congenital brain anomalies
TRANSCRIPT
CONGENITAL BRAIN ANOMALIES
DR. DEV LAKHERA
• Embryology
• Hindbrain Herniations /Malformations
• Disorders of Commissural development
• Disorders of Cortical development
• Disorders of Diverticulation/Cleavage
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• EARLY (>3rd wk): NEURULATION NEURAL TUBE CLOSURE
NEURONAL PROLIFERATION MIGRATION
• LATER (>11th wk): OPERCULIZATION, GYRAL AND SULCAL DEVELOPMENT
CNS DEVELOPMENT
NEURONAL PROLIFERATIONANDMIGRATION
Peak migration 11-15 wks
Posterior fossa herniation/malformations
• CHIARI MALFORMATION
• DANDY WALKER MALFORMATION
• MEGA CISTERNA MAGNA
• RHOMBOENCEPHALOSYNAPSIS
• JOUBERT’S SYNDROME
CHIARI MALFORMATION- I
• Herniation of cerebellar tonsils into cervical canal
• Incidental (50 % asymptomatic)
• Valsalva-induced suboccipital headache, neck pain
• Elongated, peg-shaped cerebellar tonsils
• Tonsillar descent below basion-opisthion line
• Diminished/absent CSF flow at posterior FM
• Crowded foramen magnum
IMAGING FEATURES
Associated conditions
Hydrocephalus in up to 30% of cases-
In ~35% -associated skeletal anomalies :
platybasia/basilar invagination/reduced clival
length
atlanto-occipital assimilation
syndromic associations
Klippel-Feil syndrome, Achondroplasia,
Marfans
CHIARI II
• Complex hindbrain malformation with myelomeningocele
Etiology
• Posterior neuropore closure disorder
• Paraxial mesodermal abnormalities
IMAGING
• Small posterior fossa
• Inferiorly displaced medulla, vermis
• “Straw shaped” fourth ventricle
• Prominent massa intermedia
o Lacunar skullo Abnormal dura (gaping FM, fenestrated falx)o o “Towering” and “creeping” cerebellum
Chiari malformation type III
o Small posterior fossao Caudally displaced brainstemo Low occipital or upper cervical bony defecto Cephalocele with herniation of meninges, dysplastic brain, ventricles
Hindbrain MalformationsDandy-Walker Spectrum
•Dandy-Walker malformation (“classic”)
•Dandy-Walker variant
• isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia
•Persistent Blake pouch cyst (BPC)
•Mega cisterna magna (MCM)
Large posterior fossa (PF)
Cyst extending posteriorly from fourth
ventricle
Variable vermian, cerebellar hypoplasia
High-inserting venous confluence
CLASSIC DANDY WALKER ON MRI
BLAKE POUCH CYST MEGA CISTERNA MAGNA
Differential Retro-cerebellar arachnoid cyst
No communication with 4th ventricle
Hypoplastic Rotated Vermis PF normal size “Keyhole” opening of fourth ventricle
Dandy-Walker variant
DWM DWV Persistent Blake’s pouch
Mega cisterna magna
protrusion of thefourth ventricle through the foramen ofMagendie
Retro-cerebellar cystVermis Hypo-plastic
Rotated upwardsHypo-plastic No or mild
hypoplasiaNo or mild hypoplasia
4th ventricle Markedly dilated Dilated Dilated Normal
Posterior fossa Expanded Normal size Normal size Normal size
hydrocephalus 75 % of cases 25% of cases Present No
Rhombencephalosynapsis
• Midline brain malformation• Absent cerebellar vermis • Apparent fusion of the cerebellar
hemispheres
• VACTERL association
Joubert’s Syndrome (Congenital Vermian Hypoplasia)
• AR syndrome
• Associated ocular, renal , digital anomalies may be seen
IMAGING
Commissural maldevelopment
Major Commissures
Corpus callosum (13th wk)
Anterior (8th wk)
Posterior (11th wk)
Incidental, Seizure disorder,
Developmental disorder
Corpus Callosum agenesis
Corpus callosum agenesis
Complete corpus callosum agensis
Partial corpus callosum agenesis
Splenium & rostrum absent
Genu & body present
Common congenital brain disorder
COMPLETE AGENESIS
Complete absence of corpus callosum (CC) = agenesiso Hippocampal commissure (HC) absento Anterior commissure (AC) often present
Coronal
o “Viking helmet” or “moose
head” appearance
o “High-riding” third ventricle
o Probst bundles
IMAGING
Axial
• o Parallel lateral ventricles
• nonconverging, widely separated
Malformations of Cortical Development Abn Glial proliferation/apoptosis
• Microcephaly
• Megalencephaly
• Cortical dysgenesis
Abn Neuronal migration
• Heterotropia
• Lissencephaly spectrum
Abn Postmigration development
• Polymicrogyria
• Schizencephaly
• Focal cortical dysplasia
Malformations Secondary to Glial/Neuronal Proliferation or Apoptosis
MicrocephalyPrimary- geneticSecondary –Infection. Ischemia, Maternal DM, Trauma
Imaging
Small cranial vaultClosely opposed suturesCortex may be normal or show simplified gyration
Enlarged righthemisphere, hemicranium
Enlarged WM in the corona radiata
Hyperintense WM
Hemimegaloencephaly
Abnormal Neuronal migration
Heterotopias:
- Characterized by the presence of normal neurons at abnormal sites
Nodular type(common) Diffuse(uncommon)
Subependymal/ Periventricular Lissencephaly
Subcortical Band type
-Nodular type:
Focal subependymal nodules - indent the ventricular wall
Diffuse subependymal nodules - border the walls of the lateral ventricle.
Do not enhance on administration of intravenous contrast.
Subcortical heterotropia
focal subcortical mass of heterotopic gray matter
Thin overlying cortex
Band Heterotopia
Double cortex syndromeAffects Females
ImagingBand of GM deep to cortex
Lissencephaly pachygyria spectrum
Refers to “smooth brain” with absent or poor sulcation.
Due to neuronal under migration
type I (classic) lissencephaly type II (cobblestone complex) lissencephaly
Classic Lissencephaly
CT APPEARANCE
• smooth, nearly agyric surface
• shallow sylvian fissures (Axial)
Classic Lissencephaly
MRI APPEARANCE
• Thin cortical ribbon
• Hyperintense cell-sparse zone
• Thickened cortex
• Agyria
Type 2 Lissencephaly
Cobblestone appearance Associated with muscular dystrophy syndromes
Abnormalities of Postmigrational Development
Polymicrogyria• Irregular cortex with multiple small
convolutions • Shallow sulci• Irregular GWM interface• Similar to Lissencephaly type II
Schizencephaly
• Cleft extending from ventricle to the pial surface lined by gray matter
• Types
Close lipped
Open lipped
Open lipped Schizencephaly
ANOMALIES OF VENTRAL PROSENCEPHALON DEVELOPMENT
• Holoprosencephaly and variants
• Septo-optic dysplasia
HOLOPROSENCEPHALY Incomplete separation of the two hemispheres
‘Holo’ –Single
alobar holoprosencephalysemilobar holoprosencephaly lobar Holoprosencephaly
Can effect diencephalic structures
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
• single midline monoventricle
absent midline structures
• absent septum pellucidum
• agenesis or hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
• absent interhemispheric fissure and falx cerebri
• More cephalad
• occurs in-utero
• Causes
Infarction, Infection, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
• The falx is usually present
Differential - Hydranencephaly
Semilobar holoprosencephaly
• absence of septum pellucidum
• monoventricle with partially developed
occipital and temporal horns
• rudimentary falx cerebri: absent anteriorly
• incompletely formed interhemispheric
fissure
Lobar Holoprosencephaly
• fusion of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles
• wide communication of this fused segment with the third ventricle
• absence of septum pellucidum
Syntelencephaly• middle interhemispheric variant
(MIHV), is a mild subtype of holoprosencephaly
Mids frontal and parietal lobes are fused across the midline
Septooptic dysplasia
• Optic nerve hypoplasia
• Absence of septum pellucidum
• Two-thirds of patients hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.
THANK YOU
Normal brain development
Neurulation(neural tube formation & dysjunction)
Regionalization (vesicle formation &
cleavage)
Cortico-genesis(histogenesis &
migration)
Proliferation
Migration
Organization
Myelination