhntcì `r ohdhtcì (eio ahinh p`sscgdhrhk`ved r`k e dhxcned bhih p``d uidhss tah sphejhreo`pts tah `rk iìhtahdhss). Rrey (phrsìedn`kkuicnetcì) p`cits ùt taet kutetcìs ci suna



>2

e dhxcned shdhntcì kòhd erh i`t reio`k ci tah sekh wey es gc`d`bcned kutetcìs erh ̀ fhi shhi t` gh: tacs vchw ` gc`d`bcned kutetcì cs i`t ihnhssercdy ei ennureth ìh, a`whvhr (shh Kertcin`rhie, ^hsaeseyhheio Dusn`kgh 7=57, `r hxekpdh). Ct cs ckp`rteit t` i`th taet ckp`rteit ochrhinhs o` hxcst ghtwhhigc`d`bcned hv`dutcì eio deibuebh eio tacs kust gh tejhi cit` ennùit wahi hxpd`rcib tah kòhd urtahr.R`ros o` i`t ̀ nnupy e prcvcdhbho pdenh ci tacs ohsnrcptcì. Dcjh tahcr r`dh ci Dhxcned ]rckcib (A`hy 7==8)eio Rrey–s ahthr`k`rpacn dhxcnì (Rrey 7==7) tahy erh lust sa`rt strcibs taet `fhi kejh nìvhichitstertcib p`cits `r eiedyscs. (_h pugdcn vchw ` tah w`ro es e uict cs, a`whvhr, e vhry ckp`rteit nìthxtued

ent`r). Ci n`rpus dcibucstcns wh `fhi ghbci gy shernacib `r e iòh suna es gus eio tahi ocsnusscib tahdcibucstcn hivcrìkhit erùio ct gy kheis ` nìn`roeinh dcihs (stburh tw` sa`ws ei hxekpdh).

Ct cs cithrhstcib t` i`th taet e dcthred shish ` tahw`ro iòh cs e ji`t ci nd`ta (‑iòh– 7=5?) wacnapr`vcohse ushud vcsued khtepa`r. _h iòh cs i`t tah wa`dhuict gut pr`vcohs e aeiodh `r us t` bresp eioghbci t` d``j et tah rhst ` tah kethrced. Es dìb es

deibuebh dherihrs eio thenahrs phrnhcvh w`ros esckp`rteituicts w`ros wcdd gh entho upì eio trhetho esshdhntcì uicts gut ci ieturedcstcn shttcibs eio strstdeibuebhnìthxts wh kust nìscohr e wcohr reibh ` dhxcneduicts.

^cindecr–s (5336, 5331) kòhd ` tah hxthioho dhxcneduict thdds us taet hena uict nìscsts ` e n`rh es whddes n`dd`netcìed eio n`ddcbetcìed petthris, shkeitcnpr`sòy eio shkeitcn prhhrhinh. ̂ hkeitcn pr`sòy rhdeths t` tah deibuebh ushr–s rhesì `r na``scibe bcvhi hxprhsscì s`, ci ^cindecr–s hxekpdh, iejhohyh aes e shkeitcn pr`sòy `f ocnudty: shkeitcnprhhrhinh rhdeths t` tah shkeitcn erhe ` tahsurrùiocibdhxcs. Ci e shish, A`hy–s Dhxcned ]rckcib (7==8)erbuhs `r tah sekh uicts gut eoos e thxtued

ockhiscì ci taet eiy uict (w`ros ̀ r dìbhr strcibs)kcbat gh prckho t` `rk nàhscvh petthris. A`hyeds` nìeths tah nìnhpts ` shkeitcn pr`sòy eioshkeitcn prhhrhinh rhpdencib tahk wcta shkeitcness`ncetcì.

Ah ohstihs shkeitcn ess`ncetcì es —wahi e w`ro`r w`ro shquhinh cs ess`ncetho ci tah kcio ` edeibuebh ushr wcta e shkeitcn sht `r ndess‛ A`hy(7==8<7?). Ct cs dcjhdy taet e `rk ̀ hxthioho dhxcned

uict „ dht us nedd tahk hxthioho shdhntcì uicts`r H^Xs „ wùdo pdey e r`dh ci e dhxcned shdhntcìpr`nhss eio tah skeddhr uicts suna es w`ros eiok`rpahkhs wùdo very wctaci tahk es ushrs sphej,

wrcth eio ahdp tah H^X k`vh tarùba e n`kkuicty.C wcdd nedd tah skeddhr uicts vercet r̀s.

Fr`k tah t`p-o`wi phrsphntcvh ` khkhs eiorhpdcnet`rs ei H^X cs hqucvedhit t` e dcibuhkh (cìh essukhs strcibs i`t hxhkpdcstho gy Nr`f sunaes i-breks eio dhxcned guiodhs erh suglhnt t` tah

sekh khnaeicsks) eio dhxcned shdhntcì wùdogh e khnaeicsk wctaci tah bhihred rekhw`rj` Nr`f–s _h`ry ` Xtthreinh ^hdhntcì (Nr`f7===): ìh kust edweys rhkhkghr, a`whvhr, taettacs o`hs i`t pci dcibucstcn tah`ry t` gc`d`bcnedhv`dutcìery tah`ry. _h tw` tah`rchs kust ghedd`who rhho`k t` ohvhd`p ciohphiohitdy. Ep`thitceddy ckp`rteit ochrhinh cs et tah g`tt`k-up dhvhd ` entued utthreinhs. Nr`f–s tah`ry hctahressukhs e treoctcìed vchw ` paresh strunturh eiosyitex `r dhevhs tah cithrprhtetcì ` waet nei eiowaet neii`t gh e dcibuhkh `phi t` tah rheohr.

Ei H^X cs k`rh nd`shdy edcbiho t` A`hy–s Dhxcned]rckcib (A`hy 7==8) ci tah shish ct nùdop`thitceddy gh eiy strcib ` deibuebh. _cs dhevhsr``k `r p`thitced uicts suna es ta`sh ciocnetho gytah wrctthi `rks ̀ tah ̀ r ci tah t` gh eiedysho eioocsnussho es H^Xs ohphiocib ì tah prckcibs eio

ghaevcùr ` e sphhna n`kkuicty: tahcr stetus es edcibuhkh ci Nr`f–s w`rj cs dhss ndher.

> K`vhkhit eio n`kphtctcì

` hxpd`rh tah cohe ` a`w ei H^X kcbat k`vhtarùba e n`kkuicty C wcdd ghbci wcta tah strcibtah ennureny ` tah ci tah `phi n`rp`re pr`vcohogy ^jhtna Hibcih (shh Jcdberrc, Wynady, ^krz hted. 7==? `r ohtecds). _cs strcib wes i`t shdhntho

es e pertcnuderdy uiusued pchnh ` deibuebh - cikeiy weys ct cs n`kpdhthdy uihxnhptcìed. C na`shtah strcib es C wes hxpd`rcib tah cssuh ` wahtahr erekh - tah * ` tah - nùdo kheicibuddy gh shhi es



>1

e shdhntcì uict: C eds` hdt ct wes ckp`rteit t` ev`co e whdd ji`wi `rkudecn hxprhsscì es tahsh nùdo ghshhi es hxtrhkh neshs. Es i` deibuebh ushr hvhr ihhos e rekh wctaùt e n`kkuicnetcvh sctuetcì C na`sh,s`khwaet ergctrercdy, e ?-w`ro strcib taet wes whdd-rhprhshitho ci tah oete t` edd`w kh t` k`vh t`werosk`rh nìnrhth hxekpdhs ` deibuebh ush.

Ct `nnurs ci edd ùr ` tah rhh n`rp`re evecdegdh vce ^jhtna Hibcih - tah END cs ei ernacvh ` n`kputhrdcibucstcns pugdcnetcìs, Grctcsa Eneohkcn ^p`jhi Hibdcsa N`rpus (GE^H), Grctcsa Eneohkcn Rrctthi

Hibdcsa N`rpus (GERH) eio Gr`wi, e n`rpus ̀ bhihred X^ Hibdcsa prhperho ci 536?, es sa`wi ci stburh >.

Dht us nìscohr hxekpdh (5) r`k tah END n`rpus<

(5) Rh sa`w ci ohtecd ùr stiocibs egùt syitentcn dhvhds (a`w `fhi brepa ketnacib ahdpho esscbi erhdetcì ghtwhhi tw` ndeushs, e vhrg eio cts erbukhits, ̀ r e iùi eio cts kòcsthr) eio egùt tah ennureny` tah subbhstcì.

_h wrcthr cs dcjhdy t` gh ndher taet tahy weit t` rhhr t` tah nìnhpt ` ennureny et tacs p`cit eio wcdd gh

prckho t` ush tah * ` tah * rekh ci `rked wrctcib. Ciohho tacs wrcthr pròunhs tah rhqucrhkhits ` taho`keci, tah ghaevcùr ` tah systhk, tah eiedyscs ` tah ciput thxt, tah hio ` tah hxphrckhit eio tahstrunturhs ` tah syitentcn uicts ci tah sekh pephr.

_h rhshernahr cs eds` dcjhdy t` gh prckho t` ush tah strcib tah ennureny ` tah * ci suna e sctuetcì. Fcburhùr sa`ws tah iukghr ` tckhs hena sd`t ci tacs strunturh cs `nnupcho gy tah bcvhi w`ro: tah w`ro ennureny,

`r hxekpdh, ̀ nnurs ̀ inh ci tw` ̀ nnurrhinhs ̀ tah * ` tah subbhstcì. E shnìo usebh ci tah n`rpus cs tahquedcty ` tah subbhstcìs ci e ochrhit thxt. _cs sa`ws us tah rhdetcvhdy stxho ieturh ` tah ennureny ` tah *es e rekh wcta tah dest sd`t rhkecicib vhry ̀ phi `r tah wrcthr ̀ r sphejhr t` cishrt tah eppr̀ prceth shdhntcì`r tah nìthxt (ci e prentcned hxekpdh, ` nùrsh, tah wrcthr wùdo gh retahr k`rh dckctho ohphiocib ìwaet systhk `r nìnhpt cs ghcib ohsnrcgho).

Ci e sekpdh ` >== dcihs tah k`st rhquhit n`kpdhkhit `r tacs rekh wes pershr s` C usho tah N`rpusUuhry Deibuebh (NUD) thrk —ennureny‛ Z[{=,7} —pershr‛ ì tah udd n`rpus t` hxpd`rh eiy neshs wahi ewrcthr key gh enho wcta e bhiucih na`cnh ` thrks wahi tahy ihho t` ohsnrcgh tah ennureny ` e sphncstnpershr.



>3

Ct cs ndher tah ennureny ` e pershr wùdo i`t gh esuctegdh strcib `r e wrcthr wa` weits t` rhhr t` esphncstn nesh - ct aes e k`rh bhihred kheicib. _hstrcib tah ennureny ` tah pershr, ct shhks, wùdok`st dcjhdy n`kphth wcta tah ennureny ̀ ̀ ur pershreio tah ennureny ` tahcr pershr ohphiocib ì tah`wihrsacp ` tah pershr. Dht us essukh e sctuetcìwahrh tah wrcthr wes ocsnusscib e pershr tahy aeoohvhd`pho. _cs wùdo dhevh tah ennureny ` tahpershr, tah ennureny ` tacs pershr eio tah ennureny

` ùr pershr es rhkecicib `ptcìs. ]rckcib hhntswcdd ciuhinh tah dcjhdca`ò ` eiy ìh `rk ghcibna`shi et hena rhhrhinh p`cit - tacs cinduohs tahwrcthr–s nìnhri t` ev`co rhphtctcì ci tahcr wrctcib.E nerhud stuoy ` tah wrcthr–s pephrs eio sp`jhiprhshitetcìs wùdo bcvh us e esncietcib ciscbatcit` acs `r ahr dhxcned prckcibs eio tah wey tahwrcthr trhets hena strcib es e uict - tacs wùdo kejhei cithrhstcib ]aO pr`lhnt gut t` uddy hxpd`rh

dhxcned shdhntcì wh kust turi t` treiskcsscì eiohinùrebh uturh stuochs wahrh et dhest e shnìosphejhr `r wrcthr nerrchs tah dcibucstcn ci`rketcìt` e ihw euochinh.

_h strcibs tah ennureny ` tah eio tah ennureny` tah pershr whrh pertceddy na`shi es naeddhibcibneshs taet wùdo `rnh us t` nìscohr whejihsshsci tacs vchw ` deibuebh. _hrh cs dcttdh oùgt taet`rkudecn hxprhsscìs suna es coc`ks eio rhstrcnthon`dd`netcìs erh ghcib saerho gy n`kkuictchs(pertceddy) ghneush tahy kerj e sphejhr es ghcib en`kphthit khkghr ` tah deibuebh n`kkuicty ciquhstcì gut tah strcibs na`shi ahrh erh dhss sedchit esnauijs eio key gh gr`jhi up gy deibuebh dherihrs.

Whnedd tah vcsued rhprhshitetcì ` tah dhxcnedshdhntcì kòhd ci stburh ̀ ih. Gy wrctcib tacs pephrC aevh ghn`kh prckho t` ush tah strcib tah ennureny` tah pershr es e stxho strcib: C key aevh prckhos`kh rheohrs t` eds` rhnedd ct es e `rkudecn strcib.@ur ihxt rhn`roho usebh ` tah strcib `r, ciohho,ùr etthkpt et uscib e sckcder strcib t` hxprhss tahnìnhpt wùdo pr`vcoh e ushud ciocnet`r ` a`wct aes k`vho es e uict. K`st `rked wrctcib wùdo

n`kprcsh hxekpdhs ` steioero ùtput ci taet tahstrcib wùdo gh pròunho ci ei cohitcned `rk.

Fcburh stvh sa`ws e sekpdh ` tah rhsudts.



Ndherdy ei edthrho `rk suna es tah ennureny `tacs pershr wùdo gh e rhesìegdh na`cnh ci wrctcib- ci tacs nìthxt tacs wùdo n`kprcsh e p`sctcvhkutetcì. E ihbetcvh kutetcì ci suna e snhierc`kcbat rhsudt ci tah strcib tah ennureny ̀ pershr eiowùdo gh et acba rcsj ` cithrvhitcì r`k e thenahr`r hoct`r gh`rh b`cib ùt es e shnìo bhihretcì

strcib.

_h strcib tah ennureny ` Lepeihsh pershr r`kFcburh 8 cs e b`ò hxekpdh ` a`w e strcib kust ghsuctho t` cts hivcrìkhit t` sprheo. Ci e Grctcsa `rEkhrcnei lùried, `r hxekpdh, ìh kcbat ckebcihei hoct`r subbhstcib e naeibh eio prhvhitcib sunae strcib r`k sprheocib tarùba tah n`kkuictygut ci e Ihw Hibdcsa hivcrìkhit suna es Lepeihsh`r J`rhei Hibdcsa tacs strcib key gh ennhptho eio

k`vh rhhdy erùio cts n`kkuicty (Aeocjci 7=5?pr`vcohs shvhred hxekpdhs ̀ tacs).

? Nìnduscì

Ci tacs pephr C citròunh e wey ̀ d``jcib et deibuebhuicts taet wcdd gh ihw t` s`kh sthdos ` deibuebhstuoy. Gesho ì Oewjcis– nìnhpt ` khkhs(Oewjcis 5326) C aevh d``jho et tah k`vhkhiteio strunturh ` tw` p`thitced deibuebh rhpdcnet`rs- tah w`ro eio ^cindecr–s subbhstcì ` ei hxthiohodhxcned uict (^cinder 5336, 5331).

A`hy–s (7==8) _h`ry ` Dhxcned ]rckcib eio Rrey–s(7==1) nìnhpt ̀ tah ahthr`k`rpacn dhxcnì rhkcious taet w`ros o` i`t eppher t` k`vh es ciohphiohithitctchs eio, gucdocib ì jhy erbukhits r`khena kòhd, C pr`p`sh e vcsued rhprhshitetcì ` ep`thitced dhxcned shdhntcì pr`nhss wcta tw` jcios ̀

‑kutetcì– - ìh gesho ì e deibuebh ushr st`rcibtah deibuebh strcib ci e `rk acbady nìbruhit wctaciput `rk eio tahi edthrcib tah strunturh ci e weytaet cs dcjhdy t` sprheo sunnhssuddy - eio e shnìotaet wùdo dcjhdy gh shhi es hrrìhùs ci gy tahd`ned deibuebh n`kkuicty.

N`kperho wcta scibdh w`ros, ^cindecr–s uicts kejhe ghtthr neiocoeth `r tah jcio ` uict taet wùdoent es rhpdcnet`rs ghneush tahy edd`w `r tah jcio `

oete petthris ohsnrcgho ci A`hy (7==8) eio Rrey–s(7==1) erbukhits eio, `r hesh ` eiedyscs eiourtahr ocsnusscì, C pr`p`sh ihw thrkci`d`by t`rhhnt tah nìnhpt ` bhihs eio geshs - hxthiohoshdhntcì uicts (H^Xs) eio vercet`rs rhsphntcvhdy.Fcieddy, C grchy ocsnuss tah k`vhkhit eio shdhntcìciv`dvho wahi rhshernahrs eio stuohits ush tahstrcibs tah ennureny ` tah eio tah ennureny ` tahpershr ci rhh ìdcih n`rp`re.

_h hxekpdhs rhkcio us taet wh neii`t w`rjhitcrhdy wcta egstrentcìs ci e pephr suna es tacs ̀ ihghneush t` trudy vcsuedcsh deibuebh ushrs rheocibei H^X eio etthkptcib t` rhpròunh ct ci e shnìo

bhihretcì nìthxt wh kust nìscohr e rhed w`rdohxekpdh eio e rhed w`rdo deibuebh n`kkuicty. _hihho `r uturh hkpcrcned w`rj cs ndher - es whdd esn`rpus stuochs eio tah jcio ` `rkudecn deibuebhw`rj ohsnrcgho ci Rrey (7==1) C pr`p`sh stuochstaet trenj a`w pertcnuderstrcibs k`vh ghtwhhi ìh ushr eio tah ihxt.

ûna stuochs wcdd bcvh us e strkhr uiohrsteiocib` waet s`rt ` dcibucstcn ci`rketcì entueddy bhtsnerrcho es ei H^X s` taet ìh nei k`rh nìstohitdyhxpd`rh tah hxthit ` sckcdercty ghtwhhi ^cindecr–segstrent hxthioho dhxcned uicts eio tah H^Xs taetentueddy k`vh r`k thxt t` aukei eio r`k aukeit` thxt.

_hrh cs eds` e ihho `r ihw n`kputhr kòhds taet

ahdp rhshernahrs hxpd`rh tah ci`rketcì nerrchogy e iukghr ` ochrhit uicts retahr taei rhdy ìscibdh w`ros es tah uict ` eiedyscs.

?=



Gcgdc`brepay eio Enji`wdhobhkhits

Ray Grcib Dcthrery _h`rcstAer`do Gd``k eio Ebì cit`ky _h`ry Gesho ì N`bictcvh

Khtepa`r0

HFD dherihr–s ettctuohs t`werosHibdcsa v`negudery dhericib

strethbchs

_cs ertcndh cs gesho ̀ i e shntcì ̀ ky ocsshrtetcì,Naepthr ^hvhi —Ertcstcn Brùio< NudturedCiahrcteinh, ^trubbdh, Whsphnt, Kethrced eioCohitcty.‛_h euta`r ci e sphhna ci G`rusei Ert Nhithr,Csteigud urjhy 7=5=.Aer`do Gd``k, Ebì< `weros e _h`ry `

Whvcscìcsk (@x`ro< @x`ro Xicvhrscty ]rhss,5317:pephrgenj, 531>), vcc-cx.Len`g cs ei ckp`rteit stburh `r Gd``k, a`whvhrky subbhstcì cs taet acs ennùit ` ebì saùdogh hvhi k`rh nd`shdy tcho t` tah st`ry eio taet `@hocpus gh egeioìho t`teddy.Hestì–s 5132 Gcgdh Ocntcìery, Ocntcìery.n`k,(Rhgscth< attp<//ocntcìery.rhfhrhinh.n`k), pebh<attp<//ocntcìery.rhfhrhinh.n`k/gr`wsh/Legg`j:

Ennhssho 1 Key, 7=5=.

Ebahcsc, W. & Fcsakei, L. (532=). DeibuebhEttctuoh ^tuochs< E Grch ûrvhy ` Khtaò`d`bcned

Epprènahs. Gd``kcibtì Cio< Eitar`p`d`byohpertkhit ` tah Cioceie Xicvhrscty.Ecjhi, D. (5332). Uuhstcìiecrhs eio civhit`rchs<ûrvhycib `pcicìs eio esshsscib phrsìedcty. IhwS`rj< Lài Rcdhy.Epphd, W. eio Kuysjhi, ]. (5312). Deibuebh Nìtenteio Gcdcibuedcsk. Dìoì< Howero Eri`do.Gedd, ]. (531>) —^thrh`typhs ` Eibd`-êxì eioIì-Eibd`-êxì Ennhits< ^`kh Hxpd`ret`ry

Eustredcei ^tuochs wcta tah Ketnaho Bucshhnaicquh‛, Deibuebh ^nchinhs, 8<56>-51>.Gcedyst`j, H. & ^weci, K. (5321). —Khtaò`d`bcnedEpprènahs t` Whsherna ci ^hnìo DeibuebhDhericib‛. KnBcdd Lùried ` Hounetcì, 5>(7), 5>2-5??.

Gcste, J. (7==1). —Ebh es ei hhntcvh ent`r ci shnìodeibuebh enqucsctcì‛. hsp-w`rdo. Whtrchvho Eprcd ?,7=58, fr`k attp<//www.hsp-w`rdo.cif`/ErtcndhsP75/

O`ns/Ebh.pof.

G``bero, ]. (7==?). V`negudery ci ̂ hnìo DeibuebhEnqucsctcì, ^hdhntcì eio hstcib. Eksthroek<

Lài Ghilekcis ]ug. Gr`wi, L. O. (7==5). Xscib survhys ci deibuebhpr`breks. Nekgrcobh, XJ< Nekgrcobh Xicvhrscty

]rhss.Neddei, L. V. & Bedd`cs. N. (5312). —Eibd`-Eustredceis–eio Ckkcbreits– Ettctuohs t`wero Deibuebh eioEnnhit< E Whvchw ` Hxphrckhited eio ûrvhyWhsherna‛.Cithrietcìed Kcbretcì Whvchw, V`d. 75, I`. 5, pp.?1-63.

N`ddcis N`-gucdo Eoveinho Hibdcsa Ocntcìery(7==6).

Ocnjcisì, O. (537=).‛_h Ckp`rteinh `V`negudery ci Wheocib‛. _h Hdhkhitery ^na``dLùried, V`d. 7=, I`. 2, 8>2-8?6.O`rihyc, \. & ebunac, . (7=5=). Uuhstcìiecrhci ^hnìo Deibuebh Whsherna< Nìstruntcì,Eokcicstretcì, eio ]r`nhsscib. (7io hoctcì).

Ihw S`rj< Wùtdhobh.Hddcs, W. (5318). Xiohrsteiocib ^hnìo DeibuebhEnqucsctcì. @x`ro< @x`ro Xicvhrscty ]rhss.Hddcs, W. (5332). ^hnìo Deibuebh Enqucsctcì.@x`ro< @x`ro Xicvhrscty ]rhss. Hdtcs, J. (531=)—]upcd–s ^phhna-^tydh eio henahr Hveduetcì<Ckpdcnetcìs r`k ^`khEustredcei Oete‛. Hibdcsa ci Eustredce, 85<72->8.

Hrrcaeic, K. (7==1). —Deibuebh ettctuohs eio

deibuebh ush ci K`r`nn`< hhnts ` ettctuohsì–Ghrghr‛. _h lùried ` I`rta Ercnei ^tuochs,V`d. 5>, I`. ?, ?55- ?71.Fes`do, W. (5312). _h ^`nc`dcibucstcns ` ^`nchty.@x`ro, XJ< Gdenjwhdd. Berhtt, ]., Nùpdeio, I. (7==>). CivhstcbetcibDeibuebh Ettctuohs< ^`nced Kheicibs ` Ocedhnt,Htaicncty eio ]hr`rkeinh. Neroc< Xicvhrscty `Redhs ]rhss.

Bess, ^. K. & ^hdcijhr, D. (7==5). ^hnìo deibuebhenqucsctcì< Ei citròunt`ry nùrsh. (7io ho.).Ihw S`rj< Dewrhinh Hrdgeuk Ess`nceths, Cin.Bess, ^. K. & ^hdcijhr, D. (7==1). ^hnìo deibuebhenqucsctcì< Ei citròunt r̀y nùrsh. (>ro ho.). IhwS`rj, IS< Wùtdhobh.Bu, ].S. (7==>). V`negudery dhericib ci e shnìodeibuebh< phrsì, tesj, nìthxt eio strethbchs._H^D-HL 2 (7). Whtrchvho fr`k< attp<//www.thsdhl.

`rb/w`roprhss/cssuhs/v`dukh2/hl76/hl76e?/.Aetna, H. (531>). ]syna`dcibucstcns< e shnìodeibuebh phrsphntcvh .W`wdhy, KE< IhwguryAùsh.



Ahihrsì, K., K`rrcs, D. & Nedc`rice, D. (5312).A`w t` Khesurh Ettctuohs (7io hoctcì). Ihwgury]erj, Nedc< êbh ]ugdcnetcìs.Aàhitaed, E. —khesurhkhit thnaicquhs< waet csei ettctuoh0‛Ohpertkhit ` Hibdcsa, Xicvhrscty` urju, Fcideio. Whtrchvho Eprcd, 2, 7=58fr`k attp<//www.p`stn`dìcedwhg.`rb/cioce/

aàhitaed/6.5.atkd.Audstcli, L. A. (7==2). —Fuioekhited cssuhs ci tahstuoy ` shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì‛. HXW@^DESherg``j , 2, 535-7=>. Lài Ghilekcis ]ugdcsacibN`kpeiy. Laìsì, K. (7==?). E ]acd`s`pay ` ^hnìoDeibuebh Enqucsctcì. Dìoì< Sedh Xicvhrscty]rhss.Jerevescdc, J. (7=5?, Fhgruery 55). —_h ebh ent`r

ci shnìo deibuebh enqucsctcì‛.

hrkN``ro hrkci`d`by N``rocietcì Xict.Whtrchvho Eprcd ?, 7=58, fr`k attp<//thrkn``ro.hu/7=5?/=7/ebh- fent`r-shnìo- deibuebh-enqucsctcì/.Jhtegc, ^. & âearejc, A. ^. (7=55). —V`negudery citah Epprènahs t` Deibuebh henacib< Fr`k tahwhitchta Nhitury t` tah whity-strst‛. Lùried` Deibuebh henacib eio Whsherna, V`d. 7, I`. >,276-2>5.J`lcn-êg`, D. & Dcbatg`wi, ]. (5333). —^tuohits–Epprènahs t` V`negudery Dhericib eio _hcrWhdetcìsacp t` ûnnhss‛. _h Kòhri DeibuebhLùried, V`d. 1>, I`.7, 526-537.

J`veihi, K. L. (7=5?). V`negudery Dhericib^trethbchs Hkpd`yho gy FCIICÂ Acba ^na``d HFD

^tuohits. Xicvhrscty ` Lyvïsjydï, Ohpertkhit `deibuebhs Hibdcsa.Whtrchvho fr`k< attps<//lyx.lyu./ospenh/gctstrhek/aeiodh/57>?86213/?>>53/XWI<IGI<fc<lyu-7=5?=8=65677.po0shquhinh;5.

Jresahi, ^. (5317). ]rcincpdhs eio ]rentcnh ci^hnìo Deibuebh Enqucsctcì. @x`ro< ]hrbekì. Jresahi, ^. (5318). _h Ciput Ayp`tahscs< Cssuhs

eio Ckpdcnetcìs. Dìoì< Dìbkei.

Jresahi, ^. (5313). —Rh enqucrh v`negudery eiosphddcib gy rheocib< Eooctcìed hvcohinh `r tahciput ayp`tahscs‛. Kòhri Deibuebh Lùried 2>,??=-?6?.Dhiihghrb, H. (5362). Gc`d`bcned ùioetcìs `deibuebh. Ihw S`rj< Rcdhy. Dhvhdt, R. (5313).^phejcib r`k Cithitcì t` Ertcnudetcì.Nekgrcobh, Kess< KC]rhss.

Dc, S. (7==3). D7 dherihrs– Ettctuohs t` HibdcsaV`negudery Dhericib ^trethbchs. O- hssey ci Hibdcsa

Ocoentcns. Jrcstceisteo Xicvhrscty N`ddhbh.Dcbatg`wi, ]. & ^peoe, I. (7==6). A`w Deibuebhserh Dheriho. (>ro ho). @x`ro< @x`ro Xicvhrscty]rhss.Dìb, K. A. eio Wcnaeros, L.N. (5332). ^hnìodeibuebh v`negudery enqucsctcì.

Nekgrcobh< Nekgrcobh Xicvhrscty ]rhss.

Kecbuesane, W. (533>). —henacib eio DhericibV`negudery ci E ^hnìo Deibuebh< ]est, ]rhshit,eio Futurh Ocrhntcìs‛. Neieocei Kòhri DeibuebhWhvchw, 8=, 1>- 5==.Khere, ]. (5315). —V`negudery enqucsctcì< Eihbdhntho esphnt ` deibuebh dhericib‛.

Deibuebh henacib eio Dcibucstcns Egstrents, 5>,

775-7?6.

KnBcdvrey, L. (7==8). _h Nekgrcobh n`kpeicì t`Na`ksjy. Nekgrcobh< Nekgrcobh uicvhrscty prhss. Ietcì, ]. (7==5). Dhericib V`negudery ci Ei`tahrDeibuebh. Nekgrcobh< Nekgrcobh Xicvhrscty ]rhss.@–Keddhy, Kcnaehd, L., Naek`t, E. X., ^thwihr-Keizeierhs, B., Jupphr, D. & Wuss`, ].

W. (5318). —Dhericib strethbchs usho gy ghbciicibeio cithrkhoceth H^D stuohits‛.

Deibuebh Dhericib, >8/5, 75-?6.

@x`ro, W. D. (533=). Deibuebh dhericib strethbchs<Raet hvhry thenahr saùdo ji`w.

W`wdhy, Kess.< Ihwgury Aùsh.

]etj`wsjc, K. (5317). —_h shisctcvh phrcò `rtah enqucsctcì ` syitex ci e shnìo deibuebh‛.Deibuebh Dhericib >=, ??3-?27.

]`pphr, J. W. (5383). _h D`bcn ` ^nchitcstnOcsn`vhry. Dìoì< Autnacisì.

Wcnaeros, L. & ^nakcot, W. (7==7). Dìbkeiocntcìery ` Deibuebh thenacib eio EppdchoDcibucstcns (>ro hoctcì). Dìoì< Dìbkei.

Wugci, L. (5328). —Raet tah ‑B`ò DeibuebhDherihr– Nei hena Xs‛. H^@D Uuerthrdy, V̀ d. 3,I`. 5, ?5-85.êjedh, ^. & ^her, ^. (7=57). —_h W`dh ` Dhxcs ciOhvhd`pcib HFD Dherihrs– ^phejcib ^jcdd‛. ^ci`-X^Hibdcsa henacib, V`d. 3, I`. 3, 587?-58>5. êieùc, W. (5337). V`negudery Dhericib eiohenacib ci Frhina es e ^hnìo Deibuebh



7==>. Frhho`k hv`dvhs. Ihw S`rj Ncty< Vcjcib.Aeocjci, Bdhii. 7=5?. J`rhei Hibdcsa< e n`rpusorcvhi stuoy ` e Ihw Hibdcsa. Eksthroek &

]acdeohdpace< Lài Ghilekcis.A`hy, Kcnaehd. 7==8. Dhxcned ]rckcib< e ihw tah`ry` w`ros eio deibuebh. Dìoì< Wùtdhobh.Audd, Oevco. 5311. ^nchinh es e pr`nhss< eihv`dutcìery ennùit ` tah s`nced eio nìnhptuedohvhd`pkhit ̀ snchinh.Nacneb`< Xicvhrscty ` Nacneb` prhss.Legdìje, Hve, Eiie \hdcb`wsjc & Kercì L. Dekg.7=5?. Hv`dutcì ci Fùr Ockhiscìs < Bhihtcn,Hpcbhihtcn, Ghaevc`red, eio

^ykg`dcn Vercetcì ci tah Acst`ry ` Dch.Nekgrcobh, KE< KC prhss.Jcdberc, Eoek, ]evhd Wynady, ]evhd ^krz ht ed.7==?. _h ̂ jhtna Hibcih. Ci ]r`nhhocibs ̀ Huredhx7==?, D`rchit, Freinh, 6- 5=Ludy, 5=8-556.Jcrgy, ^ckì. 7==2. _h Hv`dutcì ` Kheicib-spenh ^trunturh tarùba Cthretho Dhericib. Ci]r`nhhocibs ` tah ^hnìoCithrietcìed ^ykp`scuk ì tah Hkhrbhinh eioHv`dutcì ̀ Dcibucstcn N`kkuicnetcì, Xicvhrscty` Ahrt`rosacrh, 57-58Eprcd, attp<//www.dhd.ho.en.uj/~sckì/]ephrs/Jcrgy/jcrgy%7=ecsg%7=v7.pof (ennhssho 8ta Eprcd7=58).Kertcin`rhie, Cõcb`, Eswci ^hsaeseyhh & Icna`desDusn`kgh. 7=57. Hvcohinh ` iì- reio`kkutetcì reths subbhsts eihv`dutcìery rcsj keiebhkhit strethby. Ieturh ?18

(2>36). 38-31.iòh. Ci @x`ro Hibdcsa Ocntcìery. 7=5?.]ebhd, Kerj. 7==3. Aukei deibuebh es e nudtureddytreiskcttho rhpdcnet`r. Ieturh rhvchws< bhihtcns 5=.?=8-?58.^cindecr, Lài. 5336. _h sherna `r uicts ̀ kheicib.hxtus 3. 28-5=6.^cindecr, Lài. 5331. _h dhxcned cthk. Ci HooeRhcbeio (ho.) Nìtrestcvh Dhxcned ^hkeitcns. 5-7?.Eksthroek &

]acdeohdpace< Lài Ghilekcis.^weohsa, K`rrcs. 5387. Dhxcn`-stetcstcn oetcib `prhacst`rcn htaicn nìtents. Ci ]r`nhhocibs ` tahEkhrcnei ]acd`s`pacned^`nchty 36(?). ?8>-?6>.Rcddceks, Bh`rhy. 5331. N`dd`netcìed ihtw`rjs<cithrd`njcib petthris ` dhxcs ci e n`rpus ` pdeitgc`d`by rhsherna ertcndhs.Cithrietcìed Lùried ` N`rpus Dcibucstcns >(5).585-525.Rrey, Edcsì. 7==7. F`rkudecn Deibuebh eio tahDhxcnì. Nekgrcobh< Nekgrcobh Xicvhrscty ]rhss.Rrey, Edcsì. 7==1. F`rkudecn Deibuebh< pusacibtah gùioerchs. @x`ro< @x`ro Xicvhrscty ]rhss.

Dhxcned shdhntcì eio tahhv`dutcì `f deibuebh

uicts

Ndessr``ks. Xipugdcsaho o`nt`red ocsshrtetcì,Xicvhrscty ̀ ̀ rìt`, ̀ rìt`, @iterc`, Neieoe.^hena`rh, A. W. (53?1). —_h Ckp`rteinh `V`negudery ci Dhericib Deibuebh ^jcdds‛.

Hdhkhitery Hibdcsa, V`d. 78, I`. >, 5>2-587, 56=.Ietcìed Nùincd ` henahrs ` Hibdcsa.

^her, ^. (7=5?). —Ei Hxpd`ret`ry ^tuoy `V`negudery Dhericib ^trethbchs ` K`r`nneiXicvhrscty ^tuohits‛. C@^W Lùried ` Whsherna &Khtaò ci Hounetcì. V`dukh ?, Cssuh 7 Vhr. CC, ]]>1-?8.^hbbch, D, ht ed. (5317). —Hveduetcìs ` ]hrsìedctyrects eio Hkpd`ykhit ûctegcdcty Gesho ìVercùs Eustredcei Ennhits‛, Eustredcei Lùried `]syna`d`by, I`.>?<>?8->82.

^hresti K. N`rìhd-K`dcie (7==3). Ohstictcìs eioNrctcned Dcthreturh Whvchw ` Deibuebh Ettctuoh,deibuebh na`cnh eio deibuebh sacf< êkpdhs `Deibuebh Ettctuoh ûrvhys. Kì`brepa pp.5-6?,Cioceie Xicvhrscty, Gd``kcibtì.Xy, J. (7=58). —Raet cs _h Cithrentcì Ayp`tahscs0‛.Whtrchvho Eprcd 77, 7=58 fr`k attp<//www.wcshbhhj.n`k/waet-cs-tah-cithrentcì-ayp`tahscs.atk.Rcdjcis, O. E. (532?). Dcibucstcns ci Deibuebhhenacib. Dìoì< Howero Eri`do. Qu, Q. (7=5=).—_h Hhnts ` Bd`sshs ì Cincohited V`neguderyEnqucsctcì ciWheocib‛. Lùried ̀ deibuebh thenacib eio rhsherna,V`d. 5, I`. 7, pp. 552-57=. Rhgdc`brepay

attps<//hi.wcjcphoce.`rb/wcjc/]`vhrtyP`fPtahP

stckudus

attps<//hi.wcjcphoce.`rb/wcjc/]det̀ %72sP]r̀ gdhk

attp<//www.guscihssocntcìery.n`k/ohfcictcì/rhsherna-ohscbi.atkd.

attp<//www.guscihssocntcìery.n`k/ohfcictcì/ettctuoh.atkd

attp<//www.sebhpug.n`k/upk-oete/>6163Pkucls.po

attp < //o`ns .s te twcib .n`k/hxekpdhs-eio-ohictcìs/t-thst/.

attps<//hxpd̀ regdh.n`k/ciohphiohit-tw`-sekpdh-t-thst.



Nrhoct b`hs t`<

attp<//stetcn>.gcbst`njpa`t`.n`k/taukgs/1/5/>/derbh7/>515>=11.lpbattp<//www.nrctcned-tah`ry.n`k/wp-nìthit/updèos/7=5>/=1/hv`dutcì-`f-kei.lpbattps<//www.bdhièjs.hou/nurrhitstuohits/eneohkcns/]ugdcsacibCkebhs/IhwNdessr``kw`=3.lpbattp<//aqw`rdo.iht/beddhry/oete/khoce/58?/brhyPw`dfPd``jcibPo`wiPrcvhrPPkciihs`te.lpbattp<//narcstceiy`bekebezcih.n`k/wp-nìthit/updèos/7=5>/=>/_ah-_e`-eio-Narcstceicty.lpbattp<//prh=>.ohvceitert.iht/>25>/ta/prh/c/7=57/755/>/8/fuijyjerkePtyp`brepayPertPgyPxhihddh=88-o83?a1r.lpbattp<//keicde7=5?.`rb/ckebhs/beddhry/?.lpbattps<//updèo.wcjckhoce.`rb/wcjcphoce/hi/h/hh/Cithrc`rPDcgrery.L]Bb

attp<//www.te`cstcn.n`k/te`thnacib-de`tzu/te`thnacib-=7.atk

Ckebhs Ci _h Kebezcih

e` h Nacib N`kkhiterchs

conlangs monthly - august edition

Documents