Para otros usos de este término, véase Comunicación (desambiguación).

La comunicación es el proceso mediante el cual se puede transmitir información de una entidad a otra. Los procesos de comunicación son interacciones mediadas por signos entre al menos dos agentes que comparten un mismo repertorio de signos y tienen unas reglas semióticas comunes.

Tradicionalmente, la comunicación se ha definido como "el intercambio de sentimientos, opiniones, o cualquier otro tipo de información mediante habla, escritura u otro tipo de señales". Todas las formas de comunicación requieren un emisor, un mensaje y un receptor destinado, pero el receptor no necesita estar presente ni consciente del intento comunicativo por parte del emisor para que el acto de comunicación se realice. En el proceso comunicativo, la información es incluida por el emisor en un paquete y canalizada hacia el receptor a través del medio. Una vez recibido, el receptor decodifica el mensaje y proporciona una respuesta.

El funcionamiento de las sociedades humanas es posible gracias a la comunicación. Esta consiste en el intercambio de mensajes entre los individuos.

Desde un punto de vista técnico se entiende por comunicación el hecho que un determinado mensaje originado en el punto A llegue a otro punto determinado B, distante del anterior en el espacio o en el tiempo. La comunicación implica la transmisión de una determinada información. La información como la comunicación supone un proceso; los elementos que aparecen en el mismo son:

• Código. El código es un sistema de signos y reglas para combinarlos, que por un lado es arbitrario y por otra parte debe de estar organizado de antemano.

• Canal. El proceso de comunicación que emplea ese código precisa de un canal para la transmisión de las señales. El Canal sería el medio físico a través del cual se transmite la comunicación.

Ej: El aire en el caso de la voz y las ondas

Hertzianas* en el caso de la televisión.

• La radiocomunicación es un sistema de telecomunicación que se realiza a través de ondas de radio u ondas hertzianas*,

• En tercer lugar debemos considerar el Emisor. Es la persona que se encarga de transmitir el mensaje. Esta persona elige y selecciona los signos que le convienen, es decir, realiza un proceso de codificación; codifica el mensaje.

• El Receptor será aquella persona a quien va dirigida la comunicación; realiza un

proceso inverso al del emisor, ya que descifra e interpreta los signos elegidos por el emisor; es decir, descodifica el mensaje.

• Naturalmente tiene que haber algo que comunicar, un contenido y un proceso que con sus aspectos previos y sus consecuencias motive el Mensaje.

• Las circunstancias que rodean un hecho de comunicación se denominan Contexto situacional (situación), es el contexto en que se transmite el mensaje y que contribuye a su significado.

Contenido

• 1 Origen del lenguaje

o 1.1 Sociedades orales

o 1.2 De la comunicación oral a la escritura

o 1.3 Origen de la escritura cuneiforme

o 1.4 El origen de la escritura

o 1.5 Nacimiento del alfabeto

• 2 Teoría de la información

• 3 Puntos de vista de la teoría de la comunicación

• 4 Modelos de comunicación

o 4.1 Elementos de la comunicación humana

o 4.2 Teoría del proceso comunicativo

o 4.3 Funciones de la comunicación

o 4.4 Axiomas de la comunicación

• 5 Campo teórico

o 5.1 Contextos

o 5.2 Asumidos

o 5.3 Algunos campos de la comunicación y sus teorías

• 6 Escuelas

o 6.1 Escuela europea

o 6.2 Escuela estadounidense

o 6.3 Escuela latinoamericana

• 7 Teóricos de la comunicación

• 8 Relaciones con otras ciencias

• 9 Ciencias de la comunicación

• 10 Ciencias sociales

o 10.1 Análisis social de la comunicación

• 11 Referencias

o 11.1 Notas

o 11.2 Bibliografía

11.2.1 En castellano

11.2.2 En inglés

11.2.3 En otros idiomas

• 12 Véase también

• 13 Enlaces externos

Origen del lenguaje

Los seres humanos poseen una estructura cerebral y psicológica que les permite aprender diferentes lenguas (en algunos seres humanos que han sufrido lesiones cerebrales o padecen un retraso mental severo esta capacidad está inhibida o no ha podido ser desarrollada). Los homínidos superiores parecen ser el único grupo de especie que ha podido desarrollar un lenguaje con estructura sintáctica estricta. A pesar de que ha logrado enseñarse código de signos a primates estos muestran un conocimiento de los fundamentos semánticos del lenguaje pero no de los sintácticos. Y aunque es posible que algunas especies de homínidos diferentes del homo sapiens sapiens hubieran desarrollado un lenguaje con sintaxis, no existe una evidencia que corrobore esto.

Aparentemente, el hombre moderno comienza a expandirse desde África Oriental (homo sapiens), cuyo centro del nacimiento humano se cree está en Etiopía. De acuerdo a su evolución física y cognitiva existen cuatro cambios evolutivos que darán lugar al hombre actual:

• Homo habilis : El primer hombre, se diferencia del Homo Sapiens en que baja de los árboles, camina sólo con sus piernas. Era habilidoso y de considerable tamaño craneal.

• Homo erectus : Comienza a fabricar mejores herramientas, muy pulidas. Descubre el fuego y su uso. Ahora le crece tanto la cabeza como el cuerpo.

• Homo sapiens : Parte de África hacia las diferentes partes del mundo. Éste se moverá de Asia Central a Europa, más tarde colonizará Australia y demostrará una avanzada tecnología con la construcción de medios de navegación y métodos de orientación y localización de rutas. Así llegará al continente americano.

• Homo habilis : Estará caracterizado por su aumento craneal, sus desarrolladas articulaciones y, sobre todo, por la aparición del lenguaje.

Se estima que las era la ultima de los egipcios tal como su lengua era naturales pudieron surgir hace unos 100 mil años cuando observamos algunos desarrollos culturales que parecen manifestaciones de un pensamiento abstracto más complejo. La cuestión de si existió una lengua original de la humanidad de la que evolucionaron todas las demás o las lenguas humanas aparecieron en varios lugares es una cuestión abierta llamado debate de la Monogénesis y poligénesis lingüística. Los monogenetistas extremos proclaman no sólo la existencia de una lengua única o idioma proto-sapiens sino que proclaman que algunos aspectos de dicha lengua son reconstruibles.

Sociedades orales

Hasta el momento de la creación de la escritura, existía la necesidad de almacenar de alguna forma en la memoria colectiva e individual toda clase de información (historias, nombres, mitos...). Para ello, se crearon mapas lingüísticos (rituales), entre los que se encuentran:

• Las fórmulas: Introducción oral breve y acompañada de música, a partir de la cual se engancha una exposición extensa de todo aquello que recuerda. Se utiliza en el aprendizaje ya que resulta una fórmula fácil y sencilla.

• Los nombres de lugares y personas: Los nombres propios hacen referencia a nombres de los diferentes canales y lugares, a pesar de ser limitados, son clave para memorizar qué existe en el sitio mencionado.

• La poesía: Histórica, religiosa, mitológica, etc. suele ser musical, teniendo ritmos muy definidos.

• Las narraciones: Históricas, personales, introducciones a historias más grandes pero que contienen mucha información histórica.

• Los repertorios legales o de otra índole: Son las más raras, escasas, ya que ocupan mucha memoria.

Estas fórmulas se transmiten de boca en boca hasta la aparición de la escritura. Dentro de este grupo podemos incluir las técnicas de los chamanes que recurrían a un entrenamiento para memorizar con recursos relacionados con la memoria auditiva: ritmos, movimientos, sonidos, melodías, etc.

De la comunicación oral a la escritura

Existen en la actualidad, dos grandes teorías que intentan explicar cómo se dio el paso de una sociedad oral a una sociedad escrita. La primera, denominada Teoría de la gran línea divisoria, explica cómo las sociedades orales definen una mentalidad diferente e inferior a las sociedades en las que la escritura es la principal forma de comunicación. De esta manera creen que con la invención de la escritura, la humanidad ha dado un gran salto cualitativo muy importante, al dotarnos de procedimientos que son capaces de aumentar nuestras capacidades cognitivas. Con la escritura nuestro pensamiento se vuelve más reflexivo, más abstracto, más complejo y estructurado, y por ello la escritura crea una sociedad superior. La segunda teoría, conocida como Teoría de la continuidad niega la superioridad de la escritura frente a la oralidad y defiende la idea de que ambos tipos de comunicación, oral y escrita, son medios lingüísticos equivalentes. En esencia, ambos derivados del lenguaje tienen funciones similares, sin embargo se pueden especializar y por ello no existe una diferencia cognitiva.

Origen de la escritura cuneiforme

La escritura ha sido la acompañante necesaria en un cambio profundo de la sociedad como es el paso de la sociedad cazadora-recolectora a la sociedad agricultora-ganadera. La aparición de la escritura está ligada a la aparición de la división social. Es por ello, que las primeras escrituras aparecieron en los templos, donde se localizaba la clase sacerdotal. Los sacerdotes se encargaban de la contabilidad y la administración de los impuestos, utilizando para ello unas tablillas de arcilla, donde el número tenía más peso que la letra. Estas tablillas suponen el origen de la escritura cuneiforme y las más antiguas fueron encontradas en el templo de Uruk. Sin la escritura, los sacerdotes no habrían podido establecer su situación de privilegio y su papel organizador del pueblo. Con este tipo de escritura se formalizan las divisiones sociales, por su función sancionadora y normativa.

El origen de la escritura

El origen de la escritura no se dio de forma sincrónica en el tiempo. Estuvo localizada entre la revolución neolítica y la revolución urbana, donde conocemos 5 civilizaciones en las cuales se desarrolló la escritura:

• Mesopotamia : Hace 5000 añ

formas elocutivas del teatro?• hace 4 años

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13 mayo 2008

Total de puntos:

1.312 (Nivel 3)

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Mejor respuesta - elegida por los votantesLa pragmática estudia la relación entre los enunciados y los actos o funciones que el autor intenta llevar a cabo a través de estos enunciados y que el espectador interpreta. A esto se le llama valor elocutivo de los enunciados, que son concomitantes con las características del contexto que determinan su adecuación en una situación dada.

Espero te sirva, Saludos

formas elocutivas del teatro?• hace 4 años

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13 mayo 2008

Total de puntos:

1.312 (Nivel 3)

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Mejor respuesta - elegida por los votantesLa pragmática estudia la relación entre los enunciados y los actos o funciones que el autor intenta llevar a cabo a través de estos enunciados y que el espectador interpreta. A esto se le llama valor elocutivo de los enunciados, que son concomitantes con las características del contexto que determinan su adecuación en una situación dada.

Espero te sirva, Saludos

DiálogoDe Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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Para otros usos de este término, véase Diálogo (desambiguación).

El diálogo es una modalidad del discurso oral y escrito en la que se comunican entre dos o

más personas, en un intercambio de ideas por cualquier medio.

También se usa como tipología textual en lingüística y en literatura cuando aparecen dos o más personajes que usan el discurso diegético, llamados interlocutores. En este sentido constituye la forma literaria propia del género literario dramático y, como tal, se divide en parlamentos o peroraciones entre personajes que se dirigen mutuamente la palabra.

Un diálogo puede consistir desde una amable conversación hasta una acalorada discusión sostenida entre los interlocutores, y es empleado en géneros literarios como la novela, el cuento, la fábula, el teatro o la poesía. En una obra literaria, un buen diálogo permite definir el carácter de los personajes: la palabra revela intenciones y estados de ánimo, en definitiva, lo que no se puede ver, y en ello radica su importancia. Esta modalidad exige un gran esfuerzo de creación, ya que obliga a penetrar en el pensamiento del personaje, como en el caso de Edipo rey de Sófocles.

También se considera un género literario propio, surgido en Grecia con los Diálogos de Platón, continuado por los romanos (Cicerón, por ejemplo) y revitalizado en el Renacimiento en latín (Erasmo, Luis Vives, etc.) y en lenguas vulgares (Juan de Valdés, Pero Mexía etc.; como tal posee tres tipos diferenciados: el diálogo platónico, el diálogo ciceroniano y el diálogo lucianesco. El platónico tiene como objetivo hallar la verdad y un tema primordialmente filosófico. El ciceroniano posee un marco paisajístico bien constituido, es de tema primordialmente político, judicial y retórico y en él tienen cabida largas exposiciones. En el lucianesco, así llamado por su creador, Luciano de Samosata, predomina la intención satírica y el humor, y el tema puede ser muy variado, incluso fantástico

Entrevista

La entrevista es un acto de comunicación oral que se establece entre dos o más personas (el entrevistador y el entrevistado o los entrevistados) con el fin de obtener una información o una opinión, o bien para conocer la personalidad de alguien. En este tipo de comunicación oral debemos tener en cuenta que, aunque el entrevistado responde al entrevistador, el destinatario es el público que está pendiente de la entrevista. Según el fin que tenga esta podemos hablar