Computer• Computer þçËyu Compute þçË W5hLke çkLku÷ Au. su yuf ÷urxLk

þçË Au.

• To Compute þçËLkku yÚko ÚkkÞ Au økýíkhe fhðe.

• ComputerLkku yÚko ÚkkÞ Au økýíkhe fhLkkh Þtºk yÚkðk {kLkð.

(History) RríknkMk• «k[eLkfk¤{kt {Lkw»Þ 5ÚÚkh yÚkðk yLÞ fkuE ðMíkw îkhk økýíkhe

fhíkku níkku. R.Mk. Ãkqðo 300{kt [eLk{kt yçkkfMk fheLku «Úk{ økýíkhefhðk çkLkkÔÞwt. su{kt økwýkfkh, ¼køkkfkh, Mkhðk¤k, çkkËçkkfe ÚkEþfíkk níkkt.

• íÞkhçkkË ½ýk ð»kkuo çkkË R.Mk. 1617{kt Mfkux÷uLzLkk økrýíkþkMºkeyuðk ßnkuLk LkuÃkÞeh îkhk çku ÃkèeLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe økwýkfkh,¼køkkfkh, Mkhðk¤k, çkkËçkkfe {kxu Þtºk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt. ykÞtºk{kt nkzfkLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku nkuðkLkk fkhýu íkuLku LkuÃÃkeh çkkuLkMkfnuðk{kt ykðu Au. yk LkuÃÃkeh çkkuLMk{kt 0 Úke 9 ytfkuLkku W5Þkuøkfhðk{kt ykÔÞku níkku.

• R.Mk. 1920{kt LkuÃÃkeh çkkuLMk ÃkhÚke «uhýk ÷E rð÷eÞ{ ykurzÙz îkhkM÷kEzY÷Lke h[Lkk fhðk{kt ykðe. suLkku WÃkÞkuøk Ãký Mkhðk¤k,çkkËçkkfe, økwýkfkh, ¼køkkfkh {kxu ÚkÞku níkku.

• R.Mk. 1642{kt £kLMkLkk ði¿kkrLkf ç÷uRÍ 5kMf÷ îkhk íkuLkk rÃkíkk fu suyuf xufMk ykurVMkh níkk íku{Lku økýíkhe fhðk{kt Ãkzíke íkf÷eV Ëqhfhðk yuf r{fuLkef Þtºk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt, suLku ÃkkMfk÷kELk Lkk{Lkeyku¤¾ðk{kt ykÔÞwt, su ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ r{furLkf÷ fuÕÞw÷uxh íkhefuyku¤¾kÞ Au.

• R.Mk. 1822{kt fuBçkeÍ ÞwrLkðrMkoxe{kt økrýíkþkMºke yuðk ÷tzLkLkkði¿kkrLkf [kÕMko çkuçkuÍ îkhk økýíkhe{kt Ãkzíke íkf÷eVku Ëqh fhðk {kxu1822{kt «Úk{ yuf rzVLMk yuLSLk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt.

• íÞkhçkkË R.Mk. 1833{kt yk yurLsLk{kt MkwÄkhk-ðÄkhk fheyuLkk÷exef (Analytic Enginee)Lke þkuÄ fhe. yk Analytic

Enginee{kt Input out, Process yLku Output yuðe ík{k{ «r¢ÞkçkkË Output {¤íkwt níkwt.

• yk{, Analytic Engine yu yksLkk s{kLkkLkk Computer suðe«r¢Þk WÃkh ykÄkrhík nkuÞ íku ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ r{fuLkef÷ fkuBÃÞwxhçkLÞwt, yk{, [kÕMko çkuçkusLku fkuBÃÞwxh søkíkLkk rÃkíkk íkhefuyku¤¾ðk{kt ykðu Au.

• Agusta Ada fu su [kÕMko çkuçkusLkk rðãkŠÚkLke níkk. íkuykuyu ykAnalytic Engine {kt Ãkt[fkzo{kt WÃkÞkuøk fhe yuf Program çkLkkÔÞku,yk{ Augusta Ada yu Computer søkík{kt «Úk{ Computer

Programmer çkLÞk níkk.• Agusta Ada yu çkkÞLkhe yktf (0,1) Lkk þkuÄf Ãký {LkkÞ Au.

French ði¿kkrLkf - Gottfried Leibniz

• n{oLk nkuçkkheLk :

yuf y{urhfLk ði¿kkrLkf îkhk R÷uõxÙku-r{fuLkef xuçÕÞwþuLk {þeLk{ktÃkt[fkzo{kt WÃkÞkuøk fhe Þw.yuMk.yu. Lke ykþhu 6 fhkuz sux÷e ðMíkeøkýíkhe fhðk{kt ykðe níke. yk ðMíkeøkýíkheLkk Data Lku Mktøkúnfhðk {kxu íÞkhçkkË yuf ftÃkLke çkLkkððk{kt ykðe níke. yk ftÃkLkeLkwtLkk{ International Business Machine hk¾ðk{kt ykÔÞwt. su IBM

Lkk xqtfk Lkk{u òýeíke çkLke.

fkuBÃÞwxhLke ÃkuZeyku(1) «Úk{ ÃkuZe : (First Generation) R.Mk. 1942-1955

- ðuõÞw{ xâwçkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞku. - ykþhu 20,000 sux÷k ðuõÞw{ xâwçkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt ykÔÞku.- yk {þeLk [k÷w fhðk 130 KW Lke ðes¤eLke sYh Ãkzíke níke. - ðsLk{kt ¼khu- ðÄw økh{e WíÃkÒk fhíkk níkk. Xtzk fhðk Cooling FanLke sYh Ãkzíke. - Input íkhefu Ãkt[fkzo- Output íkhefu Ãkt[fkzo - {þeLk ÷Uøðus yLku yuMkuBçk÷e ÷utøðusLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku. • þkuÄf : ßnkuLk {ku[÷e yLku ykufxo• Computer Lkwt Lkk{ :

1. ENIAC (Electronic Numerial Integrator and Computor)

2. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

(2) çkeS ÃkuZe : (Second Generation) : E.Mk. 1955-1964

- E.Mk. 1948{kt rðr÷Þ{ Mkkuf÷e îkhk xÙkLÍeMxh þkuÄ fhðk{kt ykðe. - suLkku WÃkÞkuøk çkeS ÃkuZeLkk fkuBÃÞwxh{kt ÚkÞku.• rðþu»kíkk : - fË{kt LkkLkk níkk. - Úkkuzk ÍzÃke, ®f{ík{kt ykuAk níkk. - ykuAe ðesþÂõíkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. - Mktøkúnf íkhefu {uøLkuxef zeMfLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku.- Fortrun, COBOL suðe ¼k»kkLkku WÃkÞkuøk [k÷w ÚkÞku níkku.

(3) ºkeS ÃkuZe : (Third Generation) : 1965-1974

- suf fuÕçke îkhk Integrated Circuit (IC) Lke þkuÄ ÚkE.- yk{ ºkeS ÃkuZeLkk Computers {kt IC Lkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku. IC {kt

rMkr÷fkuLkLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.• rðþu»kíkk :- ÍzÃke, ®f{ík{kt MkMíkk, ðsLk{kt n÷fk yLku ykuAe ðes¤eLkku

WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. - Time Sharing Operating SystemLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk níkk. yk{,

Operating System Lkku y{÷ yk ÃkuZeÚke þY ÚkÞku.- High Level Lke Language Lkku WÃkÞkuøk þY ÚkÞku.- Ex : IBM 160, IBM 370 ...

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(4) [kuÚke ÃkuZe : (Fourth Generation) 1975 - nk÷ MkwÄe- LSI (Large Scale Integration) yLku VLSI (Very Large

Scale Integration) Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku. suLku Micro Processor

fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.• rðþu»kíkk :- ¾qçk s LkkLkk fË{kt, ÍzÃke, ¾qçk s ykuAe ðes ðÃkhkþ fhíkk níkk.- Multi Processing OS yLku GUI (Graphical User Interface) Lkku

WÃkÞkuøk þY ÚkÞku.- High Level Language suðe C, C++, Java Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkÞku.- {kE¢ku fkuBÃÞwxh, ÷uÃkxkuÃk ðøkuhuLke þYykík ÚkE.

(5) Ãkkt[{e ÃkuZe (Fifth Generation) : ðíko{kLk Mk{Þ- ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) yLku AI (Artificial

Intelligence) Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au. - ¾qçk s ÍzÃke yLku çkwrØ (f]rºk{) Ähkðu Au. - W.Ëk. Sofiya suðk ykÄwrLkf hkuçkxo

fË ykÄkrhík fkuBÃÞwxhLkk «fkh1. MkwÃkh fkuBÃÞwxh - Super Computer

2. {uELk £uE{ fkuBÃÞwxh - Main Frame Computer

3. {eLke fkuBÃÞwxh - Mini Computer

4. {kE¢ku fkuBÃÞwxh - Micro Computer

5. fkuLx{ fkuBÃÞwxh - Quantom Computer

1. Super Computer :

- ¾qçk s ÍzÃke yLku Complex økýíkhe fhðk Super Computer

ðÃkhkÞ Au.- fË yLku ®f{ík{kt ðÄw nkuÞ Au. - E.Mk.1991{kt C-DAC îkhk «Úk{ MkwÃkh fkuBÃÞwxh Ãkh{ - 8000

çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt. - íÞkhçkkË BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center) îkhk yLkwÃk{

çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwt.- ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ Super Computer ¢u - IS Au. suLkwt rLk{koý

E.Mk.1976{kt Þw.yuMk.yu.{kt ÚkÞwt níkwt.

(2) Main Frame

- Railway Reservation, Income Tax Department {kt ykðk {kuxkfËLkk Computers Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.

(3) Mini Computer

- {kuxe ftÃkLkeyku{kt ÍzÃke Server íkhefu WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.

(4) Micro Computer

- nk÷Lkk Mk{Þ{kt ½h{kt ðÃkhkíkk PC, Laptop, PDA, Smart Phone

ðøkuhu Micro Computer Au.- {kE¢ku fkuBÃÞwxhLke ÍzÃk MIPS (Million of Instruction Per

Second) {kt {ÃkkÞ Au.

Type of Computer

1. Analog Computer :

- yktfzk, ftÃkLk ðøkuhuLku ykÄkhu fk{ fhíkk Computer Lku Analog

Computer fnu Au.

- W.Ëk. rMkM{kuøkúkV, MÃkezku{exh

2. Digital Computer :

- yk Computer çkkÞLkhe ytf WÃkh s fk{ fhu Au.

- W.Ëk. nk÷{kt ðÃkhkíkk PC, Laptop

3. Hybrid Computer :

- yk Computer {kt Analog yLku Digital çktLkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.

- W.Ëk. ECG {þeLk, rzrsx÷ ðsLk fktxk, Digital Speedometer]

fkuBÃÞwxhLke ÷kûkrýfíkkyku1. fkuBÃÞwxh {wÏÞíðu Lke[u {wsçk ÷kûkrýfíkk Ähkðu Au su Mkk{kLÞ heíku

{Lkw»Þ Ähkðíkku LkÚke.1) ÍzÃk2) [kufMkkE3) MktøkúnþÂõík4) yufMkqºkíkk5) rðrðÄíkk

• {ÞkoËkyku :- ÷køkýeþe÷ LkÚke.- rð[khe þfíkwt LkÚke.- ¾kuxku Data Center fhðkLke ¾kuxwt O/P {¤u Au.- Data : {kuxk ¼køku rçkLkWÃkÞkuøke yktfzk, MktÏÞkykuLku Data fnu Au.- 50,100

- Information : Data WÃkh Process çkkË {¤íke Result LkuInformation fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

- 50 Mark, 100 Boys

Computer Architecture :

- E.Mk.1946{kt ðkuLk LÞw{uLk îkhk fkuBÃÞwxh ykŠfxufLke þkuÄ fhðk{ktykðe.

• CPU

1. ALU - Arithmetic & Logical Unit - økkrýíkef fkÞo fhðk2. CU - Control Unit - Computer Lkk ¼køkkuLkwt rLkÞ{Lk fhðk3. Register - CPU Lke Memory Au.

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• Memory :

- {wÏÞ çku «fkh 1. «kÚkr{f (Primary)

2. rîíkeÞ (økkiý) (Secondary)

(1) «kÚkr{f {u{he (Primary Memory)

- MkkiÚke yøkíÞLke {u{he Au. su{kt RAM yLku ROM Lkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au.

1. RAM : Random Access Memory Lkk çku «fkh Au. 1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

- RAM yu yMÚkkÞe {u{he Au.

2. ROM : Read Only Memory

- yk Memory MÚkkÞe Memory Au. su {wÏÞíðu ºký «fkhLke Au.1. PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory

2. EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

3. EEPROM - Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory

• Cache Memory : {wÏÞ {u{he yLku CPU ðå[u Data Lke ykÃk-÷uyk Memory îkhk ÚkkÞ Au.

(3) Secondary Memory (økkiý Mktøkún þÂõík)- Mkki «Úk{ Secondary Memory íkhefu Magnetic Tape Lkku WÃkÞkuøk

Úkíkku níkku. W.Ëk. swLkk Mk{ÞLke Audio Cassette

(1) Magnetic Disk :

- Hard Disk - 10 MB to 65 TB

- Floppy Disk - 1.44 MB Memory

- Portable Hard Disk

(2) Optical Disk - CD, DVD, Blue Ray

- CD - Compact Disk - 650 MB MkwÄeLke Mktøkún þÂõík- DVD - Digital Versatile Disc - 4.5 GB MkwÄeLke Memory

- CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW ðøkuhu{kt ykÞoLkykuõMkkEzLkwt Ãkz [zkðe Data Burn fhðkLke «r¢Þk îkhk CD-Write

fhðk{kt ykðu Au. - Blue Ray Disk - 25 GB to 50 GB MkwÄeLke Memory

- Holographic Data Storage - Max. 4TB MkwÄeLke MktøkúnþÂõík- CD>DVD>Blue Ray>Holographic Storage

(3) Flash Memory :

- Pendrive, Micro SD ðøkuhu{kt fkzo{kt ðÃkhkíke Memory Lku Flash

Memory fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

Input Devices

1. Keyboard :

- Mkk{kLÞ heíku 104 Key nkuÞ Au. 1. Alphabetic Key (A,B, .... Z)

2. Number Key (0, 1,.... 9)

3. Symbol Key (#, *, %, +, - , /)

4. Special Key (Esc, Enter, Tab, Ctrl, Alt, Shift)

5. Function Key (F1,F2, F3, .... F12)

- Tab - 5 MÃkuMk çkkh Akuzðk- Esc - fkuE Process çktÄ fhðk- Delete - fMkohLke s{ýe çkkswLkk yktfzk ¼qtMkðk- Backspace - fMkohLke zkçke çkkswLkk yktfzk ¼qtMkðk

2. Mouse :

- Pointing Device Au.- fMkohLke yuf søÞkÚke çkeS søÞkyu ÷E sðk.- Double click - File fu FolderLku çku ð¾ík õ÷ef fhíkk File/Folder

Open ÚkkÞ Au.- Triple Clicky File/Folder/Rename ÚkkÞ Au.- Drag yLku Drop - File fu Folder Lku yuf søÞkyuÚke çkeS søÞkyu

÷E sðkLke r¢ÞkLku Drag yLku Drop fnu Au.- Control Panel îkhk Mouse Lkwt Setting çkË÷e þfkÞ Au.- Optical Mouse MkkiÚke Mkkhk Mouse Au.

3. Scanner :

- Photograph Lku Digital Form {kt Vuhððk

4. JoyStick :

- Gaming {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au.

5. Light Pen :

- Digital Sign fhðk.

6. OCR :

- Optical Character Recognition

7. OMR :

- Optical Mark Recognition

8. MICR :

- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

9. Web Cam :

- Video Chat fhðk ðÃkhkÞ Au.

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Output Devices

1. Printer :

- Printer {wÏÞ çku «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au. 1. Impact Printer

2. Non - Impact Printer

1. Impact Printer {kt Printing Ëhr{ÞkLk ðÄw yðks ÚkkÞ Au. - Dotmatric Printer : yk Pointer {kt Dots Lkk MðYÃk{kt Printing

ÚkkÞ Au. Speed Lku DPI (Dots Per Inch) {kt {ÃkkÞ Au. - Daisy Wheel Printer ¾qçk s Äe{wt «eLxh Au. - Line Printer : Drum ÃkhÚke Alphabets Print fhðk{kt ykðu Au.

2. Non-Impact Printer :

- Ink - Jet Printer :

yk Printer {kt fkŠxÍ yLku Colour Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.- Laser - Jet Printer :

- ÷uMkh xufLkku÷kìS, xkuLkh yLku ÃkkðzhLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au. - Speed : 50 - 500 PPM

- MkkiÚke ðÄw ÞkuøÞ Printer Au.

3. Monitor :

- çkeswt Lkk{ VDU Au. Visual Display Unit

(1) CRT - Cathod Ray Tube

(2) LCD - Liquied Crystal Display

(3) LED - Light Emitting Diode

4. Plotter : Lkfþk yLku {kuxk økúkVLke «eLx fkZðk WÃkÞkuøke Au.5. Projector : Computer Screen Lku {kuxk ÃkËzk WÃkh òuðk.

• Memory Management :

- 1 Bit = 0 or 1 Bit = Binary Digit

8 Bit = 1 Byte 4 Bit = 1 Nibble

8 Bit = 2 Nibble = 1 Byte

- 1024 Byte = 1 Kilo Byte = 210 Byte

1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte = 220 Byte

1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte = 230 Byte

1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte = 240 Byte

1024 TB = 1 Pera Byte = 250 Byte

• Number System :

1. Binary : 0 yLku 12. Decimal - 0, 1, .... 9

3. Octacal - 0,1, .... 7

4. Hexadecimal - 0,1, .... 9, A,B,C,D,E,F

fkuBÃÞwxhLkk {wÏÞ ½xf

(1) Hardware :

- fkuBÃÞwxhLkk yuðk ík{k{ ¼kiríkf ¼køk suLku MÃkþeo þfkÞ íkuLku

Hardware fnu Au.

- WËk. KBD, HDD, Monitor, Printer ðøkuhu ðøkuhu

(2) Software :

- Computer Lku ykÃku÷e Mkq[LkkLkk Mk{qnLku Software fnu Au.

- Software {wÏÞ ºký «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au.

1) System Software

2) Application Software

3) Utility Software

(1) System Software :

- Computer User yLku Hardware [÷kðk {kxu su Software ðÃkhkÞ

Au íkuLku System Software fnu Au.

(2) Application Software :

- User îkhk [ku¬Mk fkÞkuo fhðk Computer {kt Install fhðk{kt ykðíke

Software Lku Application Software fnu Au.

- Ex. MS-Office

(3) Utility Software :

- Computer Lkk Maintance {kxu ðÃkhkíkk Software fnu Au. - WËk. WinZip, Disk Clean up, Antivirus Software

Computer Languages

- Computer MkkÚku fk{ fhðk ðÃkhkíke ¼k»kkLku Computer LkeLanguage fnu Au.

• {wÏÞ çku «fkh : - High Level Language

- Low Level Language

(1) Low Level Language :

- User {kxu þe¾ðe yLku Use fhðe ½ýe y½he ¼k»kk nkuÞ Au.- Computer Lke ¼k»kkyu Machine Language Au. su 0 yLku 1 {wsçk

Au. su «Úk{ ÃkuZeLkk Computer {kt ðÃkhkíke níke.- íÞkhçkkË Assembly ¼k»kkLkku WÃkÞkuøk þY ÚkÞku. su{kt Assember Lkku

WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku.- yk{, Machine Language yLku Assembly Language «Úk{

ÃkuZeLkk Computer {kxu ðÃkhkíke níke.

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(2) High Level Language :

- yk ¼k»kk{kt Compiler yLku Interpreter îkhk ykÃku÷k code LkuMachine language {kt Vuhððk{kt ykðu Au.

- Compiler - yk¾k Program Lku yufeMkkÚku {þeLk ÷uøðus{kt fLðxo fhu.yLku Interpreter yk¾k ProgramLke yuf-yuf ÷kELkLku çkË÷u Au.

- WËk. Fortran, COBOL, Basic, Logo, Algol, C, C++, Java ðøkuhu

• Firmware :

- Hardware yLku Software Lkk r{©ýLku Firmware fnu Au.- WËk. BIOS

• Operating System (O.S.)

- yuf System Software Au su Hardware yLku User ðå[u Bridge LkwtfkÞo fhu Au.

• O.S. Lkk «fkh :1. Single User Single Task - DOS

2. Single User Multi Task - XP, Windows 7

3. Multi User Multi Task - Servers

• Driver :

- fkuBÃÞwxh{kt Install fhðk{kt ykðu÷k Hardware and Software ðå[uBridge Lkwt fk{ fhu Au.

• Windows :

- fkuBÃÞwxh [k÷w fÞko çkkË Ëu¾kíke Screen Lku Windows fnu Au.

• Desktop yu {wÏÞ ºký ¼køk{kt ðnU[kÞu÷wt nkuÞ Au.(1)Wallpaper

(2) Icon

(3) Taskbar

1. Wallpaper :

- Desktop {kt ykðu÷k Background Lku Wallpaper fnu Au.

2. Icon :

- File fu Folder Lkk r[ºkkí{f hsqykíkLku Icon fnu Au.

3. Taskbar :

- Desktop Lkk MkkiÚke Lke[uLkk Bar Lku Taskbar fnu Au su ºký ¼køk{ktðnU[kÞu÷k Au.(1) Start

(2) Quick Launch Bar

(3) Notification Bar

• Folder :

- By default Name - By Folder

- htøk - Ãke¤ku,- çkeswt Lkk{ - Directory

- {wÏÞ Folder - Parent Folder

- ytËhLkk Folder - Sub Folder fnu Au.

• Recycle Bin :

- Ëqh fhu÷e rçkLksYhe File/Folder Recycle Bin {kt ykðu Au.- Default Size : 10%

- File Lku nt{uþk {kxu Ëqh fhðk Empty Recycle fhíkk File nt{uþk {kxuËqh ÚkkÞ Au.

- Restore ykÃkíkk File ÃkkuíkkLkk Folder {kt {q¤ MÚkkLku ykðe òÞ Au.

• Notepad :

- Notepad yu Utility Program Au. suLkku WÃkÞkuøk LkkLkk Program

÷¾ðk ÚkkÞ Au.- Extension : .txt

- HTML Lkk Tag ðk¤e ¼k»kk ÷¾ðk WÃkÞkuøke Au.

• Switch User :

- [k÷w fk{ Ëhr{ÞkLk yuf Account {ktÚke çkeò Account{kt sðk{kxuLkwt Option Au.

• Turn Off :

- Computer Lku çktÄ fhðk {kxuLkw Option Au.

• Restart :

- Computer Lku çktÄ fhe Vhe [k÷w fhðk Restart Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.

• Computer {kt {wÏÞ çku «fkhLkk Account nkuÞ Au.(1) Administrator : Full Access Ähkðu Au.(2) Guest/Limited Account : Limited Access Ähkðu Au.

• Computer Network :

- ßÞkhu çku fu íkuÚke ðÄw Computer yÚkðk Device yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkEAu. íÞkhu íkuyku Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k Au íku{ fnuðkÞ.

• ¼kiøkkur÷f rðMíkhý «{kýu Network {wÏÞíðu ºký «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au. (1) LAN

(2) MAN

(3) WAN

1. LAN : Local Area Network

- yuf Y{, rçkÕzªøk fu {fkLk Ãkqhíkwt fhðk{kt ykðu Au.- 100 Meter MkwÄeLke Range nkuÞ Au.- Mkk{kLÞ heíku ðÄw «{ký{kt WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðkÞ Au.

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2. MAN : Metropolitan Area Network

- yuf þnuhe rðMíkkh{kt Vu÷kÞu÷k Network Lku MAN fnu Au.- yk Network ykþhu 50 KM {kt Vu÷kÞu÷ nkuÞ Au.

3. WAN : Wide Area Network

- ¾qçk s rðþk¤ rðMíkkh{kt Vu÷kÞu÷ nkuÞ Au.- WËk. GSWAN, Internet Network

• Protocol :

- Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k Hardware yLku Software su [ku¬Mk rLkÞ{ku{wsçk ¢{çkØ Data Lkwt Transfer fhu Au íku rLkÞ{kuLku Protocol fnuðk{ktykðu Au.

- {wÏÞ 5 «fkhLkk Protocol nkuÞ Au.(1) HTTP

(2) TCP

(3) IP

(4) FTP

(5) POP

• Node :

- Lkuxðfo{kt òuzkÞu÷k Ëhuf Computer Lku Node fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

• ISOC : Internet Society

• Server :

- sÞkhu Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k Device îkhk Request fhðk{kt ykðuíÞkhu Request Lkku Reply fhíkk, Computer Lku Server fnu Au.

• Client :

- Internet Network MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k Computer User Lku Client

fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

• Computer Topology :

- Computer Network {kt Ëhuf Network Device su ¼kiríkf òuzkýMkth[LkkÚke yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au íkuLku Network LkeTopology fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

1. Bus Topology :

- yk Topology {kt çktLku Auzu çktÄ yuðk yuf s fuçk÷{kt çkÄk Device

òuzkÞu÷kt nkuÞ Au.- yk Topology ¾qçk s ykuAk ¾[o{kt íkiÞkh ÚkkÞ Au.- yk Topology {kt Cable çktÄ ÚkE síkkt yk¾wt Network çktÄ ÚkE òÞ Au.

2. Ring Topology :

- yk Topology {kt çktÄ hªøk «fkhLkwt Network nkuÞ Au.- yk Topology {kt yuf Node çktÍ ÚkE síkkt yk¾wt Network çktÄ ÚkE

òÞ Au.- yk Network {kt ÍzÃk ¾qçk ykuAe nkuÞ Au.

3. Star Topology :

- yk Topology {kt yuf {æÞMÚk Device îkhk ík{k{ Node yufçkeòMkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au.

- yk Network {kt yuf Device çktÄ Úkíkk Network çktÄ Úkíkwt LkÚke.Ãkhtíkw òu {æÞMÚk Device çktÄ ÚkkÞ íkku yk¾wt Network çktÄ ÚkE òÞ Au.

4. Nesh Topology :

- yk Topology {kt çkÄk Node yuf çkeò MkkÚku Point - To - Point ÚkeòuzkÞu÷kt nkuÞ Au.

- yuf Node çktÄ ÚkkÞ íkku Ãký çkeò {køko îkhk Data Lkwt ðnLk ÚkE þfu Au.- ðÄw Cabeling fhðwt Ãkzíkwt nkuE ¾[o ðÄw ÚkkÞ Au.

5. Tree Topology :

- yk Topology {kt Ëhuf Node Tree Lke þk¾k heíku Network {ktòuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au.

- þk¾kLkwt {wÏÞ rzðkEMk çktÄ ÚkkÞ íkku Lke[uLkk Node çktÄ ÚkE òÞ Au.

• Network Device :

- Lkuxðfo{kt Node Lku yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzðk {kxu y÷øk-y÷økHardware Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au. su Lke[u {wsçk Au.

- Switch/HUB : {æÞMÚk Device íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au.- Router : çknkhLkkt Network Lkk Device íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au.- Modem : Modulator - Demodulator íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au.- RJ-45 : Network Connector Au.- NIC Card : Network Interface Card íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au. - Cabel : {wÏÞ ºký «fkhLkk fuçk÷ ðÃkhkÞ Au.

(1) Twisted Pair Cabel

(2) Co-axial Cable

(3) Fiber Optical Cable : yk fuçk÷{kt data Lkwt ðnLk «fkþLkk{kæÞ{Úke ÚkkÞ Au. ¾qçk s ÍzÃke {kæÞ{ Au.

- Modem : ModemLkku WÃkÞkuøk Analog Signal Lku Digital Signal LkuAnalog {kt Convert fhðk ðÃkhkÞ Au.

Internet :

- Internet Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ Interconnected Network Au.- ËwrLkÞkLkwt «Úk{ Internet Network yu ARPANET níkwt. su

E.Mk.1961 {kt U.S.A. Lkk Defence rð¼køk îkhk çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞwtníkwt.

- Internet {kt Data Lkwt ðnLk fhðk {wÏÞíðu su Protocol ðÃkhkÞ Au íkuLke[u {wsçk Au.(1)TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

(2)IP - Internet Address Protocol

(3)FTP - File Transfer Protocol

(4)HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

7

• IP Address :

- Internet Network {kt òuzkÞu÷k ík{k{ Node Lku yuf yòuz Address

ykÃkðk{kt ykðu÷ nkuÞ Au. yk Address Lku Internet Address

fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.- IP Address {wÏÞ çku Version {kt nkuÞ Au.

(1)IPV4 - 32 Bit

(2)IPV6 - 128 Bit

- IPV4{kt fw÷ 4 yçks IP Address Mk{kðe þfkÞ Au.- IP Address {wÏÞ [kh ¼køk{kt ðnU[kÞu÷wt nkuÞ Au. su 0-255Lke

Range {kt s nkuÞ Au.- WËk. 192.168.1.1.

8 Bit

• WWW - World Wide Web - W3

- ËwrLkÞk¼h{kt ykðu÷k fkuBÃÞwxh{kt hnu÷e {krníke yufçkeò MkkÚkuykÃk-÷u fhðk {kxu ÷tzLkLkk fkuBÃÞwxh ði¿kkrLkf yuðk Mkh xe{oçkLkoMk÷e îkhk yuf rðï ÔÞkÃke fkuBÃÞwxh LkuxðfoLkwt ò¤wt çkLkkððk{ktykðu yuðe þkuÄ fhðk{kt ykðe.

- yk þkuÄLku World Wide Web yuðwt Lkk{ ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞwt. ykWWW {kt òuzkÞu÷k Device {kt hnu÷e {krníke yufçkeò MkkÚkuHyperlink îkhk òuzkÞu÷ nkuÞ Au.

- yk WWW {kt Documents Lku Hyperlink Úke yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzðk{kxu ºký ytøkku sYhe Au.(1)HTML

(2)HTTP

(3)Web Browser

- suLke h[Lkk xe{ çkLkoMk ÷e îkhk fhðk{kt ykðe níke.- HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language - yk ¼k»kkLkku WÃkÞkuøk

Document, Files ðøkuhuLku Hyperlink Úke òuze Web Page çkLkkððkÚkkÞ Au.

- HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

yk Protocol îkhk Websites Lke {krníke Send yLku Receive fheþfkÞ Au.

- Web Browser : ðuçk çkúkWÍh yuðwt Software Au suLkk {kæÞ{ÚkeRLxhLkuxLke ËwrLkÞkLke ík{k{ Hyperlink Document Access fheþfkÞ Au.

- Mkki «Úk{ Web Browser Mosaic níkwt.- nk÷{kt «[r÷ík ðuçk çkúkWÍh{kt Google Chrome, Internet

Explorer, Safari ðøkuhu Au.- Web Browser Lku Refresh fhðk F5 Key Press ÚkkÞ Au. - ðuçk çkúkWÍh{kt òuÞu÷e ík{k{ ðuçkMkkExLku History {kt òuE þfkÞ Au.- Web Page : File fu su Audio, Video, Document fu Text MðYÃk{kt

nkuÞ íkuLku Hyper Media MðYÃk{kt çkLkkððk{kt ykðu Au. yk ËhufDocument Lku Web Page fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

- ykðkt ½ýktçkÄk Web Pages Lku Link îkhk yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzeWebsites çkLkkððk{kt ykðu Au.

- Website Lkk «Úk{ ÃkusLku Home Page fnu Au.- yuf Website WÃkhÚke çkeS Website WÃkh sðkLke r¢ÞkLku Surfing fnu Au.- su ®÷f îkhk Webpage yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k nkuÞ Au íkuLku

Hyperlink fnu Au.- Search Engine yuf ðuçkMkkEx Au. WWW.google.com

• zku{uELk (Domain) Name :

- Domain Lkk Lkk{ ÃkhÚke fkuE Website Lkku «fkh, ¼kiøkkur÷f Area

ðøkuhu òýe þfkÞ Au.

- Domain Name ÃkhÚke ðuçkMkkExLkku «fkh Au.(1).com - Commercial - ðuÃkkhe MktMÚkk - google.com

(2).net - Network Service - vsnl.net

(3).edu - þiûkrýf MktMÚkk - www.university.edu

(4).org - rçkLk ðuÃkkhe MktMÚkk - www.un.org

(5).gov - Mkhfkhe MktMÚkk - www.gswan.gov

- Domain Name ÃkhÚke ¼kiøkkur÷f rðMíkkh(1).in - India

(2).uk - United Kingdom

(3).us - United State

(4).au - Australia

• E-Mail :

- Ãkqhwt Lkk{ : Electronic Mail

- økwshkíke Lkk{ : rðòýwt xÃkk÷

- yuf user çkeò user Lku Digital {kæÞ{ îkhk xÃkk÷ {kuf÷ðkLker¢ÞkLku E-mail fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

- E-Mail {kuf÷ðk e-mail address Lke sYh Ãkzu Au. e-mail Lke MkuðkÃkqhe Ãkkzíke ftÃkLkeLku e-mail service provider fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

- Lkðku User {kxu Sign up fhðwt Ãkzu Au.patelalpesh1985@gmail.com

User Name Host Name Domain Name

- E-mail id yu “@” yLku “.” îkhk Aqxk Ãkkzðk{kt ykðu Au.- E-Mail Protocol

(1)POP3 - Post Office Protocol

(2)SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

- Compose : Lkðku e-mail {kuf÷ðk {kxuLkwt option

- Inbox : Lkðku email yk Folder {kt ykðu Au.- Sent Item : User îkhk {kuf÷u÷ mail yk folder {kt nkuÞ Au.- Spam/Junk Box : rçkLksYhe/ðkÞhMkðk¤k Mail yk Folder {kt

ykðu Au.

8

- Trash Mail : Delete fhu÷k mail yk folder {kt nkuÞ Au.- Draft : Lkk {kuf÷u÷k mail yk folder {kt nkuÞ Au.- CC : Carbon Copy

- BCC : Blind Carbon Copy

- To : {kuf÷ðk {kxu Address Bar

- Reply : E-Mail Lkku sðkçk ykÃkðk- Reply All : E-Mail {kuf÷Lkkh ík{k{Lku yufe MkkÚku sðkçk ykÃkðk- Forward : ykðu÷k Mail Lku çkeò fkuELku Forward fhðk- E-Commerce : fkuBÃÞwxhLkk {kæÞ{Úke Úkíkk ðuÃkkhLku E-Commerce

fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.- M-Commerce : Mobile Lkk {kæÞ{Úke Úkíkk ðuÃkkhLku M-Commerce

fnuðk{kt ykðu Au.

• E-Commerce yLku M-Commerce {wÏÞ Lke[u «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au.1. G 2 G : Government to Govt.

State and Center Govt ðå[uLkku ðuÃkkh/Transtition

2. G 2 B : Government to Business

E-Tender

3. G 2 C : Government to Customenr/Citizen

GSWAN, OJAS

4. B 2 B : Business to Business

Indiamart

5. B 2 C : Business to Customer

Amazon, Flipkart

6. C 2 C : Customer to Customer

Olx.com, Ebay.com

Computer

• VIRUS :

- Vital Information Resource Under Seige.

- Virus yuf «fkhLkku Software yÚkðk Program nkuÞ Au.- Virus Lkk {wÏÞ «fkh Lke[u {wsçk Au :

(1)Malware

(2)Torjan Horse

(3)Adware

(4)Worms

(5)Ransom Ware

(6)Spyware

- ¼khíkLkk «Úk{ VIRUS Lkwt Lkk{ rMkçkúuLk níkwt. su{kt “Happy

Birthday Joshi”yuðku Message níkku.- Computer Lku Virus Lke çk[ðk Lkkt¾ðk{kt ykðíkk Software Lku Anti

Virus Software fnu Au.- WËk. AVG, Norton, Quick Heal ðøkuhu.

• Microsoft Word :

- MS - Word yu yuf Word Processor Software Au. su{kt y÷øky÷øk ËMíkkðus çkLkkððk{kt ykðu Au.

- MS - Word [k÷w fhðk Start - Run - Winword ÷¾e [k÷w fhe

þfkÞ Au.

• Facts :

- Default Font Name + Size : Calibri, Size - 11 (2007)

Time New Roman, 12 (2003)

(Min - 8, Max-72)

- Default File Name : Document 1

- File Extention : .doc/docx

- Default Alignment : Left Justified

- Max File Size : 32 MB

- Max File Size For Open : 502 MB

- Default Page Size : Letter

- Book Binding {kxu Akuzðk{kt ykðu÷e søÞkLku “Gutter”fnuðk{kt

ykðu Au.

- Table {kt Default Row = 2, Coloum = 5 (ðÄw{kt ðÄw = 63)

1. Menu Bar :

• File Menu :

- New : Lkðe File Open fhðk

- Open : sqLke File Open fhðk

- Save : File Lku Save fhðk

- Save As : File Lku çkeò Lkk{u Save fhðk

- Page Setup : Page Lkwt Landscape fu Portrait View òuðk

- Print Preview : Print Lkku View òuðk

- Print : Print ykÃkðk

- Close/Exit : File Lku çktÄ fhðk

• Edit Menu :

- Cut : Select Word Lku fx fhðk : Ctrl + X

- Copy : Select Word Lku Copy fhðk : Ctrl + C

- Paste : Select Word Lku Paste fhðk : Ctrl + V

- Clipboard : Copy fhu÷k þçËku Clipboard {kt Mktøkún ÚkkÞ Au.

- Find : fkuE þçË þkuÄðk : Ctrl + F

- Go to : MkeÄk fkuE þçË yÚkðk Ãkus Lktçkh WÃkh sðk : Ctrl + G

- Replace : fkuE þçËLke MÚkkLku Lkðku þçË W{uhðk : Ctrl + H

- Select All : yk¾k Document Lku Select fhðk : Ctrl + A

9

• View Menu :

- Normal : doc Lku Mkk{kLÞ view {kt òuðk- Web Layout : ðuçkMkkExLkk view {kt òuðk- Print Layout : Print Out Lkk Layout {kt òuðk- Ruler : Page {kt Ruler Add fhðk- Zoom : doc Lku LkkLke-{kuxe fhe òuðk, Min=10%, Max = 500%

- Full Screen : F11 îkhk Screen Lku Full fhe þfkÞ Au.

• Insert Menu :

- Break : Page Lku Break fhðk- Page Number :

- Table : xuçk÷ Add fhðk- Clip Art : Clip Art Add fhðk- Hyperlink : Ctrl + K - Hyperlink ykÃkðk- Header : Header yLku Footer Add fhðk- Footer : Header yLku Footer Add fhðk

• Page Layout Menu :

- Margin : Margin Set fhðk- Orientation : Layout [uLs fhðk- Page Colour : Page Lkku Colour çkË÷ðk- Page Border : Page {kt Border Add fhðk- Paragraph Indent : Paragraph {kt Indent Add fhðk

• Format Menu :

- Font : Font dialogue Open fhðk - Spacing : Spacing ðÄkhðk- Bullet : Bullet Point Add fhðk- Drop Case : «Úk{ yûkh {kuxku fhðk- Water Mark : Water Mark Add fhðk

• Tool Menu :

- Spelling & Grammer : Doc {kt Spelling (F7) ¼q÷ [uf fhðk- Word Count : Word, Line ðøkuhu økýðk {kxu- Mail Merge : ½ýk çkÄkLku yufe MkkÚku Ãkºk {kuf÷ðk- Thesaurus : Mk{kLkkÚkeo þçËku þkuÄðk : Shift + F7

- Macro : {u¢ku hLk fhðk : Alt + F8

• Shortcut of MS : Word/Excel/Power Point :

- Ctrl + A : yk¾wt document select fhðk- Ctrl + B : Selected Word Lku Bold fhðk- Ctrl + C : Selected Word Lku Copy fhðk- Ctrl + D : Font Dialogue Box ¾ku÷ðk- Ctrl + E : Center Alignment fhðk

- Ctrl + F : Word Find fhðk- Ctrl + G : Go to Option Open fhðk- Ctrl + H : Replace Box ¾ku÷ðk- Ctrl + I : Italic Font fhðk- Ctrl + J : Justify Alignment fhðk- Ctrl + K : Hyperlink ykÃkðk- Ctrl + L : Left Alignment fhðk- Ctrl + M : Paragraph {kt Indent fhðk, «Úk{ ÷kELk- Ctrl + N : Lkðe File Open fhðk- Ctrl + O : sqLke File Open fhðk- Ctrl + P : Print ykÃkðk- Ctrl + Q : Paragraph Indent Ëqh fhðk- Ctrl + R : Right Alignment ykÃkðk- Ctrl + S : File Lku Save fhðk- Ctrl + T : Paragraph Úke «Úk{ ÷kELkLku Hanging fhðk- Ctrl + U : Selected Word Lke[u Underline fhðk- Ctrl + V : Paste fhðk- Ctrl + W : [k÷w File Lku çktÄ fhðk- Ctrl + X : Cut fhðk {kxu- Ctrl + Y : Action Lku Redo fhðk- Ctrl + Z : Action Lku Undo fhðk- Ctrl + ] : Font Size yuf LktçkhLke ðÄkhðk- Ctrl + [ : Font Size yuf LktçkhLke ½xkzðk- Ctrl + Shift + > = Font Size çku LktçkhLke ðÄkhðk- Ctrl + Shift + < = Font Size çku LktçkhLke ½xkzðk- Ctrl + Shift + + = Font Lku Super Script fhðk = H2O

- Ctrl + = = Font Lku Subscript fhðk = H2O

- Ctrl + Home = «Úk{ Paragraph Lke «Úk{ ÷kELk{kt sðk- Ctrl + End = AuÕ÷k Paragraph Lke AuÕ÷e ÷kELk{kt sðk- Alt + F4 = [k÷w Program Lku çktÄ fhðk- Alt + Tab = [k÷w Program ðå[u Switch fhðk- F7 = Spelling yLku økúk{h [uf Úkþu- F5 = Go to option ¾q÷þu- F8 = 2 ð¾ík «uMk fhíkk Word yLku 3 ð¾ík «uMk fhíkk Paragraph

Select Úkþu.- F12 = Save As Option ¾q÷þu.

• Microsoft Excel

- økkrýríkf fkÞo fhðk {kxu

• MS - Excel Facts :

- Default File Name : Book. xls

- Default Font Size and Name : Default Font Size, Callibri

- Extension : .xls/.xlsx

10

- Default Work Sheets : 3 Sheet

- Max Row : 10,48,576

- Max Column : 16,384

- Min Zoom : 10%

- Max Zoom : 400%

- su Cell {kt fMkoh nkuÞ íkuLku Active Cell fnu Au.- Default Cell Height = 15

- Default Cell Coloum = 8.3

• MS-Excel Data Analysis Function

- Data Sort

- Data Filter

- Chart

- Pivot Table

- MS-Excel {kt Chart W{uhðkLke Short Key F11 Au.

• Mkk{kLÞ heíku ðÃkhkíkk Function :

(1) = Sum (A1:A5) - Mkhðk¤ku fhðk

(2) = Average () - Average þkuÄðk

(3) = Min () - MkkiÚke LkkLke MktÏÞk þkuÄðk

(4) = Max () - MkkiÚke {kuxe MktÏÞk þkuÄðk

(5) = Count() - MktÏÞkLkku Lktçkh òýðk

(6) = today () - yksLke íkkhe¾ òýðk

(7) = now () - yksLke íkkhe¾ yLku Mk{Þ òýðk

• MS - Power Point :

- Default File Name : Presentation .Ppt

- Default Font Size : Heading - 44 (Calibri)

Content - 32 (Calibri)

- Extension - .ppt/.pptx

- Lkðe M÷kEz W{uhðk Ctrl + M ðÃkhkÞ Au.

- Duplicate Slide çkLkkððk Ctrl + D ðÃkhkÞ Au.

- yuf M÷kEz effect su çkÄe s slide {kt òuðk {¤u Au íku M÷kEzLku

Master Slide fnu Au.

- zkçke çkksw Ëu¾kíke Slide View Lku Slide Shorter View fnu Au.

- Presentation [k÷w fhðk {kxu F5 yLku çktÄ fhðk Esc Key Lkku

WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au.

- Presentation {kt Slide çkLkkððk {kxu ykÃku÷e Lk{qLkk Slide Lku Slide

Template fnu Au.

- Ctrl + N fhðkÚke Lkðwt Presentation File ¾q÷þu.

• Shift + F3 Key Press fhðkLke Font Lkk Case çkË÷e þfkÞ Au.

1. Upper Case : çkÄk Fonts Capital ÚkkÞ Au.

2. Lower Case : çkÄk s Fonts Small Case {kt ykðu Au.

3. Sentence Case : ðkõÞLkku «Úk{ yûkh Capital {kt ykðu Au.

4. Title Case : Ëhuf þçËLkku «Úk{ yûkh Capital ÚkkÞ Au.

5. Toggle Case : Capital þçË Small yLku Small þçË Capital ÚkkÞ Au.

Full Form of Words

- HDMI : High Defination Multimedia Interface

- VPN : Virtual Private Network

- LED : Light Emnting Diode

- LCD : Liquid Crystal Display

- VGA : Video Graphics Array

- DPI : Dots Per Inch

- GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

- GPS : Global Positing System

- DTP : Desktop Publishing

- SMPS : Switch Mode Power Supply

- IC : Integrated Circuit

- BCR : Bar Code Reader

- OMR : Optical Characted Recognation

- MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognation

- LAN : Local Area Network

- WAN : Wide Area Network

- MAN : Metropolitan Area Network

- CC : Carbon Copy

- BCC : Blind Carbon Copy

- PPP : Point to Point Protocol

- SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

- CPU : Center Process Unit

- MU : Memory Unit

- CU : Control Unit

- ALU : Arithmatic and Logical Unit

- CD : Compact Disk

- DVD : Digital Versatile Disk

- CD - ROM : Compact Disk-Read Only Memory

- KB : Kilo Bytes

- MB : Mega Bytes

- TB : Tera Bytes

- GB : Giga Bytes

- BIT : Binary Digit

- Modem : Modulator - Demodulator

- PDF : Portable Document Format

11

- WWW : World Wide Web

- TCP : Transmission Control Protocol

- IP : Internet Protocol

- FTP : File Transfer Protocol

- HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

- HTTPS : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

- HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language

- URL : Uniform Resource Locator

- URI : Uniform Resource Identifier

- UDP : User Datagram Protocol

- VOIP : Voice Over IP

- OSI : Open System Inter Connect

- ISO : International Standard Organization

- NIC : Network Interface Card

- UPS : Uninterputed Power Supply

- HDD : Hard Disk Drive

- FDD : Floppy Disk Drive

- LMB : Left Mouse Button

- RMB : Right Mouse Button

- CRT : Cathod Ray Tube

- USB : Universal Serial Bus

- CLI : Command Line Interface

- GUI : Graphical User Interface

- OS : Operating System

- MS : Microsoft

- KBPS : Kilo byte per Second

- VIRUS : Vital Information Resource Under Seize

- DBMS : Data base Management System

- ASCII : American Standard Code For Information Interchange

- BIOS : Basic Input Output System

- DOS : Disk Operating System

- RAM : Random Access Memory

- ROM : Read Only Memory

- SRAM : Static Random Access Memory

- DRAM : Dynamic Read Only Memory

- PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory

- EPROM : Erassable Programmable Read Only Memory

- EEPROM : Electrical Erassable Programmable Read Only

Memory

- EMail : Electronic Mail

- ENIAC : Electronic Numeric Integrator and

Computer/Calculator

- UNIVAC : Universal Automatic Computor

- FLOPS : Floting Point Operation Per Second

- MIPS : Millions of Instruction Per Second

- FORTran : Formula Translation

- COBOL : Common Business Oriented Language

- Basic : Beginner, All purpose symbolic Instruction code

- GIF : Graphical Interchange Format

- GIGO : Garbage In Garbage Out

- IT : Information Technology

- JPEG : Joint Photography Expert Group

- LSI : Large Scale Integration

- ULSI : Ultra Scale Integration

- MAC : Media Access Control Address

- MPEG : Multimedia Picture Expert Group

- PC : Personal Computer

- PDA : Personal Digital Assistant

- POST : Power On Self Test

- RTF : Rich Text Format

- SQL : Structure Query Language

- Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidility

- Li-Fi : Light Fidility

- WORM : Write Once Read Many Times

- XML : Xtensible Markup Language

- ZIP : Zone Information Protocol

- IBM : International Business Machine

- PIN : Personal Identificaion Number

- DFD : Data Flow Diagram

- AGOL : Algorithm Logic

- BPS : Bits Per Second

- ISP : Internet Service Provider

- CCC : Course of Computer Concept

- ISOC : Internet Society

- CDMA : Code Devision Multiple Access

- MIS : Management Information System

- SWAGAT : State Wide Attention on Grievances by

Application of Technology

- DSL : Digital Subscriber Line

- TAB : Tabular Key

- DNS : Domain Name System

- TOC : Table of Contents

- EDVAC : Electronic Discreate Variable Automatic Computer

- ATM : Automatic Teller Machine

- SATHI : System of Application of Technology for Human

Resource Improvement

- EDP : Electronic Data Processing

12

- PRAGATI : Pro-Active Governance And Timely

Implementation

- UMANG : Unified Mobile Application for New Edge

- TIBIL : Transitor Between Indian Language

- IME : Input Method Editor

- SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol

- FAT : File Allocation Table

Computer Software Extension

1. .doc/.docx - MS-Word File

2. .rtf - Report File

3. .txt - Notepad File

4. .ppt/.pptx - Power point presentation file

5. .mp3 - MP3 Audio File

6. .avi - Audio Video File

7. .MP4 - Mpeg - 4 Video File

8. .MPG - Mpeg Video File

9. .bmp - Bitmap Picture

10. .Gif - Graphical Interchange Format File

11. .pdf - PDF File

12. .xps - XPS Document

13. .xls/.xlsx - Spreadsheet File

14. .html - Website File

15. .bak - Backup File

Important Facts

- Computer Lku rnLËe{kt Mktøkýf fnu Au.- MkkiÚke ðÄw Computer Ähkðíkku Ëuþ U.S.A. Au.- ¼khíkLkwt Mkki«Úk{ fkuBÃÞwxh rMkØkÚko níkwt. su Electronic Corporation

of India îkhk rLkŠ{ík níkwt.- ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ MkwÃkh fkuBÃÞwxh PARAM-8000 níkwt. su C-DAC

(Center for Developing Advance Computing) îkhk rLkŠ{ík níkwt.suLkwt Head Quarter ÃkwLkk ({nkhk»xÙ){kt Au.

- «Úk{ fkuBÃÞwxh çkìtø÷kuhLke yuf Post Office {kt {qfðk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt.- ¼ksÃkk (BJP) îkhk Mkki «Úk{ Political Website 1996{kt

çkLkkððk{kt ykðe níke.- ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ rMkr÷fkuLk ðu÷e çkìtøk÷whw Au.- Internet WÃkh «Úk{ Newspaper “The Hindu” îkhk þY fÞwO níkwt.- Internet Lkku {kr÷f fkuE LkÚke.- ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ ISP yu VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd) níkwt.- rçkxfkuELk yu r¢ÃxkuøkúkrVf fhLMke Au suLkku Concept fkuE y¿kkík

ÔÞÂõík îkhk ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku níkku.

- Wi-Fi {kt Data Lkwt ðnLk Radio Wave {kt ÚkkÞ Au. - Li-Fi {kt Data Lkwt ðnLk «fkþLkk {kæÞ{Úke ÚkkÞ Au.- Mkki«Úk{ E-Mail Mkuðk Mkççkeh ¼krxÞk îkhk fhðk{kt ykðe níke suLkwt

Lkk{ Hotmail níkwt.MS-Office Open Office

Word Processing MS-Word Writer

Calculation MS-Excel Calc

Presentation MS-Power Point Impress

Database MS-Excess Base

• Function Key :

- F1 : Help Open fhðk- F2 : Rename fhðk (File fu FolderLku)- F3 : Search fhðk- F4 : AuÕ÷u fhu÷k Action Lku Repeat fhðk/Alt + F4 = Close fhðk- F5 : Page Refresh fhðk- F6 : URL Bar {kt sðk- F7 : Spelling and Grammar [uf fhðk- F8 : Reboot Option/Safe Mode {kt sðk- F10 : MS-Word Lke Short Cut Activate fhðk- F11 : Full Screen

- F12 : Save As fhðk

One Liner

1. Computer Lkk yøkíÞLkk ¢r{f Step fÞk Au ?- Input, Process, Output

2. CPU Lke yktíkrhf {u{he fE Au ?- Register

3. ASCII {kt fw÷ fux÷k Code ykðu÷k Au ?- 256

4. Computer {kt þçËLke ÷tçkkE þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- çkex5. {u{heLkku MkkiÚke {kuxku yuf{ ?- YB (yotha Bytes)

6. Computer {kt ¾k{e MkòoÞ íkku íkuLku þwt fnu Au ?- çkøk7. Computer [k÷w fhíkkt OS þu{kt Load ÚkkÞ Au ?- RAM

8. Start Menu Lku [k÷w fhðkLke Short Cut Key ?- Ctrl + Esc

9. fkuBÃÞwxhLku Restart fhðk {kxu fE feLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Ctrl + Alt + Del

10. fkuEÃký Program Lke MkkiÚke WÃkh fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Title Bar

11. xkEx÷ çkkhLke Lke[u fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Menu Bar

13

12. Menu Bar Lke Lke[u fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Tool Bar

13. Computer {kt MkkiÚke Lke[u fÞku çkkh ykðu Au ?- Task Bar

14. Computer Screen Ãkh [k÷w «r¢ÞkLkku Photo ÷uðk {kxu fE feLkkuWÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?

- Print Screen

15. {krníkeLkku Mktøkún fÞk yuf{{kt ÚkkÞ Au ?- File

16. Notepad {kt íkkhe¾ yLku Mk{Þ {kxu fE feLkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- F5

17. Control Panel þwt Au ?- System Folder

18. Folder Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Directory

19. Screen Saver {kt {n¥k{ yLku ÷½w¥k{ Waiting Mk{Þ þwt Au ?- Min=1 Minute, Max = 9999 Minute

20. Auto Save {kt {n¥k{ fux÷ku Mk{Þ ykÃke þfkÞ Au ?- 120 Minutes

21. MS-Excel {kt Column Lke Height {n¥k{ fux÷e hk¾e þfkÞ Au ?- 409 cm

22. MS-Powerpoint Lke «Úk{ M÷kEzLku þwt fnu Au ?- xkEx÷ M÷kEz23. Modem Lke ÍzÃk þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- Kbps

24. ¼khíkLkwt «Úk{ Ãkufux nMíkkhý Lkuxðfo fÞwt níkwt ?- ykE{ux25. SMS Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Short Message Service

26. Digilocker Lke Tag Line þwt Au ?- Your Document, Any Time, Anywhere

27. Antivirus yu fÞk «fkhLkwt slw Au ?- rMkõÞwrhxe Þwrx÷exe slw

28. Computer Virus yu þwt Au ?- yuf «fkhLkku Computer Program Au.29. CD {kt ÷¾ðkLke «r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Data Burn Process

30. Java ¼k»kkLke þkuÄ fE ftÃkLke îkhk fhðk{kt ykðe níke ?- Sun Microsystem

31. PDF File òuðk fÞk slw Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Acrobate Reader

32. Dos {kt File Lkwt Lkk{ {n¥k{ fux÷k yûkhLkwt hk¾e þfkÞ Au ?- 8 yûkhLkwt33. Internet WÃkh {¤íkk Free Software Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Freeware

34. Telnet Lku çkeò fÞk Lkk{u yku¤¾kÞ Au ?- he{kux ÷kuøkeLk

35. InternetLkk {kæÞ{Úke ¼ýkðkLke «r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- E-Learning

36. ¼khík îkhk çkLkkðu÷ «Úk{ Search Engine Lkwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Khoj

37. ykWxÃkwx fux÷k «fkhLkk nkuÞ Au ?- 2 «fkh38. «Úk{ Smart Phone Lkwt Lkk{ þwt níkwt ?- Simon

39. Internet Lke þkuÄ fÞk Ëuþ{kt ÚkE Au ?- U.S.A.

40. fkuEÃký Program Mkki«Úk{ fÞkt Load ÚkkÞ Au ?- Loader {kt41. Hard Disk Lke Speed þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- RPM (Rotation Per Minute)

42. Monitor Lkwt Resolution þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- Pixel

43. C - yu fÞk «fkhLke ¼k»kk Au ?- «kuMkeÍh÷ ¼k»kk44. Network {kt ykuAk{kt ykuAk fux÷k fkuBÃÞwxh nkuÞ Au ?- 2

45. yuf s Content ðk¤ku Ãkºk y÷øk-y÷øk MkhLkk{k ðk¤ku çkLkkððkfÞk Option Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?

- Mail Merge

46. Program {kt ¾qxíke {krníke fÞk Box îkhk {ktøkðk{kt ykðu Au ?- Dialogue Box

47. Fiber Optics Lke ÍzÃk fux÷e nkuÞ Au ?- 1000 MBPS

48. MS-Word {kt File {kt MkwÄkhk ðÄkhk fhðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Editing

49. MS-Word Program fux÷e heíku [k÷w fhe þfkÞ Au ?- 4

50. MS-Word fux÷e heíku çktÄ fhe þfkÞ Au ?- 3

51. Keyboard {kt yûkhkuLkku ¢{ zkçke çkkswÚke s{ýe çkksw fÞk ¢{{ktnkuÞ Au ?

- Qwerty

52. MS-Word/Excel ðøkuhu{kt fw÷ fux÷k «fkhLkk Graph W{uheþfkÞ Au ?

- 14 «fkhLkk Graph

53. r[ºkLku ¾U[eLku {kuxwt fhðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Stretch yLku Skew

54. Email yufe MkkÚku fux÷k ÷kufkuLku {kuf÷e þfkÞ Au ?- yMktÏÞ ÷kufkuLku55. Website òuðk fÞk Software Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Web Browser

14

56. Computer yu fuðwt Þtºk Au ?- Electronic Þtºk Au.57. Computer fE ¼k»kk Mk{su Au ?- Machine Language

58. ENIAC Computer fE Lktçkh ÃkØrík WÃkh fkÞo fhíkwt níkwt ?- Decimal

59. fkuE ÃkusLku ykzwt fu Q¼wt fhðwt yuLku þwt fnuðkÞ ?- Page Orientation

60. E-Mail ID {kt User Name yLku Host Name þuLkk îkhk y÷øk Ãkzu Au ?

- “@” r[ö îkhk

yøkkWLke Ãkheûkk{kt ÃkqAkÞu÷k «&™ku1. Bit-Coin þwt Au ?- Digital Currency Au.2. Computer çktÄ fhíkk þu{ktÚke {krníkeLkku Lkkþ ÚkkÞ Au ?- RAM (Random Access Memory)

3. {kuçkkE÷ Lkuxðfo{kt ykðíkwt 2G, 3G, 4G Lkk Mkt˼o{kt G þwt Mkq[ðu ?- G = Generation

4. IT Lkwt Silicon-Velly fÞkt ykðu÷wt Au ?- MkkLk £kÂLMkMfku5. fkuBÃÞwxhLkk rLkÞtºký {kxu Windows {kt fE MkwrðÄk WÃkÞkuøke Au ?- Control Panel

6. Optical Fibre þuLkk {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- MktËuþk ÔÞðnkh {kxu7. Cut yLku Copy fhu÷e {krníke fk{[÷kW heíku fÞkt Store ÚkkÞ Au ?- Clipboard

8. Computer {kt fkuE þçËLke ÷tçkkE þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ?- çkex (Bit)

9. LCD Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Liquid Crystal Display

10. fuþ {u{he (Cache Memory) fÞkt fk{ fhu Au ?- RAM yLku CPU Lke ðå[u11. USB Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Universal Serial Bus

12. Computer {ktLke Lkfk{e VkE÷ku Ëqh fhðk fÞk ykuÃþLkLkku WÃkÞkuøkÚkkÞ Au ?

- Disk Cleanup

13. MS-Office Software {kt fÞk Softwares Lkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au ?- MS-Word + MS-Excel + MS-Power Point + MS-Access +

MS-Outlook

14. Mouse Lke Click çkË÷ðk fÞk Option {kt sðwt Ãkzu Au ?- Control Panel

15. Computer þY fhíkk Úkíke «r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Booting

16. 1 MB çkhkçkh fux÷k çkkEx ÚkkÞ Au ?- 10,48, 576 çkkEx17. MkkiÚke ÍzÃke Printer fÞwt nkuÞ Au ?- Laser Printer

18. yuf Úke ðÄw Processor Ähkðíkk PC Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Multiprocessor

19. fkuBÃÞwxh{kt Data fÞk MðYÃk{kt Store ÚkkÞ Au ?- çkkÞLkhe20. VkuLk ÷kELk{kt Digital Signal {kuf÷ðk fÞwt Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Modem

21. O.S. yu fÞk «fkhLkwt slw Au ?- System Software

22. Memory Lkku Wíkhíkku ¢{ fÞku Au ?- Register, Cache, Main Memory, Hard Disk

23. High Level ¼k»kkLkwt Lkk{ sýkðku.- Fortran, COBOL, JAVA, C, C++

24. Notepad Lkwt Extention þwt Au ?- .txt

25. Blue Ray Disk Lke Mktøkún þÂõík fux÷e nkuÞ Au ?- 25 GB - 50 GB MkwÄe26. IC çkLkkððk þwt ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Silicon

27. øku{ h{ðk fÞw Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Joy Stick

28. HDMI Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- High Defination Multimedia Interface

29. File Lku nt{uþk {kxu delete fhðkLke Short key fE Au ?- Shift + Del.

30. 1 Lkeçk÷ çkhkçkh fux÷k çkex Au ?- 4 Bits

31. Banking, Airline {kt fÞk «fkhLkk Computers ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Main Frame Computers

32. þwt Font Style LkÚke ?- Superscript/Subscript

33. MS-Word {kt VkELz f{kLzLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhe þwt - þwt þkuÄe þfkÞ Au ?- Character/Symbol/Word

34. Lkk{ yLku MkhLkk{k ¼uøkk fhe Ãkºk {kuf÷ðkLkk Option Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Mail Merge

35. MS-Word yLku MS-Excel {kt Mail Merge Data Integration {ktMS-Word þwt çkLku Au ?

- Client

15

36. MS-Excel {kt Mouse fu Aero Key Lkku WÃkÞkuøk fÞko rMkðkÞ A1

Ãkh sðkLke þkuxo fe fE Au ?- Ctrl + Home

37. fE Keys Keyboard {kt MkkiÚke WÃkh ykðu Au ?- Function Keys

38. ALU Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Arithmetic and Logical Unit

39. Presentation {kt Ãknu÷uÚke s íkiÞkh Lk{qLkk VkE÷Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Templete Slides

40. WWW ÃkhÚke {krníke «ËŠþík fhðk Web Browser fE ¼k»kkLkwtyÚko½xLk fhu Au ?

- HTML

41. MS-Excel {kt Formula Ãknu÷k fE rLkþkLke Add fhðk{kt ykðu Au ?- “=”42. Capital yLku Small {kt yMíkÔÞMík ÷¾u÷k Words Lku fÞk Formula

îkhk Mkh¾kðe þfkÞ Au ?- = Proper ()

43. DRAM Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Dynamic Random Access Memory

44. fE MkŠfx Memory Device íkhefu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Flip Flop

45. Vlookup þuLkk {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Relered Record þkuÄðk {kxu46. GUI Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Graphical User Interface

47. Computer {kt fÞk «fkhLke Memory Võík ðkt[e þfkÞ Au ?- ROM

48. User Account Lkwt Lkk{ fÞktÚke çkË÷e þfkÞ Au ?- Control Panel

49. OS Lkk Lkk{ sýkðku.- Windows, IOS, Linux, Unix

50. yuf ðuçkMkkEx ÃkhÚke çkeS ðuçkMkkEx WÃkh sðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnu Au ?- Mk‹Vøk51. MS-Word {kt Page Number fÞkt Add fhe þfkÞ Au ?- Header/Footer

52. MS-Excel {kt [kxo çkLkkððkLkwt {uLkw fÞwt Au ?- [kxo ðeÍkzo53. Desktop {kt ykðu÷k Shortcut Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Icon

54. MS-Word {kt Spelling Lke ¼q÷{kt fÞk htøkLke ÷exe ykðu Au ?- ÷k÷ htøkLke55. WAN Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Wide Area Network

56. fkuEÃký ðuçkMkkExLkk «Úk{ ÃkusLku þwt fnu Au ?- Home Page

57. MS-Word {kt F8 çku ð¾ík Ëçkkðíkk þwt Select Úkþu ?- þçË rMk÷uõx Úkþu.58. fE Programming ¼k»kkLku Convert fhðe Ãkzíke LkÚke ?- Machine Language

59. Computer Lkwt ÓËÞ fkuLku fnuðk{kt ykðu Au ?- Micro Processor

60. 1 MB çkhkçkh fux÷k KB ÚkkÞ ?- 1024 KB

61. SMPS Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Switch Mode Power Supply

62. GIF Lkwt Ãkqhwt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- Graphical Interchange Format

63. Fastest Data Transmission fÞk Au ?- Kbps, Mbps, Gbps

64. Wi-Fi þuLkk WÃkh fk{ fhu Au ?- Radio Wave

65. Phone ÷kELk{kt fÞwt Network Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Modem

66. fE OS yu Multitasking LkÚke ?- MS DOS

67. MS-Word {kt Fonts Lku {kuxk fhðkLke Short Key fE Au ?- Ctrl + Shift + >

68. MS - Word {kt Default Font Size þwt Au ?- 11

69. CC yux÷u þwt ?- Carbon Copy

70. DTP yux÷u þwt ?- Desk Top Publishing

71. Key Board Lke Key Lke «Úk{ ÷kELkLkku ¢{ - QWERTY

72. Computer Lke Main Memory fE Au ?- Primary Memory

73. Mkki «Úk{ ðuçk çkúkWÍh fÞwt níkwt ?- {kuÍuEf çkúkWÍh74. 1024 Bits : fkuE Lkrn75. URL : Uniform Resource Locator

76. Famous Search Engine Lkk Lkk{ sýkðku.- Google, Yahoo, Ask.com

77. MS-Office {kt rðãkÚkeoykuLkk Lkk{ MkhLkk{k Store fhðk fÞwt slw

ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Access

16

78. OCR : Optical Character Recognation

79. Pdf : Portable Document Format

80. ISP : Internet Service Provider

81. MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Reader

82. LED : Light Emitting Diode

83. HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

84. yuf ðuçk Ãkus ÃkhÚke çkeò ðuçk Ãkus Ãkh sðkLke MkwrðÄk fkuý ykÃku Au ?- Hyperlink

85. Function Key Lke MktÏÞk : 12

86. Presentation [k÷w fhðkLke Short key : F5

87. IP : Internet Address Protocol

88. rçkLk sYhe Mail fÞk Folder {kt nkuÞ Au ?- Spam Folder

89. DNS : Domain Name System

90. Windows {kt Free Chat {kxu fÞwt slw ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- Windows Messanger

91. Outlook Express fÞk «fkhLkwt slw Au ?- E-Mail Client

92. Computer Lkwt {øks - CPU

93. VkuxkuøkúkVLku Digital çkLkkðíkwt Device

- Scanner

94. E-Mail Lkwt økwshkíke Lkk{ þwt Au ?- rðòýwt xÃkk÷95. Pen Drive fÞk Port {kt ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- USB

96. Computer çktÄ fhðk fÞku Option ðÃkhkÞ Au ? - Turn Off

97. Folder Lku Default f÷h fÞku Au ? - Ãke¤ku htøk98. CD-ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Memory

99. E-Mail ID {kt @ çkkË fÞwt r[ö ykðu Au ? - “.”100. Microsoft Lkwt Default Web Browser

- IE

101. E-Mail Lke Mkuðk ykÃkíke ftÃkLke - E-Mail Service Provider Host Company

102. Macro Lke Short Cut Key

- Alt + F8

103. Monitor Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{ þwt Au ?- VDU

104. {kuxe VkE÷Lku LkkLke çkLkkððk fÞwt slw ðÃkhkÞ - WinZip

105. Virtual Memory

- RAM Lke Memory (Hard Disk Memory)

106. Mouse Lkwt Mku®xøk çkË÷ðk

- Control Panel

107. [k÷w Screen çktÄ fhðk Short Key

- Ctrl + F4, Alt + F4

108. Notepad Lkwt Extension

- .txt

109. MS-Window Lke þYykík fÞkhu ÚkE níke ?

- 1985

110. abc@gmail.com{kt abc þwt Au ?

- User Name

111. LAN

- Local Area Network

112. Mouse Lku çku ð¾ík õ÷ef fhðwt yux÷u ?

- Double Click

113. CD Lke Mktøkún ûk{íkk ?

- 650/700 MB

114. CD/DVD {kt Data fÞk MðYÃk{kt Store ÚkkÞ Au ?

- Digital

115. Slw Lke Lkðe ykð]r¥kLku þwt fnu Au ?

- yÃkøkúuz116. Folder Lkwt Lkk{ çkË÷ðk fÞwt Option ÃkMktË fhðk{kt ykðu Au ?

- Rename

117. MS-Word {kt Page Lku Q¼wt çkíkkððk- Portrait

118. Delete fe Ëçkkðíkk fMkohLke fE çkkswLkku Word Delete Úkþu ?- s{ýe çkksw119. Thesauras Key Lke Short Key fE Au ?- Shift + F7

120. 1 yûkh : 8 Bit

121. PC {kt hnu÷e Temporary File Ëqh fhðk {kxu - Disk Cleanup

122. Folder Lkwt by default Lkk{ þwt nkuÞ Au ? - New Folder

123. MS-Word {kt Font yLku Size çkË÷ðk fÞk Menu Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ?- Format Menu

124. E-Mail ID {kt Host Name ÃkAe fÞwt r[ö ykðu Au ?]- “.”125. MS-Excel {kt fÞk Option îkhk Row Lke {krníke Coloum yLku

Coloum Lke {krníke Row {kt ykðu Au ?- Transpose

17

126. økxh {kSoLk yux÷u þwt ?- Binding {kxu Document {kt Akuzðk{kt ykðu÷e søÞk.127. Internet WÃkhÚke File PC {kt ÷uðkLke «r¢Þk - Downloading

128. MS-Presentation {kt Lkðe Slide W{uhðk- Ctrl + M

129. Excel {kt ðíko{kLk íkkhe¾ Lkkt¾ðk - = today()

130. VkE÷, Folder Lkk r[ºkkí{f YÃkLku þwt fnu Au ? - Icon

131. Presentation {kt çkÄe s M÷kEz yufe MkkÚku òuðkLkku çkkh - Slide Shorter View

132. Ctrl + W

- Word Lke VkE÷ çktÄ fhðk133. Error Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{ - Bug

134. fÞk Program îkhk VkE÷Lke Size ½xkze þfkÞ Au ?- WinZip

135. HTML þuLkk {kxu ðÃkhkÞ Au ?- ðuçkÃkusLkk Programming {kxu136. Login Name yLku Password Enter fhðkLke r¢ÞkLku þwt fnuðkÞ Au ?- Authentication

137. Private Network Lku çknkhLkk Attack Úke çk[kððk- Firewall

138. OS fÞwt fk{ fhíkwt LkÚke ?- Virus Attack yxfkððkLkwt139. Internet

- Network of Networks

140. fE xkuÃkku÷kuS MkkiÚke rðïMkLkeÞ nkuÞ Au ?- {uÃk xkuÃkku÷kuS141. CD-ROM þwt Au ?- ykuÃxef÷ {u{he142. Printer Lke Quality þuLkk ÃkhÚke Lk¬e ÚkkÞ Au ?- DPI

143. fÞk rzðkEMk îkhk PC Lkuxðfo{kt òuzkÞ Au ?- NIC

144. Digital Signature yux÷u þwt ?- RrL¢Ãxuz {krníke145. Access {kt çkLkkðu÷e VkE÷Lkwt Extension

- .mdb

146. WçkLxw{kt [k÷w {kMk òuðkLkku f{kLz- $cal

147. ykuÃkLk ðuçk MkðohLkwt Lkk{- Apache

148. fÞwt Media Player LkÚke ?- Word Media Player

149. HTML yu þwt Au ?- M¢eÃxªøk ¼k»kk150. IPV4

- 32 Bit

151. MS-Paint Lkwt Extension

- .bmp

152. RAM yLku ROM fÞk «fkhLke Memory Au ? - «kÞ{he {u{he153. xÙuf yLku Mkuõxh þuLkk MkkÚku Mktf¤kÞu÷k þçËku Au ? - Hard Disk

154. CD Write fhðkLke Process

- Burn Process

155. VGA

- Visual Graphic Array/Adapter

156. Linux {kt MKdir

- Lkðe Directory çkLkkððk157. Animation {kxu fÞwt slw use ÚkkÞ Au ?- Maya

158. SQL

- Structure Query Language

159. MS-Excel {kt Default Sheet

- 3 Sheet

160. «Úk{ ÃkuZeLkk PC {kt þuLkku WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku níkku ?- ðuõÞw{ xâwçk161. çkuxhe Back up ykÃkðkLkwt fk{ fhíkwt Device

- UPS

162. Dot Matric Printer fÞk «fkhLkwt Printer Au ?- Impact Printer

163. MkkiÚke Ãknu÷wt Calculating Device

- yçkkõMk (Abacus)

164. Bit

- Binary Digit

165. VkuLk yLku Modem MkkÚkuLkk RLxhLkux òuzkýLku þwt fnu Au ? - Dial Up Internet

166. £e Software Foundation Lkk þkuÄf- rh[kzo Mxku÷{uLk167. Server WÃkh File {qfðkLke «r¢Þk- Uploading

168. Webpage Lku Refresh fhðkLke Key

- F5

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169. Computer Lke Speed þu{kt {ÃkkÞ Au ? - MIPS

170. JPEG

- Joint Photography Expert Group

171. CRT

- Cathod Ray Tube

172. «Úk{ Electronic Computer

- ENIAC

173. ÃkkMkðzo Mkk{kLÞ heíku fux÷k yûkhkuLkku nkuÞ Au ?- 6 yûkh174. Mktøkýf yux÷u þwt ?- Computer

175. .RPT Format

- heÃkkuxo File

176. Powerpoint {kt Date {kxuLke Key

- Alt + Shift + D

177. Remote Login Lkwt çkeswt Lkk{- Telnet

178. IP Address Lke Range

- 0-255

179. ISOC

- Internet Society

180. CDMA

- Code Division Multiple Access

181. Power Point Lke «Úk{ Slide

- xkEx÷ M÷kEz182. SLIP

- Serial Line Internet Protocol

183. PPP

- Power to Point Protocol

184. Network Lkk Ëhuf Device Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Node

185. ÃkkMf÷kELk þkuÄf- çkuEÍ ÃkkMf÷ (£ktMk)

186. Binary ytfLkk þkuÄf

- Augsta Ada

187. VDU

- Monitor

188. Laptop fÞk «fkhLkwt Computer Au ?

- Micro Computer

189. WWWW {kt AuÕ÷ku W

- Worm

190. IPV6

- 128 Bit

191. MS-Word Lkk Font Lke {n¥k{ Size

- 1638

192. MS-Word {kt Screen Split fhðk- View - Window - Split

193. MS-Word {kt çkeò Para Lke «Úk{ ÷kELk{kt sðk - Ctrl + Down Key

194. DHCP

- Dynamic Host Control Protocol

195. F8 Key 3 ð¾ík «uMk fhíkk- yk¾w ðkõÞ Select Úkþu.196. Drop-Cap Lke Default Line Cover fhu Au ?- 3 ÷kELk197. Control Panel {kt fÞku Option nkuíkku LkÚke ?- My Account

198. XML

- Xtensible Markup Language

199. Open Office {kt Word suðwt fkÞo fhíkwt slw

- Writter

200. Network {kt hnu÷k Device Lku ykÃkðk{kt ykðíkk Address Lku þwtfnu Au ?

- IP Address

201. .org, .gov ðøkuhu þwt Au ? - Domain

202. fkuBÃÞwxhLke {krníkeLku LkwõMkkLk ÃknkU[kzLkkh - Hacker

203. fkuBÃÞwxhLke fkÞ{e Memory

- HDD/FDD/ROM

204. IME

- Input Method Editor

205. MPEG4 Video Lkwt Extension

- .mp4

206. MS-Word {kt fux÷k Alignment nkuÞ Au ?- 4

207. CD/DVD {kt Data Lkwt MðYÃk- Digital

208. Formula Bar fÞk slw {kt nkuÞ Au ?- MS Excel

209. AuÕ÷u fhu÷ku VuhVkh Ëqh fhðkLkwt Option

- Undo

210. Recycle Bin {ktLke File Lku Permanent Delete fhðkLke Key

- Empty Recycle Bin

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211. .com

- ðuçkMkkEx fku{ŠþÞ÷ Au.212. MS-Powerpoint Lke File Lku þwt fnu Au ?- Presentation

213. fÞk Printer {kt Toner WÃkÞkuøk{kt ÷uðkÞ Au ?- LaserJet

214. MS-Excel {kt ykðu÷e ykze/Q¼e ÷kELkLku þwt fnu Au ? - Grid Line

215. Hard Disk {kt hnu÷ku Data ÔÞðÂMÚkík økkuXððkLke r¢Þk - Defragment (rz£uø{uLx)216. Software

- yk¿kkykuLkku Mk{qn, OS, Computer Program

217. AuÕ÷u fhu÷ fkÞo heÃkex fhðkLke Key

- F4

218. Hyperlink Lkku f÷h- Blue

219. JPEG

- Joint Photography Expert Group

220. MS-Excel Lke Formula fux÷k yûkh ÷ktçke nkuE þfu Au ?- 255

221. MAC

- Media Access Control

222. fkuBÃÞwxhLke ¾krMkÞík- ÍzÃke, [kufMkkE, MktøkúnþÂõík223. PC {kt Audio Mkkt¼¤ðk fÞk Program Lkku WÃkÞkuøk ÚkkÞ Au ? - Window Media Player

224. Macro Lke ShortKey

- Alt + F8

225. DPI

- Dots Per Inch

226. BIOS

- Basic Input Output System

227. Taskbar Lke zkçke çkksw fÞwt çkxLk ykðu Au ?- Start Button

228. [k÷w VkE÷Lku çkeò Lkk{u Save fhðk fÞwt Option ðÃkhkÞ Au ? - Save As

229. fMkohLke Movement Control fhðk fÞwt Device ðÃkhkÞ Au ? - Track Ball (Mouse)

230. Internet WÃkh Computer îkhk fhðk{kt ykðíkku ðuÃkkh

- E - Commerce

231. Ctrl yLku Shift fuðe Key Au ?

- Modifier Key

232. MS-Word, Excel, Powerpoint {kt fÞku Option File Menu {kt

òuðk {¤íkku LkÚke ?

- Cancel

233. Full Screen Short Key

- F11

234. MS-Word {kt fE Facility {¤íke LkÚke ?

- Live Streaming

235. ðuçkMkkEx

- HTML Pages Lkwt Collection

236. World Lke «Úk{ ðuçkMkkEx fkuýu çkLkkðe níke ?

- xe{ çkLkoMk÷e

237. MS-Word {kt fÞk Bar {kt Command yLku Option ykðu÷k nkuÞ Au ?

- Menu Bar

238. MS-Word {kt fÞk Bar Lkku Mk{kðuþ Úkíkku LkÚke ?

- Task Bar

239. Ctrl + M

- «Úk{ ÷kELkLku Indent fhðk

240 FTP

- File Transfer Protocol

241. Hard Disk {kt hnu÷e {krníke fuðk «fkhLke nkuÞ Au ?

- MÚkkÞe (Non Volatile)

242. Software yÚkðk Program {kt Error [uf fhðkLke «r¢Þk

- Debugging

243. MS-Word {kt fÞw Option ykðíkwt/nkuíkwt LkÚke ?

- Center Indent

244. Refresh {kxuLke Short Key

- F5

245. {kWMkLke Key çkË÷ðk {kxu

- Control Panel

246. PC çktÄ fhíkk Save Data fÞk Store ÚkkÞ Au ?

- Hard Disk

247. PC ßÞkhu Hang ÚkkÞ íÞkhu PC çktÄ fhðk fE Key ðÃkhkÞ Au ?

- Ctrl + Alt + Delete

248. fkuBÃÞwxhLkk fkuEÃký Software çktÄ fhðkLke Key

- Alt + F4/ Ctrl + F4

249. økrýík ûkuºku {kLkð fkuBÃÞwxhLkwt rçkhwË {u¤ðu÷

- þtfwLíkkËuðe

250. IT ûkuºku ÞkuøkËkLk {kxu òýeíkk økwshkíkLkk ÃkLkkuíkk Ãkwºk

- Ëuðktøk {nuíkk

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