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WELC

OME

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I SEMINAR ON

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED EXTENSION

APPROACH Shravan R. Rajur

{PGS12AGR4024}

Introduction

NRM Meaning & Classification

Resource Management/Development

Extension Approaches for NRM

Drives and Stages of CBNRM

Major constraints in

CBNRM

Research studies

Success Stories

Conclusion 3

Scheme of Presentation

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INTRODUCTION

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.”  ― Mahatma Gandhi

Natural Resource

Meaning

Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form.

Any part of our natural materials that man can be utilized to promote the welfare, may be regarded as natural resources

www.wikipedia.com 5

Classification of natural resources

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Natural Resource Management

The management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of stakeholders

1. Private property regime :- Individual owned2. Common property regime :- Government owned3. Non-property regime :- Lake fishery4. State property regime :- National forest, National park http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural resource management

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Relationship of Culture, Nature and Resource

HUMAN NATURE

NEUTRAL STUFF

NEEDSWANTS

ABILITIES

Zimmerman, 1951 8

CULTURE RESOURCE

Casual factors of threat on NRMDevelopment pressure on nature resource base

Encroachment on natural resources

Exploitation of natural resources

Human induced disasters causing stress on natural resources

Threats to NRM- wrong and faulty approaches

Management of human resources

Political and policy issues9

INDIA’S EFFORTS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (1983) suggested the following categories Cultivated varieties in current use Primitive cultivars or land races Wild species of potential value to man

In-situ conservation-conservation under natural condition It includes conservation of plants and animals in their native

ecosystems or even man made eco-systems It appeals only to wild fauna and flora It aims at preservation of land races with wild relatives

Ex-situ conservation-conservation under controlled condition It is done through establishment of gene banks It is chief mode for preservation of genetic resources Seeds, plant cells, tissues, organs are preserved under appropriate

conditions

10 Adhikary and Acharya

Location of the industries with a view to reducing transfer costs to the minimum

Sustained use of economic resources

Economic use of resources to achieve minimum waste

Integrated planning in the use of natural resources

Multi-purpose/ use of resources

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Resource management/development

Das Gupta

Planning for resources use

Agriculture

Horticulture

Forestry

Animal husbandry

12 Das Gupta

Human dimensions in natural resource management

What are “ Human Dimensions”…..???

Human dimensions are the peoples’ values, beliefs, attitudes,

social norms and motivations

They use social science concepts to formulate studies that

capture and explain human values, beliefs, etc. as they apply

to natural resources

Knowledge gained from these studies gives the public a voice

in natural resource management decisions

13 Basu et al.

Human Dimensions Importance......why?

Awareness and understanding our public values regarding natural

resources

Improved communication with publics and education of the public

regarding natural resource issues

Understanding and prediction of the social impacts of natural

resource decisions

Strengthening of the natural resources profession through

improved application of human dimensions information in natural

resource decision making 14

Stakeholder participation in the assessment process

Finding feasible spatial and temporal boundaries

Linking research products to development impact

Selecting the criteria of success

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Challenges of impact assessment in NRM

Basu and Biswas

Share of NRM Research and approximate research expenditure on Rainfed Farming in total research expenditure in ICAR

YearNRM Research

Expenditure(Rs. Crore)

Share of NRM Research

Expenditurein total ICAR

ResearchExpenditure

(%)

ApproximateResearch

Expenditureon Rainfed

Farming (Rs. Crore)

Share of RFResearch

Expenditure intotal ICAR

ResearchExpenditure (%)

2000-01 9.00 0.68% 185.22 13.99%

2009-10 279.41 8.57% 419.07 12.85%

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ICAR Annual Report, 2011

Agricultural Extension Approaches

General agriculture extension approach

Commodity specialized approach

Training and visiting approach

Participatory approach

Project approach

Farming system development approach

Cost sharing approach

Education institute approach

17 Axinn, 1988

Extension approaches for NRM

Creation of natural resources like forests, water bodies

Preservation through social fencing

Pollution control through policy formulation

ITK appropriate use and application

Watershed management to generate livelihood and conserve natural resources

Monitoring: Benefit monitoring evaluation

Elimination of negative factors operating in the eco-system

Rejuvenation of degraded or age old resources base

Peoples participation

18 Adhikary and Acharya

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Self Help Groups (SHG)

Village Level Watershed Groups (VLWG)

Area Groups (AG)

Village Level Federations (VLF)

Village Level Committees (VLC)

Sujala Watershed Sangha and Executive Committees (WS & EC)

Community Based Organizations

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Some of the methods followed for capacity building in Community Participation

• Individual house visits

• Informal group meeting

• Village meetings

• Grama sabhas

• Jathas

• Poster distribution

• Wall painting

• Conducting PRA exercises

• Baseline data survey

• Health camps

Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM)

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Basic concept

To address the goals of environmental, economic and

social justice

Integrates wildlife conservation and rural

development objective in a single program package

Emphasizes benefits to natural resource dependent

communities and pursuers of subsistence livelihoods

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Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a

systemic approach to conservation, that allows those closest to the

resource, and who bear the costs of conservation, to manage the

resource and benefit from its management and use.

Cont…

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CBNRM….

The key assumptions being that:

Locals are better placed to conserve natural

resources

People will conserve a resource only if

benefits exceed the costs of conservation,

and

People will conserve a resource that is linked

directly to their quality of life

(Thakadu, O. T. 2005)

To manage natural resources in a sustainable way to achieve conservation and community development objectives

Objective of CBNRM:

Tools of CBNRM

The PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with its tool for planning, awareness raising, and capacity building

The simplified land use plan as a natural resource management tool integrated with development

The gender approach insuring the participation of disadvantaged groups

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Community Participation in Development

Facilitates the use of local knowledge and opinions in

designing plans, programmes and projects

Enhances local ownership and empowers marginalized

people by providing opportunities to acquire skills,

knowledge and experience

Helps to facilitate the integration of marginalized

people into wider society, and encourages good

governance and economic growth

Facilitates co-operation and programme efficiency

Helps to ensure sustainability, make development

activities more effective, and builds local capacity Bond et al. 2006

Expected results

Sustainable Natural Resource

Management

Ownership

Equity

Improved biodiversity

Living together with harmony

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Conditions for “Successful” Community-Based Natural Resource Management

“Homogeneous” communities – common objectives, recognised

common interests, social cohesion

Benefits exceed costs

Clearly defined boundaries to resources to be managed

Limited uses and users

Decentralised decision-making

“Simple” administrative structures

Long-term engagement

Leadership -“champions” to lead the process

IFAD

Workshop, Rome, 2004

Benefits from CBNRM

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Direct benefits

Investment inrural

infrastructurethrough CBO

projects

Direct cashdividends

earned frompartnerships

Employmentopportunitieswith private

sector

Employmentopportunities

with communitybased

organizations

Indirect benefits

Maintenance orgrowth of stocks ofnatural

resources

Capacity – buildingOpportunities to

diversify localeconomy, and

integration into themarket place

Bond et al., 2006

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DRIVES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Individual drives

1. Rajendra Singh-

Rajasthan

2. Anna Hazare-

Ralegan Siddhi

3. Pani Panchayat-

Maharashtra

4. Salu marada

Timmakka

Project (Govt) mode

1. Sujala Watershed

Project

2. Integrated

Wasteland

Development Project

3. NWDPRA

4. NABARD

Watershed projects

NGO - Govt Drives1. Agriculture Science

Foundation, Hulakoti -NABARD Watershed Project

2. Grameen Gyan Abhiyan (GGA)- MSSRF

3. MYRADA

4. Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP)

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Rajendra Singh – “Waterman of Rajasthan”

• Rajendra Singh, popularly known as ‘Jal Purush’ or Waterman of Rajasthan is

an inspirational figure who has transformed the life of people in >1,000 villages

in Aravalli Hills.

In 1985, Rajendra Singh heads an NGO

‘Tarun Bharat Sangh’ (TBS)

In 1986, he initiated a Ped Bachao-Ped Lagao padyatra, 

for Forest Protection Committees

In 2002 National Water March (Rashtriya Jal Yatra) 

Jungle-Jeevan Bachao Yatra , it covers 21 forest sanctuaries

He also organised an ultimately successful Aravali Bachao Yatra ,the

Rajasthan Govt. closed nearly 1000 mines in the whole of Rajasthan, 470 of

which were in and around Sariska National Park

Achievements

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Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar (1994)  by the Govt. of India

International River Prize (1995)

Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (2001)

Jamnalal Bajaj Award (2008) for water harvesting by building check dams

across Rajasthan.

Awards

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SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT (2001)

• Sujala a community driven watershed

development project with a total budget of

Rs.557 crores, is being implemented in seven districts

• World Bank Assisted Project of Government of Karnataka

• Covering areas- Kolar, Chikkabalapur, Tumkur, Madhugiri,

Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad of Karnataka covering 4.29

lakhs ha.

• Spread over in 77 sub-watersheds and 1270 villages benefiting

nearly 4.0 lakhs households including landless

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Strengthen community and

institutional arrangements for natural

resource management

Strengthen the capacity of

communities in the project districts

for participatory involvement in

planning, implementation, social and

environmental management and

maintenancesujala water.FLV

Objectives

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Integrated Wasteland Development Project (2001)

Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development for re-generation of

degraded non-forest land through people’s participation

Objective of the scheme is aimed at an integrated wasteland based on

Village/Micro Watershed Plans

Major activities can be taken up under this scheme:- 

i. Soil & moisture conservation measures

ii. Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees

iii. Encouraging natural regeneration

iv. Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture

v. Encouraging people’s participation

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National Watershed Development Projects for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)

• Introduced during 1990-91 in Andhra Pradesh and continued up to 1996-97 during VIII plan period

• Implemented in 94 watersheds covering 19 districts of Andhra Pradesh

Impact of the implication of the scheme Watershed workers were planned for

treatment and development of drainage lines both in arable and non-arable lands in watershed areas with active participation and users group

SHGs formed from watershed village community to achieve their income generating activity and self sustainability

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Objectives

i. Conservation, development and sustainable management of

natural resources including their use

ii. Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in

sustainable manner

iii. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile eco-

system by trees and grasses

iv. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rainfed areas

v. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural

community including the landless

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NABARD PROJECTS

Watershed Development Projects implemented by NABARD has resulted in creation replicable models of participatory watershed development has helped in augmentation of natural resources and improvement in livelihood of watershed communities

Importance of Participatory Approach

Focused on the regeneration and equitable use of the resources in the particular environment on which the village depends for its needs

The people voluntarily must come together and accept full responsibility for regenerating their environment from concept to planning, implementation, supervision, maintenance of project measures and associated practices

To make the project sustainable, it is necessary for all the key actors, like the Watershed Community, NGOs, Banks, Government Institutions and Technical Service Organizations, to participate actively and in close coordination with each other

MSSRF (Grameen Gyan Abhiyan) (M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation -1988)

• Six major thematic areas:

1) Coastal Systems Research- To achieve sustainable management of coastal

resources, such as cyclone, storm surges and tsunami in coastal zones

2) Biodiversity- To optimize conservation and livelihood benefits of the poor who

live in the ‘biodiversity hotspots’

3) Biotechnology- Genome Clubs in schools and conduct genetic literacy

programmes in rural areas for young men and women with a functional knowledge

of genetics 38 http://www.mssrf.org

4) Ecotechnology- To extend the techniques of sustainable management of natural

resources, managed by the local community of farm women and men

5) Food Security- The Community Food grain Banks, Kitchen gardens, capacity

building of women farmers, to awareness creation on households' entitlements

relating to government schemes on food and nutrition

6) Information, Education and Communication- Village Resource Centres

(VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs), mainly provide need-based

locale-specific, demand driven information content

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Contd…

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MYRADA

• Established in 1968, MYRADA is a non-governmental

organization working for micro-credit initiatives and sustainable

development in Southern India

• Areas of Work

1. Rural credit systems

2. Organizations of women

3. Management of micro watersheds

4. Forestry

5. Resettlement

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Hanumantrao Committee Recommendations

Based on report of DPAP and DDP project, following

recommendations are made:

1. People's participation is must.

2. There must be coordination between line Departments.

3. Local people must involve in planning and

implementation.

Report of the Technical Committee on Drought prone Areas Programme and Desert Development Programme, April 1994.

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Districts with Environmental Degradation in an extreme form

Sl. No Districts Agricultural Practices

1 Shimoga, Mandya, Belgaumand Raichur

Excessive use of chemicals

2 Gulbarga, Raichur and Bijapur Excessive use of pesticides

3 All districts in the northeastern plain region

Soil Erosion

4 Districts in Central andWestern Ghat Region

Water Erosion

Department of Water Resources, GoK.

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Major Constraints

Community level conflicts

Evaluation of action impacts

Difficulties to access the sites

Lacking GIS expertise

Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations

for fear of losing promised benefits

Partners are expecting too much from the activities taken up

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Research studies

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Research Study 1.SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT OF SUJALA WATERSHED

PROJECT IN KARNATAKA Govinda Gowda, V. and Sathish, A. (2011)

I. Land and Water

Study area Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & DharwadSample size 10% of the beneficiaries

Study objectives To study the unique approaches & interventions of SUJALA watershed

project. To study the resultant impact on the natural resource as well as on the socio-

economic life of the beneficiary farmers.

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Impact indicators Baseline Mid-term impacts

1. Household income Avg household income- Rs 10,036

Avg household income- Rs 16,790

2. Crop yields ------ Yield increased upto 6-15%

3. Ground water recharge

Bore well – 400ft (drill depth)Dug well - 45 ft

Bore well increase in level by 4-5 ftDug well increase in level by 1.2- 2 ftPeriod of availability increased by 2- 3 months

4. Milk, Fodder production

Fodder 50-80% dependent on others

Milk yield increased by 15-20%Fodder dependence decreased by 5-10%

5. Productivity of non-arable land

Percentage of land in low productivity (10-20%)

Productivity in non-arable lands increased by 5-10%

Mid-term Impact of 1st phase watershed interventions on Natural resource base and livelihoods

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Impact on water Resources due to ProjectInterventions in Phase-1

District % Nalas rejuvenated

% Borewells

rejuvenated

% Openwells

rejuvenated

Dharwad 44 52 25

Kolar 38 93 5

Chitradurga 81 75 79

Tumkur 51 76 39

Haveri 25 70 39

Average 48 73 37

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Research Study 2.IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED TANK MANAGEMENT PROJECT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC

STATUS OF BENEFICIERY FARMERS IN BIDAR DISTRICT

Savita (2008)

Study area Bidar district, Karnataka.Sample size N=150

Objectives of the study: To study the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of

beneficiary farmers. Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of

beneficiary farmers.

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Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of beneficiary farmers

Sl. No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference (%)

1 Occupation 1. Primary

2. Secondary

a. Agriculture b. Agril. laboura. Businessb. Service

90.6609.3414.0004.00

97.3402.6626.0004.00

06.66-06.6612.000

2 No of house owned

a. One houseb. Two house

100.000

100.0010.60

---10.66

3 Land holding a. Marginal farmersb. Small farmersc. Medium farmersd. Large farmers

10.6636.6633.3419.34

08.0030.6740.6720.66

-02.66-06.0007.3401.34

4 Source of irrigation a. Well b. Bore well c. Tank

23.3412.00 ---

42.0019.3404.00

18.6607.3404.00

5 Organizational participation

LowMediumHigh

64.0016.0020.00

22.0047.3430.66

-42.0031.3410.66

Contd…

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Sl . No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference(%)

6. Farm power

1. Bullocks

2. Power tiller3. Tractor 4. Sprayer 5. Duster

a. One pairb. Two pair

25.33 ---

---01.3430.0006.00

413405.34

01.3401.3441.3411.34

16.0005.34

01.34 ---11.3405.34

7. Material possession 1. Bullock cart

2. Radio 3. Television 4. Improved agril.

implements

a. One cartb. Two cart

a. 1-2b. 3-4c. 5-6

16.00 ---22.6612.6623.3408.6602.00

28.00 ---61.3325.3436.0013.3403.34

12.00 ---38.6612.6612.6604.6701.34

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Impact of community based tank management project on land productivity of beneficiary farmers

Crops Before (avg yield/acre)

After (avg yield/acre)

Difference (avg yield/acre)

Sugarcane 35 t/acre 40 t/acre 5 t/acre

Redgram 3.5 qt/acre 6 qt/acre 2.5qt/acre

Jowar 8 t/acre 13 qt/acre 5 qt/acre

Impact of community based tank management project on annual income of beneficiary farmers

Farmer category Avg annual income before (Rs)

Avg annual income after (Rs)

Difference (Rs)

Marginal farmers 8,000 17,000 9,000

Small farmers 13,000 26,000 13,000

Medium farmers 19,000 37,000 18,000

Large farmers 29,000 54,000 25,000

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SUCCESS STORIES

The five principles of Anna Hazare are

1. Nasbandi (restriction of family size)

2. Nashabandi (ban on alcohol)

3. Charaibandi (ban on free grazing)

4. Kurhabandi (ban on tree felling) and

5. Shramdan (donation of voluntary

labour for community welfare).

1. Model village- Ralegan Siddhi

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Impact of water conservation activities in Ralegan Siddhi

Sl no Particulars Village scenario before Village scenario after

1 Sowing area Only one crop (300-350 acres)

Two crops(1300 acres)

2 Migration All most half the villagers Completely stopped

3 Employment Go to near by villages in search of employment Hiring near by village labours

4 Milk production 300 lts/month 4,000 lts/month

5 Per capita income 250 Rs 2,500 Rs

VIDEO

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2. Pani Panchayat

"Pani Panchayat" is associate organisation of Gram Gaurav Prathisthan..

Pani Panchayat are committed to Sustainable Development of the Villages through equable distribution of water to all of its people in the village

Objectives : To achieve sustainable rural development. To identity local needs, local resources, local talents, local strength and

to integrate them. To carry out experiments for optimum use of natural resources like

water, land and solar energy. To develop cropping patterns agriculture cultivation methods and living

habits to suit available resources.

Services1. Community lift Irrigation schemes2. Assessment of water resources3. Organic Farming

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Community lift Irrigation schemes

Sr. No. Particular 2003-04 2004-05

1 No. of Schemes 4 23

2 No. of Villages 4 19

3 No. of Beneficiaries 20 148

4 Irrigated Area ( in Acre) 77.5 475

5 Total installed HP 21 166

6 Total Cost 286720 1033560

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CONCLUSION

58 Thank you