communication methodologies for hard-of-hearing children the oral vs. manual debate by: kaylin...
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Communication methodologies for hard-of-hearing children
The Oral vs. Manual debate
By: Kaylin Carswell
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Manual education- Teaches children to communicate using sign language.
Oral education- Teaching the deaf or hard-of-hearing to rely on speech reading, body language/expressions, gestures and their residual hearing for receptive language. Individuals using this method learn to speak to express themselves.
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History of Sign Langauge & Oralism Ponce De Leon
Abb de L’Epe “father of sign language”Sign language “natural language of the
deaf”
Samuel Heinicke “father of oralism”
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History of Sign Language in America1817
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc
First school for the deaf in Hartford in 1817
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History of Sign Language in AmericaFor the next 63 years sign language was the
primary method used to educate the deaf
1864 National Deaf Mute College Gallaudet University
-DPN Movement (1988)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKnF9CCYQPQ
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Conference of Milan 1880
Sign Education vs Oral Education
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End to the trend….Oral method is superior
Within 10 years only ¼ of teachers educating the deaf were deaf themselves
Within the next 20 years only 1/5 of total teachers educating the deaf were deaf
Sign forbidden
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Oralism in America1867New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes
-Lexington School for the Deaf
Northampton, MassachusettsClarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes
-Clarke School for the Deaf/Center for Oral Education
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Oralism1872School started in Boston by Alexander Graham Bell
1890American Assoc. to Promote the Teaching of Speech to
the Deaf, Inc.-Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf
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1960sCivil rights movement American Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Sign Language Structure by William Stokoe
Proclaimed American Sign Langauge was: -real langauge
-unique from English -own grammar and syntax
Babbidge Report “oral education was a “dismal failure””
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Oralism Sign Language*Academics *Human rights*Assimilation *Social emotional benefits
*Deaf Culture
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Oralism and EducationQualified teachers
ADA & IDEA
New Technology
Higher education
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Common goals among oral programsEarly detection of hearing loss
Amplification & intervention
Parent involvement in child’s education
The use of residual hearing
Emphasizing speech without sign language for communication
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http://www.oraldeafed.org/movies/index.html
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Oralism and AssimilationAvoidance of rejection, segregation, and pain
Included and accepted by the hearing population
Ease of communication
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Sign Language and social-emotional benefitsAccepting who they are
Whole
Complete not “broken”
Strong sense of identity
Deaf culture
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Sign Language and exercising human rightsFree to practice the natural law to preserve
their nature
ADA and IDEA laws
Users don’t have to jeopardize their self-respect or fear discrimination
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb26YF6Bw9U&feature=related
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Medical Model of DeafnessVs.
Cultural Model of Deafness
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Medical Model Cultural ModelFunctional disorder that
needs to be fixed
Handicapped
Called deaf
Use of Oral methods
Linguistic minority with distinct language & culture
Difference
Considered deaf
Use of ASL
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Total CommunicationBlending several methods together to educate the
deaf
Can include:-fingerspelling-sign language-speech-speech reading-writing -facial expressions-hearing devices
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“NO One has one right way to raise a deaf child, any more than anyone has one right way to raise a hearing child. The politics involved in deaf education are nauseating and who suffers the most in the end are the children themselves.” ~Sherri Kowertz
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Questions
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1. Oral education includes all but which of the following?
a. speech reading b. sign languagec. residual hearingd. speech
b. sign language
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2. Who is known as “the father of sign language?”
a. Ponce De leonb. Samuel heinickec. Abb de L’Eped. Laurent Clerc
c. Abb de L’epe
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3. When was sign language brought to America?
a. 1825b. 1817c. 1901d. 2010
b. 1817
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4. Who brought sign language to America?
a. Samuel Heinicke b. Dr. Elangovanc. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet &
Laurent Clercd. Alexander Graham Bell
c. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc
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5. Users of ASL typically______
a. Accept they are handicapb. Look at themselves as
needing to be fixedc. Accept themselves for who
they are, not what others want them to be
d. Have low self-esteem
c. Accept themselves for who they are, not what others want them to be
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6. The Milan Conference of 1880 decided _____________
a. To abolish deaf educationb. Sign language should be the
primary method of educationc. Deaf individuals had the right to
choose what method of education they wanted
d. The oral method was superior to the manual method of deaf educationd. The oral method was superior to
the manual method of deaf education
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7. ASL started to emerge as an accepted method of education in the 1960s due to which of the following?
a. The Milan Conferenceb. The Civil Rights Movementc. William Stokoe’s Sign
Language Structure d. Both b and c
d. Both b and c
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8. Those who support sign language highly value______
a. Academics b. Social-emotional benefitsc. Integration into socieyd. New Technology
b. Social-emotional benefits
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9. The cultural model views deafness as ____________
a. A functional disorder that needs to be fixed
b. A linguistic minority with a distinct language
c. A handicapd. Both b & c
b. A linguistic minority with a distinct language
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10. Total communication involves_____
a. Speech readingb. Sign languagec. Hearing devicesd. All of the above
d. All of the above
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Through deaf eyes video
GREAT JOB
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ReferencesHunt, N. & Marshall, K. Exceptional Children and
Youth. (2006). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.Baker, K. “Oral Communication versus American
Sign Language.” Accessed on 20 April 2010.http://www.drury.edu/multinl/story.cfm?
ID=9901&NLID=166http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/The-Condense
d-History-Of-Sign-Language/403854http://www.listen-up.org/edu/options1.htmhttp://my.gallaudet.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Dea
f%2520Eyes%2520Exhibit/Language-06oralschool.htm
http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes-http://www.aslinfo.com/gallaudet.cfm