Competence makes the difference.

NON DESTRUCTIVE-TESTINGDIAGNOSTIC SURVEYS

TESTINGVULNERABILITY STUDIES

ON THE FIELD SERVICESPROGETTOPSC2017

The future of building is in the renewal and not in the construction. Invest in non-destructive testing means to invest in their future and that of their profession. The professions, as well as the formation,

in order not to lose value and quality need to be constantly updated.Andrea Valeria Timpani - AD

“

“Move Forward with Confidence”

In accordance with the conviction that everything is inevitably affected by the change and that the change constitutes in itself the propulsion to the development and improvement of every activity, Project PSC is, by September 2015, Center Authorized Exa-mination Bureau Veritas, Entity a world lea-der in testing, evaluation and risk analysis in the context of Quality, Environment, Health and Safety and Social Responsibility.

2

Certified Quality Company&SystemISO 9001 - 2008

Who we are? Progetto PSC is a center that deals with training and certification of personnel involved in the execution of Non Destructive surveys (NDT> NDT), under the supervision of Bureau Veritas and ACCREDIA. Courses are held at different venues located throughout the Italian territory and also directly in companies, with personalized training plans according to customer requirements. Progetto PSC is also a Testing Laboratory consists of a staff of experienced III level technicians that plans and executes on behalf of third parties preventive diagnostic tests (non-destructive and semi-destructive) on the field with the aim of identifying defects, deficiencies and building pathologies, suggesting targeted and circumscribed interventions and allowing a saving to the customer in timing and in economic terms.

About US

Studies of seismic riskQuote13

Certified technicians

Saving

Report

Before carrying out the investigations the technicians in

charge shall draw up an estimate to be submitted to the

contracting authority.

Technicians carry out an inspection in situ without com-

mitment to evaluate and plan the investigations to be

carried out.

All technical staff are certified experts with

many years of experience in the field.olorro

quaecta tatisto comnis intu

The investigations not destructive allow a conside-

rable saving in economic terms as well as time.

They aim to identify and isolate the area of inquiry

and suggest targeted interventions.

At the end of the survey will be produced a re-

port where will be indicated interventions,

the data detected and suggested improve-

ments.

ON FIELD SURVEYS

5

Progetto PSC operates through methods of analy-

sis and verification of employees from the com-

pleteness and reliability of the information availa-

ble in accordance with the technical guidance for

buildings that make it mandatory to perform eva-

luations of seismic safety and, if necessary, make

adjustments

Non-destructive testing is the determination of the physical condition of an object for-med in such a way as not to compromise the functionality for which the object itself has been built.

“ASNT(American Association For Non Destructive Testing)

Non-destructive tests (CND, DNP, NDT) are experimental techniques non-invasive techniques used in order to evaluate the integrity of a material, a component, a complex structure in addition to some geometrical characteristics (e.g. thickness).Cracks and defects of various nature can influence so devastating performance of components and structures at this point that their detection is an essential part of quality control in all fields of engineering. The set of techniques and procedures which have as their purpose the characterisation and evaluation of defects in materials or in the articles is generally clas-sified under the name of “non-destructive checks” (Non-Destructive Testing, NDT). The common denominator of these methods is that their implementation does not alter in any way the component investigated.

The requirement that the construction has an adequate level of safety in respect of collapse and which can maintain the usability in operating conditions involves having

to intervene on them through periodic checking operations; maintenance and consolidation. At the time of manufacture, the building has a certain degree of security

“original”, that, for the constructions “historical” in general, is not known and that in any case, over time tends to change as a consequence of the aging of the construc-

tion. If the aging process is not adequately contrasted, you will reach a condition of functional crisis if not even the collapse.

Other causes, in addition to aging, can lead to control operations and possible consolidation: defects in design or implementation; change of the conditions of use;

modifications of the loads of exercise; changes in the distribution of architecture that involve modifications of the structural organization; greater demands in order to

safety margin (es: safety in respect of seismic actions). At the base of these operations aiming at the conservation of buildings, there is the knowledge of the safety mar-

gin that the construction has in relation to certain requirements of strength and usability. The determination of the existing level of safety and the possible consequent

designing interventions on existing buildings require knowledge of the characteristics of the behavior of structures in their entirety, of various structural elements and

materials.

ASNT(American Association For Non Destructive Testing)

7

What are the methods which are not destructive or partially destructive imparted from the center or applicable on field? They are divided conven-

tionally according to the scope of application in methodologies belonging to the civil sector and in the industrial sector. A particular case is the

thermographic survey that is considered “Multisectoral” as applicable both in surveys on a civil level that at industrial level.

Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methods

Civil surveys Industrial surveys Civil&Industrial surveys

- Ground penetrating radar (GR)- Load Tests (PC)- Survey with flat jack tests (MPT)- Visual examination (VT)- Sonic Survey (SO)- Survey with ultrasonic (UT)- Magnetic Testing (MG)- Sclerometric Testing (SC)- Structural monitoring of crack (MO)- SonReb Survey (SC+UT)- Floors’ decay evaluation (SS)- Vibrations induced (VP)- Extraction tests (EST)

- Survey with Infrared camera (TT)

-

- Visual testing (VT)- Magnetic particle (MT)- Ultrasonic testing (UT)- Dye penetrant testing (PT)

Ground Penetrating Radar Load Tests

Floors’ decay evaluation Extraction tests

SurveyS on MaSonry bulidingS

GR PC

SS EST

SurveyS on reinforced concrete

INDICE - METODOLOGIE

8

Deep scan of the stratigraphy and mapping of underground utilities.

Verification of deformationsthe floors under stress.

Evaluating the state of stress relief and structural inhomogeneities of masonry buildings.

Test of evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of the concrete.

Mapping of the floors in brick-con-crete degraded state.

Resistance evaluation tests in compression and the inherent characteristics of the ma-terials and their degradation.

MG/SC/UT/MOMPT/SO/VT

Visual Testing

Dye Penetrating Test

Magnetic particle Ultrasonic test

Infrared Thermography

INDICE - METODOLOGIE

Induced VibrationsVP

MT

VT

PT

TT

9

Relief of thermal faults for the detec-tion of discontinuity pointillism and exercise.

Detect discontinuity and cracks of various kinds on non-porous material through the use of liquid detectors.

Evaluation of superficial study of de-fects of industrial components accor-ding to specific parameters of accep-tability.

Detect discontinuity and cracks of various kinds on non-porous material through the use of liquid detectors.

Analysis of the variations in the mag-netic field occurring in the presence of surface defects or sub-surface.

The responses of the site and of the structures to elastic stresses in relation to parameters of acceptability for the safety of people and places.

UT

Georadar - GRThe method of investigation Georadar is able to detect the discontinuities

present in the media investigated (subsoil and structures), exploiting

the reflection of the electromagnetic waves.

The georadar technique is frequently used to detect plano-altime-

tric of subservices buried such as water pipelines, sewer systems

and gas, to search for masonry structures buried archaeologi-

cal, in geological and environmental and in the embodiment the

stratigraphic. The GPR offers in short times, and before starting

the slaves, a mapping of the subsoil of the area or the structure

where it is necessary to intervene by replacing the traditional and

most expensive Investigation Geognostic, and reducing the risk of

unexpected in phase of realization of the work. Through the use of

electromagnetic waves, the Georadar is able to examine the materials

investigated without interfering in their chemical characteristics, p¬hysi-

cal and mechanical properties.

The broad applicability of the Methodology GPR, the speed of data acquisition of

high detail and cost-results makes the survey Georadar one of the most comprehensive in

the field of CND.

The radar investigation is also one of those techniques contemplated

and provided by the recent regulations in the field of seismic, used in

combination with the tests semi - destructive or destructive (such as the

test with double flat-jack, compression tests diagonal on panels and the

combined tests of vertical compression and cutting) in the evaluation of

the structural resistance of buildings.

Stratigraphy of structures & Civil Engineering The GPR applications range also in the civil engi-

neering and consist in the control of concrete and

masonry elements. And ‘in fact possible to monitor

the presence and location of metal armor and locate

foundations and any internal reinforcing structures

to the walls. The need to carry out investigations of

this kind arises, for example by observation of some

external cracks that have raised fears that the pheno-

menon is reproduced internally.

The GPR applications in the field of geology and

environmental concern mainly the reconstruction of

surface stratigraphy of the subsoil, the analysis of

contaminated sites and the identification of buried ar-

tifacts. Using the GPR is possible to identify an aqui-

fer, the lithology changes, the presence of fractures,

cavities and of particular contaminants such as hy-

drocarbons. It ‘also possible to locate buried drums

and tanks.

Research networks of sub-basement services such

as water pipes, sewerage and gas, necessary for the

proper planning and to avoid risks during work and

damage to underground utilities. Often in the GPR

sections anomalies generated by buried pipelines it

is also present with complex shapes because of their

partial or total overlapping: the analysis of the sec-

tions then requires considerable interpretative expe-

rience.

Geological & environmentalInvestigations

Plan & elevationInvestigations

The results of the tests of the load must be summarized in a report that con-tains all the information necessary for the unique identification of the struc-ture under examination and a descrip-tion thereof, the theoretical criteria and functional ones that have led to the executive choices implemented during the testing, and of course the deforma-tion data recorded at the measuring points chosen in the preliminary phase.The judgment on the outcome of the test is the responsibility of the tester.

Load tests can be distinguished in sta-tic and dynamic.Tests of static load shall apply to or-dinary structures while those dynamics apply to works of particularimportance.

On floors

On foundation piles

On beams

On bridges and viaducts

By sacks of cement

By transducers

Using tanks

By lorry

Prove di Carico - PC

Load tests - PCThe tests of static load measuring the displacements and lowering that undergoes the constructive

element when it is subjected to load/unload cycles progressive.

The drop measured and acquired are then compared with the theoretical lowerings of the project.

Load Tests of the structures are useful for the overall control, in the reality of the good execution

of the works constructed, and the stresses produced by the applied loads. Load Tests are distin-

guished in verification tests or trials and tests.

The verification tests have the purpose to evaluate the correspondence between the experimen-

tal results and those arising from the theoretical calculation.

You are running on the structures of new construction or on structures where you know the geo-

metry, the mechanical characteristics of the constituent elements and the constraint conditions.

The tests are performed on existing structures of which you do not know with certainty the geome-

trical and mechanical parameters, it is in substance in the absence of the drawings and calculations of

the project, or for which, for a variety of reasons (cracks, materials not satisfying, damage caused by fire or

shock, age, etc.) the characteristics of the project are not guaranteed.

The load tests are normed by the cap. 9.2 of D.M. 14/01/2008 that,

as regards the powers, he states: ‘The test program, established by the

Quality Controller, indicating the loading procedures and expected

performance must be submitted to the Director for the implementation of

the work and made known to the designer and the manufacturer. The

must carry the load tests in the manner indicated by the Test rider that if

he takes full responsibility, while, as regards their implementation material,

is responsible for the Director of Works.

Floors’ decay evaluation - SSNot only an incorrect design or the age of the building may be the root cause of an event of sfondellamento, but in some cases the infiltrations neglected or constants are one of the causes of this phenomenon. The union of endogenous causes

exogenous and gives rise to a phenomenon called sfondellamento, i.e. the possible and progressive removal of lower folders of the tile blocks typi-

cal of the floors cement-brick, wherein the hollow tiles are stressed to the point of breaking and detached from the rest of the floor. The tech-

nique of survey is one of the applications of the known sonic metho-

dology. The application concept is that of hammering the intrados of

a floor and check the presence of areas of plaster detached. A zone detached of plaster, stressed, emits sound frequencies or vibrations

at frequencies significantly below from a zone of plaster integral with the structure of the floor ( in fact a rigid structure, “secure”, has a fre-

quency of vibration clearly superior to a relaxd structure, cracked). The identification of these areasis necessary to maintain the overall security of the structure. The sonic technique is matched to that visual and thermo-

graphic that pr ensure a diagnosis to 360°: the sudden removal of portions of

plaster and brick can therefore generate situations of real emergency and serious

danger, especially in strategic ediifici, but the programd intervention and specialized tech-

nicians skilled in the art can prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon.

Floors’ decay evaluation

The technicians of the Center have developed a protocol of Investigation Sfondellamento

to be applied in cases of study of the state of health of a floor. The Protocol provides for

an analysis of the structure under different points of view, using various instruments, in parti-

cular: infrared camera; instrumented hammer; vibration transducer; piezoelectric microphone

or capacitative; pulser; calculation unit (Personal Computer or Notebook); the acquisition

system 4 channels expandable.

STEP by STEP

Sonic Survey on floor Visual Testing Infrared Analysis

Monitoring and report of slots, cracks, depressions;

Constructive analysis of the

floor;

Constructive analysis of the floor;

Thermographic imaging to detect: the warping of

the floor, wetlands and highlight areas of unevenness

of the floor, infiltrations, highlighting the areas where

they might be possible trusted and any local degra-

dation with removal of the plaster from the support, or

hollow tiles broken;

investigations with Radar methodology with antennas at

high frequency (2000 MHz), for the relief of the thicknesses

of the floor, the presence of the plates and their state of

iron cover, the presence of cavities, zones with no contact;

Mapping of the warping of the floor: In

practice, locate the bearing structure of

the floor and choose the most suitable

spots where to apply the methodology of

investigation;

Punctual dynamic survey of each portion of the

floor after a survey carried out manually for a first

evaluation and mapping of the phenomenon in act

(sfondellamento);

Verification of the state

carrier of false ceilings,

with verification of “dro-

ppers” and the eventual

precariousness.

Floors’ decay evaluation

+ +

Induced Vibrations - VPThe induced vibrations, i.e. those due to the chaos of the city - that is the heavy traffic or the

increasingly frequent urban works - can cause damage to the structures present in the city.

This survey shall relate in an appropriate manner to the concept of security, especially and

in particular toward the houses and the structures of any type in the replies that the latter

have when they undergo vibrations induced by human activities, species of work.

The method of the vibrations induced by the vastness of the sector and for the boundary

conditions very variable, cannot enjoy - unlike e.g. of acoustics - of specific law, but

“only” Technical Reference Standards that secure the limits to the values of the speed

of particles induced on the structures. The course intends to develop the concepts that

relate to the measurement of vibrations on the articles, with particular attention to the dis-

turbance suffered by the people and the damage suffered by the structures.

The relief and data collection are realized in relation to:- the types of source: impulsive, continuous, intermittent;- the characteristics of these vibrations;- to the specific objectives of the survey;- the construction type of the item that is subjected to the vibrations;- the development plan and in the height of the product;- at the age of the product;- the criteria of construction;- at the time of the measures: control or monitoring.

The relief of the vibrations induced in extreme synthesis is

used for:

- safety reasons and forecasting of the main parameters vi-

brometrici which the velocity of the particles and the frequen-

cy of the vibrations during the work activities that produce

and these activities are to be carried out in areas close to

buildings or for yards in the city or in inhabited centers.

For activities shall mean those typical of the construction sec-

tor but also includes certain industrial activities (machinery)

which

cause vibrations;

- reasons of control and verification of the same parameters

when perhaps are in act of disputes by structures that have

complained of vibrations of the built in function of similar ac-

tivities;

- reasons for controlling the movement of traffic (heavy spe-

cies and trains) in relation to the existing situations within the

structures and/or to restrict and find new solutions as alter-

As a vibrometric survey has as objective the practical respon-

se that involves:

- Security of buildings close to the zone work that produces

vibrations;

- the typical responses of the relief to reconcile operability of

jobs with security in the first place of the people and then of

things;

- the ability to provide the results of the measures in optical

technical-scientific;

data analysis should include not only the mere comparison

(instead is often so) of numbers and values with the referen-

ce standards, but a critical review of the measures, a proper

application of the techniques of processing and a final objec-

tive discussion overall and of the results of the survey, in its

aspects aimed to the objective of the same.

++

What are the sources of vibration?

Instrumentation for measuring vibrations induced according to a profile for eva-luating the attenua-tion law of velocity with distance.

Trains traffic vibra-tions: Fit for the

characterization of the source.

Geometries masurement.

Detail of measuring instrumentation.

Sensor module + data acquisition module. The senosor module is not in measurement position to make obvious the fixing supports to the soil.

Measures according to the houses profile:

9 m from vibroinfis-sione piling.

The survey with jacks dishes is perhaps the

only available at the moment capable of pro-

viding reliable information on the main mecha-

nical characteristics of a masonry structure in

terms of deformability, the state of stress and

resistance, applied for the assessment of the

state of stress of the elastic modulus and ten-

sile strength. Used to support the study of

seismic vulnerability.

Visual examination Sonic survey

SURVEYS ON MASONRY

Visual analysis of a manufactured article has

an important role within the diagnostics since it

allows: To verify the regularity in the plant and

in the height of the building; to detect the ma-

croscopic alterations; to detect the degradation

(worsening level conservative).

It is a prior investigation is essential for every

campaign of investigations which is sche-

duled.

The Sonic survey allows to perform investi-

gations on all masonry structures, both for the

evaluation of the homogeneity of the dividing

wall and then of the possible presence of struc-

tural defects (cavity, cracks etc.), that in order to

estimate the order of magnitude of the strength

of the materials used.

Flat jack tests

For fully understanding, for the purposes of design, the behavior of the composite material brick or block-malta, we must not

analyze the individual elements in a context isolated, but evaluating the structural answers offered by them in their entirety

under various conditions of stress.

Sometimes even the rules relating to the masonry are sufficient in order to carry out a detailed analysis of the structural stren-

gth from it offer, since these rules are obtained experimentally by means of tests carried out on the walls, pillars or specimens

of small size, and do not assess the different states of stress arising for example from having to use structures with dimensions

different from those to which such standards relate.

It is therefore appropriate for an adequate control in terms of safety, assess the behavior of the masonry under different states of stress. In this sense it requires a more detailed analysis of the resistance of the masonry, in particular:

The

Seism

ic R

isk

The mechanical characterization of materials is

a fundamental step of vulnerability assessments.

The investigations not destructive or semi-des-

tructive applied to manufactured have the ob-

jective to establish if the masonry in question

is capable of a structural behavior suitable to

support the actions of static and dynamic fore-

seeable for the building.

Resistance to

compression

Resistance to

compression &

shove

Resistance to

traction

Voltage bond deformations

Investigations on Concrete

The investigations on concrete include the methods most frequently employed for the determination

of the characteristics of the behavior of structures in their entirety, of various structural elements and materials.

In particular, therefore, in buildings made of reinforced concrete will occur in the first place the determination of the

characteristics of the materials, concrete and reinforcement bars, then the tests on structural elements and finally tests

together on structures.

It is specified that the determination of the resistance must be carried out for homogeneous lots of concrete test (re-

gion); therefore every indication relating to the number of tests must be understood with regard to sets of structural

elements constituted by the concrete of homogeneous characteristics.

The investigations on concrete concern:

Sclerometric

index

determination

Determination of

extraction force

Sampling, com-

pression exami-

nation and tes-

ting of samples

The troubled national sensitivity resulting from the recent tragedies that have oc-curred in the concomitance of natural events, has in fact placed on the agenda in a dramatic way the theme of the safety of the buildings for residential purposes and strategic seismic area.Particular calamitous events teaches that even the reinforced concrete structures can be vulnerable if poorly designed or constructed with materials of poor quali-ty and with an incorrect arrangement of plates, both main and secondary (brac-kets of confinement).Structures which, if not properly carried out do not possess adequate ductility and much less meet the principles of hie-rarchy of interference.

Determination of

the propagation

speed of

Ultrasonic pulses

Magnetic&Sclerometric SurveysThe Pacometro or detector of bars and generally a tool of elec-

tronic measurement, intended to the determination of the position

of the reinforcements in steel on the finished structures, both in

reinforced concrete which precompressed. The test sclerometri-

ca instead is one of the non-destructive tests based on the prin-

ciple that the rebound of a elastic mass depends on the strength

and stiffness characteristics of the surface on which impinges.

Before carrying out a test sclerometrica is necessary to identi-

fy the location of the reinforcement bars through the pacometro.

The energy absorbed by the concrete depends on the link volta-

ges-deformation, and therefore both by the resistance that the ri-

gidity of the material. Since it is possible that concretes having the

same resistance have different rigidities, the correlation between

the index of bouncing and strength of the concrete is not unique; it

depends in particular on the nature of the aggregate, that greatly

affects the rigidity of the concrete.

Survey with ultrasound method a ultrasound consists in the analy-

sis of the mode of propagation of elastic waves of vibration throu-

gh the material under examination, procedures which are closely

connected with the elastic characteristics of the medium (elastic

modulus and Poisson coefficient dynamic) and with its density.

In means as the concrete, the method is valid for determining

areas with homogeneous mechanical characteristics and there-

fore obtain a mapping of the material; by carrying out measure-

ments of attenuation of the wave together with measures of speed,

it is possible also to detect the presence of singularity which in-

ternal defects (cavity, segregation) or slots. In fact, the presence

of voids or cavities on the trajectory modification in whole or in

part the path of the ultrasonic wave, so that the amplitude of the

incoming signal is reduced in relation to the characteristics and

dimensions of the defect.

Il Metodo SonReb è basato sull’impiego di curve di iso-resistenza,

per stimare la resistenza del calcestruzzo attraverso misure de-

ll’indice di rimbalzo sclerometrico e della velocità degliultrasuoni.

Il metodo consente di ottenere un’informazione più completa sul

materiale, in quanto prende in considerazione due parametri le-

gati a caratteristiche diverse: la velocità di propagazione, legata

alla densità e all’elasticità del materiale attraverso gli Ultrasuoni,

e l’indice sclerometrico, legato alla durezza superficiale; inoltre,

per quanto riguarda il grado di umidità ed il grado di maturazione,

questi influenzano la velocità di propagazione con effetto opposto

rispetto a quanto rilevato per le prove sclerometriche. All’applica-

zione sul campo, il metodo combinato si mostra effettivamente

più efficace dei singoli metodi indiretti.

Ultrasonic Survey SonReb (SC+UT)

The non-destructive techniques allow to carry out investigations on very extended portions of the jets, in times and at relatively low cost.Through these techniques it is possible to identify areas in which the concrete has different characteristics, which can correspond to jets with different resistance characteristics, or the presence of localized defects.

++

+

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Extraction Tests - ESTEven if the method cannot be defined properly “non destructive”

it is very used as “preliminary calibration” and completion of any

diagnostic campaign for the evaluation of the mechanical charac-

teristics of the concrete and for the identification of the stratigra-

phic composition of floors and walls.

Typically, the test of Pull-Out is recognized as one of the more

reliable techniques for the estimation of the surface resistance of the

concrete work, both in the construction of new buildings and existing

ones.

The last limit state induced by the extraction of the insert from the concrete is

a direct measure of the strength of the material that can be correlated, also theo-

retically with the resistance to compression.

The test of Pull-Out consists in measuring the force required to extract a metal insert, with enlar-

ged end, anchored in the concrete. The extraction force is applied to the insert by a hydraulic

martino cable rests on the structure and on this contrasted by a metal ring integrated in the

body of jack. In this way the insert extracts a cone of concrete whose dimensions depend on

the geometry of the test system. The extraction of the insert determines, on the surface of the

fracture, one last limit state for shove-extraction. The extraction force measured is therefore a

direct measure of the strength of the material that can be correlated, through specific calibra-

tion curves, the compressive strength of the material.

CORE DRILLINGThe method is a direct evidence of resistance on samples taken from the structural elements. It is

considered a destructive test consists in taking samples (carrots) from finished structures, by means of suitable equipment equipped with grinding wheels with diamond ring. On carrots can make, in

analogy to tests on samples taken from castings, compression tests, tests of indirect traction,

tests for the determination of the elastic modulus and chemical tests.

The resistance measured on carrots is influenced by factors which modify the resistance in work with respect to that of the standard samples, by other factors connected with the technique of

drawing samples.

The area in which to perform the coring must be chosen in such a way as not to alter the carrying

capacity of the structural element.

If the diameter of carrots is less than 3 times the maximum diameter of the inert, then carrots are said “microcarote”.

In this case to obtain reliable results it is necessary to carry out the tests on a greater number of samples.

Diagnostics helps vulnerability studies

hiStorical

critical

analySiS

Vulnerability is the predisposition of a building to be damaged by an earthquake.

The Vulnerabiltà index is given by the sum of several factors: characterization of the site, obtaining the seismic parameters and knowledge of the artefact.

The last phase embodies the knowledge of the type of building, the design criteria used for its construc-tion, quality of materials and related maintenance.

The safety assessment is a process to determine whe-ther an existing structure is able or not to resist the combination of design actions contained in the NTC and / or to determine the maximum extent of actions considered in the project set combinations, that the structure is capable of supporting with the safety margins required by the NTC, defined by the partial safety factors on actions and materials.

To achieve an adequate level of knowledge you will have to provide for the use of methods of analy-sis and verification dependent on the completeness and reliability of information available and employ adequate confidence factors that modify paramteri capacity depending on the relative level of knowle-dge in geometry, materials and construction details.

ON FIELD SURVEYS

The staff of the center performs Te-chnical Consultations, Non-Destruc-tive and Semi-Destructive of existing concrete structures and masonry, to

determine the level of knowledge (LC) and the index of vulnerability of the

building under investigation.

UNDERGROUND SEISMIC CHARACTERIZATION

hiStorical

critical

analySiS

Structural geoMetric

analySiS

Material Mechanical

characterization

KNOWLEDGELEVEL’S DEFINITION

& TIPS OF INTERVENTION

>

In the assessment of an existing building, the result will be all the more true the more reliable will be the initial data characterizing the artifact. The preliminary phase will therefore be formed by the acquisition of all the available historical project documentation. At this stage you will have to reconstruct the process of realization and subsequent changed in the structure of the artifact, as well as evaluate interventions that have affected the structure over the years.

To achieve an adequate knowledge of the characteristics of the materials and their degra-dation there is based on evidence already available; verifications in situ and experimental investigations. To address the uncertainty components that remain after the implementation of the first two stages of the Standards of safety assessment in fact force you to perform a number of tests on materials such as to minimize the uncertainties. The number and types of tests vary according to the type of material, the documentation available, the level of knowledge to be achieved and the structural type.

This phase is also very important, so that the NTC predispose that there is no possibi-lity of different levels of acquisition of this type of information, but there is exhaustively describe an acquisition characteristics of the structure. In this phase the relevant infor-mation to be acquired is the overall body geometry to that of the individual components, also they should be evaluated relations with any facilities in adherence and represen-ted the change over time, derived from the historical / critical analysis . In addition to this you will need to locate the building resistant organism; visually assess the quality and state of conservation of materials and components; detect failures (in place or sta-bilized) crack patterns, damage mechanisms and foundations (type and level).

EXTRACTION TEST

INFRARED CAMERA

FLAT JACK TEST

SONIC TEST

CORE DRILLING

SONREB

MAGNETIC TEST

+DIAGNOSTIC SURVEYS

MECHANICAL

CONSTRUCTIONS ELECTRIC PHOTOVOLTAICS

- Analysis buildings for the detection of faulty insulation in thewalls;- Checks and heat dispersion for the purposes ofenergy reduction;- Analysis processes of sulfation of the stone;- Identifying deterioration of cover to reinforcement in ac of pave-ments and coverings galleries;- Identifying the detachments of the plaster;- Identifying detachments coatings of outer and inner walls;- Identifying the infiltration of water from the roofs and terraces;- Identifying the infiltration of water in subways, underground floors, galleries;- Identifying loss of hot water in the pipes locating bearing structu-res of buildings;- search for paths piping hot and/or cold water inside walls or floors;- Identifying infiltration from heating pipes,heating and floor pipes in general;- Detection The structure of buildings under the plaster- Verification waterproofing;- Verify the presence of moisture in the perimeter walls and analysis of degradation;- thermal map of the masonry structure to identify the natureof the material, humidity, occult lesions and detachments of plaster;- Ammorsature between different masonry, with related reading of anybodies of factory added;- Search for the positioning and sizing of structural elements such as arcs of exhaust, brick pillars, architraves.

- Analysis operating temperatures of transformers;- Identifying overheating caused by abnormal contact resistances on: electrical connections on passing AT/AT, AT/MT, MT/ bt power transformers;- joints of power on insulated conductors;- joints;- power switches terminals of HV cable and MT Junction Blocks various;- distribution switchboards;- disconnectors;- Verify cogeneration plants;- Check air lines of transport;- checking lines ventilated busbar and busbar bar;- predictive Testing electrical system;- identifying defective components on electronic cards;- thermal surface mapping of integrated circuits;- optimization thermal dissipation of electronic components;- Verification of the presence of any defects on cables, joints, grips, insulators;- Central Production Verification large transformers;- Search for leaks in boilers;- Verification of the integrity of the thermal insulation in the boiler bodies.;- electric machines investigations in alternators and electric motors;- control of the bearings, supports and rotating parts subject to overheating.

- Identify, during normal Solar Load, defective cells with tempera-tures higher than the maximum operating temperature (normally 85° C);- identify defects in the connections between the cells and the protection diodes;- assess efficiency losses on panels with non-uniform distribution of temperatures due to cells or groups of cells with a temperature higher than normal;- to reduce the maintenance times (especially for large installa-tions) and check through reports specific status of operation of modules during the years of operation;- Demonstrate/check the tightness of the bracket unit (useful for installation on roofs of coverage).

- Check members in movement and detection of overheating;- check wear of coupling devices;- Identifying overheating for wear or lack of lubrication in bearings and motor reducers;- functional check compressors;- Check operation of vacuum pumps;- verify operation systems of chain drive;- control of hydraulic pumps;- control of the gears;- control of the hinges;- checking production lines.

ADV

ANTA

GES The thermography is a method completely non-invasive and rapid implementation:

- Does not require interruptions of the process;- Allows you to accurately identify the critical points and then carry out targeted interventions;- Economic savings both in terms of timing and repair of any damage;-Cculling insurance costs;- Reductions in costs of masonry works.

INFRARED CAmERA’S APPLICATIONS

Infrared Camera - TTThe investigations carried out with Infrared Camera allow to identify numerous pathologies such as building struc-

tural defects, defects in the hydraulic or electrical system, infiltrations, areas of humidity and mold; But applica-

tions of the camera are innumerable: thermographic survey poses no limits, is now one of the systems of

inspection is not destructive more appreciated and scope in the industrial world, civil and research.

The one with the Thermal Imaging Camera is a technique of tele-detecting infrared belonging to the ca-

tegory of non-destructive checks.

The Technician Certification Thermography Operator is called multisectoral as shape and certify on a

methodology that can be applied both in the civil and industrial. The thermographic technique is un-

doubtedly the most suitable method to organize and seek any kind of maintenance allowing considera-

ble savings in terms of economic and time. The amount of data, ease of inspection and the immediacy

of information make the infrared camera a tool now indispensable in any professional context.

The thermographic technique is undoubtedly the most suitable method to organize and seek any

kind of maintenance allowing considerable savings in terms of economic and time. The amount

of data, ease of inspection and the immediacy of information make the infrared camera a tool

now indispensable in any professional context. The thermography offers enormous advantages for

predictive maintenance in each sector representing a series of benefits and savings of both time

and cost:

• analyzes are fast and non-intrusive may be carried out at a distance and to plant or machine running, without reducing

or stopping the operation of the system during the verification;

• Help prevent failures, thus lowering costs for urgent repairs and more extensive or non-functioning or disservice;

• the predictive thermography also gives access to reductions in premiums on the part of some insurance companies, pre-

cisely by virtue of the reduction of the risk of failure and fire. The thermographic monitoring programd can be quarterly,

half-yearly or annual

The main advantages provided by the ultraso-

nic testing than other nondestructive testing

methods are:

- Greater power of penetration in the middle,

(which allows to also detect discontinuities that

are inside of the material);

- High sensitivity that can detect very small dis-

continuities;

- Improved accuracy in determining the posi-

tion of the internal defects in the evaluation of

their shape and orientation;

- It is sufficient that only one surface of the par-

ticular is accessible;

- Is an electronic controller that provides relief

of defects immediately (this makes the method

suitable for automation, the quick check, on-li-

ne control);

- Allows the volumetric control of the piece

from the upper to the lower surface;

- The method does not present any danger of

radiation and has no side effect on the staff

and other electrical devices in the vicinity;

- It is easily transportable.

Here are some of the main types of compo-nents that are usually controlled by the ultra-sound method to detect any defects:

- Rolled components; rollers, shafts, drives, press columns;- Power equipment: forgings of the turbine, the generator rotor, pressurized pipelines, sets of welded parts, pressure vessels, reac-tor components;- Components of aircraft;- For heavy materials;- Special rail;- Automotive parts.

Ultimately ultrasonic checking means is a ra-pid, efficient and economic for the volumetric control of structures and components that is of simple complex form.

Applications

Advantages

Ultrasonic - UT

The ultrasonic testing for the detection of internal discontinuities in mate-rials, is basically run with two techniques:

> Technique for transparency, in which three methods may be employed: - Transmission; - Reflection; - Run.

> For reflection technique.

Ultrasonic - UTThe inspection by Ultrasound is a non-destructive method in which high frequency sound waves are introduced into the material to be examined, in order to detect surface or internal defects, measure the thickness of materials, measure the distance and the size of defects. In

other words the starting signal of ultrasound (called “eco departure”) and the reflected from the surface opposite to that entry (called “wall echo”), are displayed on the meter display with the peaks, whose distance It is proportional to the time it takes for the ultrasound to travel the outward journey and return from the probe to the reflecting surface present within the material. If during this path the ultrasound beam encounters the discontinuity will be reflected, absorbed, deflected or diffracted according to the laws common to all the phenomena of propagation of the waves and on the screen, between the two

previous peaks (echo departure and eco bottom), it others will appear representing the information concerning the type of discontinuity encountered.

AD: andrea.timpani@progettopsc.comTTraining Office: formazione@progettopsc.com

AD: +393351998057Training Office 059-748408

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The requirement that the buildings have an ade-

quate level of safety with regard to collapse and

that they can maintain the usability of the ope-

rating conditions implies an intervention on

existing buildings through regular checks; main-

tenance and consolidation. The determination

of the level of security and any resulting tips

of interventions on existing buildings require

knowledge of the characteristics of the behavior

of structures in their entirety, from the different

structural elements to materials. That level of

knowledge can be achieved by combining diffe-

rent non-destructive or destructive diagnostic

methodologies, which involves applying a consi-

derable saving in economic terms because they

allow detrminare chips to conditions of an object

without compromising the inherent functionality.

Entrusted to professionals in nondestructive tes-

ting, entrusted to the staff of technical experts of

Progetto PSC.

The world of non destructive tests around you.

Certified Management System Quality UNI EN ISO9001:2008

ProgettoPSCVia Montanara, 1, Solignano Nuovo (MO)