computational fluid dynamics (cfd) analysis of formula one (f1) car

7/23/2019 Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) Analysis Of Formula One (F1) Car

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/computational-fluid-dynamics-cfd-analysis-of-formula-one-f1-car 1/22

1

1- GMXZNHTEXGNM

Gi wnt cnn` ax acc xbd iaexnzu gm Inzltca Nmd xbax eam jd gmictdmedh {gxb

dmkgmddzgmk# lnzd xbam ;6 vdzedmx gu adznhwmalgeu- Enlvtxaxgnmac Ictgh Hwmalgeu

"EIH' vcawu am gmezdaugmk zncd gm xbd hdugkm vzneduu inz xbd atxnlnxgyd gmhtuxzw# gm

vazxgetcaz inz xbd vzdhgexgnm ni adznhwmalge ebazaexdzguxgeu- Xbd vzdudmx uxthw gu

enmedzmdh {gxb xbd ugltcaxgnm ni xbd adznhwmalge icn{ azntmh xbd iznmx udexgnm ni a

Inzltca 1 zaegmk eaz- Xbd mtldzgeac ugltcaxgnm gmyncydh intz vbaudu? kdnldxzw

lnhdcgmk# kdmdzaxgnm ni xbd enlvtxaxgnmac ldub# icn{ enlvtxaxgnm# amh ygutacgaxgnm amh

amacwugu ni xbd icn{ unctxgnmu- Htd xn xbd ugkmgigeamx zduntzedu zdqtgzdh# xbd icn{

enlvtxaxgnm {au vdzinzldh nm a bgkb,vdzinzlamed vazaccdc enlvtxdz uwuxdl-

Enlvazgunm ni xbd mtldzgeac vzdhgexgnmu {gxb {gmh xtmmdc haxa ubn{u xbax xbd enzzdex

hdvdmhdmegdu ni xbd adznhwmalge inzedu nm yazgntu xtmgmk vazaldxdzu azd njxagmdh- Xbtu#

hduvgxd xbd enlvcdrgxw ni jnxb xbd eaz kdnldxzw amh xbd icn{ jdbaygnz# xbd vzdudmx uxthw

bau ubn{m xbax mtldzgeac ugltcaxgnm eam vznyghd a {dacxb ni gminzlaxgnm tuditc xn xbd

hdugkm vzneduu-P1\

Adznhwmalgeu vcawu am glvnzxamx zncd gm xbd vdzinzlamed ni a Inzltca 1 zaegmk

eaz- A mtljdz ni ezgxgeac icn{ azdau eam jd hdugkmaxdh# uteb au xbd iznmx amh zdaz {gmku-

Xbd icn{ gm xbdud azdau gu drxzdldcw enlvcdr# jdgmk bgkbcw xbzdd,hgldmugnmac amh

xtzjtcdmx- Gm ahhgxgnm# xbd icn{ gm hgiidzdmx azdau gu entvcdh0 gmhddh gx gu xbd nydzacc

adznhwmalge jdbaygnz ni xbd ydbgecd xbax knydzmu gxu vdzinzlamed- P1\

Xbd adznhwmalge inzedu drdzxdh nm a Inzltca 1 zaegmk eaz eam jd lnhgigdh jw

xtmgmk yazgntu vznvdzxgdu ni xbd eaz amh gxu avvdmhakdu- Xbd laonz knac gu xn vznyghd

largltl hn{m inzed xn iaegcgxaxd vn{dz xzamuidz iznl xbd dmkgmd# amh xn dmbamed

uxajgcgxw duvdegaccw {bdm enzmdzgmk- Gm nzhdz xn nvxglgd xbd vdzinzlamed ni xbd eaz# gx gu

glvnzxamx xn hdxdzlgmd bn{ xbd adznhwmalge inzedu yazw {gxb xbd xtmgmk ni yazgntu

vazaldxdzu uteb au znah bdgkbx# {gmk enmigktzaxgnm amh icav amkcdu- P1\

Mtldzgeac icn{ ugltcaxgnm bau mnx jddm drxdmugydcw dlvcnwdh gmgxgaccw inz

Inzltca 1 adznhwmalge hdugkm inz duudmxgaccw x{n zdaunmu?



:

Htd xn xbd enlvcdrgxw ni xbd icn{# cazkd,ueacd mtldzgeac ugltcaxgnmu zdqtgzd ahyamedh

mtldzgeac unix{azd amh utjuxamxgac enlvtxaxgnmac zduntzedu xbax bayd mnx jddm ayagcajcd#

Au gm nxbdz avvcgeaxgnm azdau# xbdzd gu zdctexamed xn dljzaed a md{ xdebmgqtd uteb au

Enlvtxaxgnmac Ictgh Hwmalgeu "EIH' tmxgc gx bau jddm vznydm xn vznyghd tuditc amh

zdcgajcd gminzlaxgnm-

Aghdh jw xbd enmxgmtac hdydcnvldmx ni enlvtxdz unix{azd amh bazh{azd# a

mtljdz ni Inzltca 1 xdalu bayd jdktm tugmk EIH inz adznhwmalge hdugkm- [bgcd

mtldzgeac ugltcaxgnm eam mnx dmxgzdcw zdvcaed drguxgmk drvdzgldmxac ldxbnhu# gx bau a

mtljdz ni vnxdmxgac tudu amh ahyamxakdu?

Xn zdhted xbd hdvdmhdmed nm , amh enux ni ― {gmh xtmmdc xduxgmk

Ugmed gx vznyghdu cneac yactdu ni xbd icn{ qtamxgxgdu "d-k- vzduutzd# ydcnegxw' xbzntkbntx

xbd icn{ hnlagm# ugkmgigeamxcw lnzd gminzlaxgnm gu ayagcajcd

Edzxagm auvdexu eam jd ugltcaxdh lnzd daugcw mtldzgeaccw xbam drvdzgldmxaccw "d-k-

enzmdzgmk {gxb iznmx {bddcu baygmk a mnm,dzn wa{ amkcd'

[gxb gmezdaugmk enlvtxdz unix{azd amh bazh{azd eavajgcgxgdu# xbd xtzmazntmh xgld inz

mtldzgeac ugltcaxgnmu eam jd ubnzxdz xbam inz {gmh xtmmdc xduxgmk- P1\



5

:- CGXDZAXTZD ZDYGD[

Am drxdmugyd cgxdzaxtzd zdygd{ nm Inzltca Nmd eaz amacwugu gm EIH {au

vdzinzldh jw Uaxwam Ebamhza1# Accgunm Cdd:# Uxdydm Knzzdcc5 amh E- Kzdk Odmudm8-

Xbdgz uxthw vzdudmed adznhwmalge hdugkm ni inzltca nmd eaz {gmku- Xbd adznhwmalgeu gu

nmd ni xbd vzdhnlgmamx ldamu ni dmbamegmk xbd vdzinzlamed ni xbd eaz- Xbd eaz eam

xzaydzud a enzmdz iauxdz xbam xbd enlvdxgxnz gi xbd eaz eam kdmdzaxd kzdaxdz hn{m inzed-

Xbd hgiidzdmx gu mnxgedajcd nydz a laxxdz ni cavu- Gx acun {ntch la`d a ydzw ugkmgigeamx

hgiidzdmed htzgmk 96 nhh cavu gm daeb zaed- Lnzdnydz# cduu hzak {ntch xzamucaxd xn a jdxxdz

xnv uvddh acnmk uxzagkbx cavu-

Xbd agl ni EIH gu xn zduncyd xbd dqtaxgnm xbax hzgydu xbdnzdxgeaccw dydzw `gmh ni

icn{?

[bdzd t gu xbd ictgh ydcnegxw# ρ gu xbd ictgh hdmugxw# Ug gu a lauu,hguxzgjtxdh

drxdzmac inzed vdz tmgx lauu-

Adznhwmalgeu gu xbd uegdmed xbax uxthgdu njodexu lnygmk xbzntkb agz- Gx gu ecnudcw

zdcaxdh xn ictgh hwmalgeu au agz gu enmughdzdh a enlvzduugjcd ictgh- Gm adznhwmalgeu#

ezdaxgmk hn{m inzed gu glvnzxamx jdeatud gx vzduugmk xbd eaz hn{m nmxn xbd znah amh

gmezdaugmk xbd ayagcajcd izgexgnmac inzed jdx{ddm xbd eaz amh xbd znah# xbdzdinzd dmajcgmk



8

bgkbdz enzmdzgmk uvddhu- Xbd uvnzx eaz lnhdc gu ubn{m gm igktzd :-1-

Igktzd :-1- Ictgh icn{ azntmh Inzltca Nmd eaz-

:-1 Cgix Inzed Amh Hzak Inzed

Cgix# nz hn{m inzed gu xbd inzed kdmdzaxdh vdzvdmhgetcaz xn xbd hgzdexgnm ni xzaydc

inz am njodex lnygmk xbzntkb a ictgh -Xbd uald diidex neetzu {bdm a ictgh lnydu nydz a

uxaxgnmazw njodex# uteb au am agzingc gm a {gmh xtmmdc- Agzingcu azd xbd lnux diigegdmx ubavdu

intmh un iaz xbax eam kdmdzaxd cgix {bgcd ax xbd uald xgld lgmglggmk hzak- Hzak gu am

tmaynghajcd enmudqtdmed ni am njodex lnygmk xbzntkb a ictgh- Hzak gu xbd inzed

kdmdzaxdh vazaccdc amh gm nvvnugxgnm xn xbd hgzdexgnm ni xzaydc inz am njodex lnygmk

xbzntkb a ictgh au ubn{m gm Igktzd :-:- Hzak eam jd jzn`dm hn{m gmxn xbd inccn{gmk x{n

enlvnmdmxu?

g- Inzl hzak "nz vzduutzd hzak' , hdvdmhdmx nm xbd ubavd ni am njodex lnygmk xbzntkb a

ictgh

gg- U`gm izgexgnm , hdvdmhdmx nm xbd yguentu izgexgnm jdx{ddm a lnygmk utziaed amh a ictgh#

hdzgydh iznl xbd {acc ubdaz uxzduu-



4

Igktzd :-:-Cgix amh hzak inzed hgzdexgnm

Xbd cgix amh hzak inzed hdvdmh nm xbd hdmugxw ρ ni xbd ictgh# xbd tvuxzdal

ydcnegxw Y # xbd ugd# ubavd amh nzgdmxaxgnm ni xbd jnhw- Cgix amh hzak

endiigegdmx eam jd hdigmdh au?

[bdzd?

I C <Cgix inzed

I H<Hzak inzed

ρ <Ictgh hdmugxw "uda cdydc agz gu 1-:68 `k.l5'

Y < Ydcnegxw

A < Iznmxac azda



9

:-: Mtldzgeac Lnhdccgmk

Xbd mtldzgeac lnhdc {au udx tv amh ztm tugmk xbd Enlvtxaxgnmac Ictgh Hwmalgeu

"EIH' enhd- Xbgu mtldzgeac uxthw gmyncyd kdmdzaxd a lnhdc gm amw EAH unix{azd amh

vznhted jntmhazw enmhgxgnmu inz amacwugu- Xbd amacwugu ni {gmku ni inzltca nmd eaz jw

ebamkgmk amkcd ni axxaeb "ANA'- Xbd zdutcx {gcc kdx gm xdzlu ni cgix amh hzak inzedu-

Udcdex xbd nvxglgd hdugkm enlvnmdmxu uteb xbax# xbdzd ubntch jd lgmgltl hzak amh

largltl mdkaxgyd cgix-P:\

:-5 [gmh Xtmmdc Xduxgmk

[gmh Xtmmdc# {gxb xbd x{guxgmk yamdu zdlnydh# amh xbd {accu enmxntzdh gmxn a

enmxzaexgnm xn inzl am nvdm odx- Gm ahhgxgnm# a lnygmk jdcx# hzgydm jw am dcdexzge lnxnz

{au tudh xn vznyghd xbd enzzdex jntmhazw enmhgxgnm ax xbd kzntmh jw jdgmk hzgydm ax xbd

uald uvddh au xbd nmudx agz icn{- A baci,ueacd lnhdc lahd ni eazjnm igjzd {au tudh inz

xbd xduxgmk- Gx {au axxaebdh xn xbd tmhdz,icnnz {gmh xtmmdc jacamed- Xbd eaz {bddcu {dzd

mnx axxaebdh xn xbd eaz lnhdc# jtx {dzd vnugxgnmdh aeetzaxdcw amh uvtm jw xbd jdcx aexgnm-

A vbnxnkzavb ni xbd lnhdc lntmxdh ajnyd xbd jdcx gu kgydm gm Xbd icn{ qtacgxw ajnyd xbd

jdcx {au dralgmdh jw vdzinzlgmk lamw ydcnegxw vznigcdu- Xbdzd gu mnx uvaed gm xbgu

ajuxzaex xn gmecthd xbnud vznigcdu A cazkd alntmx ni {gmh xtmmdc xduxgmk {au eazzgdh ntx

gmecthgmk? gmhdvdmhdmx iznmx amh zdaz {gmk xduxgmk# nm,lnhdc iznmx amh zdaz {gmk xduxgmk

ax yazgntu amkcdu {gxb a Ktzmdw icav ni yazgntu ugdu# vgxeb amh wa{ xduxu# amh duxglaxgnm

ni xbd edmxzd ni vzduutzd- Au am dralvcd# xbd diidex ni xbd zdaz {gmk bdgkbx amh iznmx {gmk

aeeduunzgdu nm xbd cneaxgnm ni xbd edmxzd ni vzduutzd- Xbd adznhwmalge avvdmhakdu dmajcd

xbd edmxzd ni vzduutzd xn jd lnydh utjuxamxgaccw# amh kgyd xbd hdugkmdz enmughdzajcd

izddhnl xn nvxglgd xbd hdugkm-P:\

:-8 Nm,Xzae` Xduxgmk

Inz xbd amacwugu ni xbd vdzinzlamed ni xbd adznhwmalge avvdmhakdu azd xbnud ni

xbd lnydldmx ni xbd ubne` ajunzjdzu# cnmkgxthgmac amh caxdzac aeedcdzaxgnmu zdenzhdh jw

xbd ydbgecd# au {dcc au dmkgmd vazaldxdzu uteb au xbznxxcd vnugxgnm# ZVL amh enncamx

xdlvdzaxtzd- X{n ni xbd xbzdd ayagcajcd ardu iznl xbd aeedcdznldxdz {dzd txgcgdh xn

hdxdzlgmd xbd jza`gmk# aeedcdzaxgnm amh enzmdzgmk vdzinzlamed ni xbd ydbgecd- Au xbd

xzae` {au vazxgetcazcw jtlvw gm vcaedu nmcw haxa zdenzhdh iznl a ulnnxb udexgnm gm xbd



;

lghhcd ni xbd ztm {au txgcgdh xn duxajcgub xbd zdcaxgnmubgv jdx{ddm xbd vnugxgnm ni xbd

ubne` ajunzjdz amh xbd uvddh {gxb {bgeb xbd ydbgecd {au xzaydccgmk- Itcc hdxagcu ni xbd

diidex ni ahhgmk xbd adznhwmalge idaxtzdu-P:\



2

5- VBWUGEAC EBAZAEXNZGUXGEU

5-1 Vbwugeac Hgldmugnm Ni [gmku

A Inzltca nmd iznmx {gmk gu a ugmkcd dcdldmx enmigktzaxgnm enlvzgudh ni x{n

udexgnmu# nmd nm dgxbdz ughd ni a igjdzkcauu mnud- Daeb {gmk udexgnm bau amkcd ni axxae`

ahotuxdzu nm xbd gmjnazh dmh amh uvgcc vcaxdu nm xbd ntxjnazh dmh- Xbd {gmk bau a ebnzh ni

14-61 gm- "52-1el'- Gx gu lntmxdh {gxb xbd edmxdz ni xbd cdahgmk dhkd 4-4 gm- "15-7;el'-

ajnyd xbd kzntmh# {dcc {gxbgm xbd hguxamed ni kzntmh diidex- Xbd ugltcaxgnm bdzd {gcc

enmedmxzaxd nm xbd amkcd ni axxae` amh diidex ni xbd kzntmh nm xbd cgix amh hzak gm xbd eaud

ni xbd iznmx {gmk nm xbd eaz amh nm xbd diidex ni xbd amkcd ni axxae` nm xbd zdaz {gmk- A

udexgnmac hza{gmk ni xbd iznmx {gmk gu ubn{m gm Igktzd 5-1 -Xbd amkcd hgldmugnm gm xbd

hza{gmk gu xbd hgiidzdmed gm amkcd ni axxae` jdx{ddm xbd UEEA "Uvnzxu Eaz Ectj ni

Aldzgea'# Gme- ldautzdldmx ldxbnh amh uxamhazh adznhwmalge vzaexged- Jaudh nm xbd

{gmk hgldmugnmu amh xbd vznvdzxgdu ni Uxamhazh Agz# xbd iznmx {gmk nvdzaxdu ax Zd < 6-7 Û

169 ax 1:2 `l.b amh ax Zd < 1-4 Û 169 ax :67 `l.b- A hza{gmk ubn{gmk xbd eznuu udexgnm

ni xbd zdaz {gmk gu ubn{m gm Igktzd- 5-:- Gx gu ni ugmkcd dcdldmx hdugkm {gxb x{n utvvnzx

uxztxu gm xbd edmxdz amh uvgcc vcaxdu nm xbd dmh- Amkcd ni axxae` ahotuxdzu azd vznyghdh au

vazx ni xbd utvvnzx uxztx auudljcw- Xbd {gmk bau a ebnzh ni 1;-;4 gm- "84 el'- "UEEA#

Gme'- Xbd {gmk gu lntmxdh ajnyd xbd jnhw{nz` amh eam jd enmughdzdh xn jd gm izdd agz-

Xbd hgldmugnmdh amkcd gm xbd hza{gmk gu xbd hgiidzdmed gm amkcd ni axxae` jdx{ddm xbdUEEA# Gme- ldautzdldmx ldxbnh amh uxamhazh adznhwmalge vzaexged- Jaudh nm xbd {gmk

hgldmugnmu amh xbd vznvdzxgdu ni uxamhazh agz# xbd zdaz {gmk nvdzaxdu ax Zd < 1-1 Û 169 ax

1:2`l.b amh ax Zd < 1-2 Û 169 ax :67 `l.b-P5\

Igktzd 5-1-Hgldmugnm ni iznmx {gmk inzltca nmd-



7

Igktzd 5-:-Hgldmugnm ni zdaz {gmk inzltca nmd

5-:-Xbd Vbwugeac Lnhdc

Xbd vznjcdl {au xzdaxdh au a x{n,hgldmugnmac vznjcdl xn yacghaxd xbd enmedvx

amh xn hdxdzlgmd xbd alntmx ni enlvtxdz zduntzedu zdqtgzdh inz itxtzd {nz`- Zaedeazu#

nm xbd nxbdz bamh# kdmdzaccw bayd a igmgxd hdvxb ni agzingc# amh bdmed xbd xzdaxldmx bdzd gu

lagmcw xn eavxtzd xbd lagm idaxtzdu ni xbd agzingc kdnldxzw amh xbd diidex ni xbd glvnzxamx

vazaldxdzu uteb au xbd amkcd ni axxae` amh xbd kzntmh diidex nm xbd iznmx agzingc hduezgjdu

cglgxaxgnmu ni avvcwgmk x{n,hgldmugnmac {gmh xtmmdc zdutcxu xn xbzdd,hgldmugnmac {gmku

{gxb igmgxd cdmkxb drvamhdh nm xbgu uvdegigeaccw xn zaedeaz avvcgeaxgnmu {bdzd xbd icn{

ajntx xbd agzingc gmxdzaexu {gxb xbd kzntmh amh jnhw- Jdeatud ni xbgu gmxdzaexgnm# nmcw a

ulacc vazx ni xbd {gmk nvdzaxdu gm xztd x{n,hgldmugnmac enmhgxgnmu- Hduvgxd xbdud

cglgxaxgnmu# xbd x{n,hgldmugnmac avvznaeb eam jd avvcgdh xn xbgu vznjcdl# jdeatud xbd

vznjcdl gu uxztextzdh au a enlvazgunm jdx{ddm hgiidzdmx enmhgxgnmu tugmk xbd uald

agzingc- P5\

Xbd {gmku azd gmydzxdh xn ezdaxd hn{m inzed gmuxdah ni cgix- Bdmed xbd amkcd ni

axxae` mnldmecaxtzd gu zdydzudh iznl adznhwmalge enmydmxgnm au avvcgdh xn agzezaix- A

vnugxgyd amkcd ni axxae` ldamu xbax xbd cdahgmk dhkd gu cn{dz enlvazdh xn xbd xzagcgmk

dhkd- P5\



16

8-ENLVTXDZ LNHDC

8-1- Kdnldxzw Lnhdcgmk

Xbd enmigktzaxgnmu dlvcnwdh gm xbgu uxthw bayd jddm hdugkmdh tugmk xbd EAH

uwuxdl- Xbd kdnldxzgeac hduezgvxgnm ni xbd enmigktzaxgnmu {au utvvcgdh xn xbd CLI gm

uxamhazh GKDU inzlax- Nmcw ucgkbx lnhgigeaxgnmu ni xbdud hduezgvxgnmu {dzd intmh

mdeduuazw inz tud gm xbd mtldzgeac ugltcaxgnm vznedhtzd- P8\

Igktzd 8-1 Kdnldxzw EAH lnhdc-

8-:- Kzgh Kdmdzaxgnm

Xbd hnlagm g-d- xbd icn{ azda tmhdz enmughdzaxgnm gu hgyghdh gmxn unld ubavdu cg`d

xzgamkcdu nz qtahzgcaxdzacu amh auutlvxgnm gu lahd xbax icn{ vznvdzxgdu azd enmuxamx edcc xn

edcc- Xbd {aw xbax uteb a kzgh gu hdxdzlgmdh gu eaccdh Kzgh Kdmdzaxgnm-P8#2\

Jaugeaccw xbdzd azd x{n xwvdu ni kzghu

1- Uxztextzdh kzgh

:- Tmuxztextzdh kzgh

8-:-1 Uxztextzdh kzgh? Gm uxztextzdh xbzdd hgldmugnmac kzghu# nmd eam auunegaxd {gxb daeb

enlvtxaxgnmac edcc am nzhdzdh xzgvcd ni gmhgedu "g#o#`' {bdzd daeb gmhgedu yazgdu nydz a

igrdh zamkd# gmhdvdmhdmxcw nydz xbd yactd ni nxbdz gmhgedu xbax yazgdu jw +., 1- Xbtu gi Mg#

M o# M` azd mtljdz ni edccu gm g#o#`# gmhdr hgzdexgnmu zduvdexgydcw# xbam xbd mtljdz ni edccu

gm dmxgzd ldub gu Mg/M o/M`-



11

Xwvdu ni uxztextzdh kzgh

a' N,xwvd kzgh

j' E,xwvd kzgh

e' B,xwvd kzgh

N,xwvd kzgh? Bdzd nmd ni xbd kzgh cgmdu zdudljcdu xbd kdmdzac ubavd ni xbd cdxxdz N0 uteb

kzgh azd xwvgeaccw tudh inz ltcxgvcd enmmdexdh jnhw au ubn{m gm Igktzd8-:-

Igktzd8-:- N,xwvd kzgh azntmh am agzingc-

E,xwvd kzgh? Bdzd nmd ni xbd kzgh cgmdu zdudljcdu xbd cdxxdz E au ubn{m gm Igktzd8-5- E,

kzghu azd vzdidzzdh {bdm nmd gu gmxdzduxdh gm gmyduxgkaxgmk xbd {a`d ni a jnhw {gxb igmd

kzghu gm xbd {a`d- Gm N,kzgh# a cazkd mtljdz ni vngmxu azd vzdudmx abdah ni xbd jnhw

{bdzd bazhcw amwxbgmk bavvdmu- Xbgu gu uvdegigeaccw aynghdh gm E,xwvd kzgh-

Igktzd 8-5- E,xwvd kzgh azntmh am agzingc



1:

B,xwvd kzgh? Bdzd xbd kzgh cgmdu inzl a caxxged mdx{nz` uglgcaz xn xbd uxzdal itmexgnm

enmxntz cgmdu amh xbd ydcnegxw vnxdmxgac enmxntz cgmdu ni xbd gzzgkaxgnmac vnxdmxgac icn{-

Uteb kzghu bayd xbd knnh axxzgjtxdu ni a E,xwvd kzgh- Xbdw azd lnuxcw tudh gm gmxdzmac

icn{u {bdzd xbd ictgh gu lnygmk {gxbntx uncgh {accu-

Igktzd 8-8- B,xwvd kzgh ni a htex-

Igktzd8-:-1-5- ubn{u B,xwvd kzgh inz a ictgh icn{ gm a vgvd- Mnxd xbd hdmudz kzgh

uvaegmk gm xbd enmxzaexdh udexgnm ni xbd htex- Xbgu {au uvdegigeaccw hnmd xn eavxtzd xbd

vbdmnldmnm ni ubne`{ayd# {bgeb {au cg`dcw xn neetz gm xbax zdkgnm# gm lnzd hdxagc

8-:-:Tmuxztextzdh kzgh? Gm enmxzaux xn uxztextzd kzgh {bgeb zdicdexu unld xwvd ni

enmuguxdmx kdnldxzgeac zdktcazgxw# tmuxztextzdh kzgh enmuguxu ni kzgh vngmxu vcaedh gm icn{

igdch gm a ydzw gzzdktcaz iaubgnm-

Xbdzd gu mnxbgmk ajntx igmgxd ynctld ldxbnh "IYL' xbax hdlamhu a uxztextzdh ldub0

gx eam jd avvcgdh xn ldub edccu ni amw azjgxzazw ubavd- Xbgu bau kgydm zgud xn xbd tud ni

tmuxztextzdh ldubdu- Tmuxztextzdh ldub accn{u inz largltl icdrgjgcgxw gm laxebgmk

edccu {gxb jntmhazw utziaedu amh inz vtxxgmk edccu {bdzd wnt {amx xbdl- Tmuxztextzdh

kzghu zdqtgzd lnzd gminzlaxgnm xn jd uxnzdh amh zdenydzdh xbam uxztextzdh kzghu-

Htd xn xbd uxznmk gmxdzaexgnm jdx{ddm xbd qtacgxw ni xbd enlvtxaxgnmac ldub amh xbd

aeetzaew ni xbd zdutcxgmk icn{ unctxgnm# a utjuxamxgac diinzx {au lahd gm xbd ldub

kdmdzaxgnm vbaud-

Xbd kdmdzaxgnm ni utgxajcd enlvtxaxgnmac ldubdu {au vdzinzldh gm x{n uxakdu?

xzgamktcaxgnm ni acc utziaedu# inccn{dh jw xbd ezdaxgnm ni a xdxzabdhzac ldub gm xbd ynctld



15

jntmhdh jw xbdud utziaedu- Xbd utziaed ldub ezdaxgnm gu jw iaz xbd lnux enlvcdr amh

xgld,enmutlgmk0 {bgcd utziaed ldub kdmdzaxgnm tugmk VEtjd gu ydzw icdrgjcd# gx gu acun

ydzw tudz,gmxdmugyd- Ezdaxgnm ni xbd 5H ynctld ldubdu inz xbd vzdudmx uxthw {au

vdzinzldh {gxb XKzgh# {bgeb tudu a znjtux# iaux amh bgkbcw atxnlaxdh Hdcatmaw ldxbnh

xbax zdqtgzdu cgxxcd xgld nz diinzx-P8\

Igktzd 8-4 Ldub kdmdzaxdh inzltca nmd eaz-

Xn agh gm xbd utziaed ldub kdmdzaxgnm# xbd kdnldxzw gu hgyghdh gmxn udvazaxd vazxu "d-k-

{gmk lagm vcamd# icav# ughd vcaxd# jnhw# {bddcu# kzntmh vcamd# dxe-' amh xbd gmhgyghtac

utziaedu ldubdh udvazaxdcw- Xbdud azd xbdm auudljcdh xn inzl xbd enlvcdxd utziaed ldub

inz xbd enlvtxaxgnmac hnlagm au ubn{m gm Igktzd 8-:-1- Xbgu bau xbd ahyamxakd xbax#

lnhgigeaxgnmu xn xbd kdnldxzw "d-k- ebamkdu gm xbd {gmk# zghd bdgkbx amh {bddc vnugxgnmu'

eam jd aeenllnhaxdh {gxbntx a laonz gmyduxldmx ni diinzx- P8#;\

Xbd enlvtxaxgnmac hnlagm inz xbd vzdudmx avvcgeaxgnm {au ebnudm xn jd a jnr ni

utiigegdmxcw cazkd drxdmx uteb xbax xbd vnugxgnm ni xbd drxdzmac izdd uxzdal jntmhazgdu bau

duudmxgaccw mn gmictdmed nm xbd enlvtxdh icn{- Utziaed ldub edccu {dzd enmedmxzaxdh gm

zdkgnmu enmughdzdh xn jd ni lnux glvnzxamed# d-k- nm xbd {gmk- Utziaedu ni cduudz gmxdzdux#

d-k- xbd {bddcu# bayd jddm accneaxdh cduu ldub edccu# cdahgmk xn a cn{dz aeetzaew gm xbd

icn{ unctxgnm gm mdgkbjnzgmk zdkgnmu-P5\



18

Igktzd 8-9- Iznmx {gmk gm kzntmh diidex kzgh vaxxdzm

Kzgh kdmdzaxgnm gu jw iaz xbd lnux ezgxgeac vzneduu ni EIH amacwugu avazx iznl

udcdexgmk xbd icn{ dqtaxgnmu- Xbd xwvd ni kzgh wnt ebnnud inz a kgydm vznjcdl eam la`d

nz jzda` xbd mtldzgeac unctxgnm- Xbd utkkduxdh hguxamed ni xbd kzgh ajnyd amh jdcn{ xbd

agzingc gu :-49 xgldu xbd ebnzh- Xbdud hgldmugnmu {dzd tudh inz xbgu vznjcdl- Inz xbd

84-64 el "1;-;4 gm-' zdaz {gmk ebnzh# xbgu gu eacetcaxdh au ;;-4 el "51-6 gm-' jdx{ddm xbd

gmcdx amh cdahgmk dhkd# 154-:4 el "45-:4 gm-' jdbgmh xbd xzagcgmk dhkd# amh 118-5 el "84

gm-' nm xbd xnv nz jnxxnl ni xbd agzingc- Xbdud mtljdzu {dzd zntmhdh nii xn njxagm a zdaz

{gmk eacetcaxgnm kzgh ni :;8-5: el Û ::2-9 el "162 gm- cnmk Û 76 gm- xacc'- Xbd cdahgmk

dhkd ni xbd {gmk {au udx ax 76-6 el "59 gm-' iznl xbd gmcdx# {bgeb ldamx xbax xbd xzagcgmk

dhkd {au 15;-19 el "48-6 gm-' inz{azh iznl xbd ntxcdx- Xbd hdiatcx uwlldxzw jntmhazgdu

{dzd aeedvxdh ax xbd xnv amh jnxxnl au a enmhgxgnm {bdzd xbd mnzlac ydcnegxw amh mnzlac

kzahgdmxu ni acc nxbdz yazgajcdu azd dzn- Xbgu {au xbd lnux utgxajcd ni acc xbd jntmhazw

enmhgxgnmu- Inz xbd iznmx {gmk gm kzntmh diidex# xbd bdgkbx ni xbd kzgh {au lnhgigdh jw a{acc jntmhazw 15-7;el "4-46 gm-' jdcn{ xbd cdahgmk dhkd xn ugltcaxd xbd kzntmh vcamd-P5\



14

Igktzd 8-;- Zdaz {gmk kzgh vaxxdzm-

Xbd eacetcaxgnm kzgh inz xbd iznmx {gmk {au enmuxztexdh xn gmecthd 1;98 edccu-

Igktzd 8-:-: ubn{u xbd kzgh ni xbd iznmx {gmk gm kzntmh diidex - Igktzd 8-:-5# {bgeb bau

16#792 edccu# ubn{u xbd kzgh vaxxdzm inz xbd jae` {gmk- A kzgh gmhdvdmhdmew xdux {au

vdzinzldh nm xbd iznmx agzingc xn hdxdzlgmd a utgxajcd ldub ugd inz xbd vznjcdl-P5\

Igktzd 8-2- Kzgh gmhdvdmhdmew xdux inz mtldzgeac vznjcdl



19

Xbzdd mnhac hdmugxgdu {dzd ebnudm inz xbd ztmu# g-d- ::62# 8819 amh 225: mnhdu-

Igktzd 8-:-5 amh vzdudmx zdutcxu xn yacghaxd xbd ebnged ni kzgh hdmugxw- Igktzd 8-:-8 ubn{u

a vcnx ni ydcnegxw vznigcdu nm a ydzxgeac cgmd ebnudm ax 1:-; el hn{muxzdal "bnzgnmxaccw'

iznl xbd agzingc cdahgmk dhkd- Xbd cgmd uvamu xbd hguxamed iznl xbd jnxxnl ni xbd agzingc xn

xbd kzntmh cdydc- acun utllazgdu xbd yactdu ni xbd gmxdkzaxdh Iw hn{m inzed nm xbd

agzingc- Jnxb xbdud zdutcxu gmhgeaxd xbax xbdzd gu vzaexgeaccw mn hgiidzdmed gm xbd nydzcagh

yactdu ni xbd ydcnegxw inz xbdud xbzdd mnhac hdmugxgdu# amh acun xbax xbdzd azd ydzw ulacc

hgiidzdmedu jdx{ddm xbd eacetcaxdh mnzlac hn{m inzed "1-6$'# {bgeb gu hddldh aeetzaxd

inz dmkgmddzgmk eacetcaxgnmu-P5\



1;

4- ZDUTCXU AMH HGUETUUGNM

Ugltcaxgnmu {dzd ztm ax 5 uvddhu "196 `l.b# :81`l.b# amh 548 `l.b' amh 4

amkcdu ni axxae` "5 hdkzddu xn ; hdkzddu gm 1 hdkzdd gmezdldmxu' inz jnxb xbd Iznmx [gmk

amh xbd Zdaz [gmk- Xbd inetu ni xbgu udlgmaz gu xn ubn{ bn{ xn njxagm a EIH ugltcaxgnm

iznl a enlvcgeaxdh EAH lnhdc amh uxdvu xbax eam jd xa`dm xn diigegdmxcw aeenlvcgub xbax

vzneduu- Xbd ugltcaxgnm zdutcxu azd uglvcw vzdudmxdh bdzd au am dralvcd ni {bax eam jd

cdazmdh iznl a EIH ugltcaxgnm- A kzgh gmhdvdmhdmed uxthw {au ntxughd xbd uenvd ni xbgu

diinzx- Xbd ghdncnkw {au xn hdxdzlgmd xbd jdux enljgmaxgnm ni nzgdmxaxgnm inz jnxb xbd

Iznmx amh Zdaz [gmku amh xbdm tud xbnud amkcdu ni axxae` nm xbd dmxgzd eaz- Igktzd 4-1

ubn{u xbd hn{m inzed "mdkaxgyd cgix' amh hzak yactdu inz daeb ugltcaxgnm-P8\

Igktzd- 4-1? Iznmx [gmk amh Zdaz [gmk ugltcaxgnm zdutcxu-

Gx gu dyghdmx xbax xbd Zdaz [gmk gu gmudmugxgyd xn ebamkdu gm gxu amktcaz nzgdmxaxgnm

jnxb gm xdzlu ni hn{minzed amh hzak {bgcd xbd Iznmx [gmk gu lteb lnzd udmugxgyd xn xbd

amkcd ni axxae`- Cnn`gmk igzux ax xbd Zdaz [gmk "acun eaccdh Jae` [gmk'# gx gu avvazdmxxbax jnxb xbd cgix amh hzak azd mnx kzdaxcw aiidexdh jw xbd ebamkd gm amkcd- Gx gu glvnzxamx

xn mnxd bn{dydz# xbax xbd hzak uddlu xn hdezdaud ucgkbxcw {gxb gmezdaudh amkcd- Xbtu a

bgkbdz amkcd law jd vzdidzajcd- Xbgu utkkduxu xbd zdaz {gmk ltux jd lnydh lnzd xbam 4

hdkzddu nz zdhdugkmdh xn jd lnzd udmugxgyd xn amkcd,ni,axxae`- Xbd Iznmx [gmk hndu ubn{

a xzdmh ni gmezdaugmk cgix amh hzak {gxb gmezdaugmk amkcd# xbntkb xbdzd gu a ucgkbx hdezdaud



12

gm xbd cgix ax xbd igmac amkcd ni ; hdkzddu- Am U,ubavdh jdbaygnz drguxu au xbd gmezdaud gm

hn{minzed uxazxu xn hglgmgub {gxb am gmezdaud gm xbd amkcd ni axxae`- Gx gu avvazdmx xbax xbd

Iznmx [gmk bau a kzdaxdz gmictdmed xbam xbd Jae` [gmk vdzxagmgmk xn xbd vdzinzlamed ni

xbd eaz- Cgix "ajunctxd hn{minzed' xn hzak zaxgnu {dzd eacetcaxdh gm nzhdz xn udcdex xbd jdux

amktcaz enljgmaxgnm ni xbd Zdaz [gmk amh xbd Iznmx [gmk- Acxbntkb xbd knac {au xn

udcdex xbd bgkbdux Cgix xn Hzak zaxgn# xbd ajunctxd yactdu ni xbd cgix amh hzak inzedu acun

bah xn jd enmughdzdh Inz dralvcd# acxbntkb xbd Iznmx [gmk vznhtedh xbd largltl cgix

xn hzak zaxgn ax 5 hdkzddu# xbd aextac cgix {au xbd cdaux ni acc amkcd,ni axxae` nzgdmxaxgnmu-

Bdmed xbd dmh knac {au xn ghdmxgiw xbd bgkbdux cgix vnuugjcd amh xbdm txgcgd xbd zaxgnu au a

ldxbnh ni nvxglgaxgnm "Zdidz Xajcd 4-1'P8\

Cgix ? HzakZaxgn

Amkcd

5 8 4 9 ;

Iznmx[gmk 196`l.b

7-;5 7-66 2-7: 2-2; ;-;2

Iznmx[gmk :81`l.b

7-86 7-57 7-69 2-51 ;-;9

Jae`[gmk 5:1`l.b

7-98 7-75 16-66 16-:5 7-29

Jae`[gmk 86:`l.b

7-57 16-1; 16-65 16-66 7-26

Xajcd- 4-1? Xbd yazgntu Cgix? Hzak zaxgnu ni xbd Iznmx [gmk amh Zdaz [gmk ax :81`l.b xn

548`l.b-

Au a mdrx uxdv# xbd jdux amkcdu {dzd xbdm ebnudm inz a ugltcaxgnm ni xbd dmxgzd eaz-

Amkcdu 9 amh ; {dzd ebnudm inz xbd Iznmx [gmk au xbdw jnxb bah xbd xnv x{n bgkbdux

hn{minzed yactdu amh amkcd 9 {au ebnudm inz xbd Zdaz [gmk- Xbd zdutcxu ni uteb a

enljgmaxgnm nm xbd itcc eaz {dzd utzvzgugmk "Zdidz Igktzd 4-:'-



17

Igktzd- 4-:? Zdutcxu ni itcc eaz ugltcaxgnmu ax a igrdh 9 hdkzdd nzgdmxaxgnm ni xbd Zdaz

[gmk amh a 9 amh ; hdkzdd nzgdmxaxgnm ni xbd Iznmx [gmk-

A 9 hdkzdd Iznmx [gmk amkcd ni axxae` {au hdxdzlgmdh xn jd lnux diidexgyd gm

larglggmk hn{minzed-Xbd zdutcxu ecdazcw gmhgeaxdh xbax a Iznmx [gmk nzgdmxaxgnm ni 9

hdkzddu {ntch larglgd hn{minzed# au ax ; hdkzddu xbdzd {au a hznv gm hn{minzed# amh

acun ugmed a Iznmx [gmk nzgdmxaxgnm ni 4 hdkzddu# acxbntkb vnuuduugmk a bgkbdz Cgix? Hzak

zaxgn "Zdidz Xajcd 4-1'# bah ugkmgigeamxcw cn{dz hn{minzed- [bax zdlagmdh xn jd

hdxdzlgmdh {au xbd lnux nvxgltl Zdaz [gmk nzgdmxaxgnm- Ax a Iznmx [gmk amkcd udx ax 9

hdkzddu mn{# ugltcaxgnmu {dzd ztm {gxb a Zdaz [gmk nzgdmxaxgnm yazwgmk iznl ,5 hdkzddu

xn +16 gm gmezdldmxu ni : hdkzddu- Amw entvcgmk diidex ni xbd Iznmx amh Zdaz [gmku nm

xbd hn{minzed {au gkmnzdh kgydm xbd cgmdazgxw ni xbd vznjcdl- Gx {au dyghdmx xbax

ebamkgmk xbd amkcd ni axxae` nm xbd Zdaz [gmk# dgxbdz vnugxgydcw nz mdkaxgydcw# bah cgxxcd

diidex nm xbd hn{minzed jtx bah a uxznmk glvaex nm xbd hzak# tmdrvdexdhcw un- Dreddhgmk

a Zdaz [gmk ANA "amkcd ni axxae`' ni +: hdkzddu nz kngmk jdcn{ ,5 hdkzddu ahhdh cduu

xbam 26 Md{xnm‗u xn xbd hn{minzed jtx ugkmgigeamxcw gmezdaudh hzak- Bdmed xbd uaid

jzae`dx inz xbd Zdaz [gmk {au hdxdzlgmdh xn jd ,5 hdkzddu xn +: hdkzddu zdicdexgmk a

hdugkm ica{ {gxb zdkazhu xn xbd Zdaz [gmk au uteb jdbaygnz {au mdgxbdz drvdexdh mnz

ghdac- Xbd EIH zdutcxu qtduxgnm xbd Inzltca 1 eaz‗u hdugkm amh adznhwmalge eavajgcgxgdu

amh utkkduxdh udydzac ica{u gm xbd hdugkm amh zdenlldmhaxgnmu inz nvxglgaxgnm- Gm xbd

dmh xbd eaz tmhdz,vdzinzldh kzdaxcw {gxb zdkazhu xn hn{minzed jtx hgh dredvxgnmaccw {dcc

{gxb a ydzw cn{ hzak endiigegdmx "Zdidz Xajcd 4-:'- Au lnux Inzltca 1 eazu bayd a hzak

endiigegdmx yazwgmk jdx{ddm 6-;4 amh 6-76# xbd VAED Inzltca 1 eaz aebgdydh a

uxakkdzgmk cn{ hzak endiigegdmx ni 6-;4 {gxb a largltl xntebgmk 6-25- Bn{dydz gx iagcdh

gm gxu diinzxu xn njxagm a 1?1 Hn{minzed xn [dgkbx zaxgn ax :81 `l.b amh 548 `l.b-P8#9\



:6

JduxHn{minzed

Ax 196`l.b

JduxHn{minzed

Ax :81 `l.b

JduxHn{minzed

Ax 548 `l.b

Jdux I[ ― Z[ AnAenljgmaxgnm

Lar. Lgm HzakEndiigegdmx

Nydzacc

Mnmd 18;4 M 5:46 M I[? 9 hdk 6-25 Hzak? Dredccdmx

H.[? 6-: H.[? 6-89 Z[?,5/xn +:// 6-;4 Hn{minzed?Vnnz

Xajcd 4-:? Xbd igmac zdutcxu ni adznhwmalge vdzinzlamed ni xbd VAED Inzltca 1 zaed eaz-



:1

9- ENMECTUGNM

A x{n,hgldmugnmac EIH uxthw bau jddm vdzinzldh nm xbd agzingc vznigcdu ni xbd

iznmx amh zdaz {gmku ni a Inzltca nmd zaed eaz inz yazgntu ANA- Igzux,bamh xbd vzneduu

ni hdugkmgmk a eaz iznl am adzn,hwmalgeac vdzuvdexgyd# zgkbx iznl xbd EAH lnhdc xn

amacwgmk uxzdalcgmdu amh vzduutzd vaxbu# inz xbd lnux hamkdzntu uvddhu amh bayd

hdydcnvdh a uxznmk avvzdegaxgnm inz atxnlnxgyd hdugkm# xbd eavajgcgxgdu ni adznhwmalge

amh EIH amacwugu amh am dydz kzn{gmk cg`gmk inz Inzltca 1 zaegmk-

Xbd knac {au xn udcdex xbd bgkbdux Cgix xn hzak zaxgn- Iznmx {gmku amxgegvaxdh xn jd

xbd eaud {bdzd gmezdaudh hzak gu aebgdydh nm xbd {gmk# acnmk {gxb xbd gmezdaudh cgix# tmxgc

xbd drvdexdh uxacc enmhgxgnm gu avvznaebdh- Xbd Iznmx [gmk hndu ubn{ a xzdmh ni

gmezdaugmk cgix amh hzak {gxb gmezdaugmk amkcd# xbntkb xbdzd gu a ucgkbx hdezdaud gm xbd cgix

ax xbd igmac amkcd ni ; hdkzddu- Amkcdu 9 amh ; {dzd ebnudm inz xbd Iznmx [gmk au xbdw

jnxb bah xbd xnv x{n bgkbdux hn{minzed yactdu amh amkcd 9 {au ebnudm inz xbd Zdaz

[gmk-

Xbd drvdexdh uxacc enmhgxgnm gu avvznaebdh- [bdm enmughdzgmk xbd zdaz {gmk

agzingc# uglgcaz diidex nm xbd iznmx {gmk amh ubn{u xbd laz`dh ebamkd gm xbd Ec au xbd

ANA avvznaebdu hgiidzdmx amkcd- Gx gu dyghdmx xbax xbd Zdaz [gmk gu gmudmugxgyd xn

ebamkdu gm gxu amktcaz nzgdmxaxgnm jnxb gm xdzlu ni hn{minzed amh hzak {bgcd xbd Iznmx[gmk gu lteb lnzd udmugxgyd xn xbd amkcd ni axxae`-



::

ZDIZDMEDU

1- V-Jbazaxbghauam //# V-Zaodub ///# –ADZNHWMALGE AMACWUGU NI INZLTCA

1 ZAEDEAZ“# M-Abaktydc dx ac- . Gmxdzmaxgnmac Ontzmac ni Dmkgmddzgmk Uegdmed

amh Xdebmncnkw "GODUX'-

:-

INZLTCA 1 ZAED EAZ“# Lgcamn# Gxacw# Otcw# :6,:8 :662-

5- [- @gdiidz a # U- Lntoadu j#∛ # M- Azljwa j# –EIH amacwugu ni inzltca 1 eaz“#

Laxbdlaxgeac amh Enlvtxdz Lnhdccgmk 85 ":611' 1:;4 ― 1:2;-

8- Uaxwam Ebamhza1# Accgunm Cdd:# Uxdydm Knzzdcc5 amh E- Kzdk Odmudm8“ EIH Amacwugu

ni VAED Inzltca,1 Eaz“# Enlvtxdz,Aghdh Hdugkm ) Avvcgeaxgnmu# VAED "1'# :611#

1,18

4- Jgdm E-# Cazuunm X-# Uaxn X-# Tccjzamh J- –EIH amacwugu ni I1 eaz“# DAEE :662

Dtznvdam Atxnlnxgyd EIH Enmidzdmed-

9- Cazuunm X-# Uaxn X-# Tccjzamh J- –EIH amacwugu ni Inzltca 1 eaz“# DAEE :667

Dtznvdam Atxnlnxgyd EIH Enmidzdmed-

;- LAMAM HDUAG# U-A- EBAMMG[ACA# B-O-MAKAZUBDXB –Drvdzgldmxac amh

Enlvtxaxgnmac Adznhwmalge Gmyduxgkaxgnmu ni a Eaz“# [UDAU XZAMUAEXGNMU nm

ICTGH LDEBAMGEU #Nexnjdz :662

2- Onudvb @ax –Adznhwmalgeu ni Zaed Eazu“# Ammt- Zdy- Ictgh Ldeb- :669-52?:;,95-

Hn{mcnahdh iznl azontzmacu-ammtaczdygd{u-nzk

computational fluid dynamics (cfd) analysis of formula one (f1) car

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