communitycommunity-based air based air monitoring in the … · 2010. 12. 15. ·...

CommunityCommunity--Based Air Based Air Monitoring in the South Monitoring in the South

Coast Air BasinCoast Air BasinCoast Air BasinCoast Air Basin

Philip M. Fine, Ph.D.Philip M. Fine, Ph.D.

Atmospheric Measurements ManagerAtmospheric Measurements Manager

South Coast Air Quality Management DistrictSouth Coast Air Quality Management District

NACAA NACAA Fall Fall Membership Membership Meeting Meeting –– Washington, DCWashington, DC

October 18 October 18 -- 20, 201020, 2010

• Permanent, large, fixed sites

• Criteria pollutants

•

Traditional Air MonitoringTraditional Air Monitoring

• Addresses NAAQS

• Meets all CFR minimums and requirements

• Away from sources

• Neighborhood, urban or regional scale

• Addresses local concerns and issues

• Often source-specific

• Micro or middle scale

CommunityCommunity--Based Air Based Air

MonitoringMonitoring

• Micro or middle scale

• Non-regulatory

• Temporary and/or mobile platforms

• Different approaches for different situations

• Enlist the help of citizens

• Risk communication

• Most common citizen complaints

• Odors

• Dust

• Smoke

Examples from South CoastExamples from South Coast

• Smoke

• Examples

• Del Amo Elementary

• Dust from mining or construction

• Hexavalent Chromium from Cement Plants

• Wildfire PM monitoring

• Carson, CA

• Opened 1949

• K through 5

• 2008-09: 462 students

• 47% Hispanic

• 18.8% Filipino• 18.8% Filipino

• 16.5% Black

• 14.5% Pac. Islander

• 1.5% White

• 1.5% Asian

Source: LAUSD Website

Complaints and LettersComplaints and Letters

• Letter from all school staff

Feb. 2006 complaining of poor air quality and health problems

• Frequent odor complaints

between January and May, between January and May, 2006

• “Burnt plastic” “sulfur” “petroleum” “chemical”

• 23 letters from individual staff between May 10 and May 19, 2006

No complaints from the neighborhood around the school

• Given to school staff

• Evacuated Canister for VOCs

• Bag for sulfur compounds

Grab SamplingGrab Sampling

• Bag for sulfur compounds

• Full training provided

• Open/close valve

• Turn a key

• Kept in a central location

Odor Event LogsOdor Event Logs

Additional AQMD VOC Additional AQMD VOC SamplingSampling

• Three days (August, 18, 21, 24, 2006)

• Three 8-hour samples and one 24-hour sample each day

• Results were typical for area

•• Grab samples a better option for fleeting odors

Complete Air Monitoring Complete Air Monitoring Station at Del Station at Del AmoAmo

• Part of larger Port Area Study

• One of 6 sites

• March 2007 – January 2009

• Full criteria pollutants, air toxics and met • Full criteria pollutants, air toxics and met monitoring, plus ultrafines and black carbon

Other Issues at Del Other Issues at Del AmoAmo

• Numerous public meetings led by LAUSD• Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC)

• City of Carson

• Los Angeles County Fire Department

• Los Angeles County Public Health Department

• South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)• South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)

• DTSC soil sampling – solvent migration at

north end of playground

• Very high levels of methane found under black-

top• Abandoned natural gas line not capped properly

• Immediate trenching and soil vapor extraction

Extensive AQMD Compliance Extensive AQMD Compliance ActivitiesActivities

• Respond quickly to complaints (Hot List)

• Tracking of odors to sources when

possiblepossible

• Multiple area sweeps for unpermitted

sources

• Repeated inspections of facilities

• Continued surveillance at school and at

Rainbow Trucking (Oct 2007- Jan 2008)

• Grab samples during odor events

Grab Sample ResultsGrab Sample Results

• Over 90 cans and 3 bags

between 2006 and present,

most by school staff

•• Elevated levels of

hydrocarbons and H2S

• No single consistent pattern

• Nothing above or near acute

exposure limits

EthanolEthanol

• May 8 ,2007 grab sample by staff

• May 9, 2007 meeting, odor meeting, odor occurred, grab sample also showed Ethanol, MEK

• All below acute limits

• Uses a TNMHC Analyzer

• Triggers a grab sample when TNMHC exceeds a threshold

• Combine with detailed

Automatic Grab Sampler SystemAutomatic Grab Sampler System

• Combine with detailed wind direction data

Total NMOC

0.020.040.060.080.0

100.0120.0

140.0160.0180.0

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HC

4/30/2009

E4280 5:53

53468 5:58

4/30/09_5:53am_5:58am

Fre

quency

count

(#)

Total NMOC

E4280: 748 ppbC HC

E53468: 2180 ppbC HC

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4/2

9/2

00

9 2

2:3

34

/29

/20

09

23

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4/2

9/2

00

9 2

3:3

14

/30

/20

09

0:0

04

/30

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09

0:2

84

/30

/20

09

0:5

74

/30

/20

09

1:2

64

/30

/20

09

1:5

54

/30

/20

09

2:2

44

/30

/20

09

2:5

24

/30

/20

09

3:2

14

/30

/20

09

3:5

04

/30

/20

09

4:1

94

/30

/20

09

4:4

84

/30

/20

09

5:1

64

/30

/20

09

5:4

54

/30

/20

09

6:1

44

/30

/20

09

6:4

34

/30

/20

09

7:1

24

/30

/20

09

7:4

04

/30

/20

09

8:0

94

/30

/20

09

8:3

84

/30

/20

09

9:0

74

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09

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64

/30

/20

09

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0/2

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34

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11

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14

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12

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84

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12

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64

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13

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44

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94

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64

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17

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44

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18

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24

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19

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0/2

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94

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0/2

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9 2

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74

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09

21

:36

4/3

0/2

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9 2

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44

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22

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4/3

0/2

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24

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23

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0:0

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5/1

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0:5

7

NM

HC

(pp

m)

04/30/09 5:53_5:58

WS = 3.7 mph; WD = 61.2 deg

WS = 3.1 mph; WD = 50 deg 0

5

10

15

20

250

7.522.5

37.5

52.5

67.5

82.5

97.5

112.5

127.5

142.5157.5

172.5187.5202.5

217.5

232.5

247.5

262.5

277.5

292.5

307.5

322.5

337.5352.5

4/30/09 1:00 to 7:00 (WS > 1 MPH)

Fre

quency

count

(#)

Classroom Filtration Pilot StudyClassroom Filtration Pilot Study

• Test high efficiency filtration techniques to reduce indoor exposure

• Three classrooms at Del Amo selected for Pilot

• Testing in April 2008

•• Excellent results for PM, ultrafine and black carbon

Black Carbon Removal Efficiency

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Rem

oval E

ffic

iency

Black Carbon Without

Black Carbon With Filter

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Room 6: Stand-alone Unit Room 7: New Supply Register Room 8: Upgraded PanelFilter

Rem

oval E

ffic

iency

Current StatusCurrent Status

• 36 automatic grab samples

• Patterns in chemical signature vs. wind

direction are emergingdirection are emerging

• Points to multiple sources of odors

• Complaint frequency has significantly

diminished

• All classrooms now have high

efficiency filtration

Dust Complaints

• In the South Coast Basin• Multiple open-pit aggregate mines

• Construction sites

• Concrete batch plants

•• Other industrial sources

• Glass deposition plates• 1-week deployment

• At citizen’s residence

• Inexpensive sampling and microscopic analysis

• Allows for chemical analysis if warranted

• Not quantitative, not for PM2.5

Typical Deposition

Hexavalent Chromium from Cement Plants

• Slightly elevated hexavalent chromium levels found 4 km from cement plants in regional air toxics study (2004-2006)

Hexavalent ChromiumHexavalent Chromium

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Anaheim Burbank Central LA Compton Fontana Huntington

Park

North Long

Beach

Pico Rivera Rubidoux Wilmington Average Rubidoux

Filter Blank

ng/m3 MATES II AQMD Lab data MATES III Year 1 MATES III Year 2

Community-Based Deposition Plate Deployment

• Glass plates placed at residences to collect falling particles

• A good survey tool for covering a wide area

• Not used for determining true atmospheric • Not used for determining true atmospheric concentrations

• Three rounds of deployment in the area

• Jan, Feb, Mar

• All three rounds showed higher hexavalentchromium content of deposited particles near Riverside Cement

TXI

Riverside

Cr6 Deposition Plate Results - Round 3Highest MiddleLowest

Riverside

Cement

Fingerprinting

•• Microscopically examined gray clinker fine dust and Microscopically examined gray clinker fine dust and particles on the deposition platesparticles on the deposition plates

Gray Clinker Fine DustGray Clinker Fine DustDeposition Plate Adjacent to Deposition Plate Adjacent to

Riverside CementRiverside Cement

More FingerprintingMore Fingerprinting•• XX--Ray Diffraction Ray Diffraction

(XRD) to (XRD) to measure measure chemical chemical composition and composition and crystal structurecrystal structure

110000

120000

130000

140000

150000

160000

114-08 Fleetwood

121-08 Plumbers Union

118-08 Rubidoux Station

116-08 Wilson residence

calcium

hydroxide

calcium

silicates

Distant

Plates

Calcium

Hydroxide

Nearcrystal structurecrystal structure

•• Calcium Calcium hydroxide a hydroxide a marker for fine marker for fine clinker dustclinker dust

•• Found on Found on deposition plates deposition plates nearer facilitynearer facility

36-0432 (D) - Gypsum - CaS

33-1161 (*) - Quartz, syn - S

04-0733 (I) - Portlandite, syn

42-0551 (*) - Calcium Silica

13-0272 (N) - Calcium Magnesium

05-0586 (I) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3

Operations: Y Scale Add 9500.000

0808109-025 - File: 0808109-025

Operations: Y Scale Mul 0.542 | Y

0807302-004 - File: 0807302-004

Operations: Y Scale Add -45750.0

Glass plate 114-08 - File: Glass pl









Operations: Y Scale Add 6416.667 | Y Scale Add -93750.023 | Y Scale Add 13750.003 | Y Scale Add 30875.006 | Y Scale Add 50000.000 | Backgro

0808109-001 - File: 0808109-001

Operations: Y Scale Add 9166.667 | Y Scale Add 3958.333 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add 6666.667 | Y Scale Add -27916.672 | Y Scale Ad

0808109-021 - File: 0808109-021

Operations: Y Scale Add -1833.333 | Y Scale Add 10500.003 | Y Scale Add 1666.667 | Y Scale Add 13333.336 | Y Scale Add 10000.000 | Y Scale

0808109-019 - File: 0808109-019

Operations: Y Scale Add 7333.333 | Y Scale Add -1458.333 | Y Scale Add 3958.333 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add -67500.000 | Y Scale A

0808109-015 - File: 0808109-015

Operations: Y Scale Add 8250.000 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add -2500.000 | Y Scale Add -78125.000 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale A

0808109-013 - File: 0808109-013


0808109-007 - File: 0808109-007

Operations: Y Scale Add 8708.333 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add 1666.667 | Y Scale Add 10000.000 | Y Scale Add -14166.670 | Y Scale A

0808109-006 - File: 0808109-006


0808109-023 - File: 0808109-023

Lin

(C

ou

nts

)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

2-Theta - Scale

9 10 20 30 40

120-08 Aramark

(025) Bay J T-II clinker sub-surface

(019) Bay G Block clinker surface

(006) Bay A T-II clinker sub-surface

(021) Bay H T-II clinker surface

(023) Bay I T-II clinker surface

(007) Bay B T-II clinker surface

(015) Bay E Scrap clinker,soil,cement surface

(013) Bay E Dirt and scrap surface

(001) Spillage from Kiln #1

LN 0807302-004 Gray cement

Fine

Clinker Dusts

NearPlates

TXI Riverside Cement

• Established multi-site Cr6+ sampling network

• Other violations identified leading to $1 million settlement agreement including million settlement agreement including mitigation measures

• Amended AQMD Rule 1156

• Requires facilities to conduct fence-line Cr6+ sampling and report results to AQMD

• Other housekeeping measures

AQMD Wildfire Response

• Mobile Continuous Monitors

• Fills gaps in PM network according to fire and smoke locationslocations

• 1-hour data comparable to fixed site monitors

• Rapidly and easily deployable units

• Self-contained power and telemetry

Met One E-BAM

Station Fire (2009)

Monitoring Data: Station Fire

700

800

900

1000

Concentration (µg m

-3)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

PM2.5Concentration

La Canada (1)

La Canada (2)

Los Angeles

Dodger Stadium

Burbank

Rose Bowl

Federal Standard

• Incorporates data from station and mobile monitors

Interactive Air Quality Map

monitors

• More responsive hourly PM data rather than moving 24-hour averages

• Color-coded to Air Quality Index

Risk Communication ChallengesRisk Communication Challenges

• Odors

• Not necessarily toxic, possible physical response

• Nose might be more sensitive than • Nose might be more sensitive than instruments

• Different sensitivities, chemical mixtures

• Putting results in context

• Compare to ambient averages or other locations

• Compare to acute and chronic limits

communitycommunity-based air based air monitoring in the … · 2010. 12. 15. ·...

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