comparing the successes of two irrigation projects using gender analysis tim podkul november 7, 2006...
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Comparing the Successes of Two Irrigation Projects Using Gender Analysis
Comparing the Successes of Two Irrigation Projects Using Gender Analysis
Tim PodkulNovember 7, 2006
Tim PodkulNovember 7, 2006
Bangladesh: Chandpur Irrigation Project (CIP)Bangladesh: Chandpur Irrigation Project (CIP)
1963-1987
Major Objectives
Protect and increase agricultural production Increase agricultural employment Improve living conditions within project area
1963-1987
Major Objectives
Protect and increase agricultural production Increase agricultural employment Improve living conditions within project area
Methods for Implementation
Methods for Implementation
InfrastructureEmbankmentsCanals Water Pumps
Education ComponentsTechnical assistance with HYVAssociation building activitiesFinancial Management
InfrastructureEmbankmentsCanals Water Pumps
Education ComponentsTechnical assistance with HYVAssociation building activitiesFinancial Management
Activity Analysis for Women
Activity Analysis for Women
Summer (June-Nov)Harvest HYV rice in
Aug & NovHarvest JuteTransplanting of amonHome garden
cultivationReproductive
Activities
Summer (June-Nov)Harvest HYV rice in
Aug & NovHarvest JuteTransplanting of amonHome garden
cultivationReproductive
Activities
Winter (Dec-May)Harvest wheat, pulses
and oil seedsTransplanting Boro
(HYV pulse)Home garden
harvesting and post harvest activity
Reproductive Activities
Winter (Dec-May)Harvest wheat, pulses
and oil seedsTransplanting Boro
(HYV pulse)Home garden
harvesting and post harvest activity
Reproductive Activities
Gender Disaggregated Pre-CIP Activities Matrix
Gender Disaggregated Pre-CIP Activities Matrix
Landless Population Tenant Population Small Landowners (< 1 acre)
Midsize Landowners (1-3 acres)
Large Landowners (> 3 acres)
Women’s Activities
Reproductive Activities (fuel gathering, washing, food prep, childcare, water). Hired seasonal agricultural services as well as domestic servants.
Reproductive activities as well as post-harvest
activities including threshing, husking, winnowing, boiling
paddies to produce rice (value-added activity)
Reproductive activities as well as post-harvest work only pertaining to the home-grown crops.
They were not permitted to work outside the
house because of the observance of the purdah custom.
Reproductive activities and post-harvest work within
the home
Reproductive activities and post-harvest work for crops produced on their
land
Men’s Activities Hired Agricultural Labor for Wages
Worked the land and negotiated split of crops
Worked as sharecroppers and hired
agricultural laborers
Cultivated their own land, hired outside
labor to assist during high production
season
Managed the farms and hired farm –hands to do all of the work. Usually ran community political
organizations and religious activities
Landless Population Tenant Population Small Landowners (< 1 acre)
Midsize Landowners (1-3 acres)
Large Landowners (> 3 acres)
Women’s Activities
Reproductive Activities (fuel gathering, washing, food prep, childcare, water). Hired seasonal agricultural services as well as domestic servants.
Reproductive activities as well as post-harvest
activities including threshing, husking, winnowing, boiling
paddies to produce rice (value-added activity)
Reproductive activities as well as post-harvest work only pertaining to the home-grown crops.
They were not permitted to work outside the
house because of the observance of the purdah custom.
Reproductive activities and post-harvest work within
the home
Reproductive activities and post-harvest work for crops produced on their
land
Men’s Activities Hired Agricultural Labor for Wages
Worked the land and negotiated split of crops
Worked as sharecroppers and hired
agricultural laborers
Cultivated their own land, hired outside
labor to assist during high production
season
Managed the farms and hired farm –hands to do all of the work. Usually ran community political
organizations and religious activities
Source: Rao (1991)Adapted: T. Podkul (2006)
Gender Disaggregated CIP Results Activities Matrix
Gender Disaggregated CIP Results Activities Matrix
Landless Population Tenant Population Small Landowners (< 1 acre)
Midsize Landowners (1-3 acres)
Large Landowners (> 3 acres)
Women’s Results
Large increase in demand for post-harvest labor. Increased earnings and shorter hours
Large increase in demand for post-
harvest labor. Increased earnings and
shorter hours
No increase in outside hired labor because of
purdah, and because of the new time constraints with
their family farm production and post-
harvest demands
No increase in outside hired labor because of purdah, and because of the new time constraints with their family farm production and post-
harvest demands
No increase in outside hired labor because of purdah, and because of the new time constraints with their family farm production and post-
harvest demands Men’s Results Increased workloads,
however not proportional to
increased production due previous under-
employment
Increased work loads, but similar problems
due to under-employment
Increase in their own workloads, but did not
have significant gains to employ landless workers
Were able to hire more help, as well as sell increased crops in
market for extra cash
Hired more landless and tenant male populations
to work their lands. Increased income was a
large result.
Landless Population Tenant Population Small Landowners (< 1 acre)
Midsize Landowners (1-3 acres)
Large Landowners (> 3 acres)
Women’s Results
Large increase in demand for post-harvest labor. Increased earnings and shorter hours
Large increase in demand for post-
harvest labor. Increased earnings and
shorter hours
No increase in outside hired labor because of
purdah, and because of the new time constraints with
their family farm production and post-
harvest demands
No increase in outside hired labor because of purdah, and because of the new time constraints with their family farm production and post-
harvest demands
No increase in outside hired labor because of purdah, and because of the new time constraints with their family farm production and post-
harvest demands Men’s Results Increased workloads,
however not proportional to
increased production due previous under-
employment
Increased work loads, but similar problems
due to under-employment
Increase in their own workloads, but did not
have significant gains to employ landless workers
Were able to hire more help, as well as sell increased crops in
market for extra cash
Hired more landless and tenant male populations
to work their lands. Increased income was a
large result.
Source: Rao (1991)Adapted: T. Podkul (2006)
Conclusions from CIP Results
Conclusions from CIP Results
25% increase in family farm laborStandards of living increased
Patterns of food distribution remained the same
Increased dependence on non-beneficiary vegetable production
Increased costs or maintaining irrigation systems and overall inflation subsumed almost all increase in income
25% increase in family farm laborStandards of living increased
Patterns of food distribution remained the same
Increased dependence on non-beneficiary vegetable production
Increased costs or maintaining irrigation systems and overall inflation subsumed almost all increase in income
Philippines: The Aslong Irrigation Project
1979-1982
Philippines: The Aslong Irrigation Project
1979-1982
ObjectivesIncrease food productionRaise family income and improve the
quality of lifeGenerate employment opportunitiesInvolve farmers in the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems
ObjectivesIncrease food productionRaise family income and improve the
quality of lifeGenerate employment opportunitiesInvolve farmers in the design,
construction, operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems
Design and Implementation
Design and Implementation
Beneficiaries gained access to the project by: 1) displaying an interest in the NIA
project 2) agreed to provide labor and
materials during the construction, and repay loans to NIA via the Irrigator’s Associations
Beneficiaries gained access to the project by: 1) displaying an interest in the NIA
project 2) agreed to provide labor and
materials during the construction, and repay loans to NIA via the Irrigator’s Associations
Control Over Types of Household Earnings Type of Earning and Person in Control Number of Households
(n = 90) Wage earnings of female members Women 34 Men --- Joint 10 Wage earnings of male members Women 36 Men 7 Joint 27 Proceeds from sale of paddy Women 31 Men 5 Joint 3 Earnings from garden and other non-rice crops
Women 28 Men 4 Joint 4 Earnings from livestock Women 31 Men --- Joint 7 Earnings from poultry Women 29 Men --- Joint 5 Earnings from trading Women 24 Men --- Joint 7 Source: Rao (1991)
Control Over Types of Household Earnings Type of Earning and Person in Control Number of Households
(n = 90) Wage earnings of female members Women 34 Men --- Joint 10 Wage earnings of male members Women 36 Men 7 Joint 27 Proceeds from sale of paddy Women 31 Men 5 Joint 3 Earnings from garden and other non-rice crops
Women 28 Men 4 Joint 4 Earnings from livestock Women 31 Men --- Joint 7 Earnings from poultry Women 29 Men --- Joint 5 Earnings from trading Women 24 Men --- Joint 7 Source: Rao (1991)
Activity/Type of LaborFemale Male Total Female Male Total
LAND PREPARATIONHired 0 10.3 10.3 0 8.8 8.8Family 0 25.2 25.2 0 23.3 23.3Subtotal 0 35.5 35.5 0 32.1 32.1
PLANTING/ TRANSPLANTINGHired 19.3 4.9 24.2 20.1 7.5 27.6Family 2.5 3.9 6.4 2.9 4 6.9Subtotal 21.8 8.8 30.6 23 11.5 34.5
WEEDINGHired 7.6 5.7 13.3 8.4 4.6 13Family 7.2 10.1 17.3 8.7 9.6 18.3Subtotal 14.8 15.8 30.6 17.1 14.2 31.3
HARVESTING/ THRESHINGHired 19 13.2 32.2 17.1 15.9 33Family 5 6.3 11.3 0.9 2.2 3.1Subtotal 24 19.5 43.5 18 18.1 36.1
OTHER FIELD ACTIVITIESHired 2.4 6.4 8.8 2.7 9.7 12.4Family 0 5.2 5.2 0.1 4.6 4.7Subtotal 2.4 11.6 14 3.8 14.3 18.1
LABOR SUPERVISIONHired 0 0 0 0 0 0Family 6.2 4.2 10.4 5.6 2.9 8.5Subtotal 6.2 4.2 10.4 5.6 2.9 8.5
ALL RICE FARMING OPERATIONSHired 48.3 40.5 88.8 48.3 46.5 94.8Family 20.9 54.9 75.8 18.2 46.6 64.8
TOTAL 69.2 95.4 164.6 66.5 93.1 159.6
DRY SEASONWET SEASON
Average Labor Requirements (person-days per hectare) of Rice Farms, Crop Year 1985-1986
Activity/Type of LaborFemale Male Total Female Male Total
LAND PREPARATIONHired 0 10.3 10.3 0 8.8 8.8Family 0 25.2 25.2 0 23.3 23.3Subtotal 0 35.5 35.5 0 32.1 32.1
PLANTING/ TRANSPLANTINGHired 19.3 4.9 24.2 20.1 7.5 27.6Family 2.5 3.9 6.4 2.9 4 6.9Subtotal 21.8 8.8 30.6 23 11.5 34.5
WEEDINGHired 7.6 5.7 13.3 8.4 4.6 13Family 7.2 10.1 17.3 8.7 9.6 18.3Subtotal 14.8 15.8 30.6 17.1 14.2 31.3
HARVESTING/ THRESHINGHired 19 13.2 32.2 17.1 15.9 33Family 5 6.3 11.3 0.9 2.2 3.1Subtotal 24 19.5 43.5 18 18.1 36.1
OTHER FIELD ACTIVITIESHired 2.4 6.4 8.8 2.7 9.7 12.4Family 0 5.2 5.2 0.1 4.6 4.7Subtotal 2.4 11.6 14 3.8 14.3 18.1
LABOR SUPERVISIONHired 0 0 0 0 0 0Family 6.2 4.2 10.4 5.6 2.9 8.5Subtotal 6.2 4.2 10.4 5.6 2.9 8.5
ALL RICE FARMING OPERATIONSHired 48.3 40.5 88.8 48.3 46.5 94.8Family 20.9 54.9 75.8 18.2 46.6 64.8
TOTAL 69.2 95.4 164.6 66.5 93.1 159.6
DRY SEASONWET SEASON
Average Labor Requirements (person-days per hectare) of Rice Farms, Crop Year 1985-1986
Source: Rao (1991)
The percentage of work load is consistent year round, however the quantity still changes dramatically!
The percentage of work load is consistent year round, however the quantity still changes dramatically!
=
Female vs. Male Labor During Dry Season
42%
58%
Female
Male
Female vs. Male Labor During Wet Season
42%
58%
Female Male
Female vs. Male Labor During Wet Season
42%
58%
Female Male
Evaluation and Impact Methodology
Evaluation and Impact Methodology
Community studies evaluating land use, labor utilization, and access issues
Recording of life histories according to the women’s point of view
Cross-cutting surveys of irrigation benefits to both members and non-members of the irrigation associations
Community studies evaluating land use, labor utilization, and access issues
Recording of life histories according to the women’s point of view
Cross-cutting surveys of irrigation benefits to both members and non-members of the irrigation associations
Levels of Control by SexLevels of Control by Sex
Preconstruction Phase Construction Phase Operation & Maintenance (post-project)
Developing the Irrigator’s Association (IA)
Designing system facilities, undertaking surveys and field inspections to finalize the system design, and negotiating for Rights of Way (ROW)
Preparation for farmer’s participation in construction
Construction
Monitoring Costs, materials, and farmers contributions in the project
Contributions to the association’s equality in the project
Organizational restructuring prior to O&M
System management
System Maintenance
Water Distribution
Fee Collection/
Financial Management
M/f M/F M/f m/F F/m F/m M/f M/f m/f M/F M/f
Preconstruction Phase Construction Phase Operation & Maintenance (post-project)
Developing the Irrigator’s Association (IA)
Designing system facilities, undertaking surveys and field inspections to finalize the system design, and negotiating for Rights of Way (ROW)
Preparation for farmer’s participation in construction
Construction
Monitoring Costs, materials, and farmers contributions in the project
Contributions to the association’s equality in the project
Organizational restructuring prior to O&M
System management
System Maintenance
Water Distribution
Fee Collection/
Financial Management
M/f M/F M/f m/F F/m F/m M/f M/f m/f M/F M/f
Source: Rao (1991)Adapted: T. Podkul (2006)
AIP ResultsAIP Results
Average size of farms for those within the irrigation zone decreased by 0.1 hectare
Population growth rate of 2.7% compared with rice production annual increase of 9.0%
Irrigation Association members saw no increase in availability of labor. Non-members did however
Women were pressured to increase their earnings from their trading activities outside the home
Average size of farms for those within the irrigation zone decreased by 0.1 hectare
Population growth rate of 2.7% compared with rice production annual increase of 9.0%
Irrigation Association members saw no increase in availability of labor. Non-members did however
Women were pressured to increase their earnings from their trading activities outside the home
Which project was more successful?
Which project was more successful?
Can we be objective, given that the cultural settings were drastically different in each project location?
Does that impact the effectiveness in raising people’ standards of living?
Are the there concrete comparison we can make between the two cases?
Can we be objective, given that the cultural settings were drastically different in each project location?
Does that impact the effectiveness in raising people’ standards of living?
Are the there concrete comparison we can make between the two cases?