components of a basic network

Components of a Basic Network

A media connection A media connection

2 computers2 computers

2 network adapters2 network adapters

Layer Name Function

7 Application Responsible for program-to-program communication.

6 PresentationManages data representation, such as data format, data compression, protocol conversion, and encryption.

5 SessionResponsible for establishing and maintaining communications channels.

4 TransportResponsible for end-to-end integrity of data transmission.

3 Network Routes data from one node to another.

2 Data LinkResponsible for physically passing data from one node to another.

1 PhysicalManages putting data onto the network media and taking the data off.

OSI Model

NIC with RJ-45, AUI, and BNC Connectors

USB Adapter, PC Card, and Parallel Port Network Adapter

Network cables and connectors vary by:

The gauge of the wires used in the cable. The number of wires used in the cable. The relationship of the wires to each other and the

rest of the cable construction. Whether shielding is used in the cable to prevent

or limit interference. The connectors used on the cable. The maximum length a cable segment can be. The cost of the cable.

Network Cables and Connectors

UTP Cable

TIA Standard 568A

1 W/Green2 Green3 W/Orange4 Blue5 W/Blue6 Orange7 W/Brown8 Brown

EIA/TIA568A (preferred)

EIA/TIA568A (preferred)

RJ-45

P3

P1

P4

P2

TIA Standard 568B

1 W/Orange2 Orange3 W/Green4 Blue5 W/Blue6 Green7 W/Brown8 Brown

EIA/TIA568B (same as

AT&T 258A)

EIA/TIA568B (same as

AT&T 258A)

RJ-45

P3

P1

P4

P2

USOC Standard for Voice Cabling

1 W/Brown2 Green3 W/Orange4 Blue5 W/Blue6 Orange7 W/Green8 Brown

USOC(doesn’t work

for data)

USOC(doesn’t work

for data)

RJ-45

P3P1 P4P2

An RJ-45 Connector

Coaxial Cable

BNC Connectors

BarrelBarrel BNCBNC TT

Twisted Pair, AUI, and BNC Network Connections

Twisted pairTwisted pair AUIAUI BNCBNC

A Single Fiber Optic Strand

Glass claddingGlass cladding Secondary buffer to 900 micronSecondary buffer to 900 micron

Glass coreGlass core Primary bufferPrimary buffer

Connector Type

Description

ST A slotted bayonet type and spring loaded connector similar to a BNC connector.

SC A push/pull type connector with a locking tab.

FCA slotted screw-on type connector featuring a position locatable notch and a threaded receptacle.

SMA A screw-on type connector with a threaded cap and housing.

FDDIA push/pull type, two-channel snap-fit connector used for multi-mode fiber optic cable.

Mini-BNC A bayonet style connector using the traditional BNC connection method.

Biconic A screw-on type connector with a tapered sleeve that is fixed to the fiber optic cable.

MT-RJA new RJ-style housing fiber connector with two fiber capability for both single- and multi-modes.

Fiber Optic Cable Connectors

Examples of Locations for Plenum Cables

Plenum cable is run: Between structural

ceiling

and suspended

ceiling. Under a raised floor.

Star Topology

HubHub

Bus Topology

TT = Terminating device

TT TT

Bus (backbone)

Ring Topology

Mesh Topology

TT TT

Hybrid Topology

BusBus

RingRing

StarStar

A Peer-to-Peer Network

Printing

• Sharing printers• Sharing storage• Network security features

• Sharing printers• Sharing storage• Network security features

Peer Peer

A Client-Server Network

Storage

Printing

Server tower

Communications

• Shared printers• Network storage• Network security features• Other network resources

Servers provide

clients with access to:

Client Client

A Hybrid Network

Windows

2000 Server

Windows 98Windows 98 Windows 2000

ProfessionalShared network

printer

Shared departmental printer

Shared disk

Shared CD-ROM

A Hierarchical Network

Host

(Primary device)

Host

(Primary device)

Communication

channelTerminals

(Secondary devices)

Terminals

(Secondary devices)

Network Scope

Wide Area Network (WAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)

Microsoft’s Windows Server 2003Novell’s NetWareLINUX UNIXLAN serverLANtasticApple Computer’s Macintosh OSX

Server and Network Operating Systems

WindowsApple Macintosh Operating SystemLINUX UNIX

Workstation and Client Operating Systems

TCP/IP IPX/SPX NetBEUI AppleTalk

Network Protocols

200

192.168.200

An IP Address

192.168.200.200

Network addressNetwork address Computer addressComputer address

IP Address = 192.168.200.200 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 IP Address = 192.168.200.200 Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

192.168.200255.255.255

A Subnet Mask

The network address is 192.168.200

Public and Private IP Addressing

Address Type Description

PrivateBlocks of network addresses reserved by the IANA for addressing those computers not on the Internet.

PublicIP addresses for each host on your network obtained from an Internet service provider or IANA.

Subnetting

Subnetting enables you to subdivide your IP network address by borrowing part of your network’s host address to identify subnet addresses.

Method Description

DHCP ServerA server that a network administrator configures with a pool of IP addresses to assign clients.

APIPAA service that automatically configures a computer with an IP address on the 169.254.0.0 network.

Auto-IP Configuration

Domain Name System (DNS)Windows Internet Naming System (WINS)

Name Servers

Standard System

IEEE 802.1 High-Level Interface – standards related to network management.

IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control – general standard for the Data Link layer in the OSI reference model.

IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) – defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use CSMA/CD.

IEEE 802.4 Token Bus – defines the MAC layer for bus networks that use a token-passing mechanism.

IEEE 802.5 Token Ring – defines the MAC layer for Token Ring networks.

IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

IEEE 802.7 Broadband LANs

IEEE 802.8 Fiber-Optic LANs

IEEE 802.9 Integrated Data and Voice Networks

Network Architecture Standards

Standard System

IEEE 802.10 Security

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

IEEE 802.12 Demand Priority Access – 100 VG – Any LAN

IEEE 802.13 Not used

IEEE 802.14 Cable TV – broadband MANs

IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Networks (PANs)

IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access

IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring

IEEE 802.18 Radio-Based LANs and MANs

IEEE 802.19 Virtual LANs (VLANs)

Network Architecture Standards (Cont.)

An Ethernet Collision

TT TT

(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free, so...)

I’m ready to broadcast (Whoops!)

(I’ll wait...)


I’m ready to broadcast

My message: Hi, node 1!



(I’ll wait...)


I’m ready to broadcast

My message: Hi, node 1!Collision!

(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free,

so...)


(I’ll wait...)

(Hmmm...the channel is busy, so I’ll wait)

(Hmmm...the channel seems to be free,

so...)


(I’ll wait...)

(Hmmm...the channel is busy, so I’ll wait)

A Token Ring NetworkI have the

token...

I have the

token...

I have the token.

My message: “Hi node 3.”

Here’s the token, node 2.

I have the token.



I have the token.

I don’t have anything to say.


I have the token.


Here’s the token, node 3.I have the token.



I have the token.



I have the token.



I have the token.



22

11

33

44

55

ARCNet

Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNet) is a network developed by the DataPoint Corporation in 1968 and is one of the oldest, simplest, and least expensive LAN technologies.

AppleTalk

AppleTalk is a Local Area Network protocol developed by Apple Computer, Inc. in 1985 and is built into all Macintosh computers and Apple LaserWriters.

Connection Type Description

LANUses network hardware, a router, and the TCP/IP protocol to establish a connection between a client and the Internet.

DSLUses standard copper phone wires and a transceiver. It carries voice and data traffic simultaneously over standard phone lines.

CableUses the cable television line running through most neighborhoods. A splitter is installed on the cable line running into the house to split the TV channel traffic from the data traffic.

ISDN Uses a single wire or fiber optic line to carry voice, data, and video signals.

Dial-upUses an analog modem connected to a serial port on your computer and connects to the analog phone line.

SatelliteRequires a satellite dish at your location as well as a service contract with a company that provides access to a satellite in geosynchronous orbit.

Wireless Uses an antenna on a tower that broadcasts Internet signals.

Internet Connections

A Cable-Based Internet Connection

Cable into house

RG59 cable into cable modem

RJ-45 cable

RJ-45 cable

RJ-45 cable

Computer with network card




Cable modemCable modem

ISPISP

RouterRouter

ClientClient

Big Co’s Internet Connections

T1 line to Big Co Headquarters

T1 line to Big Co Headquarters

T3 Internet backbone

T3 Internet backbone

T3T3

Dedicated 56 K digital connection

Dedicated 56 K digital connection

Win XP Server

ClientsClients

Win XP Server Router

ISPISP

PDNPDN

Dial-up

ClientClient

T1T1

Big Co employees working from home - not using a LAN-based

Internet connection.

DSL Internet Connection

5.5 km

Subscriber within 5.5 km radius of phone company

can get DSL

Subscriber within 5.5 km radius of phone company

can get DSL

5.5

km

Phone company central office

Phone company central office

Internet connection through a cable modem.

A splitter is installed to split the TV channel traffic from the data traffic.

A cable modem connects via an RG-59 coaxial cable.

An RJ-45 cable connects from the cable modem to the network card.

Cable Internet Connections

Uses a single wire or fiber-optic line to carry voice, data, and video signals.

Uses existing phone company switches and wiring.

Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is most commonly used in residential ISDN connections.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is most commonly used between a Private Branch Exchange (PBX) at the customer’s site and the phone company central office.

In Europe, the BRI is the same, but the PRI is composed of 30 B channels and one D channel.

ISDN Internet Connection

Usually the least expensive method available.

Uses an analog modem connected to a serial port on your computer and connects to the analog phone line.

It is limited to 56 Kbps.

Dial-up Internet Connection

A Two-Way Satellite Internet Connection

PC

Satellite modem

Cable

Satellite dish antenna

Network operations center satellite antenna

Data sent to requested Web servers

Device Description

Hub An electronic device that connects several computers or networks.

BridgeControls the flow of information between LAN segments or networks, even if they are different types of networks using different communication protocols.

RouterDetermines the best path for a data packet to be sent from one network to another.

BrouterA communications device that functions as both a bridge and a router, depending on which function is needed.

GatewayA protocol converter that supports communication between network that use different protocols.

CSU/DSUReadies digital signals and guarantees that they have sufficient strength and the proper format to be transmitted over digital WAN links.

Firewall Controls access between networks – both inbound traffic and outbound traffic.

All-in-oneCombines software and hardware capabilities of several network connection devices into one physical box.

Networking Devices

A Repeater

Weakened signal

Repeater

Regenerated signal

Bridges Can Filter Intersegment Traffic

Data Link layerData Link layer

Data

Physical layerPhysical layer

Data

Segment 2 onnetwork address: 1234






Routers

A router determines the best path for the data packet to be sent from one network to another.

Brouters

A brouter is a communication device that functions as both a bridge and a router, depending on which function is needed.

Common Gateway Types

Gateway Type Connects Networks that Use Different

Protocol Protocols

Format Encoding schemes (for example, ASCII and EBCDIC)

Address File systems and directory structures

Firewalls

Firewalls control access between networks—both inbound traffic (entering your network) and outbound traffic (leaving your network).

components of a basic network

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