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USA PASSION DEVELOPMENT

CONFERENCE PROCEEDING

EISBN: 978-963-2273-00-4

International Conference of Civil Engineering,

Mechanical Engineering & Robotic Application (ICCEMERA 2018)

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International Conference of Civil Engineering, Mechanical

Engineering & Robotic Application

(ICCEMERA 2018)

22ND TO 23RD DECEMBER 2018

BANGI-PUTRAJAYA HOTEL, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Copyright © 2018

USA Passion Development Sdn Bhd (1279049-D)

No. 30-3A,Tingkat 4, Jalan Putra 8, Taman Putra Kajang,

43000 Kajang, Selangor.

All rights reserved. No part of this proceeding may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any process without the prior written

permission of the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations

for Review.

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EDITORIAL BOARD

EDITOR IN CHIEF

Prof. Dato' Sri Dr. Ashgar Ali bin Ali Mohamed

Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (International Islamic University of Malaysia)

EDITOR

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Faizal Mohd Isa

Universiti Utara Malaysia (North University of Malaysia)

CO-EDITOR

Dr. Zul Ariff Bin Abdul Latiff

Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (University of Kelantan Malaysia)

MANAGING EDITOR

Siti Syaiedatul Assilla Binti Azian

USA Passion Development Sdn. Bhd.

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CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

PRELIMINARY FRAMEWORK OF LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR OCEAN FREIGHT INDUSTRY

By Fatin ‘Izzati Ishak, Azanizawati Ma’aram, Rozlina Md. Sirat, Anis Anizah

Mohamad Baba

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POTENTIAL USE OF UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE FOR

CADASTRAL MAPPING: A REVIEW

By Room, M. H. M and Ahmad, A.

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ASSESSMENT OF A PRELIMINARY HYDRO RESERVOIR OPERATION

PLAN DEVELOPED USING DETERMINISTIC APPROACH BASED ON

DESIGN DATA AND SIMULATION

By Lee Chai Hoon

DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS UTILIZING ZINC SULPHIDE-COATED

TITANIUM DIOXIDE FILMS PHOTOANODE: EFFECT OF IMMERSION

TIME ON ITS PERFORMANCE

By S.N. Sadikin, M.Y.A. Rahman, A.A. Umar

AUTOMATED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM BASED ON ARDUINO

By Heiriz Iskandar Mohd Shamlan, Yufridin Wahab

DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMENARY ANALYSIS OF ADSORPTION

COOLING SYSTEM BASED ON SILICA GEL-WATER PAIR

By Fauziah Jerai

BIOENGINEERED AND BIOCOMPATIBLE ZIRCONIA BASED CERAMICS

FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

By G. Sankar, S. Meenaloshini, R. Dinesh

THE EFFECT OF HOLDING TIME ON THE MECHANICAL AND

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIA-WOLLASTONITE-

HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITES

By D. Ragurajan, M. Satgunam, U. Sankar, M. Golieskardi

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EVALUATION OF PARAMETER REGIONALIZATION METHODS FOR

FLOOD SIMULATIONS IN KELANTAN RIVER BASIN

By M.F. Chow, M.M. Jamil, and F. Che Ros

PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL AND NATURAL ANTIFOULING

EMBEDDED IN ROSIN MODIFIED COATED ON WOOD SURFACE

By Asmalina Mohamed Saat, Syajaratunnur Yaakup, Muhamad Taufiq Razak,

Hanisah Johor, Fatin Zawani Zainal Azaim, Mohd Iqbal Lokman

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING & ROBOTIC APPLICATION (ICCEMERA 2018)

22ND TO 23RD DECEMBER 2018 BANGI-PUTRAJAYA HOTEL, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

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PRELIMINARY FRAMEWORK OF LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR OCEAN FREIGHT INDUSTRY

Fatin ‘Izzati Ishak1, Azanizawati Ma’aram1, Rozlina Md. Sirat1, Anis Anizah Mohamad Baba1

1Department of Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor.

Abstract: Two third of ocean freight industry in Malaysia are classified as small and medium enterprise

(SME) which they are currently struggling to stay in industry caused by the merging of global shipping

alliances. The merging of alliances has impacted the SMEs in terms of competitiveness in getting

business opportunities, where SMEs have to compete alongside established companies with well-known

reputation. Therefore, differentiation is becoming very crucial factor in order to leverage their capabilities.

Without differentiation factor, SMEs are unable to identify their competitive advantages that distinguishes

them from competitors, hence causing difficulties to survive in the industry. Another issue arises is the

absence of a unique Logistics Performance Measurement System (LPMS) that takes into account the

particularities of ocean freight industry, consequently causing slow adaptation of LPMS despite the size

and maturity of this industry. Thus, this research attempts to develop a preliminary logistics performance

measurement system (LPMS) framework for ocean freight industry and incorporates differentiation factor

in the developed LPMS. The preliminary framework is developed based on extensive literatures in

logistics performance measures, and consists of three logistics performance measurement dimensions

(efficiency, effectiveness and differentiation). However, this proposed framework is only a starting point

for integrating the views of logistics operators in the analytical processes.

Keywords: Performance measurement; Logistics; Ocean freight industry; Shipping.



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INTRODUCTION

Realignment of global shipping alliances has taken a toll on Malaysia’s logistics performance, especially

in the ocean shipping industry. Consequently, the overall pool of competitors has become smaller due to

the merger of the shipping conglomerates (Bailey, 2017). The formation of three main alliances has

resulted in bigger monopolies in local ocean shipping environment due to the merger of multinational

companies (MNC) that are berthing in Malaysia, and bigger companies won bigger contracts. This

situation has caused the SMEs to receive less attention in ocean freight selection by importers and

exporters of the country. Other than that, the industry apparently has been very slow on adopting

Performance Measurement System (PMS) despite the size and maturity of their industry, due to the

absence of a unique framework that takes into account the particularities of ocean freight industry (Konsta

& Plomaritou, 2012). Shipping companies are still experimenting with various performance measurement

system (i.e. KPI, Performance Prism, Balanced Scorecard) in the absence of a common, uniform

measurement system that will apply to all sectors of the ocean freight industry (Otheitis & Kunc, 2015).

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this research is to develop a preliminary Logistics Performance Measurement System

(LPMS) framework for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in ocean freight industry.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Fugate, Mentzer, & Stank (2010) analysed the relationship between logistics performance and

organizational performance, stating that logistics performance is multidimensional and is a function of the

resources used in logistics, according to outlined objectives and outcomes against competitors. In this

context, the authors theorized that analysis of logistics performance should be based on evaluation of a

set of dimensions of the activities carried out by the logistic function, which are namely, efficiency,

effectiveness and differentiation. Efficiency is a factor related to the use of resources allocated to the

logistic function, effectiveness can be defined as the extent to which objectives are achieved and

differentiation is understood as the value that can be generated by the elements of customer service in

relation to competitors.

METHODOLOGY

The preliminary framework is developed based on extensive literatures in logistics performance

measures.



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FINDINGS

Figure 1: Preliminary Logistics Performance Measurement Framework

CONCLUSION

In summary, the logistics performance measurement system (LPMS) for small and medium enterprises

(SME) is a response to the need to support those entities in the area of tools which enable effective and

efficient management. The starting point for this study was an analysis of the existing models and

frameworks of LPMS. The LPMS model and its implementation will help to bridge the gap between theory

and practice as well as to spread the significance of LPMS among SMEs in ocean freight industry.

SELECTIVE REFERENCES

1. Bailey, M. (2017). Ocean Carrier Alliances Expand. Retrieved October 25, 2018, from https://www.sdcexec.com/sourcing-procurement/article/12379713/ocean-carrier-alliances-expand

2. Fugate, B. S., Mentzer, J. T., & Stank, T. P. (2010). Logistics Performance: Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Differentiation. Journal of Business Logistics, 31(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2010.tb00127.x

3. Konsta, K., & Plomaritou, E. (2012). Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Shipping Companies

Performance Evaluation: The Case of Greek Tanker Shipping Companies. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(10), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n10p142

4. Otheitis, N., & Kunc, M. (2015). Performance measurement adoption and business performance: An exploratory study in the shipping industry. Management Decision, 53(1), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-09-2016-0047



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POTENTIAL USE OF UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE

FOR CADASTRAL MAPPING: A REVIEW

Room, M. H. M1 and Ahmad, A.2

1,2 Department of Geoinformatic, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA.

(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected])

Abstract: A cadastral is an official record of information about land parcels. Cadastral surveying is work

involving determination of boundaries and area of a lot of land or more. There are many techniques that

have been employed for producing map or plan of cadastral boundary around the world. An example of

these techniques are conventional survey, conventional photogrammetry, satellite imagery and

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. Among these techniques, the most common used

technique for cadastral mapping is conventional survey. This technique was used for a long time ago and

can provide very high accurate output, however, it has constraints from the aspect of time consuming

and expensive cost. Rapid development around the world especially in developed countries cause the

changes of techniques for mapping cadastral boundaries. Therefore, mapping the cadastral boundaries

for update purpose needs to be performed regularly or many times. Due to the development of robotic

industry, UAV system which utilised robotic concept and system can be used as a platform for data

acquisition in the field of geospatial and photogrammetry. UAV offers many advantages such as portable,

rapid data acquisition, efficient, low-cost and produces accurate results. All these advantages are

suitable, valuable and significant for cadastral mapping application. Development of UAV has grown very

rapidly where many new types and model of UAV were developed which can use many types of sensor.

This situation encourage the use of UAV in many applications especially for mapping application.

Therefore, this paper reviews the potential of UAV system used in cadastral mapping by examining

related research done around the world and at national level using UAV system for cadastral mapping.

This review will also focus on the quality of final output, methodology used and hopefully it can be used

as a guideline for future work on the implementation of UAV system in cadastral mapping.

Keywords: Photogrammetry, Cadastral, Mapping, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System,

Sensor.

__________________________________________________________________________

mailto:[email protected]



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INTRODUCTION

Recently, the demand of unmanned aerial vehicle system have increases due to the rapid development

and production of robotic system. Many fields have used UAV as a data acquisition platform to collect

the geospatial data. UAV system have advantages instead of conventional photogrammetry. UAV have

capability to produce a high resolution digital imagery, no cloud cover, rapid data acquisition, low cost

system and able to generate high accuracy photogrammetric product. Cadastral is land information

system. Meanwhile, cadastral survey is the process of determine and measure the position, size and

boundary mark of a piece of land parcel. Cadastral is very important for society and government.

Basically, cadastral is partially of process to register the property of person. Nowadays, cadastral survey

demand the accurate, low cost and faster method to reduce the period of registration the land or property.

Therefore, UAV system seen have potential to fulfil the demand in cadastral survey. However, the

exploration of the system for cadastral survey is still lacking and new especially in Malaysia. Hence, this

paper is to review ability of UAV system to use in cadastral application.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this paper is to review the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle system or UAV

used in cadastral application. The capability of UAV used in cadastral application is evaluated and

reviewed from the past publications have been made by researchers around the world related to UAV

and cadastral mapping.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be defined as a system used to capture the aerial

photograph or collect any information on the earth surface with no pilot on broad.

According to (Bailey, 2012), UAV is a motorized aircraft system controlled remotely by

remote control devices or completely autonomous with aid of on-broad system of

navigation and ground control station. UAV can described as a device for collecting

remote sensing data where it allow flexible manoeuvre, produce high resolution image, can

fly under cloud cover, easy to operate, rapid data acquisition and low cost. Due to these

advantages, UAV has been used in various application such as mapping, monitoring,

mining, scientific research, agriculture, archelogy and others. Over last few years,

there are many types of UAV with special sensor such as digital camera that have been

produced by the manufactures around the world. Until today, UAV can carry many sensor

such as Lidar, multispectral, thermal, hyperspectral, compact digital camera and real time

kinematic (RTK) GPS receiver. RTK UAV is the latest systems designed to generate a

very high accurate output ranging to a few centimetres.

Manufacturing of RTK UAV create a chance and potential for UAV system to be

used in application like cadastral mapping. Cadastral is the field that is used to determine

the position, size and boundary mark of piece of land as the property of a person. While,

cadastral surveying work is for the purpose of land ownership and registration in

accordance with Government Regulation. According to Cadastral Rule Survey 2009,

cadastral survey is to produce as issued in the State Land Act 1965, Licensed Land



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Surveyors Act 1958 and Regulations of the Land Cadastral Surveying Department. Multipurpose

cadastral is an example of cadastral application. Multi-purpose cadastral can be

defined as cadastral overlay delimiting the current status of the property owner. The

individual building block for the overlay is the cadastral parcel, an unambiguously defined

unit of land within which unique property interest property interests are recognized. The

overlay will consist of a series of maps showing the size, shape and location of all cadastral

parcels within a given jurisdiction. Figure 2 shows an example of cadastral boundary in

Zurich, Switzerland (Manyoky et al., 2012)

Accuracy of final product are very important aspect in this application where every

measurement or survey must follow the standard operating procedure (SOP) has been set

by national surveying department and the final output needs to checked and endorsed.

There are various technique that can be used for application of mapping cadastral boundary

around the world. Among the techniques are conventional survey, conventional aerial

photogrammetry, high resolution satellite imagery and UAV photogrammetry. In Malaysia,

conventional survey is the most common technique used to map the cadastral boundary

from the colonial time until today. Conventional survey such as total station and Global

Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can produce a very high accuracy in term of

generation the output in the form of points and lines, however they have constraints from

the aspect of time consuming and required expensive cost (Harintaka, Susanto and

Hartono, 2009). Therefore, demand of fast and efficient surveying method caused a new

method or system needs to be explored to support and helps to fulfil that demand. The

system can fulfil that requirement is UAV photogrammetry.

FINDINGS

The findings is UAV has bright potential to be use in cadastral application. Many publication states the

UAV system have advantages over conventional methods in term of costing, time consuming, less man-

power and able to offer additional information rather than conventional methods. Accuracy of final

products is very important aspect in cadastral mapping. Every final product must follow and achieved the

existing standard accuracy stated by National Department of Survey. In this case, UAV system also able

to fulfil that requirement.

CONCLUSION

This review aims to explore the potential use of UAV photogrammetry in mapping

cadastral boundary. Three aspects are discussed in this paper which have relation

between each other. However, these aspects are very important element in cadastral

application and as an indicator to study and analysed the potential use of UAV system

for this application. As a conclusion, UAV system really has great potential to be used in cadastral

mapping due to the advantages offered by the system as compared to conventional method. The national

surveying department could benefited from UAV photogrammetry for producing rapid, fast, low cost and

accurate cadastral map.



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1. Ahmad, A. et al. (2013) ‘Digital aerial imagery of unmanned aerial vehicle for various

applications’, in Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2013 IEEE International

Conference on. IEEE, pp. 535–540.

2. Bailey, M. W. (2012) Unmanned aerial vehicle path planning and image processing for

orthoimagery and digital surface model generation. Vanderbilt University.

3. Colomina, I. and Molina, P. (2014) ‘Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote

sensing: A review’, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Elsevier, 92, pp.

79–97.

4. Crommelinck, S. et al. (2016) ‘Review of automatic feature extraction from high-resolution optical

sensor data for UAV-based cadastral mapping’, Remote Sensing. Multidisciplinary Digital

Publishing Institute, 8(8), p. 689.

5. Darwin, N., Ahmad, A. and Akib, W. (2014) ‘The potential of low altitude aerial data for large

scalemapping’, Jurnal Teknologi, 70(5).

6. Eisenbeiß, H. (2009) ‘UAV photogrammetry’. ETH Zurich



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ASSESSMENT OF A PRELIMINARY HYDRO RESERVOIR OPERATION PLAN DEVELOPED USING DETERMINISTIC APPROACH BASED ON DESIGN DATA AND SIMULATION

Lee Chai Hoon1

1TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected]

__________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: This paper proposed a deterministic approach to develop preliminary operation plan for a

hydro reservoir with limited inflow data and then assessed its performance. Two key parameters,

namely expected reservoir yield and target reservoir elevation that are required to decide the planned

reservoir release for the predetermined planning horizon were identified for the hydro reservoir. Due to

the lack of quality data to acquire and/or back-calculate inflow, the expected reservoir yield was

estimated based on design data. Subsequently, target reservoir elevation was obtained based on

simulation. From simulation, key performance indicators namely potential energy utilization index,

average gross head, average reservoir elevation, production volume, spillage volume and percentage

were assessed too. By comparing the simulation results between proposed method and actual

condition, it was found that the proposed method produces 7812 J/m3 (3.04%) higher potential energy

utilization index, 0.037 m (0.14%) higher average gross head, 0.175 m (0.12%) higher average

reservoir elevation, 8.041 x 109 m3 (37.16%) higher production volume, 6.092 x 108 m3 (88.93%) lower

spillage volume, 2.81% (91.70%) lower spillage.

Keywords: reservoir operation planning; deterministic; simulation

INTRODUCTION

Hydropower is a proven and thus popular renewable energy source. While human’s thirst for energy

continues to grow, getting the most value from all energy sources including this reliable yet flexible one

is becoming more important.

Hydro optimization is a wide research area. It includes reservoir operation planning and management whereby the amount and time of reservoir water release, as well as its target water level, were decided



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for each planning or scheduling period. Another component is economic load dispatch in which number of operating turbine-generator units, unit selection and their respective generation were decided in real time. Optimizing the performance of turbine-generator units in the hydro power plant through effective and efficient maintenance at appropriate timing through predictive analytics or other approaches is only a subarea.

This paper focuses on reservoir operation planning for a reservoir that is located downstream of the main flood control reservoir in a cascaded hydro system. As its role in flood control is less significant, inflow was not measured and the back-calculated inflow (based on generation and water level) was also not available in the quality and size fit for inflow forecasting. For this reason, design data of the reservoir, which are often the result of hydrological investigation for sufficiently long period, is more suitable and thus used for inflow estimation.

OBJECTIVES

To develop a preliminary and ready-to-use reservoir operation plan for a hydro reservoir lacking quality

inflow data based on design data and simulation

LITERATURE REVIEW

Reservoir operation optimization problem are computationally hard to solve considering the uncertainty

associated with inflows, possibility of having multi objectives and inclusion of nonlinear functions such

as hydropower generation, evaporation and other losses (Rani and Moreira, 2010).

There are two main methods in reservoir system optimization, namely deterministic and stochastic. In

deterministic methods, a single set of fixed boundary conditions (flows and demands) and results are

considered. On the other hand, stochastic formulations require explicit representation of probabilistic

inputs, parameters and outputs. Nevertheless, deterministic models can become probabilistic when run

many times using different inputs based on representative hydrology from synthetic stream flow

generator or historical records and report results spanning a broad range of conditions (e.g. Monte-

Carlo simulation and implicit stochastic optimization) (Harou et al., 2009, Rani and Moreira, 2010). Rani

and Moreira (2010) also summarize the pros and cons of both methods. As summarized, deterministic

methods are better than stochastic methods as they can be formulated to represent a problem more

closely. However, stochastic methods fare better in dealing with extreme operating conditions such as

severe flood or drought. Overall, stochastic methods are more appealing but it requires great

computational effort regardless of using classical optimization techniques (e.g. linear programming,

nonlinear programming and dynamic programming) or artificial intelligence based techniques (e.g.

evolutionary algorithms, fuzzy set theory and artificial neural networks).

To minimize the computational effort, Othman (2002) proposed and implemented TNBR’s deterministic

method for optimization of water release successfully for Temengor reservoir in Sungai Perak

Cascaded Hydro Scheme.



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METHODOLOGY

TNBR’s deterministic method for optimization of water release (Othman, 2002) was applied to Bersia

reservoir, which is located downstream of Temengor reservoir in Sungai Perak Cascaded Hydro

Scheme. This method can be expressed as follows:

Objective function: Maximize Potential Energy Utilization (PEU) Index as shown below.

𝐏𝐄𝐔 =𝛒 × 𝐠 × 𝐕𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧×𝐇𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬

𝐕𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧+𝐕𝐬𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐥 (1)

where

= water density of the reservoir = 997 kg/m3 g = gravitational acceleration at the site = 9.781 m/s2 Vproduction = production volume (m3) Hgross = gross head of the hydro power plant (m) Vspill = spillage volume (m3)

As shown in (1), PEU index can be maximized by optimizing Vproduction and maximizing Hgross.

The production volume can be expressed as shown below.

𝐕𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐕𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 + ∫ 𝐀𝐱 𝐝𝐱𝐱@𝐭=𝐟

𝐱@𝐭=𝟎 (2)

where Vyield = expected reservoir yield (calculated based on design data)

∫ 𝐀𝐱 𝐝𝐱𝐱@𝐭=𝐟

𝐱@𝐭=𝟎 = storage change to achieve target reservoir elevation

The expected reservoir yield was calculated from design annual average energy production considering design overall efficiency, water density of the reservoir, local gravitational acceleration and rated gross head.

The gross head can be expressed as shown below.

𝑯𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬 = 𝑭𝑩𝑬 –𝑻𝑾𝑳 (3)

where

FBE = fore bay elevation

TWL = tailrace water level

Since tailrace water level is a dependent variable that is proportional to turbine discharge, maximizing gross head literally means maximizing fore bay elevation, subjected to design limits of the reservoir.

To employ this method for maximization of PEU index, a simulation model was developed. By fixing target reservoir elevation (i.e. fore bay elevation) to find out the required storage change and using expected reservoir yield to compare against actual inflow, the resultant production volume and final reservoir elevation for each time step were calculated and passed to the next time step for 8 years from 1 September 2008 to 31 August 2016. At the end of the simulation, key performance indicators, namely potential energy utilization index, average gross head, average reservoir elevation, production volume, spillage volume and percentage were assessed. This process was repeated by varying target reservoir elevation. Finally, the optimal target reservoir elevation, which gives the maximum PEU index, was



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found. For comparison, the key performance indicators were also assessed based on actual reservoir conditions for the same time period.

FINDINGS

Table 1 shows the results of simulation for optimal and actual conditions and comparison between them.

Table 1: Key Performance Indicators for Optimal and Actual Conditions

Condition Potential Energy

Utilization Index (J/m3)

Average Gross

Head (m)

Average Reservoir Elevation (mSLE)

Spillage Percentage

(%)

Production Volume

(m3)

Spillage Volume

(m3)

Optimal 2.6444780E+05 27.188 140.855 0.25% 2.9683E+10 7.5811E+07

Actual 2.5663572E+05 27.150 140.680 3.07% 2.1642E+10 6.8496E+08

Difference (value)

7.8121E+03 0.037 0.175 -2.81% 8.0411E+09 -6.0915E+08

Difference (%)

3.04 0.14 0.12 -91.70 37.16 -88.93

Based on design data, the expected (daily) reservoir yield is 1.0199E+07 m3. Meanwhile, from simulation, it was found that the optimum target reservoir elevation is 140.855 mSLE.

CONCLUSION

A preliminary reservoir operation plan for a downstream reservoir of a cascaded hydro system has been developed based on design data and simulation using TNBR’s deterministic method for optimization of water release. Based on the results of simulation for 8 years data from September 2008 to August 2016 between the proposed reservoir operation plan (optimal) and actual reservoir operation condition, it was found that the optimal plan yields better performance in all aspects, particularly PEU index and spillage volume or percentage.



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1. Harou, J. J., Pulido-Velazquez, M., Rosenberg, D. E., Medellín-Azuara, J., Lund, J. R., & Howitt, R. E. (2009). Hydro-economic models: Concepts, design, applications, and future prospects. Journal of Hydrology, 375(3-4), 627-643.

2. Othman, A. B. (2002). Final report for TNB R&D project titled “Optimum Utilization and Optimization of Hydro Energy for SSJSP”. Kajang, Malaysia: TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.

3. Rani, D., & Moreira, M. M. (2010). Simulation–optimization modeling: a survey and potential

application in reservoir systems operation. Water resources management, 24(6), 1107-1138.

4. Unit Generation, Plant Fore Bay Elevation and Plant Tailrace Water Level for Temengor and Bersia Hydro Power Plants. (2008 – 2016). In Generation Plant Management System (GPMS). Retrieved from TNB Generation Division GPMS Database.

5. Unit Generation, Plant Fore Bay Elevation and Plant Tailrace Water Level for Temengor and

Bersia Hydro Power Plants. (2008 – 2016). In Stesen-Stesen Janaelektrik Sungai Perak (SSJSP) Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA). Retrieved from SSJSP SCADA Database.



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DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS UTILIZING ZINC SULPHIDE-COATED TITANIUM DIOXIDE FILMS PHOTOANODE: EFFECT OF

IMMERSION TIME ON ITS PERFORMANCE

S.N. Sadikin1, M.Y.A. Rahman1, A.A. Umar1

1Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600,

Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.Y.A. Rahman)

Abstract: This work deals with the use of ZnS-coated TiO2 films as photoanode in a dye-sensitized solar

cell (DSSC). The effect of immersion time of ZnS precursor on the photovoltaic parameters of the device

has been investigated. The immersion time has been varied from 30 to 90 minutes at 15 minutes interval.

The sample prepared with 60 minutes of immersion time shows the highest optical reflection in the visible

region while the sample prepared with 45 minutes of immersion time possesses the highest optical

absorption in the UV region. The DSSC utilizing the photoanode prepared with 60 minutes of immersion

time demonstrated the highest η of 0.80%, Jsc of 2.990 mA cm-2, Voc of 0.650 V and FF of 0.412. This is

due to this device has the smallest charge transfer resistance at the interface of Pt/electrolyte (Rct1) of

0.480 Ω.

Keywords: dye-sensitized solar cells, photoanode, ZnS-coated TiO2

INTRODUCTION

The performance of dye-sensitized solar cell can be improved by utilizing modified metal oxide

photoanode. The photoanode can be modified via several ways, namely, coating photoanode with

another metal oxide, introducing composite struture consisting of two metal oxides and doping metal

oxide with metal or metal. In this work, TiO2 films have been coated with ZnS and then utilized as a

photoanode of the device.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of immersion time of ZnS precursor that is zinc nitrate

hexahydrate on the optical properties of ZnS-coated TiO2. The next objective is to study the effect of

immersion time of zinc nitrate hexahydrate on the photovoltaic parameters of the device has been

investigated.



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LITERATURE REVIEW

Hu and his group reported that the recombination of electrons with holes was depressed by introducing

strontium oxide (SrO) shell coating on TiO2 and consequently increased the power conversion efficiency

of the device [2]. Zhu and his co-workers found that the efficiency of the device was improved upon

utilizing graphene-TiO2 composite photoanode due to the increase in photocurrent density and voltage

[3]. Dong and his co-researchers employed silver-loaded TiO2 composite as a photoanode of DSSC and

found a significant increase in the efficiency of the device [4]. TiO2-coated ZnO has been applied as

photoanode of DSSC and demonstrated the power efficiency of 5.65% [5]. TiO2-coated ZrO2 has been

employed as a photoanode of the device and the short-current density (Jsc) has been improved by two

times compared with the device utilizing TiO2 potoanode [6]. The DSSC employing TiO2-coated Nb2O5

demonstrated the efficiency of 7.23% due to the significant increase in the short-circuit current density

[7].

METHODOLOGY

TiO2 films were grown twice on ITO substrates via liquid-phase deposition technique [8]. The ITO

substrates were immersed in a solution containing 0.2 M boric acid, H3BO3 and 0.1 M ammonium

hexafluorotitanate, (NH4)2TiF6 for 25 h. The growth temperature was maintained at 30 °C. After 25 h, the

TiO2 samples were left to dry. ZnS solution was prepared separately by dissolving zinc nitrate

hexahydrate and thiourea in ethanol with molarity ratio of 1:1. Then, the TiO2 Samples were immersed in

0.01 M ZnS solution for 30 min. Finally, the sample was annealed at 400 °C for 1 h. These procedures

were repeated for preparing ZnS-coated TiO2 with other precursor immersion times, namely, 45, 60, 75,

and 90 minutes. The samples were characterized by UV–Vis to study its optical absorption and reflection.

0.5 mM of N719 dye solution was prepared as the photoanode sensitizer. ZnS-coated TiO2 films were

immersed in the dye solution for 15 h at room temperature. The counter electrode of the device was

platinum film grown on FTO substrates. Redox electrolyte containing iodide/triiodide was injected into the

space between TiO2/ ZnS-coated N719 and platinum counter electrode. The devices with an active area

of 0.23 cm2 were tested in dark and under the illumination of 100 mW cm−2 light. The light source used

was tungsten halogen lamp. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on the

devices to determine the charge transport properties and carrier lifetime.

FINDINGS

The use of ZnS-coated TiO2 has been found to improve the performance of the DSSC. The performance

of the device is significantly influenced by the immersion time of zinc nitrate hexahydrate.

CONCLUSIONS

The ZnS-coated TiO2 has succesfully been prepared via liquid phase depostion technique assisted spin

coating technique and employed as photoanode of DSSC. The device utilizing the photoanode prepared

with 60 minutes of immersion time demonstrated the highest η of 0.80% and Jsc of 2.990 mA. This is due

to this device has the smallest charge transfer resistance at the interface of Pt/electrolyte (Rct1) of 0.480

Ω.



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1. S.K.M. Maarof, M. Rusop, S. Abdullah, Adv. Mater. Res. 832, 763–766 (2014)

2. Q. Hu, C. Wu, L. Cao, B. Chi, J. Pu, L. Jian, J. Power Sources 226, 8–15 (2013)

3. M. Zhu, X. Li, W. Liu, Y. Cui, J. Power Sources 262, 349–355 (2014)

4. H. Dong, Z. Wu, Y. Gao, A. El-Shafei, S. Ning, J. Xi, B. Jiao, Org. Electron. 15, 2847–2854 (2014)

5. C. Xu, J. Wu, U.V. Desai, D. Gao, Nano Lett. 12, 2420–2424 (2012)

6. T.C. Li, M.S. Góes, F. Fabregat-Santiago, J. Bisquert, P.R. Bueno, C. Prasittichai, J.T. Hupp, T.J.

Marks,J. Phys. Chem. C 113 (2009) 18385–18390

7. H.-N. Kim, J.H. Moon, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 5821–5825 (2012)

8. A.A. Umar, M.Y.A. Rahman, S.K.M. Saad, M.M. Salleh, M. Oyama. Appl. Surface Sci. 270, 109–114

(2013)



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AUTOMATED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM BASED ON ARDUINO

HEIRIZ ISKANDAR MOHD SHAMLAN1, YUFRIDIN WAHAB2, MASRI ZAIRI MOHD ZIN3

1,2,3AMBIENCE, Universiti Malaysia Perlis,.SME Bank Complex, Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: Burglary means gaining an unauthorised access into others building or premises with intent to steal goods. It can be done by using shere force to break into the house, using false keys or other ways. Most residential breaks-in occured by targeting single family houses as its most frequent targets. Normally, these breaks-in does not result in conforntation or injuries with the people who reside in the house as most breaks-in occur when the resident is out of the house. But in uncommon cases, some burglar will enter the premises when it is occupied and will threaten them with violence. Nowadays house buglary cases had risen in a wary ways. These problem can be solve in an effective method which is to use an automated home secutrity system. House security system become the most efficient solution to overcome the house intrusion problem which are happening quite often this day. As we know, most security house system are expensive and difficult to use. Therefor many people choose to neglect the implementation of a house security system in their house. For that particular reason, an effective smart house security system at low cost is build where user can also program the security system on their own. The project consists of several components namely the Arduino board as a microcontroller, the ESP8266 module as a Wi-Fi module, an Infra-Red (IR) sensor, vibration sensor and force sensor as a device to detect intrusion and the light emitting diode as a signal for any intrusion. In this project the sensors will detect for any kind of intrusion and then will alert the user via a smartphone application. In addition, all the data from the sensors will be stored in a cloud application called ThingSpeak. Consequently, users can monitor the house from everywhere via their mobile application..

Keywords: Home Automation, Home Security, Arduino

Introduction

Burglary means gaining an unauthorised access into others building or premises with intent to steal

goods. It can be done by using shere force to break into the house, using false keys or other ways.

Most residential breaks-in occured by targeting single family houses as its most frequent targets.

Normally, these breaks-in does not result in conforntation or injuries with the people who reside in the

house as most breaks-in occur when the resident is out of the house. But in uncommon cases, some

burglar will enter the premises when it is occupied and will threaten them with violence. This project is

focusing on developing a smart house security system.



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OBJECTIVES

The main aim of this project is to design and develop a smart house security system with the

implementation of Arduino Uno. There are several main objectives of this project in order to achieve the

aims, which are:

I. To create a system that can detect any home intrusion with the use of various kind of sensors

II. To create a code that is able to capture input from sensors to be processed by Arduino Uno

III. To deploy a home monitoring system that can be done by using smartphone

LITERATURE REVIEW

According to the Malaysian federal police Crime Prevention and Community Safety Department, a total

of 38,877 crimes involving properties were recorded in the first quater of 2016 and a total of 6662 cases

involving house breaks-in [1]. Fully gated residential area with a 24-hours guards monitoring the area

did help to prevent the breaks-in from happening. Netherless, it still didn’t fully help to prevent and solve

the breaks-in from occuring. This because the security that implemented still have human-error that

cannot be altered. So as the solution for this problem is to apply a fully automated home security

system that can monitor and alert the resident for breaks-in.

Nowadays, house security system become the most efficient solution to overcome the house intrusion

problem which are happening quite often this day. As we know, most security house system are

expensive and difficult to use. Therefor many people choose to neglect the implementation of a house

security system in their house. For that particular reason, an effective smart house security system at

low cost is build where user can also program the security system on their own. Automation is a

scientific and technological ways of manufacture of machine where its take over most work that was

done by humans. The manual security provided to property of individuals is cost more in term of money

and labor. In addition of human errors also may affect the whole security system and a single mistake

may fail the whole system. Hence automation in security purpose is necessary.

METHODOLOGY

This project is focusing on developing a smart house security system with an active infrared motion

detector, pressure sensor and vibration sensor which are controlled by using Arduino Uno. Then all the

information that were identified by sensors, is informed to web server and then to mobile apps. This

information is sent to central web-server using Wi-Fi network in real time, and user can know about the

security of their house from anywhere whether they are at home or not. The overall project is divided

into two main part. The first part which concern on hardware development. While, the second part is

mostly about the programming of software to operate the hardware structure. As the result of both main

part, the infrared detector, pressure sensor and light sensor are capable of detecting motion and in the

same time the programmed Arduino Uno is capable to control the whole operation of the security

system.



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KEY FINDINGS

The experimental result did meet expected result. The system work in desired condition and running

smoothly. Several debugging had been made to the hardware and software so that they meet with the

expected result.

CONCLUSION

This smart house security system is hoped to fulfill all the host’s demand and make the home as safe

and comfortable as possible. With this system, the security of the house can be increase and be more

efficient. With the addition of mobile apps that can keep the user an up to date information about their

house’s security, user can be more calm and comfortable to leave their house for a period of

time.Farmer, education and research are often stressed because it is important to realize that there are

many more actors in the food chain that directly influence decision making of farmers and their

innovations.


1. H. S. Shahrudin, “News Strait Times,” 7 May 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/05/144196/malaysias-crime-index-sees-46-cent-increase.

[Accessed 13 March 2018].

2. K. Madhuri, B. L. Sai and B. S. Sirisha, “A Home Automation System Design Using Hardware

Descriptive Tools,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol.

2, no. 7, pp. 385-393, 2013.

3. E. Brown, “Linux.Com,” The Linux Foundation, 13 September 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.linux.com/news/who-needs-internet-things. [Accessed 13 March 2018].

4. K. Won Min, M. Seo Yeon and P. Jong Hyuk, “An enhanced security framework for home

appliances in smart home,” Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 7, no. 6,

2017.



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DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMENARY ANALYSIS OF ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEM BASED ON SILICA

GEL-WATER PAIR

Fauziah Jerai 1

1Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40000 Shah Alam, Malaysia, E-mail : [email protected], Tel: 03-55436458

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: Adsorption system has become one of the good alternatives to replace vapor compression refrigeration system in the world. The system has an ability to utilize solar energy that can lead to significant energy saving and environmentally friendly system. However, the system has some drawbacks such as the system is too bulky and expensive to be commercialized. Many studies have done to improve the performance of the system. Evaporator and adsorber are two of issues that have been studied to improve the system. This article presents the preliminary study of the development and testing analysis of evaporator and adsorber for adsorption cooling system application, which employing silica gel – water as the adsorbent – refrigerant pair. The silica gel-water pair was selected because the pair required low grade heat sources and low regeneration temperature to activate the cooling system. Here, the adsorber are made of U-shape copper heat exchanger attached with 9 numbers of aluminium fins. Whilst the evaporater was made of four-pass arrangement copper tube heat exchanger with a total tube length of 1.43m. Firstly, the evaporator and adsorber were design and fabricated based on the most suitable design founded from the literature. Then, the performance of an adsorption cooling system has been experimentally investigated by varying the heat source temperatures ranging from 70 to

80°C and chilled water temperature ranging from 15 to 25 C. From the results, it was shown that increasing the heating source temperature gives significant results on the adsorption heat value, hence COP. The main conclusion can be drawn here is that the system developed can be used to produce cooling using low heat souse such as solar heat source and engine waste heat.

Keywords: Adsorption system, silica gel-water, evaporator, adsorber, COP

INTRODUCTION Adsorption system consists of few components which are the adsorber bed, a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator. Unfortunately, most of the design of the system is bulky that makes it impossible to commercialize to be use widely. Hence, this project is focusing on developed an improved system of evaporator and adsorber to maximize the performance of adsorption cooling system based on silica gel-water pair. The design required maximum adsorption to ensure the system works well with the adsorbent. To implement the improvement, a study needs to be done to identify a suitable design, characteristics and problem that may occur during the work to make sure the propose designs of evaporator can be produced and the performance of the adsorption cooling system can be maximized. Therefore, it is




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important to apply this system in Malaysia to reduce the effect of global warming by implementing a suitable improvement to the design of the heat exchanger component in the adsorption application. OBJECTIVE This project devotes towards development and analyzes the preliminary performance of an adsorption cooling system applying silica gel-water as the adsorbent-refrigerant pair. The focus is on the parametric study where the operating conditions of the hot water source are varied. LITERATURE REVIEW Recent studies by Cheppudira Thimmaiah, P., et al. (2016) have reported a few findings regarding the design of the evaporator consisted of capillary-assisted tubes. The tubes with continuous parallel fins on their outer surfaces had significantly higher heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficients relative to plain tubes, as shown in Figure 1. The findings also include that the highest transfer rate can be achieve if the refrigerant height in the evaporator is less than the tube diameter. The interior volume above the enhanced tubes of the capillary-assisted evaporator also did not have a significant effect on evaporator performance. They also reported that the fin with the highest density and height provided the highest external heat transfer coefficient. Various types of heat exchangers as adsorber have been used in an adsorption system such as shell tube heat exchanger, flat pipe heat exchanger, flat plate heat exchanger and plate-fins heat exchanger (Attalla, M., & Sadek, S., 2014) and (Ng, K. C., 2001). Caciola, G., et al., 1992, reported that plate-fins heat exchanger could be a good solution to overcome the various thermal resistance which is usually made of aluminum and easy to fabricate. He also mentioned that this type of heat exchanger is suitable for refrigerant and heat pump applications. METHODOLOGY The ideal cycle of adsorption refrigeration system is shown in Figure 2(a) whilst Figure 2(b) shows the typical experimental set-up for one bed adsorptionn cooling. At first, the liquid refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator using chilled water supply which is circulated from a chilled water bath. The adsorber is depressurized first using cooling water during pre-cooling process to a temperature (Tadsorption), which causes the vapor pressure of the adsorbed refrigerant decreasing to the evaporator pressure (Pevaporator).Then the evaporator and adsorber is connected by opening valve 1 to start the adsorption process. The evaporated refrigerant will be adsorbed by the adsorbent and the heat is removed by the cooling water. The adsorption process is ended by shutting valve 1 and the evaporator is isolated from the adsorber. The process continues with pressurization pre-heating where hot water is circulated through

Figure 1: Capillary-assisted evaporator tubes; (a) side view and (b) cross-sectional view (Cheppudira

Thimmaiah, P., et al., 2016)



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the adsorber. Valve 2 will be open to allow the desorption process and the required heat input is taken from the hot water source.

When the temperature in the adsorbent rises up to a temperature (Tdesorption) which causes the vapor pressure of the desorbed refrigerant up to the condensing pressure (Pcondenser), desorption at constant pressure is initiated, the desorbed vapor is condensed and collected in a refrigerant tank. Finally the condensed refrigerant will be accumulated in the refrigerant receiver tank and valve 3 is used to control the refrigerant supply into the evaporator. FINDINGS Increasing the heating fluid inlet temperature to the adsorber beds from 70 to 80°C increases the SCP from 0.18 to 0.9 W/kg. Increasing the temperature of the heating fluid to the adsorber beds during desorption causes faster heat transfer to the adsorbent material and, consequently, the rate of desorption of the adsorbate from the adsorbent material increases, and more adsorbate is desorbed. Accordingly, the drier adsorbent material adsorbs more adsorbate from the evaporator during the adsorption process. Therefore, higher cooling power (or SCP) is generated, hence will increase the COP.Also, by increasing the chilled water inlet temperature from 15 to 25°C, the COP of the adsorption cooling system increases from 0.08 to 0.19, because the adsorbate uptake capability of the adsorbent material increases with the increasing the evaporator pressure during the adsorption process. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The prelimenary study on the adsorption cooling system using silica gel-water was carried out to investigate the influence of heating water temperature on the system performance. This study has shown the increment of the heating water temperature enhances the cooling performance of the system and affect significantly on the SCP and COP. It was shown also that the proposed system can be used to recycle the waste heat and produced cooling even though the COP is low. For further research, it is required some modifications to the components of adsorption system so that the value of COP can be improved.

TP

P T

T

M

T

MHot / Cool heat

transfer fluid

Chilled heat transfer

Chilled heat transfer

fluid outEvaporator

Condenser

ADSORBER BED

Cool heat transfer

fluid in

Cool heat transfer

fluid out

Refrigerant tank

V1

V2

V3

P

Thermocouple M Mixing chamberFlow meterF T

Pressure gaugeP

F

(a) (b)



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MAIN REFERENCES

1. Cheppudira Thimmaiah, P., Sharafian, A., Huttema, W., Osterman, C., Ismail, A., Dhillon, A., & Bahrami, M. (2016). Performance of finned tubes used in low-pressure capillary-assisted evaporator of adsorption cooling system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 106, 371–380. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.038

2. Fernandes, M. S., Brites, G. J. V. N., Costa, J. J., Gaspar, A. R., & Costa, V. A. F. (2014). Review

and future trends of solar adsorption refrigeration systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 102–123. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.081

3. G. Cacciola, G. Cammarata, A. Fichera and G. Restuccia, (1992), Advances on innovative heat

exchangers in adsorption heat pumps. In Proc. Syrup. Solid Sorption Refrigeration, Paris, pp. 221-226.

4. Goyal, P., Baredar, P., Mittal, A., & Siddiqui, A. R. (2016). Adsorption refrigeration technology –

an overview of theory and its solar energy applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1389–1410. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.027

5. Habib, K., & B. Saha, B. (2013). Performance evaluation of solar driven activated carbon fiber-

ethanol based Adsorption cooling system in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 6(2), 146–156. doi:10.3923/ajsr.2013.146.156

6. Lanzerath, F., Seiler, J., Erdogan, M., Schreiber, H., Steinhilber, M., & Bardow, A. (2016). The

impact of filling level resolved: Capillary-assisted evaporation of water for adsorption heat pumps. Applied Thermal Engineering, 102, 513–519. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.052

7. Li, W., Wu, X.-Y., Luo, Z., & Webb, R. L. (2011). Falling water film evaporation on newly-designed

enhanced tube bundles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54(13-14), 2990–2997. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.02.052

8. Ng, K. C., Chua, H. T., Chung, C. Y., Loke, C. H., Kashiwagi, T., Akisawa, A., & Saha, B. B.

(2001). Experimental investigation of the silica gel–water adsorption isotherm characteristics. Applied Thermal Engineering, 21(16), 1631–1642. doi:10.1016/s1359-4311(01)00039-4



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BIOENGINEERED AND BIOCOMPATIBLE ZIRCONIA BASED CERAMICS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

G. Sankar1, S. Meenaloshini2, R. Dinesh3

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected] 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected] 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The densification behaviour, mechanical properties, and microstructure of high-purity titanium oxide (TiO2) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-doped Y-TZP with different weight percentage of TiO2 varied from 0 to 10wt% and a fixed percentage of 15wt% for tricalcium phosphate were investigated in this research work. The samples were pressed uniaxially at 200MPa into rectangular bars and discs and pressureless-sintered at temperatures ranging between 1200˚C to 1400˚C for 90 minutes holding time while the microstructure was characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties in terms of bulk density, compressive strength, and Vickers hardness were also measured. The results indicate that the addition of dopants accelerated the densification parameters, reinforced and toughened the obtained bodies. The maximum values for the mechanical properties of the TiO2 and TCP-doped Y-TZP ceramics were 4.89Mgm-3 and 10.67GPa for density, and Vickers hardness, respectively, which are higher than those of the undoped samples for the composition of 10wt% TiO2/15wt% TCP and 75wt% ZrO3 sintered at 1400˚C with 90 minutes holding time.

Keywords: Titanium Oxide, Tricalcium phosphate, Zirconia, Mechanical Properties, Microstructure

INTRODUCTION

Bioceramics are used for biomedical applications in the recent era. However, the production of scaffolds is a challenge in the technology of biomaterials (Salemi et al., 2014). The biomaterials are used in various areas, especially bioceramics that are widely used for medical applications, specifically for orthopedics implants and dental implants (Sakka et al., 2014). For the past years, Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) has been known as the most valuable implant material that is being used to repair bone defects. On a contrary, the use of TCP for biomedical implants has some limitations as their mechanical properties make the material brittle and poor fatigue resistance. (Elliot, 1994; Hench, 1998). Generally, the mechanical properties of tricalcium phosphate, is quite inadequate for load-carrying applications. (Bouslama et al.,2009).




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OBJECTIVES

The research objective is to find the most optimum TiO2 and TCP additives content into Y-TZP and the best sintering temperature for 1.5 hours holding time to maintain the best mechanical properties results i.e bulk density, Vickers hardness and compressive strength.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Inert ceramic oxides like zirconia have high tribological properties (E.C Subbarao et al., 1981). This being the reason, zirconia has drawn attention as its possibility to obtain a nanograined bulk ceramic and a controllable microstructure. In addition to that, zirconia possesses other intrinsic physical and chemical properties like hardness, wear resistance, low coefficient of friction, elastic modulus, chemical inertness, ionic conductivity, electrical properties, low thermal conductivity, and high melting temperature. (E.C Subbarao et al., 1981). Hence, zirconia can be mixed with tricalcium phosphate to make bioceramics composites, which would combine the biocompatibility of the tricalcium phosphate and high tribological properties of zirconia. The addition of TCP in zirconia matrix increases the mechanical properties and partially prevents the inverse allotropic transformation of zirconia (Salemi I, 2013). However, there is tendency of poor mechanical properties of zirconia and TCP composites due to the allotropic transformation of zirconia from the tetragonal to monoclinic phase (Salemi I, 2013). In order to retain the biocompatibility and mechanical properties, it is necessary to introduce a reinforcing agent like ceramic oxides that would contribute towards the enhancement of mechanical properties. In comparison to ceramic oxide agents, Titanium Oxide (TiO2) has been used widely in orthopedics applications especially, because of its excellent biocompatibility and its chemical stability in aqueous environments and chemical inertness (A. Ravaglioli et al., 1992). Due to this property, TiO2 has been chosen as the agent of reinforcement in this research work. It would be discussed in this paper the influence of titania on the densification, hardness, and microstructures. The titania content would vary from 0wt%, to 10wt%. The samples were sintered at 1200˚C, 1250˚C, 1300˚C, 1350˚C and 1400˚C with a holding time of 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes.

METHODOLOGY

The TiO2 and TCP doped zirconia (Y-TZP), with different TiO2 and TCP contents were synthesized through co-precipitation method. Various weight percentages of TiO2 and TCP were mixed with Y-TZP by wet milling in ethanol in an ultrasonic machine. Then after, the mixture was ball milled for 1 hour, after which the slurry was dried at 60°C in an oven for 12 hours. The dried mixed was then sieved through a 212μm mesh stainless steel sieve to obtain a ready-to-press TiO2-TCP-YTZP powder. The mixed powder was pressed in a hardened steel circular (20 mm in diameter) and rectangular (80 x 50 x 8mm) mold and die set under a hydraulic pressure of 500 MPa. The samples were subsequently subjected to cold isostatic pressing (CIP) at a pressure of 200MPa with a holding time of 5 minutes. Pressing was followed by the consolidation of the samples by ambient pressure sintering performed in air using a heating furnace (ModuTemp) at various temperatures ranging from 1200˚C to 1400˚C. The sintering profile set to sinter for all samples were at a ramp-rate of 10˚C/min for both heating and cooling and holding time of 1-2 hours prior to cooling to room temperature. All samples were polished using SiC papers (120, 240, 600, 800) from coarse to rough, followed by polishing with a diamond paste to 6µm, in order to obtain an optical reflective surface.



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Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (Geiger-Flex, Rigaku Japan) of the powders and sintered samples

were carried out under ambient conditions using Cu-K as the radiation source. The fraction of the monoclinic (m) phase present in the ceramic matrix was determined using the method of Toraya et al.. The morphology of the powders and micro structural evolution of the sintered samples were studied by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (Philips XL30 ESEM). The bulk density of the sintered samples was measured based on Archimedes’ principle using an electronic balance retrofitted with a density determination kit (Mettler Toledo, Switzerland). Vickers hardness measurements (Future Tech., Japan) were made on polished samples using the Vickers indentation method. The indentation load was kept constant at 98.1 N and a loading time of 10 s was employed. The values of KIc were computed using the equation derived by Niihara et al. (Niihara K et al.,1982). Average values were taken from five measurements. The microstructure of the samples was examined by JSM-6310 scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

FINDINGS The best additive content into Y-TZP is 10wt% TiO2 and 15wt% TCP at a sintering temperature of 1400˚C. The mechanical properties results obtained were good, the bulk density is 4.89Mgm-3 approximately 80% of the theoretical density value, 10.67GPa for the Vickers hardness and a compressive strength of 4100MPa respectively. Based on the SEM test results for this research, there isn’t large grain size that are causing microcracks on higher sintering temperature. In addition to that, the addition TiO2 has in fact made the microstructure stronger.

CONCLUSION

This research work investigated the effect of TiO2 and TCP additions to improve the physical and mechanical properties of zirconia. The results show that the properties were significantly enhanced by additions of 10wt% TiO2/ 15wt% TCP and 75wt% ZrO3. The highest value of density obtained was about 4.89 g/cm3, approximately 80% of the theoretical density value (6.10 g/cm3). The Vickers hardness and compressive strength achieved were 10.67 GPa and 4100MPa respectively. Sintering at high temperatures, 1350˚C to 1400˚C was seen to be the optimum temperature to achieve the best mechanical properties. The microstructure evaluation also showed a smaller grain size achievement.

MAIN REFERENCES

1. Ibticem Ayadi, Foued Ben Ayed (2015) Sintering and the mechanical properties of the tricalcium phosphate-titania composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 49, 129-140

2. Sallemi, J. Bouaziz, F. Ben Ayed Elaboration and characterization of bioceramic based on tricalcium phosphate and zirconia Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol., 3 (5) (2013), pp. 1691-1700

3. Sakka, S., Bouaziz, J., Ben Ayed, F., (2014). Sintering and mechanical properties of the

alumina-tricalcium phosphate-titania composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 40, 92-101

4. Siwar Sakka, Jamel Bouaziz, Foued Ben Ayed (2014) Sintering and mechanical properties of the alumina-tricalcium phosphate-titania composites. Mater Sci. Eng. C 40, 92-101



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THE EFFECT OF HOLDING TIME ON THE MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIA-WOLLASTONITE-

HYDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITES

D. Ragurajan1, M. Satgunam2, U. Sankar3, M. Golieskardi4

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected] 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected]

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected] 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The effect holding time and various amounts of additives on the TiO2-HA-CaSiO3 composites was investigated this study. TiO2/CaSiO3/HA composites were prepared and characterized by means of physical and mechanical properties. The addition of TiO2 and HA to wollastonite was studied by means of bulk density and Vickers Hardness. The wollastonite composites containing TiO2 (10-30 wt%) and HA (20-40 wt%) were sintered between 1230-1270°C, with a ramp rate of 10°C/min and a holding time of 1,1.5 and 2 hours. The results indicate that a higher sintering temperature and a holding time of played a significant part in enhancing the physical and mechanical properties as compared to results shown by pure wollastonite, especially for composites containing higher TiO2 (25-30wt%) and lower HA (20-25wt%).

Keywords: Wollastonite, Mechanical and Physical Properties, Sintering Parameters, Holding time

INTRODUCTION

The regeneration of long load-bearing bones like femur tibia, brings about a major concern in orthopedics because biomaterials and scaffolds that are unable to take part to the biological processes. These biological processes are responsible of bone formation and remodeling. It is known that, bone is a dynamic connective tissue that supports the system with structural\ framework and flexibility to the body [Copp et.al.]. In order to regenerate the bone, different types of biological events by the signaling molecules, growth factors and cells migration onto the site of injury are needed [Freyman et.al.].





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OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of holding time on the physical and mechanical properties of TiO2-CaSiO3-HA composites.

LITERATURE REVIEW

As there are many accidents and wounding that happens to the skeletal system due to trauma, fracture and natural defects, there are many patients who are in need of aid for an internal fixation device or artificial joints to curb the bone problems. In these recent days, wollastonite has been studied as a good implant material as it is bioactive, non-toxic and compatible with hard tissues. The apatite layer that is formed is dense and uniform on flat and curved surfaces [Hata et.al.]. Ding and Liu have prepared Titania/wollastonite composites to improve pigments as they studied the bioactivity and compatibility properties of non-heat-treated titania-wollastonite composites. Based on the research, the phases produced were rutile and anatase, besides wollastonite in a lamellar structure [Zhao et.al.]. The samples with higher content of wollastonite formed an apatite layer on the substrate, after being immersed in SBF and these samples demonstrated osteoblast proliferation resulting in cytocompatible materials [Liu et.al.]. Generally, higher elastic modulus and higher chemical durability than silicates and phosphates are shown on ceramic compounds based on titania.

METHODOLOGY

The TiO2 / HA doped Wollastonite (CaSiO3), with different TiO2 /HA were synthesized through co-precipitation method. Various weight percentages of TiO2 and HA were mixed with CaSiO3 by wet milling in ethanol in an ultrasonic machine. Subsequently, the mixture was milled for 1 hour, after which the slurry was dried at 60°C in an oven for 12 hours. The dried mixed was then sieved through a 212μm mesh stainless steel sieve to obtain a ready-to-press TiO2 / HA powder. The mixed powder was pressed in a hardened steel circular (20 mm in diameter) and rectangular (80 x 50 x 8mm) mold and die set under a hydraulic pressure of 500 MPa. Pressing was followed by the consolidation of the samples by ambient pressure sintering performed in air using a heating furnace (ModuTemp) at various temperatures ranging from 1230ºC to 1270ºC. The sintering profile set to sinter for all samples were a ramp-rate of 10ºC/min for both heating and cooling, and holding time of 1, 1.5 and 2 hours prior to cooling to room temperature. All samples were polished using SiC papers (120, 240, 600, 800) from coarse to rough, followed by polishing with a diamond paste to 6µm, so as to obtain an optical reflective surface. The samples were immersed in distilled water to measure density using the Archimedes’ method using a Mettler Toledo Balance AG204 densi-meter. The Vickers hardness was tested on the polished samples by means of the Vickers indentation method. The indentation load applied to the samples was kept constant at 98.1 N with a loading time of 10s. The compressive strength was determined using rectangular bar samples in order to determine compression at maximum load.



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FINDINGS

The best holding time found to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of the TiO2-CaSiO3-HA composites was found to be a 1.5 hours with a ramp rate of 10°C. The best sintering temperature range was seen to be at low sintering temperatures (1230-1250°C), with 1240°C being the optimum temperature. The mechanical properties results obtained showed that the bulk density was slightly enhanced to 3.15 g/cm3, approximately 9% higher than the theoretical density value (2.90 g/cm3). Also, the Vickers hardness also showed increase to about 4.4GPa, slightly higher than the theoretical value of 4.1GPa.

CONCLUSION

The present study investigated the effect of holding times on the TiO2 and HA additions to improve the physical and mechanical properties of wollastonite. The results show that 2 hours holding time the properties significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of wollastonite. The highest value of density obtained was about 3.15 g/cm3, approximately 8.6% higher than the theoretical density value (2.90 g/cm3). The mechanical properties of wollastonite also showed an increase above. Sintering at low temperatures (1230-1240ºC) with a holding time of 2 hours was seen to be the optimum temperature and holding time to achieve the best properties. Sintering above 1250ºC was found to cause detrimental changes to both physical and mechanical properties.

MAIN REFERENCES

1. D.H. Copp, S.S. Shim The homeostatic function of bone as a mineral reservoir Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 6 (1963), pp. 738-744

2. T.M. Freyman, I.V. Yannas, L.J. Gibson Cellular materials as porous scaffolds for tissue engineering Prog. Mater. Sci., 46 (2001), pp. 273-282

3. K. Hata, T. Kokubo, T. Nakamura, T. Yamamuro Growth of a bonelike apatite layer on a

substrate by a biomimetic process Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 78 (4) (1995), pp. 1049-1053

4. J.Z. Zhao, Z.C. Wang, L.W. Wang, H. Yang, M.Y. Zhao The synthesis and characterization of TiO2/wollastonite composite Materials Letters, 37 (1998), pp. 149-155

5. J.Z. Zhao, Z.C. Wang, L.W. Wang, H. Yang, M.Y. Zhao Differences between two

TiO2/wollastonite composites with wollastonite having different particle sizes Materials Letters, 41 (1999), pp. 32-36

6. X. Liu, C. Ding Plasma sprayed wollastonite/TiO2 composites coatings on titanium alloys Biomaterials, 23 (2002), pp. 4065-4077



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7. X. Liu, C. Ding, P.K. Chu Mechanism of apatite formation on wollastonite coatings in simulated body fluids Biomaterials, 25 (2004), pp. 1755-1761

8. X. Liu, C. Ding Morphology of apatite formed on surface of wollastonite coating soaked in simulated body fluid Materials Letters, 57 (2002), pp. 652-655



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EVALUATION OF PARAMETER REGIONALIZATION METHODS

FOR FLOOD SIMULATIONS IN KELANTAN RIVER BASIN

M.F. Chow1*, M.M. Jamil2, and F. Che Ros3

1*Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.E-mail: [email protected]

2Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]

3Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Parameter regionalization techniques are widely used to estimate the parameters for calibrating the hydrological models in ungauged catchments. This study is aimed to evaluate two regionalization methods (global average and regression) for estimating input parameters for Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS) model in Kelantan River basin. The calibrated IFAS parameters were obtained from a number of gauged catchments. The model performances obtained using both methods were evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient for peak flow, runoff volume and wave shape for flood event during period Dec 2006 – Jan 2007. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient values obtained were greater than 0.7 (indicating good model performance) for regression-based technique and 0.4 for global averaged technique, respectively. The results suggest that it is possible to estimate the IFAS parameters using regression-based techniques for flood simulation.

Keywords: flood simulation, hydrological modeling, parameter regionalization, ungauged catchment

INTRODUCTION

Usually, flood with various recurrence intervals in catchments with long gauge records can be estimated by using extreme value statistics. However, the results for flood estimation are noticely influenced by many factors, such as the choices of theoretical extreme value distribution function, parameter estimation method and ignorance of processes governing individual flood events (Klemes, 2000). Other than that, short record or absent of local runoff data that used for calibrating model parameters would become the main challenge on flood estimation in ungauged catchments. For solving this problem, parameter regionalization method is widely used to estimate the parameters for calibrating the hydrological models (Fernandez, 2000; Szolgay et al. 2003; Hundecha, Y., and A. Bardossy, 2004; Lamb, 2000; Wagener and Wheather, 2006).




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LITERATURE REVIEW

Typically, the regression models are used to relate the model parameters with catchment attributes and climatic characteristics to determine the regionalized parameter values (Jarboe, 1974; Karlinger, 1988; Merz, 2004). Other commonly used methods are including global average (Merz and Bloschl, 2004; Kokkonen et al. 2003); average based on expected similarities in watershed hydrologic responses (Schmidt et al. 2000) and kriging (Vogel, 2006).

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we evaluated two regionalization methods (global average and regression) for estimating the input parameters for Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS) model.

METHODOLOGY

Study Site

The Kelantan River basin is located in the north eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia between latitudes 4° 40' and 6° 12' North, while longitudes 101° 20' and 102° 20' East.

Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS)

IFAS is a deterministic model which developed by ICHARM (International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management) of Japan for flood modeling on river basin.

Regionalization methods

Regionalization 1: Global average-based parameter regionalization

The global average parameters were determined by computing the mean of each of the parameters from selected gauged catchments.

Regionalization 2: Regression

In the regression approach, model parameters are related directly to selected catchment attributes.



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Model efficiency

The model performance is evaluated by using the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) for peak flow, runoff volume and wave shape.

= 1 − (

∑

=1

( − ′)2

)

(2)

2

∑ =1(

− )

Where Qi is the measured value (stream discharge), Qi’ is the simulated value,is the average measured value,

and n is the number of data points.



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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Performance analysis of parameter regionalization methods

Table 4. Comparison of model performance statistics

Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient

Time period Items Default Calibration Global Regression

average

Dec. 2006 – Jan 2007 Peak flow 0.45 0.80 0.40 0.70

Runoff volume 0.50 0.77 0.56 0.68

Wave shape 0.60 0.74 0.60 0.73

CONCLUSIONS

In general, the results suggest that it is possible to estimate the IFAS parameter using regression-based techniques.

MAIN REFERENCES

1. Kokkonen, T.S., Jakeman, A.J., Young, P.C. and Koivusalo, H.J. (2003). Predicting daily flows in ungauged catchments: Model regionalization from catchment descriptors at the Coweeta Laboratory, North Carolina, Hydrol. Process., 17, 2219-2238.

2. Lamb, R., J. Crewett, and A. Calver. (2000). Relating hydrological model parameters and catchment properties to estimate flood frequencies from simulated river flows. Paper presented at 7th National Hydrology Symposium, Br. Hydrol. Serv., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K.



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3. Merz, R. and Bloschl, G. (2004). Regionalisation of catchment model parameters, J.Hydrol., 287, 95-123.

4. Szolgay, J., Hlavcova, K., Kohnova, S. and Danihlik R. (2003). Regional estimation of parameters of a monthly water balance model, Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 51, 256-273.

5. Wagener, T. and H.S. Wheather. (2006). Parameter estimation and regionalization for continuous rainfall- runoff models including uncertainty, Journal of Hydrology, 320, 132-154.



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PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL AND NATURAL ANTIFOULING EMBEDDED IN ROSIN MODIFIED COATED ON WOOD SURFACE

Asmalina Mohamed Saat1, Syajaratunnur Yaakup1, Muhamad Taufiq Razak1, Hanisah Johor1, Fatin Zawani Zainal Azaim1, Mohd Iqbal Lokman2

1Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology, Lumut Perak,

2Bina Integrated Industries Sdn Bhd, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:Rosin based paint is one of natural source of paint matrix essential in combination of natural biocides for greener and efficient antifouling paint. Performance of new natural lemon biocides and commercial biocides embedded in rosin modified antifouling paint were evaluate by referring to ASTM 3623 – 78a for 30

days. Natural lemon biocides with concentration of 2%, 4% and 6% observed that increase in biocides concentration reduce the percentage of marine growth. Natural lemon biocides with 6% concentration observed similar performance as in commercial antifouling on wood surface due to good interaction. This concluded that natural lemon biocides have a great potential as new natural biocides on wood vessel hull surface.

Keywords: natural antifouling; immersion; marine growth; rosin modified

INTRODUCTION

Antifouling coating or also known as underwater hull paint commonly used to protect and slowing the microorganism

growth, plant and animal that attached to the ship bottom hull. This microorganism has detrimental effects on the

performance and endurance of vessel by increased the hull surface roughness, results to drawback in power increase

up to 10-16% and 86% at cruising speed for light fouling diatom slimes and heavy fouled respectively [1]. Analysis

conducted earlier reported that approximate maintenance cost of hull fouling system (coating, cleaning for heavy slime

fouling level) for Arleigh Burke DDG-51 destroyers was $56 million per annum [2]. Ships with steel hull increase in

cost due to frequent dry docking needed [3]. However, in the near coastal voyage such for cruise ship, wooden boat

and composite fiberglass boat, hull scrubbing is not possible, effective antifouling material is critical for fuel saving and

sustaining a clean near coastal environmental [4]. The antifouling paint are divided into soluble, insoluble and biocides

matrix. Insoluble matrix paint also known as contact leaching or continuous contact-based polymer that does not polish

or erode in seawater. Example of commercial insoluble based paints are insoluble vinyl, epoxy, acrylic or chlorinate

rubber polymer [1].



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METHODOLOGY

Chengal wood with 1625m2 surface area sanded with 120 grit sand paper before application of 3 and 2 layer of

primer and various antifouling coating respectively referring to ASTM 3623 – 78a [8] . Six panels were prepared with primer, mixture primer with natural and commercial antifouling are summarize in Table 1. Primer used was from Jotun Primer for wood surface, rosin modified antifouling paint was from BINA PAINT SEAGUARD 06, commercial antifouling was Diuron, Preventol A6 from Lanxess and natural antibacterial fresh lemon juice was obtained filtration of cleaned squeezed lemon. The panels were immersed for 30 days and recorded every 5 days to evaluate the percentage of marine growth and weight change. Regression analysis was conducted to analyses the correlation between performance of antifouling and time.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Summary of percentage of marine growth and weight change on with primer (A), natural antifouling (B, C and D) and commercial antifouling (E and F)

Types Label

Descriptions

p-value R- Coefficient Linear Equation

square Correlation

Percentage A primer 0.0209 77% 0.8796 y = 0.0749x – 0.2002

marine B primer +2% natural 0.0092 85% 0.9205

y = 0.0314x – 0.0814

growth

antifouling

C primer +4% natural 0.0008 95% 0.9767

y = 0.0211x – 0.0351

antifouling

D primer + 6% natural 0.0131 82% 0.9049

y = 0.0189x – 0.0549

antifouling

E Wood surface + primer +2% 0.0004 97% 0.9833

y = 0.0109x – 0.0255

commercial antifouling

F primer + 4 % commercial 0.0123 82% 0.9078

y = 0.0143x – 0.0410

antifouling

Percentage A primer 0.0191 78% 0.8849 y = 0.1515x + 1.3689

of weight B primer +2% natural 0.0007 96% 0.9781

y = 0.1168x + 0.9606

change

antifouling



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C primer +4% natural 0.0033 91% 0.9530

y = 0.0947x + 1.2974

antifouling

D primer + 6% natural 0.0011 95% 0.9725

y = 0.0884x + 0.2607

antifouling

E primer +2% commercial 0.0033 91% 0.9527

y = 0.0648x + 0.5165

antifouling

F primer + 4 % commercial 0.0055 88% 0.9391

y = 0.0660x + 0.7375

antifouling

CONCLUSION

Both percentage marine growth and weight change shows decreased observation as concentration of antifouling increased. Natural lemon antifouling with 6% concentration observed similar performance as commercial biocides in both percentage of marine growth and weight change. Thus, concluded that natural lemon antifouling have good interaction with rosin modified matrix and wood surface. This finding also enhanced the potential of natural lemon as new biocides in marine for wood structure surface.

REFERENCES

1. Jim Seidel, “Antifouling 101 A Comprehensive Guide from Interlux,” 2012.

2. J. A. Callow, “Trend in development of environmental friendly fouling resistant marine coating.”

3. Y. K. Demirel, M. Khorasanchi, O. Turan, and A. Incecik, “On the importance of antifouling coatings regarding ship resistance and powering,” Low Carbon Shipp. Conf., vol. 44, no. 0, pp. 1–13, 2013.

4. J. Kavanagh, “The future of antifouling,” The marine Professional, 2018



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