comparative session: c vs i

7/27/2019 Comparative Session: C vs I

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Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Government type: Republic

Cabinet: Appointed by the president

Elections: President and vice president areboth elected for 5-year terms and areeligible for 2nd terms by direct vote of thecitizenry

Suffrage: 17 years old; married persons

regardless of age Legislative branch: Peoples Consultative

Assembly; House of Representatives (560seats); House of Regional Representatives(132 seats)


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In the 16th century, the Portuguese and

Dutch traders arrived in Indonesia

United East India Company was

established and became a political and

economic power in Indonesia

The Ethical Policy: repaying the debt of

honour to Indonesians by Queen

Wilhemina

1908: Establishment of Budi Outomo

1920s: Communist uprisings which led

to a repressive regime by the Dutch

authorities


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1928: Youth Pledge: congress of youth

organizations

1942-1945: Start of Japaneseoccupation

August 17, 1945: Soekarno and Hattaproclaimed Indonesias independence

1949: Dutch relinquished theircolony; the Republic of the UnitedStates of Indonesia was established

1950: Parliamentary government

Political instability brought byIndonesias pluralistic society

1955: Indonesian elections; beginningof Sukarnos second term


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1959-1965: Return to 1945 Constitution.Period of guided democracy


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Created by President Sukarno as a

solution to the troubles that

Indonesia experienced at that time

New view of democracy that ismore appropriate for Indonesia

compared to the Western model

Based on the indigenous village

system of discussions and

consensus under the guidance of

the village elders and the presence

of a central political figure (sultan)


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1959-1965: Return to 1945 Constitution.Period of guided democracy

1965: September 30 movement; failedcoup detat

March 11, 1966-1998: Suhartos New Order

May 21, 1998: Resignation of Suharto ledto vice president, Bacharuddin JusufHabibie, to become Indonesias thirdpresident

Habibie ushered the period of Indonesianreformation: democracy anddecentralization

1999: Free and fair elections


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Chief of state: President Xi Jinping Head of government: Premier LI Kequiang

Government: Communist state

Elections: president and vice president electedby National People's Congress for a five-year

term (eligible for a second term)Suffrage: 17years old; married persons regardless of age

Legislative branch: Unicameral NationalPeople's Congress (2,987 seats; memberselected by municipal, regional, and provincial

people's congresses(Note: In practice, only members of the CCP, itseight allied parties, and CCP-approvedindependent candidates are elected)


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Chinese civilization cradled in the Yellow

and Yang Tze rivers for as early as 2500BC.

Divided into three eras, Chinese historystarted in the ancient times- from Xia to

Zhou Dynasty, followed by a longimperial China, before it went to themodern China that we know.

ca 1700-1046 BC - Shang Dynasty - thefirst Chinese state for which clear written

records remain - unites much of northcentral China.

Ming Dynasty (AD 1368 1644):urbanization and the industrialization inNanjing and Beijing grew.


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20th century: disordered China- despite the

talks between factions craving for power.Slavery was abolished; the Xinhai

Revolution : overthrew the Qing dynasty.

In the 12th of March 1912, the provisional

government of Republic of China was

established and Sun Yat-Sen was elected as

the first president.

1919: May Fourth Movement started an

opposition onto the impositions of the

Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI. Sun Yat-Sen established a revolutionary

movement in south China aiming to

reestablish the fragmented nation. Sun Yat-

Sens leadership was preceded by ChiangKai-Shek.


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1925 - The death of Sun Yat-sen 1931-45-Japan invades and gradually

occupies more and more of China.

1934-Mao Zedong emerges asCommunist leader.

1937 - Kuomintang and Communistsunite against Japanese.

1949, 1 October - Mao Zedong proclaimsthe founding of the People's Republic of

China. The Communist Party of China won the

civil war leading to the birth of thePeoples Republic of China (PRC) inmainland China; the Republic of China or

(RoC) that was restricted to Taiwan andfew more islands.


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1958 - Mao launches the "Great Leap Forward

1966-76-"Cultural Revolution", Mao's 10-year political and ideologicalcampaign aimed at reviving revolutionary spirit, produces massive

social, economic and political upheaval.

1986-90 - China's "Open-door policy" opens the country to foreign

investment and encourages development of a market economy andprivate sector.

1989 - Troops open fire on demonstrators who have camped for

weeks in Tiananmen Square.


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2001 November - China joinsthe World Trade Organisation.

2002 November - Vice-President Hu Jintao is named

head of the ruling CommunistParty

2003 March - National People'sCongress elects Hu Jintao as

president. 2009 October - China stages

mass celebrations to mark 60years since the CommunistParty came to power.


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CHINA INDONESIA

Capital Beijing Jakarta

Land Area 9.6 million km 1.8 million km

Population 1, 354, 040, 000 251, 160, 124

Population Growth Rate 0.48 % 1.04%

Language Chinese Bahasa Indonesia

ReligionBuddhism, Taoism,

Confucianism

Islam, Protestantism,

Roman Catholic, Hinduism


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At the founding of both, each had political institutionsdominated by their respective charismatic leaders,

Sukarno in Indonesia and Mao in China.


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In China and Indonesia, there has been great interest inparticipating more actively in the evaluations carriedout by external funding agencies such as the WorldBank.

China and Indonesia are taking steps to strengthen thecapacity of independent oversight agencies outsidethe executive.

In China and Indonesia, it was appropriate to begin theevaluation capacity development process with an

institutional diagnosis. There was an expressed need to raise awareness

among key decision makers.


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The two countries shared remarkable similarities intheir economic and political development.

Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998

Indonesia* Indonesia was one of the worst casualties

* It severely damaged the legitimacy of the New

Order Regime

* Eventually triggered President Suhartos

political demise and catalysed swift transition

characterised by deep political and economicdecentralisation

* Since the big-bang reform occurred, Indonesia

displayed modest yet positive economic growth,

dealt with major separatist movements and

established the most democratic state in the

region

China* Was much less affected

*Maintained a seemingly unchanged

political landscape

* Unmistakeably become less authoritarian

over the past 2 decades

* To an increasing extent, the governmentdelegated responsibilities previously

exclusive to central or provincial

governments to other economic and social

actors

* political institutions have evolved into

fragmentedauthoritarianism


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Both countries face similar development issues

* Rapid urbanisation, limited social protection and wideninginternal social-economic disparities are but a few of the most

pressing concerns that need to be addressed

* Would likely go through long andcomplex process before the current

political institutional setting grows into a

fully-fledged democracy

* Indonesias decentralised democracy as

a political system must deliver economic

prosperity in order to ensure its

legitimacy* The question remains as to how to

unleash the power of checks and balances

of a democratic system and ensure the

accountability of those in positions of

authority.

* Must juggle the often conflicting

organisational and political interests of

various vertical agencies and spatial regions

* the party-state system exhibits much

liveliness and continues to attract well-

educated members of younger generations

into its apparatus, resembling a powerful

meritocracy* The public sectors have been engaged in

wide-ranging reforms, from improvements in

social welfare policies and fiscal rules to the

introduction of performance-based measures

to govern the promotion of civil servants


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Corruption

Indonesia and China are both included to a group of countrieswith about 5 per cent average growth of Real GDP per capita

on a severe corruption index of 5 because of the strongsimilarities on politics of corruption.

*Indonesia, appear to have supported primitive

accumulation and/or technological learning in

simple labour-intensive industries, rather than

technological learning in skill-intensive

industries as in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.

*Because governments in these economies are

weaker and less autonomous, it may be clear

that countries in Southeast Asia including

Indonesia have softer developing states which

used their corruptties to business to generate

the high-speed technological learning in skills

intensive industries.

*A mutually beneficial exchange of privileges

and protection for bribes and kickbacks

characterizes the relationship between

government and the private sector, including

the foreign private sector

*The high level of corruption in PRC concerns

low wages of civil servants, given the

opportunities provided for corruption to

grow during the last 20 years of Xiaopings

modernization policy, and the lack of self

political will to implement anti-corruption

measures against senior party officials.


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However,

* China faces growing unresolved grievances caused by issues such as misappropriation

of private property, rampant corruption and widening inequality

* government appears to be struggling to respond to the publics increasing demands forgovernance quality and accountability

* Keenly aware of the potentially prohibitively high costs and uncertainty of the success

of a democratisation process, the Chinese government seems to advocate a measured

approach towards political reform

* The mixed signals suggest that the government envisions a future that shares elements

of contemporary Western-style democracies but remains distinctively Chinese

In historical context, China is led to socialist planning combined with

neoliberal strategies ofgoverning from a distance.

Chinas adoption of market-based reforms resulted in the emergence of

socialist-neoliberal rationality, one that is both authoritarian and yet seeks to

govern subjects through their own autonomy. This governmentality has rendered China its survival.


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References

http://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/item65

https://www.cia.gov/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

http://data.worldbank.org/country/china

http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world

http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Summary.pdf

http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html

http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/

http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/

http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia
http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesiahttp://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/


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Picture Credits

library.thinkquest.org#sthash.O6k8X4wO.dpuf http://famous-

relationships.topsynergy.com/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands/

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People's_Consultative_Assembly.jpg

http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htm

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0403/5ac38074e29ea/5ac38082d http://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-

content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpg

Wikipedia.org

http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpg
http://famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands/http://famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People's_Consultative_Assembly.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People's_Consultative_Assembly.jpghttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://chineseposters.net/images/e13-781.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/upload/upfiles/2010-01/04/details4c0d4aeb5b11a388bf5a.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://carlogiuliani.fr/rifondazione-comunista/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Indonesia2.jpghttp://chineseposters.net/images/e13-781.jpghttp://chineseposters.net/images/e13-781.jpghttp://chineseposters.net/images/e13-781.jpghttp://chineseposters.net/images/e13-781.jpghttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since-1900/08_Post-War-Problems/08c_Asian-Struggle-for-Independence.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People's_Consultative_Assembly.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People's_Consultative_Assembly.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1993_People's_Consultative_Assembly.jpghttp://famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands/http://famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands/http://famous-relationships.topsynergy.com/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands/

comparative session: c vs i

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