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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND REMEDIAL MEASURE OF DIFFERENT

WATER BODIES IN RASIPURAM ZONE

Suresh Kumar P1, Arun Kumar C2, Sri Ruban D3, Nagarajan N 4 1,2,3,4 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract--The zone of Rasipuram contains 4 lakes which having the high capacity of water. But, now-a-days,

they are in useless condition due to high contaminated pollutants. Due to this contamination in lake water, the

important source of drinking water bodies like ground and well water which is nearer to the lake are get

affected. People, who are using this water are affected by short term health problem like fever, jaundice, cholera

and long term problems like weakness in bone and teeth diseases and at the same time, the fresh water is

supplied from Mettur dam which is situated at a longer distance from the Rasipuram city. Hence, distribution of

water is more expensive. By considering this tough situation and to provide water economically. It is important

to identify, assess and estimate the quality and quantity of ground water. Therefore, This paper involves

collection of water samples from various water bodies like well, ground and lake water. Then, the collected water

sample are analysed with the physico-chemical parameters. By which the properties and characteristics of

various water bodies are checked. With the analyzed test result of various parameters. The solution for the

defected water sample is given by providing the remedy. The remedy consist of apparatus which contain the

traditional method of filtering elements such as sand, pebble, charcoal. Along with it, we introduced a new layer

contains mixture of Ground nut husk, Banana peel and Lemon peel treated with Concentrated Hydro chloric

acid. This layer have the property to absorb high quantity of fluoride and calcium content which is the reason

for such long-term health effects. In order to maintain the pH range, the mixture and HCL are taken at the ratio

of 1:1:1:6 similarly. The apparatus of filtration take 3 hours for the 70% of Filtration of water sample.

Keywords: Ground nut husk, Banana peel and Lemon peel

I .INTRODUCTION

A. GENERAL DEFINITION

Generally, Water is one of the most important and essential source of human beings for all purposes. In

Earth surface 97.2% of water is non-potable and remaining 2.8% of water is only fresh water. Therefore, it

becomes necessary to identify, assess and estimate the quality and quantity of ground water. Usually, Lake Water

is the major source for ground water and well water. But, now-a-days lakes are not maintained properly. So, that

the lake water is contaminated along with ground water. Hence, total source is affected. And also due to

dumping of wastes on the lakes, the water pollution occurs.

Rasipuram is one of the central part of Tamil Nadu. It is located in Latitude of 11.47’North and Longitude of

78.17’East.It of Elevation of 246m.It has Humidity of 82%.In this place, natural ground water having more

Fluoride content in the water. Due to drinking water scarcity, here, mostly peoples are using municipal water

rather than ground water. The fresh water is supplied from Mettur dam which is situated at a longer distance

from the Rasipuram city. Hence, distribution of water is more expensive .By considering this tough situation and

to provide water economically. Our project aims to analysis Physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Water,

Pond water and Ground water from Rasipuram zone. After Analysis the results will be compared with standards

such as WHO, ISI, BIS and suitable remedy will be provided for the treatment.

IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES

VOLUME 5, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER/2018

ISSN NO: 2394-8442

PAGE NO:12

II. COLLECTION OF SAMPLES

B. AREA STUDY

Rasipuram is one of the central part of Tamil Nadu. It’s in the district of Namakkal. It is surrounded by

Hilly regions. So that natural ground water is available. It is located in Latitude of 11.47’N and Longitude of

78.17’E.It has the Elevation of 246m.It has Humidity of 82%.Rasipuram has the total area of more than 75,000

peoples.

1) General Information

Geographical area (Sq. Km) = 817.48

Population = More than 75,000

Average Annual Rainfall (mm) = 650 – 900

2) Geomorphology

Major physiographic Units: Plateau region with hill ranges

Major Drainages: Cauvery, Tirumanimutar, Vasista and Sweta.

3) Ground Water Quality

Presence of chemical constituents more than permissible limit:

CaCO3, NO3, F, Cl, Mg

Type of water: NaCl & mixed type

4) Drainage

Cauvery river, which is perennial in nature, flows along the western and southern boundaries of the

district. Tirumanimuttar river, which is the most important tributary of Cauvery in the district, has its origin in

Manjavadi area of Shevroy hills in Salem district and traverses the district before its confluence with Cauvery at

Nanjai Edayar village of Paramathi taluk. A small area in the northeastern part, which is drained mainly by

Vasista Nadi and Sweta Nadi rivers, which are tributaries of Vellar River.

5) Irrigation

TABLE 1

IRRIGATION PURPOSE

Net Block

area Canals Rivers Tube wells

Ordinary

wells

Other

Sources

Rasipuram 0.00 0.00 496 1711 2207

Due to its vast area, it is majorly divided into four parts in the sense of four directions. Lakes, wells,

ground water of different area in the four parts are taken. In this place, natural ground water having more

Fluoride content in the water. Due to drinking water scarcity, here, mostly, people are using municipal water

rather than ground water.They have the high water resources which are not in use now, But drinking water for

Rasipuram zone is taken from mettur dam, Salem. It takes the travelling time of two days to reach the

Rasipuram. Along its travel, it meets four different stations and drain’s its water for the people around such

stations. In the time of scarcity, mettur water is not enough to satisfy people of that stations and it is not

possible to reach Rasipuram Processing time, cost are high to convey water from mettur. In the meantime,

availability of resources of water for the entire satisfactory of people in Rasipuram zone is high. For such

reasons Rasipuram is taken into account.



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III. TESTING PARAMETER

The major parameters of water to be test for analysing the collected water sample,

• Ph

• Turbidity

• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

• Nitrite.

• Fluoride

• Hardness

• Alkalinity

• Chloride

• COD

• BOD or Biological Oxygen Demand

• DO or Dissolved Oxygen.

• Calcium

• Magnesium

IV. TEST VALUE

TABLE 2

TEST VALUES OF ALL SAMPLES

V. REMEDIES

A. Method

It is not possible to give a big remedy for entire area with minimum cost. So, that a small method

is adopted which is entirely less cost and highly effective. This method consist of charcoal, sand, pebbles,

banana peel, groundnut shell and sweet lemon peel.

2 TURBIDITY 5 10 3.4 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 3.9 3.8 12.1 0.6 4.1 4.3 1.2 4.3 4.2

3 TDS 500 2000 185 270 410 196 185 101 173 910 505 116 188 710 108 164

4 CHLORIDE 250 1000 200 80 104 126 114 72 160 128 86 208 184 96 114 108

5 FULORIDE 1 1.5 1.41 1.294 1.29 1.294 1.25 1.243 1.294 1.302 1.281 1.302 1.281 1.294 1.281 1.264

6TOTAL

HARDNESS300 600 128 2720 97.37 276.6 205 199.87 128.12 148.6 148.6 230.37 220.37 138.37 164 174.25

7 ALKAINITY 200 600 87.12 2452.5 3760 8829 6540 6540 4087.5 4741.5 4741.5 7030.5 7030.5 4415.5 3924.2 5232

8 NITRITE 1 5 1.29 1.276 1.29 1.264 1.284 1.286 1.294 1.298 1.228 1.235 1.281 1.261 1.283 1.288

9 DO 5 --- 49.92 30.72 72.96 11.52 34.58 20.48 21.76 21.76 21.76 17.92 17.92 29.44 25.6 56.32

10 COD 270 --- 341.76 313.76 170.88 128.16 227.84 391.6 284.8 213.6 213.6 277.68 277.68 334.64 249.2 213.6

11 BOD 30 --- 2.4 0.03 0.45 1.08 0.09 1.11 0.45 0.69 0.69 0.33 0.33 0.15 0.06 0.87

12 CALCIUM 75 200 691.2 736 598.4 729.6 652.8 524.8 716.8 595.2 596.6 533.6 515.2 614.4 560 640

13 MAGNESIUM 30 100 540.8 576 736 576 428.8 332.8 492.8 403.2 435.2 419.2 419.2 502.4 425.6 432

7.27

CONSTITUEN

TS

7.31 7.56 7.12 7.6 7.1 7.827.278.56.5pH1 6.8

S.No

DESIRA

BLE

LIMIT

PERMIS

IBLE

LIMIT

7.18 6.98 7.36

SAMP

LE 10

SAMP

LE 11

SAMP

LE 12

SAMP

LE 13

SAMP

LE 14

SAMP

LE 4

SAMP

LE 5

SAMP

LE 6

SAMP

LE 7

SAMP

LE 8

SAMP

LE 9

IS DRINKING

WATER

SPECIFICATIONSAMP

LE 1

SAMP

LE 2

7.51 7.31

SAMP

LE 3



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An apparatus is set with the 8 layers, 1st layer consist of sand, 2nd one consist of pebble, 3rd with the coal and 4th

with the mixture powder of banana peel, ground nut shell and lemon peel. And it is rotated

1) Making Of Powder-Preparation of Banana Peel Adsorbent Treated with Hydrochloric Acid: Banana peels are washed three

times from the tape water to remove the dust and primarily dried in the sun light for two days and then dried in

hot air oven in the range of 80Oc-100 0C for 36 h. Dried banana peels crushed in a jaw crusher and then sieved

by 510 µm ASTM mesh. Screened material is treated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid for 24 h. After treatment with

acid, treated material is washed many times to make it neutral. Washed material is then dried in hot air oven at

110Oc for 24 h. The material is subsequently placed in an airtight container for further use.

2) Preparation of Sweet Lemon Peel Adsorbent: It’s collected from the juice making shop of Rookie, washed in tape

water and dried in sun light for four days. This material is dried in the hot air oven for two days at 120 co. Dried

Material crushed in jaw crusher and then sieved in 510 µm mesh ASTM. Sieved material is collected for further

use.

3) Preparation of Groundnut Shell Adsorbent: Collected shell of groundnut simply washed with tape water and dried in

sun light for two days. Dried sample is again dried in hot air oven at 100 co for 24 hr. This material is crushed in

jaw crusher and screened in 510 µm mesh ASTM, screened material is then placed in container for further use.

B. Remedy values

The below table represents the analysed value of various parameters after filtration by the above given remedy.

TABLE 3

GROUND WATER

TABLE 4

LAKE WATER

Kadanthappathy North 7.06 4.4 285 1.34 352.3 228.8

Kadanthappathy East 7.07 4.2 320 1.31 224.8 132.8

Rasipuram North

CALCIUMFLOURIDE

(mg/l)

Puduppalayam Village 7 4.5 385 327.8429.61.32

376

Rasipuram East 7.08 4.3 625 1.38 398.2 338.4

Rasipuram Railway Station Near 7.01 4 360 1.33 436

7.21 4.2 250 1.45 350.2 340.8

SAMPLES pH TURBIDITY TDSMAGNESIUM

(mg/l)

PuduppalayamLake Water 6.95 185 4.2 1.34 416.8 256.2

Rasipuram New Bus Stand Near

Lake Water South7.13 850 10.5 1.35 395.2 203.5

Rasipuram Mettukadu Lake Water 7.26 495 2.5 1.38 269.6 235

Rasipuram Lake Water Near New

Bus Stand North7.02 254 4.5 1.39 333.6 219.3

TDSMAGNESI

UM (mg/l)

FLOURID

E (mg/l)

CALCIUM

(mg/l)SAMPLES pH

TURBIDIT

Y



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TABLE 4

WELL WATER

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Comparison of Value

Comparison graph of turbidity, TDS, Fl, Ca, Mg, explains that, the collected water sample of lake, well, ground

water. When exposed into the treatment, well and ground water obeys the treatment and gives a good result. But

the lake water not responds in a well-defined manner. The content of theories, TDS, turbidity in lake is very

high. But, it may also purified up to certain limit of standard value

.

Fig 1 Comparison of pH Value of ground water

Fig 2 Comparison of pH Value of Lake water

Kadanthappathy Well

Water7.23 200 4.6 1.38 315.2 219.2

Rasipuram Thattanguttai

Well Water7.05 650 3.3 1.42 314.4 202.4

Rasipuram New Bus

Stand Back Well Water7.42 158 4.5 1.33 334.2 336

Pudppalayam Lake Near

Well Water7.15 188 4.5 1.29 250.2 332

Rasipuram Mettukadu

Well Water7.1 179 4.4 1.32 376 303.2

SAMPLES pH TURBIDITY TDSMAGNESIU

M (mg/l)

FLOURIDE

(mg/l)

CALCIUM

(mg/l)



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

PAGE NO:16

Fig 3 Comparison of pH Value of Well water Fig 4 Comparison of Fluoride values of ground water

Fig 5 Comparison of Fluoride values of Lake Water Fig 6 Comparison of Fluoride values of Well water

Fig 7 Comparison of Calcium values of Ground water Fig 8 Comparison of Calcium values of Lake water

Fig 9 Comparison of Calcium values of Well water Fig 10 Comparison of Magnesium values of ground

water



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Fig 11 Comparison of Magnesium values of Lake water Fig 12 Comparison of Magnesium values of Well

water

VII. CONCLUSIONS

In the present project study, a waste organic source material such as groundnut husk, banana peel,

orange peel was subjected to filter bed preparation by treatment with concentrated hydrochloric acid, under the

ratio of 1:1:1:6 and filtering bed was prepared.

The optimum pH was found to be over the range 6 to 8.Experiments were conducted to know the

potential of using this groundnut husk, banana peel, orange peel are added (12.5g/l) sand, pebble, charcoal to

treat waste water. After which, pH is adjusted to 7-8, then, the removal of total dissolved solids, turbidity,

calcium, fluoride content due to filter setup was found to be 98%.

The yield of the carbon was found to be 48%. This carbon showed a good surface area. Preliminary

studies indicated that the filter required about 3 hours of equilibration time to achieve about 85% removal of

chemical contents in collected water samples.

REFERENCES

[1]. AashMohammad, CB Majumder., 1994 This “study investigates the feasibility of three low-cost biomass”

[2]. ABIDI et al.,1983 “Physico-chemical and Seasonal variation” were obtained in study conducted

[3]. B. N. Tandel, Dr. J. Macwan, C. K. Soni., 2004 have studied, the “water quality index” is a single number that

expresses the quality of water by integrating the water quality variables.

[4]. Colwell et al. 1978 “Remote sensing data allow monitoring changes in the habitat quality “

[5]. De Mers 1997; Baban 1999 used “Geographic Information Systems (GIS)” GIS is particularly useful for analyzing spatial

data related to lakes and to their catchment’s areas.

[6]. Ghatak and Konar, 1992 In this “the Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of river” .And resulted in decreases of

Phytoplankton communities of the river water.

[7]. S. Hussaina, V. Maneb., 2011 have studied, In the present work we are reported the “Physico chemical properties” like pH,

conductivity, Turbidity, TDS, DO, fluoride, chloride, Sodium, Sulphate, etc. and the values are compared for treated.

[8]. TasneembanoKazi1,ArjunVirupakshi., 2008 “Study investigation of water parameter” The optimum dosage of

Cicerarietinum, Moringaoleifera, and Cactus were found as 0.1,0.3 and 0.2gm/500ml respectively.



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