conc & highway lab manual

8/10/2019 Conc & Highway Lab Manual

1/27

Concrete Mix Design M 20 Grade Of Concrete

1. REQUIREMENT

a) Specified minimum strength = 20 N/Sq mm

b) Durability requirementsi) Exposure oderateii) inimum !ement !ontent = "00 #gs/cum

c) !ement$%efer &able No' ( of S*+(,-2000)i) a.e !heta. $ irla)ii) &ype 1!iii) rade +"

d) 3or.abilityi) compacting factor = 0'4

e) Degree of quality control ood

2. TE T D!T! "OR M!TERI!# U$$#IEDa) !E EN&i) Specific gra5ity = "'0(ii) 65g' comp' strength 4 days = +,'( more than ""'0 #27 days = (('0 more than +"'0 #

b) ! 6%SE 6 %E 6&Ei) 20mm raded&ype !rushed stone aggregateSpecific gra5ity = 2',73ater absorption = 8'+,9ree $surface) moisture = 0


2/27

c) 9 NE 6 %E 6&E $!oarse sand)i) &ype Natural $ haggar)Specific gra5ity = 2',3ater absorption = 0'(9ree $surface) moisture = 8'+

%. T!RGET ME!N TRENGT& 'TM (a) Statistical constant # = 8',(b) Standard de5iation S = +',&hus: & S = 24'(; N/Sqmm

). E#ECTION O" *+C R!TIOa) 6s required for & S = 0'(b) 6s required for < oderate Exposure = 0'((

6ssume 3/c ratio of 0'(

,. DETERMIN!TION O" *!TER - !ND CONTENT9or 3/! = 0',!'9' = 0'7

ax' 6gg' Si>e of 20 mma) 3ater content = 87, #g/cumb) Sand as percentage of total aggregate by absolute 5olume = "( ?

&hus:Net @ater content = 870'+2 #g/cum

Net sand percentage = "" ?


3/27

. DETERMIN!TION O" CEMENT CONTENT3/c ratio = 0'(3ater content = 870'+2 #g/cum&hus: !ement content = ",0'7+ #g/cum 6dequate for moderate exposure Say ",0 #g/cum

/. DETERMIN!TION O" CO!R E !ND "INE !GGREG!TE CONTENT 6ssume entrapped air as 2 ?&hus:0';7 cum = A870'+2B",0/"'0( B C8/0'"" Cfa/2', F/8000G 0';7 cum = A870'+2B",0/"'0( B C8/0',4 C!a/2',7 F/8000

Hence:fa = (7+ #g/cum!a = 822"'7 #g/cum

&he final mix proportions of -20 grade of concrete become*-

Note* 8 &he abo5e recommended mix design must be 5erified: by actual cube tests'2 &he mix design is based on the quality and grading of the materials actually supplied: by the client'

6ny 5ariation in quality and gradation @ill result in changes in the mix design'

&his mix design @as submitted by a regular contributor to this site' 3e are than.ful to him for hisexcellent ser5ice'


4/27

TESTS ON CONCRETETESTS ON CONCRETE

SLUMP CONE TEST

Exp No: Date:

Aim:

To measure the consistency of concrete by using slump cone

Apparatus required:

Slump cone, tamping rod, metallic sheet.

Procedure.

1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from superfluous moisture and

adherence of any old set concrete before commencing the test.2. The mould is placed on a smooth, hori ontal rigid and non ! absorbent surface.

". The mould is then filled in four layers each approximately # of the height of the mould.

$. Each layer is tamped 2% times rod ta&ing care to distribute the stro&es e'enly o'er the cross section.

(fter the top layer has been rodded, the concrete is struc& off le'el )ith a tro)el and tamping rod.

%. The mould is remo'ed from the concrete immediately by raising it slo)ly and carefully in a 'ertical

direction.

*. This allo)s the concrete to subside. This subside is referred as slump of concrete.

+. The difference in le'el bet)een the height of the mould and that of the highest point of the subsidedconcrete is measured. This difference in height in mm is ta&en as slump of concrete.

. The pattern of slump indicates the characteristics of concrete in addition to the slump 'alue. -f the

concrete slumps e'enly it is called true slump. -f one half of the cone slides do)n, it is called shear

slump. -n case of a shear slump, the slump 'alue is measured as the difference in height bet)een the

height of the mould and the a'erage 'alue of the subsidence. Shear slump also indicates that the concrete

is non cohesi'e and sho)s the characteristic of segregation.

Result:

The slump 'alue of the concrete is /////////// Viva Voce:

1. 0hat is meaning of onsistancy in concrete

2. 0hat is slump of concrete

". 0hat is the significance of shear slump

$. 0hat is segregation


5/27

COMPACT ON !ACTOR TESTCOMPACT ON !ACTOR TEST

Exp No: Date:

Aim:

To measure the )or&ability of concrete by compaction factor testApparatus required:

ompaction factor test apparatus

Procedure

1. The sample of concrete to be tested is placed in the upper hopper up to the brim. The trap door is

opened so that the concrete falls into the lo)er hopper.

2. Then the trap door of the lo)er hopper is opened and the concrete is allo)ed to fall in to the cylinder.

-n the case of a dry mix, it is li&ely that the concrete may not fall on opening the trap door

". -n such a case, a slight po&ing by a rod may be re3uired to set the concrete in motion. The excessconcrete remaining abo'e the top le'el of the cylinder is then cut off )ith the help of plane blades.

$. The outside of the cylinder is )iped clean. The concrete is filled up exactly up to the top

le'el of the cylinder.

%. -t is )eighed to the nearest 14 grams. This )eight is &no)n as 5 )eight of partially compacted

concrete6

*. The cylinder is emptied and then refilled )ith the concrete from the same sample in layers

approximately %cm deep. The layers are hea'ily rammed or preferably 'ibrated so as to obtain full

compaction. The top surface of the fully compacted concrete is then carefully struc& off le'el )ith thetop of the cylinder and )eighed to the nearest 14 gm. This )eight is &no)n as 5 )eight of fully

compacted concrete6

0eight of partially compacted concrete

The compaction factor 7

0eight of fully compacted concrete

Result:

The compaction factor of the gi'en sample of concrete is///////////////8

Viva Voce:1. 0hat is the difference bet)een fully compacted and partially compacted concrete

2. 0hat is the significance of compacted concrete

". Define density of concrete 9 ho) it affects the strength of concrete


6/27


7/27

VEE"#EE CONS STOMETER VEE"#EE CONS STOMETER

Exp No: Date:

Aim :

To measure the )or&ability of concrete by 'ee bee consistometer test

Apparatus required:

ee ;ee consistometer test apparatus

Procedure.

1< =lacing the slump cone inside the sheet metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer.

2< The glass disc attached to the s)i'el arm is turned and placed on the top of the concrete

pot

"< The electrical 'ibrator is s)itched on and simultaneously a stop )atch is started.

$< The 'ibration is continued till such a time as the conical shape of the concrete disappears

and the concrete assumes cylindrical shape.

%< -mmediately )hen the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stop )atch is

s)itched off. The time re3uired for the the shape of concrete to change from slump cone

shape to cylindrical shape in seconds is &no)n as 'ee bee degree.

O$servatio% a%d Calculatio%:

-nitial reading on the graduated rod, a>inal reading on the graduated rod, b

Slump ?b< ! ?a


8/27


9/27

COMPRESS VE STREN'T( O! CEMENT CONCRETE

Exp No: Date:

Aim :

To determine the cube strength of the concrete of gi'en properties

Apparatus required:@oulds for the test cubes, tamping rods

Procedure.

1. alculate the material re3uired for preparing the concrete of gi'en proportions

2. @ix them thoroughly in mechanical mixer until uniform colour of concrete is obtained

". =our concrete in the oiled )ith a medium 'iscosity oil. >ill concrete is cube moulds in

t)o layers each of approximately +%mm and ramming each layer )ith "% blo)s e'enly

distributed o'er the surface of layer.

$. >ill the moulds in 2 layers each of approximately %4mm deep and ramming each layerhea'ily.

%. Struc& off concrete flush )ith the top of the moulds.

*. -mmediately after being made, they should be co'ered )ith )et mats.

+. Specimens are remo'ed from the moulds after 2$hrs and cured in )ater 2 days

. (fter 2$hrs of casting, cylinder specimens are capped by neat cement paste "% percent

)ater content on capping apparatus. (fter 2$ hours the specimens are immersed into

)ater for final curing.

A. ompression tests of cube and cylinder specimens are made as soon as practicable afterremo'al from curing pit. Test specimen during the period of their remo'al from the

curing pit and till testing, are &ept moist by a )et blan&et co'ering and tested in a moist

condition.

14. =lace the specimen centrally on the location mar&s of the compression testing machine

and load is applied continuously, uniformly and )ithout shoc&.

11. (lso note the type of failure and appearance crac&s.

O$servatio% a%d Calculatio%:

Result:

The compressi'e strength of cement concrete is ////////////////N mm2


10/27

Viva Voce:

1. Fo) does strength correlate )ith other properties of hardened concrete

2. 0hat are the re3uirements for curing the specimens

". 0hat is the rate of loading in flexure test

Re&ere%ce:

1. -ndian Standard, ecommended Buidelines for oncrete @ix Design, -S: 142*2

2. Ne'ille. (. @, =roperties of concrete, " edition, =itman publishing company,1A 1.

". Bambhir. @. C, oncrete manual, $ edition, Dhanpat ai and Sons, Delhi.


11/27

!LE)TURE TEST ON (AR*ENE* CONCRETE!LE)TURE TEST ON (AR*ENE* CONCRETE

Exp No: Date:

Aim :

To determine the strength of the concrete by using flexure test

Apparatus required:=rism mould, compression testing machine.

Procedure.

1. Test specimens are stored in )ater at a temperature of 2$o to "4o for $ hours before

testing. They are tested immediately on remo'al from the )ater )hilst they are still )et condition.

2. The dimension of each specimen should be noted before testing.

". The bearing surface of the supporting and loading rollers is )iped and clean, and any loose sand or

other material remo'ed from the surfaces of the specimen )here they are to ma&e contact )ith the

rollers.$. The specimen is then placed in the machine in such manner that the load is applied to the

upper most surface as cast in the mould

%. The axis of specimen is carefully aligned )ith the axis of the loading de'ice. No pac&ing

is used bet)een the bearing surfaces of the specimen and rollers.

*. The load is applied )ithout shoc& and increasing continuously at a rate of the specimen.

The rate of loading is $&N min for the 1%cm specimen and 1 &N min for the 14cm specimen.

+. The load is increased until the specimen fails and the maximum load applied to the

specimen during the test is recordedResult:

The strength of concrete is ////////////////N mm 2

Viva Voce:

1. 0hat is the bending e3uation

2. 0hat is the bending stress for GT section

". 0hat is the significance of moment of inertia )ith respect to bending stress

$. Fo) does the centroid affects the bending stress for different shapes of beams


12/27

TESTS ON A''RE'ATETESTS ON A''RE'ATE

!LA+ NESS N*E)Exp No: Date:

Aim : To determine the fla&iness index of a gi'en aggregate sample.

Apparatus required : The apparatus consist of a standard thic&ness gauge, -S Sie'e of si e *", %4, $4,

"1.%, 2%, 24, 1*, 12.%, 14 and *." and a balance to )eight the samples.

PROCE*URE:

1. The sample is sie'ed )ith the sie'es mentioned in the table.

2. ( minimum of 244 pieces of each fraction to be tested are ta&en and )eighed ?01 gminal reading c< Ductility 7 b a ?cm< Ductility alue

Result:

The Ductility 'alue of gi'en bitumen is ////////////////

viva voce:

1. Cist the factors that affect the result of a ductility test.2. 0hat do you understand by the term

repeatability and reproducibility ". Explain the significance of ductility test


19/27

*ETERM NAT ON O! V SCOS T, O! # TUM NOUS MATER AL

Exp No: Date:

Aim : To determine the 'iscosity of bituminous binder.

Apparatus required:

( orifice 'iscometer ?one of $.4mm diameter used to test cut bac& grades 4 and 1 and 14mm orifice to

test all other grades


20/27


21/27

*ETERM NAT ON O! SO!TEN N' PO NT O!# TUM NOUSMATER AL

Exp No: Date:

Aim : To determine the softening point of bitumen

Apparatus required : ing and ;all apparatus, 0ater bath )ith stirrer, Thermometer,

Blycerin etc. Steel balls each of A.%mm and )eight of 2.%O4.4 gm.

Procedure.

1. Feat the material to a temperature bet)een +% ! 144 abo'e its softening point, stir until, it iscompletely fluid and free from air bubbles and )ater. -f necessary filter it through -S sie'e "4. =lace therings, pre'iously heated to a temperature approximating to that of the molten material. Pn a metal plate

)hich has been coated )ith a mixture of e3ual parts of glycerin and dextrin. (fter cooling for "4 minutesin air, le'el the material in the ring by remo'ing the excess )ith a )armed, sharp &nife.

2. (ssemble the apparatus )ith the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.

". >ill the bath )ith distilled )ater to a height of %4mm abo'e the upper surface of the rings. The startingtemperature should be %

$. (pply heat to the bath and stir the li3uid so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate of %O4.% per minute

%. Note do)n the temperature )hen any of the steel ball )ith bituminous coating touches the bottom plate.

Record a%d O$servatio%:

1 .Temperature )hen the ball touches bottom, . ('erage Softening point of bitumen

Result:

The Softening 'alue of gi'en bitumen is ////////////////

Viva Voce:

1. 0hat are the factors )hich affect the ring and ball test results

2. 0hat is softening point -f material ( has softening point of %* and ; has $2 )hich

binder is good and )hy


22/27


23/27

!LAS( AN* ! RE PO NT TEST

Exp No: Date:

Aim : To determine the flash and fire point of a gi'en bituminous material.

Apparatus required:

=ens&y martens closed cup tester, thermometer, heating source, flame exposure.

Procedure:

1.(ll parts of the cup are cleaned and dried thoroughly before the test is started.

2.The material is filled in the cup upto a mar&. The lid is placed to close the cup in a closed system. (llaccessories including thermometer of the specified range are suitably fixed.

".The bitumen sample is then heated. The test flame is lit and adKusted in such a )ay that the si e of a bed is of $mm diameter. The heating of sample is done at a rate of % o to * o per minute. During heatingthe sample the stirring is done at a rate of approximately *4 re'olutions per minute.

$.The test flame is applied at inter'als depending upon the expected flash and fire

points and corresponding temperatures at )hich the material sho)s the sign of flash and

fire are noted.

Result:

The temperature at )hich the flame application that causes a bright

>lash////////////o and temperature at )hich the sample catches fire //////////////o .

Viva Voce:

1. Define flash and fire points.

2. 0hat is the significance of flash and fire point test

". 0hat are the parameter that affects the result of flash and fire point tests


24/27


25/27

*ETERM NAT ON O! PENETRAT ON VALUE O! # TUMEN

Exp No: Date:

Aim:

To determine the consistency of bituminous material

Apparatus required:

=enetration apparatus, thermometer, time measuring de'ice, transfer dish, )ater bath,needle, container.

Procedure.

1. Soften the material to a pouring consistency at a temperature not more than *4o for tars and A4o for bitumen abo'e the approximate softening point and stir it thoroughly until it is homogenous and is freefrom air bubbles and )ater. =our the melt into the container to a depth atleast 14mm in excess of theexpected penetration. =rotect the sample from dust and allo) it to cool in an atmosphere at a temperature

bet)een 1%o to "4o for one hour.

Then place it along )ith the transfer dish in the )ater bath at 2%.4 o O4.1o and allo) it to remain for 1 to

2 hour. The test is carried out at 2%.4 o O4.1o , unless other)ise stated.

2. >ill the transfer dish )ater from the )ater bath to depth sufficient to co'er the container completely.=lace the sample in it and put it upon the stand of the penetration apparatus.

". lean the needle )ith ben ene, dry it and load )ith )eight. The total mo'ing load re3uired is

144O4.2%gms, including the )eight of the needle, carrier and super imposed )eights.$. (dKust the needle to ma&e contact )ith the surface of the sample. This may be done by placing theneedle point )ith its image reflected by the surface of the bituminous material.

%. @a&e the pointer of the dial to read ero or note the initial dial reading

*. elease the needle for exactly fi'e seconds

+. (dKust the penetration machine to measure the distance penetrated.

. @a&e at least " reading at points on the surface of the sample not less than 14mm apart and not lessthan 14mm from the side of the dish. (fter each test return the sample and transfer dish to the )ater bathand )ash the needle clean )ith ben ene and dry it. -n case of material of penetration greater than 22%three determinations on each of the t)o identical tests specimens using a separate needle for eachdetermination should be made, lea'ing the needle in the sample onK completion of each determinations toa'oid disturbance of the specimen.

Result:

The =enetration 'alue of gi'en bitumen is ///////////


26/27


27/27

SPEC ! C 'RAV T, TEST !OR # TUMEN

Exp No: Date:

Aim : To determine the specific gra'ity of gi'en ;ituminous material.

Apparatus required : Specific gra'ity bottle, balance and distilled )ater.

Procedure:

1. The clean, dried specific gra'ity bottle is )eighed let that be 01gm

2. Than it is filled )ith fresh distilled )ater and then &ept in )ater bath for at least half an hour attemperature 2+o O4.1o .

". The bottle is then remo'ed and cleaned from outside. The specific gra'ity bottle containing distilled)ater is no) )eighed. Cet this be 02gm.

$. Then the specific gra'ity bottle is emptied and cleaned. The bituminous material is heated to a pouring

temperature and the material is poured half the bottleQ by ta&ing care to pre'ent entry of air bubbles. Thenit is )eighed. Cet this be 0"gm.

%.The remaining space in specific gra'ity bottle is filled )ith distilled )ater at 2+o and is )eighed. Cetthis be 0$gm. Then specific gra'ity of bituminous material is gi'en

by formula

?0" ! 01

conc & highway lab manual

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