computer basics new

8/2/2019 Computer Basics New

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COMPUTER BASICSPART I


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FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICDATA PROCESSING (EDP)


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WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?

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DATA:Collection of factsRaw information

INFORMATION:Useful InformationFacts in organized manner

DATA PROCESSING:Sequence of actions required to beperformed on data to convert it into results.


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Data Processing Operations

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1:Recording and Storage2: Verifying3: Duplicating4: Classifying

5: Sorting6 :Merging7: Calculating8: Searching and Retrieving

9: Summarizing and report writing10: Communication


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METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING

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1. Manual Data Processing Pencil and Paper work Work sheets Journals Ledgers

1. Mechanical Data Processing Calculator Adding Machines Type writers

1. Electromechanical Data processing Card punch Machines

Electronic type writers Accounting machines Unit Record Equipment

1. Electronic Data Processing (EDP) Calculator Computers


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First Generation Computers

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(1946 - 1959)Major Components: Vacuum tubes.ENIACEDVACUNIVACFirst large scale vacuum tube computer

(1946) ENIAC (Electronic NumericalIntegrator and Calculator) was completed

in 1946 by John Mautchly and PresperEckert at the Moore School of ElectricalEngineering (1500 Square feet, weight 30tons, 19,000 tubes).


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First Generation Computercont..

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EDSAC (Electronic Delayed StorageAutomatic Computer) (1949)Completed in 1949 at CambridgeUniversity, England. First Computer to use

the stored the Program concept.EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer) completed in 1952.EDVAC First American Computer to have

stored program feature.UNIVAC-I become operational at CensusBureau in 1951.


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Second GenerationComputers

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Period -1956-64Solid state devices (Transistors) 1000

times faster than First GenerationComputers.

IBM 700


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Second Generation Computerscont..

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Manufacture ModelBurroughs B5000, 200 seriesControl Data CDC 1604, 160AGeneral Electric GE 635, 645, 200

Honeywell 400 Series, 800 seriesIBM 7070, 7080, 7090,1400 series 1600 series

RCA 501

Univac UNIVAC III, 5580, 5590,110Phil co 2000NCR 300


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Third Generation Computer

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Period-1964 - 1970- Integrated Circuits

-Microsecond 106

-Nanosecond 109

-Secondary storage devices, terminals


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Third Generation Computercont..

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Manufacturer ModelBurroughs 5700, 6700, 7700Control Data 3000 series, 6000 series, 7000

series

Digital Equipment PDP-8 series, PDP IIseries

General Electric GE 600 series, GE 235Honeywell 200 series, 60 series

IBM System / 360 series, System / 370 seriesRCA (increased by UNIVAC) Spectra 70 seriesUNIVAC 1108, 9000 series

NCR Century series


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Third Generation Computercont..

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Manufacturer ModelBurroughs 5700, 6700, 7700Control Data 3000 series, 6000 series,7000

series

Digital Equipment PPP-8 series, PDP-II seriesGeneral Electric GE 600 series, GE 235Honeywell 200 series, 60 seriesIBM System / 360 series, System/ 370 seriesRCA (increased by UNIVAC) Spectra 70 seriesUNIVAC 1108, 9000 seriesNCR Century series


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Fourth GenerationComputers

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Since 1970 till nowChip TechnologyLSI - Large Scale Integrator CircuitsMSI Mass Scale Integrated CircuitsSize of Chip - 1/4 square inchSemiconductor Technology


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What is a Computer?

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A device that is capable of performingcomputations and making logical decisions.

An electronic device that stores, retrieves,and processes data, and can be

programmed with instructions.

A computer is composed of hardware andsoftware, and can exist in a variety of sizesand configurations.


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How to use a computer and notlose your mind

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Terminology

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Hardwarews

Software

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Hardware

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Hardware: - Physical Component ofcomputer which constitutes computersystem is called hardware.

OR

Electronic, Electrical and Magnetic parts ofcomputer are known as hardware.

Type of Hardware

CPUPeripherals


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Example of Hardware

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MemoryRAM/ROM

Hard Disk/Floppy Disk/CD/DVD

Keyboard/Mouse/Monitor CPU/Motherboard

Modem

Power Supply


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RAM

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RAM Stand for Random Access MemoryTemporary Memory


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ROM

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ROM Stand for -Read Only MemoryPermanent Memory

Silicon Chip


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CPU

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Central Processing UnitBrain of Computer

Heart of Computer

Calculation Device


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Looking at the CPU

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CD Rom drive3.5 inch floppy disk drive

On/Off button

Restart button


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Computer Structure

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Computer Organization

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Six Logical Units are in every Computer

Input unit -Obtains information from inputdevices (keyboard, mouse)

Output unit -Outputs information (to screen,to printer, to control other devices)

Memory unit -Rapid access, low capacity,stores input Information

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)- Performsarithmetic calculations and logic decisions.

Central processing unit (CPU)-Supervises andcoordinates the other sections of thecomputer.

Secondary storage unit- Cheap, long-term,

high-capacity storage, stores inactive


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CPUMonitor

Mouse

Keyboard


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Units of Time

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Unit Abbreviation Duration (seconds)

Second sec/s 1

Millisecond ms 10-3 = 1/1,000

Microsecond s 10-6

= 1/1,000,000Nanosecond ns 10-9 = 1/1,000,000,000

Pico second ps 10-12=1/1,000,000,000,000

Fenton second fs 10-15=1/1,000,000,000,000,000


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Software

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A general term for computer programs anddocumentation involved in the operation ofthe computer.


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Example of Software

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ProgramData

Application Software

Operating System (OS)Programming Language

System Software

Utility Program


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Program

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A sequence of instructions directing acomputer to perform a particular function.

Or

A statement of an algorithm in aprogramming language.


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Operating System

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Interface between the Computer and User.A collection of programs for operating the

computer. Operating systems performhousekeeping tasks such as input/output

between the computer and peripherals,and accepting and interpreting informationfrom the keyboard.

E l i f O i


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Evolution of OperatingSystems

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Batch Processing

-Do only one job or task at a time.

Timesharing

-Perform a small portion job one users jobthen moves then moves on to service thenext user.

Multiprogramming

-Many job or task sharing a computersresources.


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BOOTING

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1. Operating System is loaded fromSecondary Memory to the Main Memory.After loading of the OS, the computer isready for use.

2. ROM BIOS instructions get executed.Hardware check is performed.

3. IO.SYS and MS-DOS.SYS system files getread from hard/ floppy disk thenCONFIG.SYS gets read and executed.

Type of BootingCold BootingWarm Booting


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Data Representation

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Computer memory Millions of switches(relays)

Two possible states

on or off or

open or closed

charged or discharged (like a capacitor)

Each switch is a bit one binary digit

The on state is binary 1The off state is binary 0


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Data Representation

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Bits when grouped together can to representany number using the binary (base 2) numbersystem.

Bit stands for Binary Digit

1 Bytes 8 bit1 Nibble 4 bit

Most fundamental measure of Memory

256 Megabytes of memory = 2,048,000,000 bits

1 Byte = 1 Character

K = 1024 bytes (K means Kilo)

M = 1024 x 1024 bytes (M means Mega)

G = 1024 x1024 x 1024 (G means Giga)


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Units of Size

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Unit Abbreviation Size (bytes)Bit b 1/8

Byte B 1

Kilobyte KB 210

= 1024Megabyte MB 220 = 1,048,576

Gigabyte GB 230 = 1,073,741,824

Terabyte TB 240 = 1,099,511,627,776

Peta byte PB 250 =1,125,899,906,842,624


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Number Systems

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People-Work in base 10

Computers

-Work in base 2

Engineers

-Often work in other groupings of computer bits

-Octal base eight

-Hexadecimal base sixteen


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Number Systems

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Base 10

-12210

= 2*100

=2*101

=1*102

Base 2

-1102

= 0*20 =010

=1*21=210

=1*22=410

=610


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Number Systems cont..

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Decimal Octal Binary

0 0 000

1 1 001

2 2 010

3 3 011

4 4 100

5 5 101

6 6 110

7 7 111


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COMPUTER LANGUAGES

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Low level languageUse Binary Digits (0,1)

High-level languagesSimilar to everyday English, use mathematical

notations (translated via compilers)

Example:FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++

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