community development lecture 1 updated

8/3/2019 Community Development Lecture 1 Updated

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/community-development-lecture-1-updated 1/25

PRINCIPLE OFCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT

(CDS 301



What is the community?

• A community is a group. It possess all thecharacteristics of a group.

• A group is:

1. Composed of people2. In interaction3. Together physically

4. With common interests or goals.



A group is

• It is composed of people in communication,who have common interests or ties.

• Membership of the community is based on

locality. As long as your residence is at thatparticular place, you are a member.

• Community is the place where we live our lives on a day-to- day basis. It is the localityfrom which we experience the events of thelarger world around us.



Historical outline of community- (see notes)

• Since the 19th Century term associated with hope or

wish of re-cultivating bonds of closeness, harmony

between people as experienced in the past• Before 1910, little social science literature on

community; first sociological consideration in 1915

• There are a number of competing theoreticaldefinition of the term which may be based on

geography, common interest, particular place etc.



Community Functions

•Community is that combination of people andsocial groups which performs the five major functions relevant to a locality:

1.Economic functions

2.Socialization3.Social control4.Social participation5.Mutual support



Community Functions

1.Economic functions;

• Includes production, distribution, & consumption

• Some rural communities have their economic base infarming, business, mining, manufacturing, industry andservice business.

• In addition to economic activities, production/ distributionetc. in includes educational services, local governmentservices, religious activities, and recreation.



2. Second: Socialization;• The major socializing agencies of a society

including; the family, schools, peer groups, massmedia and religion.

• It is on the local level that individuals encounter andlearn about the culture and the society in which theyare raised and live out their lives.



3. Social control;• Social control refers to the sanctions including

rewards and /or punishment.

• The same group that perform the function of socialization are involved with social control, inaddition to agencies such law enforcement and localand state government. Together they enforce the

norms of society in the local level.

4. Social participation;• Community members are characterized by

participation in human groups with neighbors,friends from the same community.



5. Mutual support;

• Mutual support refers to more than the normal

types of assistance provided among neighbors &friends. It also refers to help during times of crisessuch as emergency medical services & disaster relief. (poverty sharing)

• The self-sufficiency of communities varies by howgood the five functions are performed.



Structure of the communities

• Rural-Urban continuum:• The different types of communities may bearranged along on a continuum or line frompurely rural to purely urban type.

• Pure rural type → Agric. village → Smalltown → Rural –urban fringe community →

Suburban community → small city →Metropolitan city → Pure urban type.



The major type of rural settlementpatterns

1) Line village:

2) Cluster villages

3) Scattered villages



The major type of ruralsettlement patterns

1 Line village Farm homes are often located in rows alongboth sides of the rivers, lacks, or the main

road and the farmland extends back longnarrow strips.



1 Cluster villages

farmer’s homes are locatedin the center This type is located most in

Africa, Latin America and Asia. In this type of settlements, farmers live inthe village and are within

walking distance of their lands.



1 Scattered village

• The scattered communities arecharacterized by homesteads or dwellings distributed around acentral shopping area, farmsteador commune area.

• This type of settlements iscommon in USA, Canada andeven Africa (RSA).



Community Power structure

• It is very important to study the communitypower structure because often no projectsucceeds without using the community power structure especially in rural areas.

• By studying Community power structure wecan understand why do some communities’projects succeed while, others fail (e.g. CDF)

• Why do some persons have more power toinfluence local issues, and how do theymaintain their power?



Power structure

• A community power structure is a network of persons and groups that influence decisionsabout local issues and projects.

• There are three types of power structure:

1.Pyramidal power structure2.Faction power structure3.Coalitional power structure



Power structure1. Pyramidal type:

• It consists of small number of people at thetop who hold most of the power. This type isfound in society dominated by one familyand in communities where a small closelyknit group of influential people form aClique.



2. Faction type:• This consists of factions or special interest

groups who struggle against each other for influence over community decisions.

• Usually there are several factions, onerepresenting business interests, another labor interests and others on farmer interests.

• Compared to pyramidal type, the factionaltype is marked by a greater sharing of influence among many persons.



3. Coalitional power structure:

• It is characterized by the development of temporary alliance between individuals &groups relative to specific issue.

• Coalitions may form temporary factions. • Coalitions emerge, dissolve and re-

emerge in different forms as issuesarise.



Community power holders

• Community power is in the hands of a small group of persons. These persons often referred to as power holders or legitimizers. Different power holdersperform different functions

1 - the Influentials2 – the Lieutenants3 – the Doers



Community power holders

1-The top power holder are “the Influentials”;• They make policy decision and they operate in

primary friendship cliques. Most power holders arefrom the top social classes.

• Many are executive and owners of large industrial andcommercial concerns. They have high incomes andare well known and respected in the community.



2- The Lieutenants;

• Below the top power holders are the

lieutenants. They provide leadership incarrying out of decisions made by the toppower holders.

3- Doers;• They are responsible for the actual execution

of tasks and activities associated with

decisions made at the top.• The three types of power holders are

predominately from the upper or middle

classes.



Community Decision Making

• Community decision making is the process bywhich a community choose a plan or idea thataffects the community.

• It is generally viewed as series of steps or stages.

• The stages represent the general

chronological order in which decisions aremade , a given action project, however it maybe interrupted or modified, then the decision

making may start over again.



Community Decision Making

1.Stimulation / Initiation

1. Legitimization

1. Decision to act

1. Action or execution



END OF PART 1

community development lecture 1 updated

Documents