computer science: an overview tenth edition by j. glenn...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Computer Science: An Overview
Tenth Edition
by
J. Glenn Brookshear
Chapter 2:
Data Manipulation
Presentation files modified by Farn Wang
![Page 2: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-2
Chapter 2: Data Manipulation
• 2.1 Computer Architecture
• 2.2 Machine Language
• 2.3 Program Execution
• 2.4 Arithmetic/Logic Instructions
• 2.5 Communicating with Other Devices
• 2.6 Other Architectures
![Page 3: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Von Neumann’s computer model
John von Neumann
1903-1957
![Page 4: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-4
Computer Architecture
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor
– Arithmetic/Logic unit
– Control unit
– Registers
• General purpose - data
• Special purpose – instructions, addresses
• Bus
• Memory
• Motherboard
![Page 5: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-5
CPU and main memory connected
via a bus
![Page 6: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-6
Stored Program Concept
• A program can be encoded as bit patterns
and stored in main memory.
• From the main memory, the CPU can then
extract the instructions and execute them.
• In turn, the program to be executed can be
altered easily.
![Page 7: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-7
Terminology
• Machine instruction: An instruction (or
command) encoded as a bit pattern
recognizable by the CPU
• Machine language: The set of all machine
instructions recognized by a machine
– also called instruction set
![Page 8: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-8
Machine Language Philosophies
• Reduced Instruction Set Computing
(RISC)
– Few, simple, efficient, and fast instructions
– Examples: PowerPC from Apple/IBM/Motorola
and SPARK from Sun Microsystems
• Complex Instruction Set Computing
(CISC)
– Many, convenient, and powerful instructions
– Example: Pentium from Intel
![Page 9: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley2-9
Machine Instruction Types
• Data Transfer: copy data from one location
to another
– I/O instructions as a special case
• Arithmetic/Logic: use existing bit patterns to
compute a new bit patterns
• Control: direct the execution of the program
– conditional ?
– indirect ?
![Page 10: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-10
Arithmetic/Logic Operations
• Logic: AND, OR, XOR
– Masking
• Rotate and Shift: circular shift, logical shift,
arithmetic shift
• Arithmetic: add, subtract, multiply, divide
– Precise action depends on how the values are
encoded (two’s complement versus floating-
point).
![Page 11: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Logic operations
- Bit-wise Boolean operations
10011010
AND 11001001
10001000
2-11
10011010
OR 11001001
11011011
10011010
XOR 11001001
01010011
![Page 12: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-12
Rotating the bit pattern 65
(hexadecimal) one bit to the right
![Page 13: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
2015/03/17 stopped here
2-13
![Page 14: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-14
Adding values stored in memory
![Page 15: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-15
Dividing values stored in memory
![Page 16: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-16
The architecture of the machine
described in Appendix C
- an 8-bit CPU
8-bit bus and 8-bit data registers
![Page 17: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-17
Parts of a Machine Instruction
• Op-code: Specifies which operation to
execute
• Operand: Gives more detailed information
about the operation
– Interpretation of operand varies depending on
op-code
![Page 18: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A-18
A Simple Machine Language (I/II)
12 machine instructions
Op-code Operand Description
1 RXY LOAD reg. R from cell XY.
2 RXY LOAD reg. R with XY.
3 RXY STORE reg. R at XY.
4 0RS MOVE R to S.
5 RST ADD S and T into R. (2’s comp.)
6 RST ADD S and T into R. (floating pt.)
![Page 19: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley A-19
A Simple Machine Language (II/II)
12 machine instructions
Op-code Operand Description
7 RST OR S and T into R.
8 RST AND S and T into R.
9 RST XOR S and T into R.
A R0X ROTATE reg. R X times.
B RXY JUMP to XY if R = reg. 0.
C 000 HALT.
![Page 20: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-20
The composition of an instruction for
the machine
![Page 21: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-21
Decoding the instruction 35A7
![Page 22: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-22
Microprograms in the 8-bit CPU
executing a microprogram to interpret
instructions
A tiny
processor
![Page 23: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
High-level programs
Microprogramming – hardware layers
(
• in ROM or PLA
– sometimes in flash
memory
– IBM’ers call it
firmware.
• no more ad-hoc
circuitry
2-23
circuits
microcode
CPU
machine code
nanocode
Compilers
CPU
control unit
Maurice
Wilkes
(1951-2010)
![Page 24: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-24
An encoded version of the
instructions THE ADD program ( )
![Page 25: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-25
Program Execution (
• Controlled by two special-purpose registers
– Program counter: address of next instruction
– Instruction register: current instruction
• Machine Cycle
– Fetch
– Decode
– Execute
![Page 26: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-26
The machine cycle (
![Page 27: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Multiplexer & demultiplexer(
2-27
![Page 28: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-28
Decoding the instruction B258
![Page 29: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-29
Figure 2.10 The program from Figure 2.7
stored in main memory ready for execution
![Page 30: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-30
Performing the fetch step of the
machine cycle
![Page 31: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-31
Performing the fetch step of the
machine cycle (cont’d)
![Page 32: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles
- running examples
2-32
ALU
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A0PC
IR
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ; 11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
![Page 33: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A0:fetch1
2-33
ALU
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A0PC
IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 34: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A0:fetch2
2-34
ALU
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A1PC
20IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 35: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A0:fetch3
2-35
ALU
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A1PC
20IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 36: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A0:fetch4
2-36
ALU
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A2PC
2000IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 37: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A0:decode
2-37
ALU
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A2PC
2000IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 38: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A0:execute
2-38
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A2PC
2000IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 39: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:fetch1
2-39
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A2PC
2000IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 40: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:fetch2
2-40
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A3PC
1100IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 41: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:fetch3
2-41
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A3PC
1100IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 42: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:fetch4
2-42
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A4PC
11AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 43: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:decode
2-43
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A4PC
11AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 44: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:execute
2-44
ALU
00
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A4PC
11AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 45: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A2:execute
2-45
ALU
00
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A4PC
11AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 46: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A4:fetch1
2-46
ALU
00
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A4PC
11AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 47: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A4:fetch2
2-47
ALU
00
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A5PC
22AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 48: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A4:fetch3
2-48
ALU
00
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A5PC
22AEIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 49: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A4:fetch4
2-49
ALU
00
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A6PC
22FFIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 50: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A4:decode
2-50
ALU
00
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A6PC
22FFIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 51: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A4:execute
2-51
ALU
00
FF
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A6PC
22FFIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 52: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A6:fetch1
2-52
ALU
00
FF
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A6PC
22FFIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 53: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A6:fetch2
2-53
ALU
00
FF
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A7PC
51FFIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 54: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A6:fetch3
2-54
ALU
00
FF
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A7PC
51FFIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 55: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A6:fetch4
2-55
ALU
00
FF
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A8PC
5112IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 56: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A6:decode
2-56
ALU
00
FF
03
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A8PC
5112IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 57: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A6:execute
2-57
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A8PC
5112IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 58: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A8:fetch1
2-58
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A8PC
5112IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 59: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A8:fetch2
2-59
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A9PC
B112IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 60: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A8:fetch3
2-60
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A9PC
B112IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 61: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A8:fetch4
2-61
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
AAPC
B1ACIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 62: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A8:decode
2-62
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
AAPC
B1ACIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 63: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- A8:execute
2-63
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
AAPC
B1ACIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 64: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- AA:fetch1
2-64
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
AAPC
B1ACIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 65: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- AA:fetch2
2-65
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
ABPC
B0ACIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 66: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- AA:fetch3
2-66
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
ABPC
B0ACIR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 67: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- AA:fetch4
2-67
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
ACPC
B0A6IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 68: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- AA:decode
2-68
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
ACPC
B0A6IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 69: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Machine cycles running examples
- AA:execute
2-69
ALU
00
FF
02
:
:
:
:
RF
R2
R1
R0
A6PC
B0A6IR
11
A6
B0
AC
B1
12
51
FF
22
AE
C0
03
00
00
20 A0: mvc R0, ‘0’
A9:
A8: br R1, AC
A7:
A6: add R1, R1, R2
A5:
A4: mvc R2, ‘-1’
A3:
A2: mov R1, AE
A1:
AA: br R0, A6
AB:
AC: halt
AD:
AE:
bus
do x = x-1; while (x!=0) ;
![Page 70: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-70
Communicating with Other Devices
• Controller: An intermediary apparatus that handles communication between the computer and a device
– Specialized controllers for each type of device
– General purpose controllers • USB and FireWire for PC
• Port: The point at which a device connects to a computer
• Memory-mapped I/O: CPU communicates with peripheral devices as though they were memory cells
![Page 71: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-71
Controllers attached to a machine’s
bus
![Page 72: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-72
A conceptual representation of memory-
mapped I/O
![Page 73: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Computer-System Operation
• I/O devices and the CPU can execute
concurrently.
• Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type.
• Each device controller has a local buffer.
![Page 74: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Computer-System Operation
• CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
• I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller.
• Device controller informs CPU that it has
finished its operation by causing an
interrupt.
![Page 75: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Interaction of CPU with I/O devices
• I/O can be from devices, environment,
networks
• Two ways to check if an I/O event happens
– Polling
• Periodically check if the signal (bit patterns in a
memory cell or register) for an event has raised.
– Interrupt
2-75
![Page 76: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Interaction of CPU with I/O devices
• Two ways to check if an I/O event happens
– Polling
– Interrupt
• Through a few interrupt signal lines to CPU
• can be disabled by a mask register to disable some
interrupt signal lines.
• At the decoding cycle of each machine instruction
execution, check if some unmasked interrupt lines
are 1’s.
• If some are, branch to an address (interrupt vector)
already stored for the corresponding interrupt lines.
2-76
![Page 77: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Interrupt checking in machine cycles
2-77
CPUMemory
1
0
1mask register
![Page 78: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Interrupts
• Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt
service routine generally, through the
interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines.
• Interrupt architecture must save the
address of the interrupted instruction.
• Incoming interrupts are disabled while
another interrupt is being processed to
prevent a lost interrupt.
![Page 79: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Interrupt Handling
• The operating system preserves the state
of the CPU by storing registers and the
program counter.
• Determines which type of interrupt has
occurred:
– polling
– vectored interrupt system
• Separate segments of code determine
what action should be taken for each type
of interrupt
![Page 80: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Interrupt Timeline
![Page 81: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
I/O Structure
• Synchronous: After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O completion.
– Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
– Wait loop (contention for memory access).
– At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no simultaneous I/O processing.
• Asynchronous:
![Page 82: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
I/O Structure
• Synchronous:
• Asynchronous: After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for I/O completion.
– System call – request to the operating system to allow user to wait for I/O completion.
– Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device indicating its type, address, and state.
– Operating system indexes into I/O device table to determine device status and to modify table entry to include interrupt.
![Page 83: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-83
Communicating with Other Devices (continued)
• Direct memory access (DMA): Main memory access by a controller over the bus
• Von Neumann Bottleneck: Insufficient bus speed impedes performance
• Handshaking: The process of coordinating the transfer of data between components
![Page 84: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-84
Communicating with Other Devices (continued)
• Parallel Communication: Several
communication paths transfer bits
simultaneously.
• Serial Communication:
![Page 85: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-85
Communicating with Other Devices (continued)
• Parallel Communication:
• Serial Communication: Bits are
transferred one after the other over a
single communication path.
![Page 86: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-86
Data Communication Rates
• Measurement units
– Bps: Bits per second
– Kbps: Kilo-bps (1,000 bps)
– Mbps: Mega-bps (1,000,000 bps)
– Gbps: Giga-bps (1,000,000,000 bps)
• Bandwidth: Maximum available rate
• Multiplexing + data-compression for
performance
![Page 87: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-87
Other Architectures
• Technologies to increase throughput:
– Pipelining: Overlap steps of the machine cycle
– Parallel Processing: Use multiple processors
simultaneously
• SISD: No parallel processing
• MIMD: Different programs, different data– Multi-core CPU: multiple CPU in the same chip
• SIMD: Same program, different data
![Page 88: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Parallel computing
• bit-level:
8-bit CPU 16-bit CPU 32-bit CPU …
• instruction level – pipelining (superscalar)
2-88
![Page 89: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Parallel computing
- memory and communications
2-89
Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)
architecture
Access time to
different addresses is
different.
![Page 90: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Parallel computing
- Classes
• Multi-core
• Symmetric multiprocessing
• Distributed computing
• Cluster computing
2-90
![Page 91: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Parallel computing
- Classes
• Massive parallel processing
Cray 1 ILLIAC 4
2-91
![Page 92: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Parallel computing
- Classes
• Grid computing
– distributed computing
– loose-coupled
– hetreogeneous
– geographically dispersed
– non-interactive workload
– through middleware
• Cloud computing ?
– 3rd party services of infrastructure, platform,
software from the internet 2-92
![Page 93: Computer Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshearcc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~farn/courses/BCC/NTUEE/slides/ch02… · · 2015-03-17J. Glenn Brookshear Chapter 2: ... Copyright](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022513/5aeae4e77f8b9a45568c5ea8/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Parallel computing
- hyper-threading
• Two logical processor sharing one core.
• Intel Pentium 4
2-93