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TRANSCRIPT
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COMPILED BY KHAIRUN NISA
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Preface
Kata Pengantar
Praise be to Allah SWT that i can finish this paper. I hope this paper can be
received well. I apologize if there are words in this paper the wrong.
Segala puji bagi allah swt bahwa saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.
Saya berharap makalah ini dapat diterima dengan baik. Saya minta maaf
jika ada kata-kata dalam makalah ini salah.
Luwuk, November 2011
Khairun Nisa
Penulis
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Table of Contents
Daftar Isi
Chapter 1 : Temperatures
1. Temperature Gauges
1.1 Type Thermometer
1.2The thermometerisoftenused
1.2.1The thermometerbulb(mercury oralcohol)
1.2.2Thermometersspring
1.2.3non-contactthermometer1.2.4an electronicthermometer
2. Unit of Themperature
3. Changing the Temperature Scale
Charpter 2 : Making Graph
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Temperatures
Suhu
Temperatures indicate the degree of body heat. Simply, the higher the temperature of an
object, the hotter the object. Microscopically, the temperature shows the energy
possessed by an object. Every atom in an object of each move, either in the form of
displacement or movement in the form of vibration. Increasingly high energy atoms making
up the object, the higher the temperature of the object. Temperature is also called the
temperature measured with a thermometer. Four kinds of thermometer is best known for
Celsius, Reumur, Fahrenheit and Kelvin. Comparison between one type of thermometer with
other thermometers follows:
C: R: (F-32) = 5:4:9 and K = C - 273. (Degrees)
Because of the Kelvin to degrees Celsius, starting from 273 degrees Kelvin, rather than -
273 degrees. And start at 0 degrees Celsius degrees. Kelvin temperature as its comparison
with the 5:5 degrees Celsius, therefore, to change the temperature to another
temperature, you should use or convert it into degrees Celsius in advance, because if we
use the Kelvin would be more complicated to change it to another temperature . Example: K
= R 4/5X [300-273] instead of: C = R 4/5X27 For example:
and
Suhu menunjukkan derajat panas benda. Mudahnya, semakin tinggi suhu suatu benda,
semakin panas benda tersebut. Secara mikroskopis, suhu menunjukkan energiyang dimiliki
oleh suatu benda. Setiap atom dalam suatu benda masing-masing bergerak, baik itu dalam
bentuk perpindahan maupun gerakan di tempat berupa getaran. Makin tingginya energi
atom-atom penyusun benda, makin tinggi suhu benda tersebut. Suhu juga disebuttemperatur yang diukur dengan alat termometer. Empat macam termometer yang paling
dikenal adalah Celsius, Reumur, Fahrenheit dan Kelvin. Perbandingan antara satu jenis
termometer dengan termometer lainnya mengikuti:
C:R:(F-32) = 5:4:9 dan K=C - 273.(derajat)
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panashttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaranhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaranhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas -
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Karena dari Kelvin ke derajat Celsius, Kelvin dimulai dari 273 derajat, bukan dari -273
derajat. Dan derajat Celsius dimulai dari 0 derajat. Suhu Kelvin sama perbandingan nya
dengan derajat Celsius yaitu 5:5, maka dari itu, untuk mengubah suhu tersebut ke suhu
yang lain, sebaiknya menggunakan atau mengubahnya ke derajat Celsius terlebih dahulu,
karena jika kita menggunakan Kelvin akan lebih rumit untuk mengubahnya ke suhu yang lain.Contoh: K=R 4/5X[300-273] daripada: C=R 4/5X27 Sebagai contoh:
dan
Temperature GaugesPengukur Suhu
Qualitatively, we can know that the temperature is cold or warm sensation of an object
that is felt when touched. Quantitatively, we can find out by using a thermometer.
Temperature can be measured using a thermometer containing mercury or alcohol. The
word thermometer is derived from two words namely thermo meaning heat and meter
meaning measure (to measure).
Secara kualitatif, kita dapat mengetahui bahwa suhu adalah sensasi dingin atau hangatnya
sebuah benda yang dirasakan ketika menyentuhnya. Secara kuantitatif, kita dapat
mengetahuinya dengan menggunakan termometer. Suhu dapat diukurdengan menggunakantermometer yang berisi air raksa atau alkohol. Kata termometer ini diambil dari dua kata
yaitu thermoyang artinya panas dan meteryang artinya mengukur (to measure).
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometerhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer -
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Type Thermometer
Tipe Termometer
Several types of thermometers include:
1. Alcohol Thermometer2. Basal Thermometer3. Mercury Thermometer4. Oral Thermometer5. Galileo Thermometers6. Infrared Thermometer7. Liquid Crystal Thermometer
Thermistor
8. Bi-Metal Mechanical ThermometersElectrical Resistance ThermometerReversing Thermometer
9. Silicon Bandgap Temperature Sensor10. Six's Thermometer, Also Known As11. The Maximum Minimumthermometer
Thermocouple
12. Coulomb Blockade Thermometers
Beberapa jenis termometer meliputi:
Termometer alkohol termometer basal termometer merkuri termometer oral termometer galileo termometer infra merah termometer cairan kristal termistor Bi-metal mechanical thermometer Electrical resistance thermometer Reversing thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Six's thermometer, juga dikenal sebagai maximum minimum thermometer Thermocouple Coulomb blockade thermometer
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_basal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_merkuri&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_oral&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_Galileohttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_cairan_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termistorhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termistorhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_cairan_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_Galileohttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_oral&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_merkuri&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termometer_basal&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_alkohol -
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The thermometer is often used
Termometer yang sering digunakan
The thermometer is usually used as follows:
Termometer yang biasanya dipakai sebagai berikut:
Thermometer bulb (mercury or alcohol)
Using a large bubble (bulb) in place to accommodate the lower end of the liquid, and anarrow tube (capillary holes) to emphasize the change in volume or fluid expansion.
Based on the principle of a liquid volume changes according to temperature. Fluid filledsometimes colored alcohol but can also be a metallic liquid called mercury, both of whichexpand when heated and shrink when cooled
There are a number of glass tubes along a sign of the temperature scale.
Advantages include a thermometer bulb requires no tools, relatively inexpensive, is noteasily contaminated with chemicals that are suitable for chemical laboratories, and lowthermal conductivity.
Weaknesses include the thermometer bulb to break easily, are easily contaminated liquid(alcohol or mercury), contamination of glass / glass, and a complicated measurementprocedure (immersion).
The use of the thermometer bulb should protect the bulb from impact and avoidmeasurements that exceed the scale of the thermometer.
Thermometer bulb sources of error:
- Time constant effect, the time it takes the heat conduction from the outside to themiddle of the capillary stem
- Thermal capacity effects, if the mass is measured relatively small, a lot of heatabsorbed by the thermometer and reduce the actual temperature
- Liquids (alcohol, mercury) are disconnected
- Error reading
- Fault dipping
Termometer bulb (air raksa atau alkohol)
Menggunakan gelembung besar (bulb) pada ujung bawah tempat menampung cairan, dantabung sempit (lubang kapiler) untuk menekankan perubahan volume atautempat pemuaian cairan.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumehttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemuaianhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemuaianhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume -
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Berdasar pada prinsip suatu cairan volumenya berubah sesuai temperatur. Cairan yangdiisikan kadang-kadang alkoholyang berwarna tetapi juga bisa cairan metalik yangdisebut merkuri, keduanya memuai bila dipanaskan dan menyusut bila didinginkan
Ada nomor disepanjang tuba gelas yang menjadi tanda besaran temperatur. Keutungan termometer bulb antara lain tidak memerlukan alat bantu, relatif murah,
tidak mudah terkontaminasi bahan kimia sehingga cocok untuk laboratorium kimia,dan konduktivitas panas rendah.
Kelemahan termometer bulb antara lain mudah pecah, mudah terkontaminasi cairan(alkohol atau merkuri), kontaminasi gelas/kaca, dan prosedur pengukuran yang rumit(pencelupan).
Penggunaan thermometer bulb harus melindungi bulb dari benturan dan menghindaripengukuran yang melebihi skala termometer.
Sumber kesalahan termometer bulb:- time constant effect, waktu yang diperlukan konduksi panas dari luar ke tengah
batang kapiler- thermal capacity effect, apabila massa yang diukur relatif kecil, akan banyak panas
yang diserap oleh termometer dan mengurangi suhu sebenarnya
- cairan (alkohol, merkuri) yang terputus
- kesalahan pembacaan
- kesalahan pencelupan
Thermometer bulb (mercury or alcohol)
Using a large bubble (bulb) in place to accommodate the lower end of the liquid, and a
narrow tube (capillary holes) to emphasize the change in volume or fluid expansion.Based on the principle of a liquid volume changes according to temperature. Fluid filledsometimes colored alcohol but can also be a metallic liquid called mercury, both of whichexpand when heated and shrink when cooled
There are a number of glass tubes along a sign of the temperature scale.
Advantages include a thermometer bulb requires no tools, relatively inexpensive, is not
easily contaminated with chemicals that are suitable for chemical laboratories, and lowthermal conductivity.
Weaknesses include the thermometer bulb to break easily, are easily contaminated liquid
(alcohol or mercury), contamination of glass / glass, and a complicated measurementprocedure (immersion).
The use of the thermometer bulb should protect the bulb from impact and avoid
measurements that exceed the scale of the thermometer.
Thermometer bulb sources of error:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduktivitashttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konduktivitashttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkurihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohol -
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- Time constant effect, the time it takes the heat conduction from the outside to themiddle of the capillary stem
- Thermal capacity effects, if the mass is measured relatively small, a lot of heatabsorbed by the thermometer and reduce the actual temperature
- Liquids (alcohol, mercury) are disconnected
- Error reading
- Fault dipping
Thermometers Spring
1. Using a coil (flat plate) made of metal that is sensitive to heat, at the endof spring there is a pointer.2. When the hot air, coil (metal) expands so the pointer moves up,whereas when thecold metal shrank pointer moves down. In general, this thermometer the lowest accuracy inthe appeal anda digital thermometer bulb.3.The use of spring thermometer should always protect the capillary tube and the tip
of the sensor (probe) to the collision / friction. In addition, its use should not exceed thetemperature scale andshould be put in place that is not affected vibration.
Termometer Musim Semi Menggunakan sebuah coil (pelat pipih) yang terbuat dari logamyang sensitif terhadap
panas, pada ujung spring terdapat pointer.
Bila udara panas, coil (logam) mengembang sehingga pointer bergerak naik, sedangkanbila udara dingin logam mengkerut pointerbergerak turun. Secara umum termometer inipaling rendah keakuratannya di banding termometer bulb dan digital.
Penggunaan termometer spring harus selalu melindungi pipa kapiler dan ujung sensor(probe) terhadap benturan/ gesekan. Selain itu, pemakaiannya tidak boleh melebihi suhuskala dan harus diletakkan di tempat yang tidak terpengaruh getaran.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logamhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam -
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Non-contact thermometer
Termometer non kontak
Infrared thermometer, the temperature detection during object observed
optically, infrared light energy radiation is measured, and served as atemperature, by knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and
its emissions, the temperature of the object can be distinguished.
Termometer infra merah, mendeteksi temperatur secara optik selama objek diamati,radiasi energi sinar infra merah diukur, dan disajikan sebagai suhu, dengan mengetahuijumlah energi infra merah yang dipancarkan oleh objek dan emisinya, temperatur objek
dapat dibedakan.
Electronic Thermometer
Termometer elektronik
There are two types that are used in processing, ie,thermocouple and
resistance thermometer. Typically, the industryuses a nominal resistance of 100ohms at 0 C so-calledPt-100sensor. Pt is thesymbol for platinum, standard sensitivity sensor100 ohms is nominal 0385 ohm /
C, RTDs with a sensitivity0375 and 0392 ohm / C is also available.
Ada dua jenis yang digunakan di pengolahan, yakni thermocouple dan resistancethermometer. Biasanya, industri menggunakan nominal resistan 100 ohm pada 0 C sehingga
disebut sebagai sensor Pt-100. Pt adalah simbol untuk platinum, sensivitas standar sensor100 ohm adalah nominal 0.385 ohm/C, RTDs dengan sensivitas 0.375 dan 0.392 ohm/Cjuga tersedia.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merahhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termometer_infra_merah -
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Temperature Unit
Satuan Suhu
Referring to the SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). Other scales are Celsius,
Fahrenheit, and Reamur. On the Celsius scale, 0 C is the point where water freezes and
100 C is the boiling point of water at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. This scale is the most
commonly used in the world. Celsius scale is also similar to Kelvin Kelvin thus turning them
into just added 273 (or 273.15 to be more precise). Fahrenheit scale is a scale commonly
used in the United States. Freezing temperature of water is 32 F and the boiling point of
water is 212 F. As a standard unit, requires no sign of degrees Kelvin in writing. For
example just written a temperature of 20 K only, not to 20 K.
Mengacu pada SI, satuan suhu adalah Kelvin (K). Skala-skala lainadalah Celsius, Fahrenheit, dan Reamur. Pada skala Celsius, 0 C adalah titikdimana air membeku dan 100 C adalah titik didih air pada tekanan 1 atmosfer. Skala iniadalah yang paling sering digunakan di dunia. Skala Celsius juga sama dengan Kelvin sehinggacara mengubahnya ke Kelvin cukup ditambahkan 273 (atau 273.15 untuk lebih tepatnya).
Skala Fahrenheit adalah skala umum yang dipakai di Amerika Serikat. Suhu air membekuadalah 32 F dan titik didih air adalah 212 F. Sebagai satuan baku, Kelvin tidakmemerlukan tanda derajat dalam penulisannya. Misalnya cukup ditulis suhu 20 K saja, tidak
perlu 20 K.
Change The Temperature Scale
Satuan Suhu
An easy way to convert from celsius, fahrenheit, and reamur is by consideringthe ratio c: f: r = 5:9:4. The trick, is (scale goal) / (initial scale) xsuhu. From celsius tofahrenheit after using it that way, added
* 77 f on the celsius scale is 5 / 9 x (77-32) = 25
Cara mudah untuk mengubah dari Celsius, Fahrenheit, dan Reamur adalah denganmengingat perbandingan C:F:R = 5:9:4. Caranya, adalah (Skala tujuan)/(Skala awal)xSuhu.Dari Celsius ke Fahrenheit setelah menggunakan cara itu, ditambahkan
77 F pada skala Celsius adalah 5/9 x (77-32) = 25
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_(satuan_ukur)http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembekuanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_didihhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_atmosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikathttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikathttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_atmosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_didihhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembekuanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamurhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_(satuan_ukur) -
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