Communication TrainingChapter 2

Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.

Communication Training

Instruction provided to a person with a hearing loss to maximize his or her communication potential

Belonging, Independence, Mastery, Generosity

“For successful conversation between any two people, there must be mutual interest, cooperation, and sensitivity. For successful conversation between a normal-hearing person and a hearing impaired partner, the same basic requirements exist. Greater time, effort, and awareness may be required, however, to reach the same level of understanding.”NP Erber, 1993, p 109

Communication Strategy

A course of action taken to enhance communication– facilitate

– repair

Conversation

Sharing ideas Relating experiences Telling stories Expressing needs Instructing Influencing Establishing intimacy

Rules of Conversation

Agree to share one another’s interests Ensure all share in talking Participate in topic Take turns talking Relevant topic discussion Succinct messages

Dr. Sam Trychin

Hearing Loss Characteristics

Disrupted turn taking Modified speaking style Inappropriate topic shifts Superficial content Frequent clarification

Classes of Strategies

Facilitativeinstructing, structuring

Repairspecific tactics

Reception of Messages

Talker

Message

Environment

Listener

Facilitative Strategies

Strategies that influence the talker– instructional strategies

• the listener asks the talker to change the delivery of the message (assertive)

– slow down

– it is difficult to lipread you when you cover your mouth

– could you face me

Facilitative Strategies

Strategies that influence the message– Message-tailoring strategies

• phrasing remarks to constrain a response of a speaker

– Did you go fishing or boating?– Are you afraid of snakes?

Facilitative Strategies

Strategies that influence the environment– Constructive strategies

• tactic designed to optimize the listening environment for communication

– Let’s go into the living room to talk– Let’s sit where it is more quiet– Let’s step over here where there is more

light

Facilitative Strategy

Strategies that influence reception (listener)– Adaptive strategies

• methods of counteracting maladaptive behaviors that stem from hearing loss

– relax– taking a deep breath

Facilitative Strategy

Strategies that influence reception (listener)– Attending strategies

• methods of counteracting maladaptive behaviors that stem from hearing loss

– watch the speaker’s lips– focus on the speaker

Facilitative Strategy

Strategies that influence reception (listener)– Anticipatory strategies

• methods of preparing for a communication interaction

– observant of situation clues– makes predictions about message– predicts speakers style

Facilitative StrategiesTalker

Instructional

Strategy

Message

Tailoring

Message

Strategy

Environment

Constructive

Strategy

Listener

Adaptive

Attending

Anticipatory

Strategy

Instructional Strategies Worksheet (Talker)

______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

Tailoring (Message) Strategy

________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

Constructive Strategies (Environment)

_______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

Adaptive, Attending, Anticipatory Strategies (Listener)

__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

Repair Strategies

Communication breakdown– when one communication

partner speaks a message and the communication partner does not recognize the message

Detecting Communication Breakdown

Choose Course of Action

Use Repair Strategy

Disregard Utterance

Bluff

Repair Strategies Receptive repair strategy

– tactic used by the listener (with hearing loss) when the message presented by a communication partner is not understood

Expressive repair strategy– strategy used to rectify a communication

breakdown that occurs because the person with a hearing loss (speaker) produces an unintelligible utterance

Specific Receptive Repair repeat all or part of message indicate the topic of conversation rephrase message elaborate message simplify the message confirm the message write fingerspell

Nonspecific Expressive Repair

What Huh Pardon

Six Basic Principles of Conversational Repair

ONE: Use of requests for clarification improves understanding between conversational partners (e.g., Tye-Murray, Purdy, Woodworth & Tyler, 1990).

TWO: Specific training in the use of repair strategies is effective (Tye-Murray, 1991).

THREE: Some requests for clarification are considered specific, or contingent (e.g., requests for confirmation) whereas others (e.g., neutral queries) are considered non-specific, or non-contingent (see, Table 2).

FOUR: Contingent requests for clarification are more likely to sustain interaction over multiple turns than non-contingent requests (Kenworthy, 1984).

FIVE: Strategies that elicit rephrasing by the speaker are more likely to repair the communication breakdown (Gagne & Wyllie, 1989).

SIX: Requests for specific clarification are viewed more favorably by the speaker than non-specific requests (Gagne, Stelmacovich, & Yovetich, 1991; Caissie & Gibson, 1997). In other words, both interactants communicate more effectively when more specific, or contingent, repair strategies are employed. (Kenworthy)

Bilingual Children and Repair

Most, T. (2003). The use of repair strategies: bilingual deaf children using sign language and spoken language. American Annals of the Deaf. 148:4, 308-314.

When using sign, greater diversity in repair strategies were used.

Hard of Hearing Person Implementing Repair

nonspecific repair strategy-

request for information repair strategy-

confirmation repair strategy-

Adjacency pairs: linked speaking turns

message repetition response

provide information response

feedback response

Conversational Styles Passive conversational style

– withdraws, bluffs, avoids

Aggressive conversational style– hostile, belligerent, bad attitude

– blames others

– denies, dominates, interrupts

Assertive conversational style– takes responsibility for managing communication

– respects the rights of their communication partner

– openly and honestly expresses needs and emotions

Communication Style

Assertive Passive AggressiveLeast stressful Faces problemsGains respect of othersClaims rights; is

respectful of others' rights

Makes own choicesPossesses self-

confidence

Stress-producing Avoids problemsAllows self to be

manipulated by others

Gives up rightsLets others chooseLacks self-confidence

Stress-producing Blames or attacks

others instead of solving problems

Takes advantage of others, is often feared and avoided.

Disregards others' rights

Chooses activities for others

Often hostile, demanding, and egotistical

Communication Style

Communication Behaviors

Interactive– assertive communication style

Non-Interactive– passive communication style

Dominating– aggressive communication style

Dr. Sam Trychin

Assignment

During the next two days:1. analyze your communication behavior2. analyze 2 people you communicate with

daily and determine their style3. select the communication style you prefer

others use4. Read:

A Conversational Approach to Aural Rehabilitation