COMMUNICATION MODELCOMMUNICATION MODEL

The way we The way we CommunicateCommunicate

What is Communication?What is Communication?

The process of The process of sending and sending and

reviewing reviewing messages to messages to

share meanings.share meanings.

Elements of the ModelElements of the Model

Sender - SpeakerSender - Speaker Receiver - ListenerReceiver - Listener MessagesMessages FeedbackFeedback EncodingEncoding DecodingDecoding InterferenceInterference

Two kinds of MessagesTwo kinds of Messages

Verbal - Verbal - using wordsusing words–volumevolume–tonetone

Non-VerbalNon-Verbal– appearanceappearance– gesturesgestures– body body

movementmovement– eye contacteye contact– spatial spatial

relationsrelations

What is Feedback?What is Feedback?

Reaction of the Reaction of the receiver to the receiver to the sender’s sender’s message.message.

Tells the Tells the sender how to sender how to send the next send the next message.message.

EncodingEncoding

How the sender decides How the sender decides to send the messages to send the messages based on PREDICTIONS based on PREDICTIONS or prior knowledge or prior knowledge about the receiverabout the receiver

DecodingDecoding Applying meaning and Applying meaning and

understanding the understanding the message that has been message that has been sentsent

InterferenceInterference ExternalExternal

– outside influences that affect outside influences that affect communicationcommunication

– noisy room; airplane overheadnoisy room; airplane overhead InternalInternal

– inside influences that affect inside influences that affect communicationcommunication

– prejudices; anxiety; worryprejudices; anxiety; worry

Channels ofChannels of CommunicationCommunication

Channels are the senses Channels are the senses you use in communicationyou use in communication

HearHearSeeSeeTouchTouch

Levels of InformationLevels of Information(Encoding = Predicting (Encoding = Predicting

reactions)reactions) Cultural - Little info. About receiverCultural - Little info. About receiver

Sociological - Some general info. Sociological - Some general info. About the receiver.About the receiver.

Individual - Personal knowledge of Individual - Personal knowledge of the receiver.the receiver.

Purposes of Purposes of CommunicationCommunication

GeneralGeneral– Social Social

ContactContact– Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem– Gain & Share Gain & Share

knowledgeknowledge

SpecificSpecific– Exchange Info.Exchange Info.– Exerting ControlExerting Control– Following Social Following Social

rulesrules– Sharing Sharing

FeelingsFeelings

What is Perception?What is Perception?

Process of filtering Process of filtering and interpreting and interpreting what your senses what your senses tell you so you can tell you so you can create a create a meaningful picture meaningful picture of the world.of the world.

Steps in PerceptionSteps in Perception

Something affects the Something affects the sensessenses–see, hear, taste, smell, touchsee, hear, taste, smell, touch

interpret the sensation interpret the sensation (give meaning to it)(give meaning to it)

Differences in Perception Differences in Perception come from:come from:

Physical Physical DifferencesDifferences

Past Past Experiences; Experiences; backgroundbackground

Differences in perception Differences in perception come from:come from:

Present Present feelings; feelings; circumstancescircumstances

Differences in Differences in using using informationinformation

Differences in Perception Differences in Perception come from:come from:

Differences Differences in in expectatioexpectationsns

Verbal CommunicationVerbal Communication

Uses words: symbols that Uses words: symbols that represent things but are not the represent things but are not the things themselves.things themselves.

Why language changes: the world Why language changes: the world is changing. New ideas and is changing. New ideas and inventions need words to describe inventions need words to describe them.them.

Meanings of WordsMeanings of Words

Denotative Meaning---definition Denotative Meaning---definition found in the dictionaryfound in the dictionary

Connotative Meaning---everyday Connotative Meaning---everyday meaning; emotional or personal meaning; emotional or personal response to a wordresponse to a word

Kinds of LanguageKinds of Language Technical--area specific language; Technical--area specific language;

mechanic mechanic Regional---specific to geographic area; Regional---specific to geographic area;

soda vs. popsoda vs. pop Slang---phatSlang---phat Cultural--specific to particular religious Cultural--specific to particular religious

or ethnic group; barmitzvahor ethnic group; barmitzvah

Verbal Strategies that Verbal Strategies that affect communicationaffect communication

ExcludeExclude IncludeInclude Put DownPut Down Build UpBuild Up Reveal SelfReveal Self Conceal SelfConceal Self

All of these All of these verbal verbal strategies are strategies are similar to the similar to the nonverbal nonverbal strategiesstrategies

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Sending and Receiving Sending and Receiving messages without the use of messages without the use of words. Involves: words. Involves: appearance, gestures, appearance, gestures, posture, eye contact, facial posture, eye contact, facial expressions, spatial expressions, spatial relations, and time.relations, and time.

Most communication is Most communication is NONVERBALNONVERBAL

55%

7%

38%

FacialExpressionsVerbalExpressionVocalExpression

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Intentional - Intentional - using using nonverbal nonverbal techniques techniques to support to support verbal verbal message(s)message(s)

Accidental - Accidental - nonverbal nonverbal messages sent that messages sent that the sender is the sender is unaware of but still unaware of but still communicate a communicate a message. Can message. Can contradict verbalscontradict verbals

Never say Never say anything that anything that

cannot improve cannot improve upon silenceupon silence

Vocal Cues as Vocal Cues as NonverbalsNonverbals

Pitch---the highness or lowness of Pitch---the highness or lowness of voicevoice

Rate---how slowly or quickly a person Rate---how slowly or quickly a person talkstalks

Volume---loudness or softness of Volume---loudness or softness of voicevoice

Quality---sound of the voiceQuality---sound of the voice

Nonverbals Can:Nonverbals Can:

RepeatRepeatsupportsupportcontradictcontradict replacereplace regulate regulate

Spatial RelationsSpatial Relations Intimate space---up to 1 1/2 feet; hugging, Intimate space---up to 1 1/2 feet; hugging,

telling secretstelling secrets Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet; quiet Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet; quiet

conversationconversation Social space---4 to 12 feet; group Social space---4 to 12 feet; group

discussionsdiscussions Public space---over 12 feet; calling or Public space---over 12 feet; calling or

wavingwaving

ListeningListening

Accurate Accurate ReceivingReceiving

Hearing vs. ListeningHearing vs. Listening

Hearing - Hearing - physical physical ability to ability to pick up pick up sound sound waves.waves.

Listening - 4 Listening - 4 stepssteps–hearhear– interpretinterpret–understandunderstand–recallrecall

Barriers to ListeningBarriers to Listening

Internal DistractionsInternal DistractionsExternal DistractionsExternal DistractionsPersonal BiasesPersonal BiasesConflicting DemandsConflicting Demands

Active Listening:Active Listening:

Stay Tuned In Stay Tuned In

Most people Most people would rather would rather

TALK than LISTENTALK than LISTEN

We understand 450 words We understand 450 words per minute!per minute!

We speak only 175 words We speak only 175 words per minute.per minute.

How can we stay focused How can we stay focused during the “wasted” time?during the “wasted” time?

Staying Tuned in: Active Staying Tuned in: Active ListeningListening

Read Read nonverbalsnonverbals

Avoid Avoid distractionsdistractions

Staying Tuned In: Active Staying Tuned In: Active ListeningListening

Apply the Apply the ideas to ideas to yourselfyourself

ParaphraseParaphrase Know your Know your

effect on the effect on the sendersender

You can never NOT You can never NOT communicatecommunicate

Self-ConceptSelf-Concept Beliefs about who you are Beliefs about who you are

based on perceptions, based on perceptions, expectations, and others’ expectations, and others’ reactionsreactions

Formed early in lifeFormed early in life Static---Hard to changeStatic---Hard to change

Self Concept and Self-Self Concept and Self-EfficacyEfficacy

Those with poor self-Those with poor self-concept will complete tasks concept will complete tasks that are too EASY or too that are too EASY or too HARDHARD

Self-efficacy is your belief Self-efficacy is your belief on what you can doon what you can do

What you need to know What you need to know for the test!!!for the test!!!