conferences 2014 advanced forensic studies of coal ... · while chief process engineer at van eck...

CONTACT DETAILS FOR CONFERENCE EVENT ENQUIRIES For conference information contact Mrs Michelle Stegen at RCA Conference Organisers on [email protected]

INDUSTRIAL COURSES 2014

Coal Preparation 9 – 13 June

Coal Combustion & Power Generation 28 July – 1 August

Carbon Capture & Storage 1 – 5 September

Coal Management & Marketing 3 – 7 November

CONTACT DETAILS FOR COURSE ENQUIRIES Technical enquiries: Professor Rosemary Falcon +27 11 717 7387 [email protected]

Administration enquiries: Mrs Maggie Blair +27 11 717 7387 [email protected]

Industrial (non-academic) enquiries: Mrs Lesley Stephenson +27 83 679 0697 [email protected]

CONFERENCES 2014

Advanced Forensic Studies of Coal: Applied Coal and Carbon Petrography

Colloquium

Venue: Glen Hove Conferencing, Melrose, Johannesburg, Gauteng

25 June

Junior Coal Mining Ventures – JCMV IX


27 June

Optimisation of Industrial Boilers - OIB VII


22 July

Co-Generation Workshop


23 July

Hybrid Energy - The Marrying of Solar Power and Fossil Fuels


20 August

Underground Coal Gasification – UCGSA III


28 August

Climate Change Debate

Venue: TBC, Gauteng

16/18 September

Botswana Coal Indaba III

Venue: The Grand Palm Conference Centre, Gaborone, Botswana

22 & 23 September

Waterberg Workshop

Venue: TBC, Lephalale, Limpopo

TBC October

Southern Africa Electricity II


30 October

19th Coal, Carbon and Energy Indaba

Venue: Leslie Social Sciences Building, UCT Upper Campus, Western Cape

27 & 28 November

Annual Awards Banquet

Venue: Johannesburg Country Club, Auckland Park, Gauteng

24 October

mailto:[email protected]




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Programme*

07:15 – 08:10 Registration with Tea & Coffee

08:10 – 08:15 Welcome and Opening by Andrew Kinghorn, FFF Executive Director

Session 1 - CHAIR: ROB JEFFREY

08:15 – 08:45 ENERGY SUPPLY , FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE LATEST Dave Collins, Associate Director, MAC Consulting

08:45 – 09:30 KEYNOTE ADDRESS: DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA’S GAS UTILISATION MASTER PLAN Lena Mangondo, Department of Energy

09:30 – 10:00 SOUTH AFRICAN GAS LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAS INDUSTRY Lizel Oberholzer, Director: Head of Oil & Gas, Bowman Gilfillan

10:00 – 10:30 Tea & Coffee Break

Session 2 - CHAIR: ETHEL TELJEUR

10:30 – 11:00 THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN GAS INDUSTRY FOCUSING ON INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO PIPELINES AND LNG, WHAT IS NEEDED TO ENSURE THIS AND FACILITATE THIS. Johan Thyse, General Manager: Group Public Policy and Regulatory Affairs – Sasol Ltd

11:00 – 11:30 COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF GAS DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Paul Eardley-Taylor, Oil & Gas, Standard Bank

11:30 – 12:00 LNG: A FAST TRACK SOLUTION TO MEET SOUTH AFRICA’S ENERGY NEEDS John J. Shoobridge, LNG Market Access Manager Africa, Shell South Africa Energy (PTY)

12:00 – 12:30 GAS RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA Dr. Mike de Pontes, Chief Operating Officer, iGas

12:30 – 13:30 Lunch

Session 3 - CHAIR: OLIVER BARKER

13:30 – 14:15 THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GAS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA Rob Jeffrey, Managing Director and Senior Economist, Econometrix

14:15 – 14:45 WESTERN CAPE GOVERNMENT’S LNG IMPORTATION INITIATIVE – SALDANHA BAY – CAPE TOWN CORRIDOR Johan Visagie, Transaction Advisor - Western Cape Government’s Department of Economic Development

14:45 – 15:15 GEOLOGY OF KAROO SHALE GAS AND HOW THIS CAN INFLUENCE ECONOMIC GAS RECOVERY Dr Doug Cole, Senior Specialist Scientist: Council for Geoscience

15:15 – 15:45 UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION IN SOUTH AFRICA – THE POTENTIAL, THE ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT PATHS Mark Van der Riet, SAUCGA

Panel Discussion - CHAIR: CHRIS YELLAND

15:45 – 16:30 Is Gas a Game Changer for Southern Africa?

16:30 Close of conference and Networking Drinks

*Programme is subject to change by the FFF and Organising Committee

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SESSION 1

Chair: Rob Jeffrey

Rob is currently Managing Director of Econometrix. He worked closely with

Econometrix for many years, both as client and in a consulting capacity

before joining the team to head up a business unit in 2004. He consults,

gives presentations and lectures on a wide range of international and

domestic economic developments including advising on investment and

development strategies for multinational corporations, government and

banking institutions. Areas of specialisation include global and domestic

industrial and mining strategy and policy, pricing and credit risk. One of

Rob’s areas of expertise is the South African electricity predicament in the context of global trends

and the energy crisis. His early career was in investment banking before moving into industry,

where he was Managing Director or Chairman of a number of construction and industrial companies.

Rob was Chairman of the Constructional Engineers Association (CEA) and the CEA representative on

SEIFSA, as well as being active on a number of other councils and committees.

Rob Jeffrey matriculated at St John's College, Johannesburg and graduated with a B.Sc. in

Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics at the University of the Witwatersrand. He was on

the Students Representative Council, represented Wits at athletics, rugby and rowing and played

rugby for Transvaal U20, combined Northern Universities and rowed for South African Universities.

He won a scholarship to Cambridge University and obtained an MA degree in Economics. He later

completed his MBL, Cum Laude, at the University of South Africa.

SESSION 1

Dave Collins, Associate Director, MAC Consulting

Dave Collins has a master’s degree in chemical engineering from Cambridge a long time ago. He has had a life-long interest in climate change and more recently in the evolving emissions and energy crises. While Chief Process Engineer at Van Eck & Lurie in the 1970s, he carried out the process design for, and commissioned, several low-ash coal beneficiation plants. He is Principal Consultant at MAC Consulting, and consults on climate change response and energy strategies to a number of JSE top 100

companies, to Transnet, the SA coal industry and various industry organisations. He is on the Steering Committee of the South African Coal Roadmap, is Vice-President of the Fossil Fuel Foundation of Southern Africa and is an advisor to the Exxaro Chair in Business & Climate Change. His interests include history, travelling, running and irritating climate change denialists. ABSTRACT ENERGY SUPPLY, FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE LATEST In the 10 or so major published energy forecasts and scenarios up to 2040, energy demand is forecast to grow in a band between 0.5% and 1.5% p.a. The proportion of fossil fuels drops gradually from about 84% in 2010 but is still on average about 78% in 2040. Overall, the absolute demand from fossil fuels on average increases 35%.

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All this and the attendant emissions put the world on track for an average of around 4 °C temperature rise over pre-industrial times by 2100 or sooner. There is general agreement amongst the nations of the world that the average global temperature rise from anthropogenic warming should not exceed 2 °C above pre-industrial times, if the risk of runaway climate change is to be avoided. There is so far little action to prevent this: governments are more concerned with energy security and providing energy access to their people, and assign environmental risks a lower priority. The fact is that after 250 years of fossil-fuel fired growth, we are finally bumping into planetary limits. Can anything be done? More nuclear? More renewables? But for many reasons, it’s going to take decades to shift significantly away from fossil fuels. Can we do with less energy? Can we even adapt to 4 °C? Is the party over?

SESSION 1

Lena Mangondo, Department of Energy

I have extensive experience in infrastructure and energy. From an energy

perspective I head up the legal team at the IPP Office and as a result of this

I am part of the Government team that initiated, formulated and

implementing the Renewable Energy IPP Programme in South Africa as well

as the amendments to the various legislative instruments in the context of

the energy sector broadly as well as initiation of the ISMO Bill. I am also

currently involved in the design of the various other IPP Programmes,

principally the Coal, Gas and Co-Generation Programmes in line with the

2012 Ministerial Determination as well as the Grand Inga Project and the Gas Utilisation Master

Plan.

SESSION 1

Lizel Oberholzer, Director: Head of Oil & Gas, Bowman Gilfillan

Lizel Oberholzer, the head of the O&G department at Bowman Gilfillan holds a B.Proc LLB LLM and furthered her O&G studies in the USA. Previously she was employed by the Petroleum Agency of SA and a leading oil company in SA. Lizel has over 13 years’ experience in advising O&G clients on the legislation relating to the upstream, midstream and downstream.

She advised on the first exploration and production rights granted onshore and offshore SA as well as the first shale gas applications in SA. She represented the O&G industry in providing comments on O&G legislation in SA. Her experience extends beyond the borders of SA into Mozambique,

Botswana, Zambia and Namibia.

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SESSION 2

Chair: Ethel Teljeur

Ethèl is an economist specialising in economic regulation. She has gained

deep understanding of competition and economic regulation challenges

in South Africa through her work in both the public and private sector.

Her experience of competition and regulation issues includes regulatory

reform policy and implementation; regulatory design; and price and tariff

setting methodologies in network industries, particularly electricity,

piped gas and petroleum pipelines. She has been involved in the energy

industry for over 14 years and has acquired extensive expertise in energy

issues in South Africa, the EU and SADC.

Ethèl joined Genesis Analytics in the Competition and Regulation Practice Area, after 7.5 years as

piped gas regulator at the Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA). In this function she served a

member of the board, was primarily responsible for piped gas regulation, and served on the

committees responsible for electricity and petroleum pipelines regulation.

At Genesis Analytics, Ethèl is responsible for developing the regulatory economics practice area and

has led several projects for government departments and regulators, as well as for private clients.

The projects have involved reviews of tariff methodologies, cost of supply studies and licensing

advisory services.

She has held positions in the competition authorities of South Africa and the Netherlands, as well as

at the Dutch energy regulator. In these functions she was involved in, inter alia, regulating third

party access in network industries; price capping of municipal distributors; electricity interconnector

capacity auctions; connection tariffs; gas market design; merger assessments; and competition

policy analysis.

Ethèl was employed by the Competition Commission at the time of its inception (1999) in the Policy

and Research Department. After her stint at the Competition Commission of South Africa, Ethèl

joined the Dutch competition authorities (2000) where she was employed in the Energy Chamber

(then the Dutch Office for Energy Regulation) and was responsible for developing market rules for

gas transport and storage (team leader) as well as electricity transport and connection tariffs.

Upon her return to South Africa, Ethèl took up consulting and in that role coordinated and

participated in a number of projects in South Africa, including a review of regulatory frameworks for

the Presidency and a review of administered prices for the National Treasury. Both included a review

of electricity, telecoms, transport reform and regulation, and specific price setting methods. Other

clients included the National Electricity Regulator of South Africa, WITS University Graduate School

of Business, BHP Billiton, and Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies. She also remained active in the

competition policy field by providing ad hoc consulting services for the Competition Tribunal.

Between July 2002 and September 2004 Ethèl was coordinating editor for the South African

Competition Law Reports, published by Butterworths.

The Southern African Energy division of BHP Billiton contracted her services on a part-time basis in

December 2002, which was changed to a full-time position in May 2004. In this position Ethèl

conducted regulatory reform impact analyses for specific projects and BHP Billiton in general;

provided inputs in policy formulation consultation processes such as the proposed wholesale

electricity market, cross-subsidies, tariff methodologies, review of the Gas Act, energy regulator

design etc; liaised with government, regulators and electricity user associations (EIUG) and was

involved in scenario planning in long-term electricity price forecasting.

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Between 2002 and 2004 Ethèl was a consultant, providing services in the field of energy, transport

and telecoms regulation and lecturing part-time on a Masters Course at the Wits Graduate School of

Public and Development Management.

Ethèl was appointed as the first Regulator Member primarily responsible for Piped Gas in the newly

established National Energy Regulator of South Africa in September 2005, for a period of 5 years,

which was extended by 6 months. She was re-appointed for a second 5 year term commencing on 1

April 2011. She has been responsible for licensing all piped-gas facilities that existed at the

commencement of the Gas Act, in addition to licensing over 50 new piped- gas construction projects

(gas transmission and gas trading as well as gas distribution) including the upgrading of the ROMPCO

pipeline. In addition, Ethèl spearheaded the team that developed the gas transmission and storage

Tariff Guidelines (2009); and oversaw the implementation of the pricing provisions of Schedule One

to the Agreement Concerning the Mozambican Gas Pipeline between the Government of South

Africa and Sasol Ltd on an annual basis from 2006 until her resignation from the Energy Regulator in

March 2013.

Ms Teljeur was responsible for the development of the Methodology to approve Maximum Prices

for Piped Gas (2011) and the determination of inadequate competition in the gas market (2012). The

Methodology to approve Maximum Prices was applied in the approval of Sasol Gas’ price

restructuring from Market Value Pricing to non-discriminatory pricing in March 2013.

Ethèl was the chairperson of the Piped-Gas Subcommittee of NERSA, and served as a member of the

Electricity, Petroleum Pipelines, and Finance Sub-Committees, as well as the Regulatory Executive

Committee. She has also made considerable efforts to assist the Energy Regulator, usually via the

other primarily responsible members, in the regulation of the petroleum pipelines and electricity

industries, particularly regarding electricity prices and petroleum pipeline tariffs. Ethèl’s

understanding of the energy sector therefore covers all three industries that NERSA regulates and

has widened to include the legal and technical aspects of regulation.

One of NERSA’s most significant achievements during Ethèl’s tenure was the development of

Regulatory Reporting Manuals, which is a cross-cutting measure for all three regulated industries.

These manuals are of critical importance for all pricing and tariff matters as it provides the Energy

Regulator with detailed unbundled and audited accounting information of all the licensees. Ethèl

played a very active role in the development of these Manuals and has contributed to ensured

compliance to these Manuals by Sasol Ltd, both via licence conditions, public consultation and

regular implementation meetings. She further contributed to the establishment of regulatory

certainty and credibility as well as to the creation of an environment that is conducive to investment

in energy infrastructure in South Africa.

SESSION 2

Johan Thyse, General Manager: Group Public Policy and Regulatory Affairs – Sasol Ltd

Johan Thyse is the General Manager: Group Public Policy and Regulatory

Affairs at Sasol Limited. His qualifications include a BA Law and LLB degree

obtained from the University of Western Cape and the MAP from Wits

Business School. He is a qualified attorney and in 1996 joined Sasol Oil’s

Commercial department and over the last number of years occupied and led

a number of portfolios which includes being a crude oil and products trader,

having commercial responsibility to negotiate key liquid fuel supply

agreements in South Africa and leading the Strategy and Planning team at

Sasol Oil. In 2008, as part of the Sasol Synfuels International team, he was expatriated to Beijing,

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China for 3 years where he had lead commercial responsibility for negotiating the establishment of a

Coal-to-Liquids facility and took up a similar role in Calgary, Canada for 18 months taking lead

commercial responsibility for the establishment of a Gas-to-Liquids facility. He returned to South

Africa in late 2012, taking up the current portfolio of Public Policy and Regulatory Affairs for the

Sasol Group.

ABSTRACT

THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN GAS INDUSTRY FOCUSING ON

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO PIPELINES AND LNG, WHAT IS NEEDED TO ENSURE

THIS AND FACILITATE THIS.

The advancements made in hydraulic fracturing led to a boom in shale gas and it is said by some

commentators that the US can become energy independent by 2020. The possibility of this

happening was enabled by the fact that it invested into infrastructure early on in development.

What can SA learn from these and our own gas from Mozambique experiences. More importantly is

the policy and regulatory framework being put in place able to replicate it

SESSION 2

Paul Eardley-Taylor, Oil & Gas, Standard Bank

Paul Eardley-Taylor is responsible for Standard Bank’s Oil & Gas sector

coverage activities for Southern Africa, across upstream, midstream,

downstream, services and process clients.

Paul has 16 years of energy investment banking experience, covering the Oil

& Gas, Power & Utilities and Renewables & Carbon sub-sectors, and has

been based in Africa for over 6 years. Paul has extensive experience of the

SA/Southern African energy environment, as adviser and financier.

Paul’s product experience encompasses project financing, development and

advisory; privatisation; corporate banking; trade finance; M&A; strategic advice; capital raising;

carbon; as well as associated derivative products.

Prior to joining Standard Bank in 2009, Paul worked for HSBC for over 10 years and gained extensive

experience of transactions across EMEA and select global markets in Asia/Australasia.

Paul holds degrees from Birmingham University; London University and a MBA from Henley

Management College. Paul is a Fellow of the Securities & Investment Institute, a member of the

Energy Institute and has completed Harvard Business School’s Global Energy Seminar

ABSTRACT

COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF GAS DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Paul will present Standard Bank’s perspective upon the various Oil & Gas developments underway in

South Africa, Mozambique and the Southern Africa region.

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SESSION 2

John J. Shoobridge, LNG Market Access Manager Africa, Shell South Africa Energy (PTY)

Born and raised in Argentina, John graduated as a Civil Engineer at the National University of Rosario Argentina. In 1999 obtained his MBA diploma at Argentina’s Centre of Macroeconomics Studies. John holds 20 years’ experience in the natural gas, power and oil businesses mainly in commercial, trading and business development roles across the globe. John started his career in Shell in 2002 as a Business Development

Manager in an effort to integrate Bolivia’s natural gas to the growing Brazilian power market. In 2003 he started his LNG career in Singapore during Shell’s LNG Trading unit star-up. Since then John has contributed to develop Shell’s marketing and trading businesses in Australia, Asia, Europe and the Americas. With the aim to develop LNG market opportunities for Shell in Africa, John was transferred to South Africa in early 2013 and sure hopes that South Africa becomes a LNG hub in the years to come.

ABSTRACT

LNG: A FAST TRACK SOLUTION TO MEET SOUTH AFRICA’S ENERGY NEEDS

LNG demand has grown significantly across the global market during the past decade due to its

popularity among power producers for displacing more expensive liquid fuels such as diesel or fuel

oil. Technology improvements, both in the production of LNG and regasification terminals, has also

contributed to this growth. South Africa is in need of a fast track solution to solve its power

generation issues. LNG can provide a solution to mitigate the power short in a competitive manner

and at the same time can complement South Africa’s efforts to improve its balance of payments and

meet its CO2 emissions targets. This paper outlines the potential for a LNG solution to meet South

Africa’s growing energy need.

SESSION 2

Dr. Mike de Pontes, Chief Operating Officer, iGas

PhD (Chem); MSc (Eng); BSc (Hons); BSc (Chem, Applied Maths) Areas of expertise:

Management of a Gas Infrastructure Company.

Process and Catalysis Development and Project Implementation - Methanol to Fuels Development Plant - Methanol to Fuels Commercial Plant Design, - COD Process Plant at Mossel Bay - Catalyst plant at Richards Bay. - Olefin Oligomerisation and Catalyst Development

South Africa Liquid Fuel formulation for the South African Government working together with the Motor Industry and all the Refining and Synthetic Fuel Oil Companies (low aromatic sulphur diesel introduction to South Africa).

Fischer-Tropsch Technology development.

Renewable Energy experience in wind and photovoltaic generation plants.

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ABSTRACT GAS RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN SOUTHERN AND EAST AFRICA The presentation summarises the proven gas resources and reserves in the areas of Southern and East Africa and reviews the possible markets which these resources can supply. The expected use of the gas by each of the countries will be detailed as well as their Governmental aspirations for the future use and their relevant Gas Master Plan.

SESSION 3

Chair: Oliver Barker

Oliver Barker is a graduate of the University of the Witwatersrand with a BSc (Hons) Geology and MSc. He is a registered natural scientist, (Pri. Sc. Nat) and is a registered member of the AEG, SAIEG and IAEG. He is a Fellow of SANIRE, SAIEG and the Geological Society of S.A., a member of the Ground Water Division of the GSSA and of the IAIA (SA) and is a founder member of the Fossil Fuel Foundation of SA. Since 1970 engineering and

environmental geology work has included geotechnical mapping, foundation investigations, rehabilitation and hazard analyses of undermined areas, geo-legal services and management of industrial and pollution projects and planning and design for quarries and coal mines. Economic geology experience has included mineral resource evaluation and mineral development, feasibility studies and marketing. He has published editions of Coalfields, Gold Mines and Platinum maps of S.A. Exploration experience includes platinum and chrome, gold, copper, diamond, CBM and coal in Nigeria and southern Africa. He has extensive experience in geological computer programmes. He has consulted for large corporations and assessed geological risk to mining prospects. Numerous technical reports have been authored/co-authored and papers published. He has worked as both a lecturer and a convenor of short courses. He was given the Floyd T Johnson award 2003 of AEG (USA) for services to engineering geology. He is past president of SAIEG and has chaired the SA Section of AEG for 14 years.

SESSION 3

Rob Jeffrey, Managing Director and Senior Economist, Econometrix

Rob is currently Managing Director of Econometrix. He worked closely with Econometrix for many

years, both as client and in a consulting capacity before joining the team to

head up a business unit in 2004. He consults, gives presentations and

lectures on a wide range of international and domestic economic

developments including advising on investment and development strategies

for multinational corporations, government and banking institutions. Areas

of specialisation include global and domestic industrial and mining strategy

and policy, pricing and credit risk. One of Rob’s areas of expertise is the

South African electricity predicament in the context of global trends and the

energy crisis. His early career was in investment banking before moving into industry, where he was

Managing Director or Chairman of a number of construction and industrial companies. Rob was

Chairman of the Constructional Engineers Association (CEA) and the CEA representative on SEIFSA,

as well as being active on a number of other councils and committees.

Rob Jeffrey matriculated at St John's College, Johannesburg and graduated with a B.Sc. in

Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics at the University of the Witwatersrand. He was on

the Students Representative Council, represented Wits at athletics, rugby and rowing and played

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rugby for Transvaal U20, combined Northern Universities and rowed for South African Universities.

He won a scholarship to Cambridge University and obtained an MA degree in Economics. He later

completed his MBL, Cum Laude, at the University of South Africa.

ABSTRACT

THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GAS FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

There are three major policy objectives for the country. They are increasing employment, poverty alleviation and raising the standard of living. All three are dependent on achieving a higher economic growth rate. Without secure and competitively priced energy and electricity supplies South Africa’s future economic, social and political prosperity, sustainability and stability may well be threatened. Fortunately, the country has been blessed with a number of alternative natural sources of energy. Recent potential natural and shale gas finds have opened an immense game changing economic opportunity for the country and its people. This presentation sets out how these finds fit into the picture and the extent to which the country and all its peoples can benefit from the bounty that may have been given us.

SESSION 3

Johan Visagie, Transaction Advisor - Western Cape Government’s Department of

Economic Development

A petroleum exploration, production and development professional with 29 years’ experience in the oil and gas industry. A background in mid and downstream engineering, gas field development project management, gas field development economics, gas sales and purchase agreements, LNG development projects and gas-to-power projects.

Henley MBA (Petroleum Management)

Henley Diploma in International Gas Management

B. Dip. Civil Engineering Key and recent activities:

29 years experience in the international and local oil and gas industry.

Founder member of EnergyBusiness.

Gas Business Development Manager for PetroSA responsible for the commercialization of the company’s indigenous and international gas resources.

Author of a pre-feasibility report for the importation of natural gas to the Cape West coast region for the Western Cape Government’s Department of Economic Development.

Transaction advisor to the Western Cape Government’s Department of Economic Development for the natural gas importation to the Cape West Coast region.

Technical and commercial advisory services to industry and government for the supply of natural gas for power generation.

Management consultant to Kinetiko Energy on Coal Bed Methane developments in South Africa and Botswana.

Partner’s project director of the Cross-River gas field development in the Calabar region of Nigeria.

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SESSION 3 Dr Doug Cole, Senior Specialist Scientist: Council for Geoscience

Doug Cole was born in Luton, England and studied at the University of Southampton between 1967 and 1974, where he obtained a 1st Class Honours Degree in Geology and a Doctorate entitled “Ultrasonic velocities in limestones from the Portland Group: Correlation with porosity and other lithological factors”. He joined the Geological Survey of South Africa (now Council for Geoscience) in 1975. His main fields of interest are sedimentary environments, stratigraphy and mineral deposits in the Karoo Basin and mineral resources in the Western Cape Province. He has completed comprehensive investigations of oil shale,

uranium and molybdenum in the Karoo Basin and diamonds in southern Africa. More recently he has collaborated with the Indian Geological Survey on an investigation of the stratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup and the Gondwana Sequence in India, and on the shale gas potential of the Karoo Basin for the Department of Mineral Resources. He has authored or co-authored 62 publications and conference abstracts and is a reviewer for the South African Journal of Geology and the Journal of African Earth Sciences. ABSTRACT GEOLOGY OF KAROO SHALE GAS AND HOW THIS CAN INFLUENCE ECONOMIC GAS RECOVERY Previous investigations have shown that the Permian Ecca Group shales in the main Karoo Basin in South Africa have a potential to generate dry gas, including methane, in the region south of approximately latitude 29°S (Rowsell and de Swardt, 1976). Commercially-recovered gas is predominantly derived from micro pores in the shale and requires the method of hydraulic fracturing for its recovery. The ability of the Ecca Group shales to produce gas by means of hydraulic fracturing has not yet been investigated and their economic potential can only be assessed using indirect methods and by comparison with gas-producing shales elsewhere. Total organic carbon within the shale is an important parameter, since there is a linear relationship between total organic carbon and gas content, as in the Barnett Shale in the Fort Worth Basin of Texas. Thickness is also important, as a viable gas-producing shale should be at least 10 metres thick. Only the lower Ecca Group shales, namely the Whitehill, Prince Albert and Pietermaritzburg Formations, south of latitude 29°S have comparable total organic carbon (TOC) contents to those of producing shales elsewhere within the range 3 to 12 per cent. The Whitehill Formation, which comprises mostly black, carbonaceous shale, contains the highest TOC values (3 to 15 per cent) and is sufficiently thick (10 to 70 m) within the southwestern half of the main Karoo Basin. TOC contents of the Prince Albert Formation, which is found in the central and southwestern parts of the basin, vary from 0.35 to 12.4 per cent and those of the Pietermaritzburg Formation, which occurs in the northeastern part of the basin, are between 0.3 and 11.6 per cent. These formations, which are mainly composed of dark grey shale, exceed 100 m in thickness over most of the basin south of latitude 29°S, with the Prince Albert Formation attaining 500 m south of Graaff-Reinet and the Pietermaritzburg Formation attaining 420 m east of Lesotho. The presence of abundant dolerite intrusions within the lower Ecca Group shales is in marked contrast to the disposition of gas-producing shales elsewhere. These Early Jurassic dolerites form sills, dykes and ring-like structures, which are generally saucer-shaped and the sills have thermally-destroyed the gas-generating potential of the adjacent shale by transforming the organic carbon to carbon dioxide, methane and graphite (Svensen et al., 2007). Significant quantities of methane are thought to have escaped to the atmosphere along breccia pipes associated with the dolerite intrusions (Aarnes et al., 2011). Only a narrow E-W segment of the basin between approximately latitudes 32°30’S and 33°15’S has not been intruded by dolerite, but shales in the southern part of

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this segment are over-mature and have passed from the dry gas window into the metamorphic window due to deep burial exceeding 6 km, and in the far south the compressional effects of the Cape Orogeny. A further constraint on the gas potential is the minimum depth, at which hydraulic fracturing can occur, since in the United States of America, producing gas operations are almost entirely fracked at depths greater than 1500 metres in order to avoid shallow fracture zones, which could provide pathways for methane and fracking fluids to reach the surface. As a result of the above constraints, only shales of the Whitehill and Prince Albert Formations are considered to have a potential for economic gas recovery within an E-W trending area up to 80 km wide between Sutherland and Cradock, which also includes up to 20 per cent per cent dolerite in the succession. References Aarnes, I., Svensen, H., Polteau, S. and Planke, S., 2011. Contact metamorphic devolatization of shales in the Karoo Basin, South Africa, and the effects of multiple sill intrusions. Chemical Geology, 281, 181-194. Rowsell, D.M. and De Swardt, A.M.J., 1976. Diagenesis in Cape and Karroo sediments, South Africa, and its bearing on their hydrocarbon potential. Transactions, Geological Society of South Africa, 79, 81-145. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Chevallier, L., Malthe-Sørenssen, A., Corfu, F. and Jamtveit, B., 2007. Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256, 554-566.

SESSION 4

Facilitator: Chris Yelland

Chris Yelland obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Natal in 1976, and is the founder and managing director at EE Publishers (Pty) Ltd, the publisher of EngineerIT, Energize, Vector and PositionIT magazines. Chris was the winner of the 2002 South African Bureau of Standards Media Award for “exceptional contribution to increasing the awareness of standardisation and related issues through the media”. In 2003, he won a merit award in the Energy category of the 2003 Siemens

Profile Awards, “recognising journalistic contribution to excellence in the field of science and technology”. At the 2004 ABB Excellence in Technology Reporting Awards, Chris received the ABB Technology Journalist of the Year Award for 2004. In 2009, Chris won the South African National Energy Association (SANEA) Journalism Award for “special efforts within the field of journalism to promote greater understanding of energy and its role in sustaining human endeavours”. Chris is a fellow of the SAIEE, a senior member of the IEEE (USA), and a member of the IET (UK). He is also a registered Chartered Engineer with the Engineering Council in the UK.

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