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The requi rements of an agr icul tural bui lding

Mater ial selection and the types of structures

Lecture no.3

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The requirements of an

agricultural building

An

agricultural

building is expected to be a life-support machine

as well as human buildings. It is required to provide the facilitiesnecessary for animal metabolism such as clean air and water, theremoval of waste produce, optimum thermal and humidi

ty control,security and visual/acoustic

comfort.

In addition,

a

building

must

be

safe fromcollapse

,fire,storm,and vermin(trad. duntori);resistant to the physical forces ofsnow,

rain, wind and earthquakes, etc.;be capable of adaptationto various functions, external landscaping (trad. peisaj)or

internal equipment arrangements.

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The requirements of an

agricultural building cont.The selection of a suitable construction method (materials andtechnology) can be achieved by using the criteria

given by theperformance

requirements under the following headings:

Appearance

DurabilityDimensional suitability

Strength and stability

Weather exclusion

Sound control

Thermal comfort

Fire protection

Lighting and ventilation

Sanitation

SecurityCost

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Figure 1 Performance

requirements for a

building1.Appearance

2.Durability

3.Dimensional suitability

4.Strength and stability5.Weather exclusion

6.Sound control

7.Thermal comfort

8.Fire protection9.Lighting and ventilation

10.Sanitation

11.Security

12.Cost

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2. Material selection and the types

of structuresWhen a building is constructed two main physical resources

are involved. These are, materials necessary in term of

various parts, and technical ability to assemble the parts into

an enclosure, (figure 2).

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Material selection and the types of

structures (cont.)

The properties of structural materials have traditionally

been a major determinant of structural form. Strength,

durability,

stiffness and flexibility, and fire resistance, aswell as availability and cost, have been primary factors in

the development of architecture and engineering design.

The earliest structures were of timber and stones. Morerecently, reinforced concrete and structural steel have

developed as ourprincipal structural materials for large

structures of agricultural buildings.

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Material selection (cont.)The nature of these structural material plays a principal role in the development of

structural form:

Timbergrows(generally) straight and thus lends itself to structural systems that areassemblies oflinearmembers. The use oftimberhasbeen expandedbeyond the linearmemberby the development ofcurved glued laminated lumberand hasbeen extended

toplanarstructuresby the development ofplywood.

Masonryconsists of relatively small units laid up by hand and bonded with cementpaste mortar, which suggests its use forwall and piers, vaults and arches, where thestresses areprincipally compressive.

Freshconcreteis aperfectlyplastic material. Thus, the structural form applications ofconcrete are almost without limit, especially with the addition of reinforcement toovercome the relative lackof tensile strength. There is a tendency for the form of aconcrete structure tobe limited somewhatby the cost ofits formwork. This shouldbepassedby the using ofprecast elements.

Structuralsteeland othermetals are appropriate using linearmembers and as well as

flat sheet structures, such as metal decks and corrugated iron.

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Which is the most durablebuilding material,

wood or steel?

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Stave church, Borgund, Norway

700-800 years old

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7 year old free

stall dairy barn

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Advantages of Wood1. Abundant

- Readily available through suppliers and retailers.

2. Economical

- Large volumes, low production costs

= Reasonable material prices.

3. Easy to work with

- Simple tools and fasteners.

4. Insulation/sound proofing qualities- Air spaces provide these natural qualities.

5. High strength-to-weight ratio

- Parallel to grain produces strong, lightweightconstruction.

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1. Uniformity- Properties vary greatly (> 20,000 species)

- Each piece is different, variation is inevitable.

2. Poor fire resistance- Combustible while concrete and steel are not.

3. Decay

- Attacked by wood destroying fungi, insects and

marine borers.

4. Weathering

- Unprotected wood will deteriorate

Disadvantages of Wood

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Species: hardness vs softness

Moisture content

Shrinkage: tendency to shrink, swell, or warp

Decay- Preservation

Strength: nail holding power, bending strength

Wood Properties

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Wood beams

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Concrete

Advantages: 1. Strong in compression (compressive strength up to 40 Mpa,

even 138 MPa, wood 2.3 18.4 MPa)

2. Not subject to decay

3. Can be made into various shapes

4. Easily cleaned, durable, non-combustible

Disadvantages: 1. Weak in tensile strength (about 1/10 of compressive strength.

using steel reinforcing)

2. Not adaptable to change

3. Heavy (2400 kg/m3plain concrete, 2500 kg/m3 reinforcedconcrete, wood 340-750 kg/m3, steel 7943 kg/m3)

4. High thermal conductivity (concrete 0.93 W/mK, wood 0.11-

0.17 W/mK)

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Application In AgriculturalBuildings

Livestock housing for structures,

foundations (manure pit-trad.gropi de

gunoi), floors, and walls.

Milk containing structure, silage or manure

storages(trad. Depozite de ngrmnt)

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Used as: Structural posts, beams

Sheathing

Concrete reinforcing Structural shells

Wood fasteners

STEEL

Advantages:Water proof

Usually low maintenance

Strong

Disadvantages:Corrodes in animal

environment

(Baked on enamel,galvanizing, stainless

steel)

Hail damage

Thermal conductor

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Rolled Steel

Rolled steel shapes

are specified by their

outside dimensions

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Sheet Steel

Sheet steel is specified by a gauge (trad. dimensiune,mrime) number.

Gauge size decreases with an increase in sheet

thickness (ex: 18 gauge is thicker than 32 gauge)

Profile (corrugations): increases stiffness and strengthwithout weight.

Sheathing, grain bin panels, stressed skin arches.

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minum

productsforagriculturebuildings

http://www.insul.n

et/

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Other materials

Gypsum board

Ceramic tiles

Plastic

lumbermouldings

panels

laminates

vapor barriers

Structural shells

Petroleum products

insulation

Asphalt

Stone

Earth, sod (trad. iarba, paie)

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One span structures for agricultural building

1

32

2

1

3

2 3

2

1

2

2

11

3

1. Roof slope; 2.Windows; 3. Air flow

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Multispan structures for agricultural buildings

1

32 2

1 11

3 32 2

1. Roof slope; 2.Windows; 3. Air flow

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Multispan structures for agricultural buildings

1

3

2

2

1 1

32 2

1. Roof slope; 2.Windows; 3. Air flow

1

2

3

3 2

11

2

1 1

1

2 2

2

33

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RC structures with transverse girder

1

6,0

(7,5; 9,0; 12,0)

2,4

(2,8;3,2;3,6

)1

6,0

(9,0; 12,0;15,0;18,0)

2,4

(2,8;3,2;3,6

)

6,0

2

3

1. Transverse girder; 2.Roof members; 3. RC column

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Steel structures for agricultural buildings

1. Steel truss girder; 2.Steel column; 3. RC foundation

6,0

(7,5; 9,0; 10,50)

6,0

(7,5; 9,0; 10,50)

6,0

(7,5; 9,0; 10,50;12,00)

+2,40 m

1

2

3

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Timber structures for agricultural buildings

+2,30 m

l = 4,00l = 4,00 l = 4,00 l = 4,00

+4,80 m

1.Rafters (cpriori); 2. Post (montant sau stlp din

lemn); 3. Bracings; 4. Foundation

1

2

3

4

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Different shapes for storage structure

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The patented Cover-All Legend Building Series (LBS)

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The patented Cover-All Legend Building Series (LBS)

Span=11m

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The patented Cover-All Legend Building Series (LBS)

Span=25 m

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Wooden structure for an agricultural deposit

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Test questions

1. Specify the advantages of wood as a building material. Exemplifywith wood products used in rural area constructions.

2. Which are the disadvantages of wood as a building material? Give

examples of structural and non-structural elements used in agricultural

constructions.3. List the main advantages of concrete as a construction material used

both for the infrastructure and superstructure of farm buildings.

Exemplify with types of elements.

4. Which are the disadvantages of concrete as a building material?

5. Mention the advantages of steel as a building material. Exemplify

with steel structural elements used in rural area constructions.

6. Which are the disadvantages of steel as a building material for

livestock farms. Explain the effect of corrosion on structural elements

d h i j i