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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Faculty of Dentistry

annual examinations

I-fiaatal Year

BIOCHEMISTRY

Not available

CHEMISTRY 252 3 January 18, 1969

(Total marks: 200) Name:__ (print)

Marks:

25 1, Name the following compound:

OH

l CH0 C CH„—C=CH

3 I 2 CHCl

I CH3

(a) Write the structures of (i) a primary alcohol,

(ii) an acid chloride (i»e, an acyl chloride) and

(iii) an a,3 unsaturated ketone which are structural isomers

of this compound.

(b) 3-chloro-4-methylcyclohexanone is also an isomer of the above

compounds. Give its structural formula.

Name _

£ Draw a 3-dimensional formula of D (+) glyceraldehyde, Explain

carefully the meaning of the chemical symbols D and (+). Draw its

enantiomer and give its correct name.

Discuss the stereochemistry of the following compounds:

CHMe -CHE t

CHC1 and

CH (OH)CO-H

! 2 CH (Cl)C02H

Name:_

3o Write equations showing how the following transformations may be

effected. Show all intermediate products, reagents and catalysts.

You may use any other organic or inorganic reagents you need.

(a) meta-chloronitrobenzene from benzene

(b) para-chloronitrobenzene from benzene

(c) 1-ethylcyclohexanol from cyclohexanol

Name :

(d) para-bromoacetanilide from benzene

(e) l-phenyl-2-methyl-prop-l-ene from propene

(f) aspirin from phenol

Name:_

(a) Write a general mechanism for the electrophilic substitution

of benzene3

(i) Why is the reaction electrophilic in nature?

(ii) Why does substitution occur rather than addition?

(iii) Give any example of an electrophilic substitution reaction.

What is your electrophile and how is it formed in the reaction?

0 Name:_

(b) Write the equation for the formation of methyl benzoate from

benzoic acid and methanol and then give a plausible mechanism for

the reaction. Can you suggest an experiment which could be used

to prove your mechanism in any way?

Name:__

Use equations, structural formulae or a sentence or two to

illustrate or explain briefly ten of the following terms used

in organic chemistry.

(a) structural isomers

(b) geometric isomers

(c) radical

(d) enantiomers

Name

5. (e) diastereoisomers

(f) 1,2-and 1,4-addition

(g) SI reaction N

(h) S 2 reaction N

Name

5. (i) resonance

(j) tautomerism

(k) Markownikoff1s rule

(1) electrophile and nucleophile

Name:_

A compound A (C^H^O) undergoes the following reactions:

C" C4H8

HEr 1 D. C4H9Br

F° C10H10°

cone. I^SO^

X- C5H8

FACTS CONCLUSIONS

(i) A is not very readily oxidized.

(ii) A,E, and F react with

phenylhydrazine

(iii) B ,E ,G , and H react with

sodium to liberate hydrogen.

(a) List at the right the conclusion you can draw from each fact

given on the left,

(b) Write down the structural formulae of the compounds A to I„

X Dental Year

GROSS ANATOMY

No paper available

2 ■j

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

Annual Examinations, 1969

FIRST YEAR

HISTOLOGY

Please answer each section in a separate answer book.

SECTION A

It is recommended that five minutes be spent on each question.

25 marks per question.

Describe briefly with the aid of a diagram or diagrams, the following: -

1. The tooth germ at the bell stage of development.

2. The actively functioning cell associated with the formation of bone.

3. The actively functioning cell associated with the formation of

keratin.

4. The named groups of fibres in the periodontal ligament.

. r

: •

.

.

SECTION B

It is recommended that five minutes be spent on each question.

5 marks per question.

Write brief notes on the following: -

5. Epithelial cell rests of Malassez

6. Hunter Schreger bands

7. Golgi apparatus

8. Autoradiograph

9. Elastic fibres

10. Mast cell

11. Erythrocyte

12. Osteoclast

13. Sarcolemma

14. Lymphoblast

15. Cardiac muscle

16. Microvilli

17. Tight junction

18. Christae mitochondrialis

19. Fibro-cartilage

20. Nissl substance

»•

..

-2-

A,

& 7

21, Schwann cell

22, Alkaline phosphatase

23» Lyosomes

24, Woven bone

SECTION C

It is recommended that 60 minutes be spent on this section. Total marks

available 100,

Answer, in the form of a critical essay, one of the following: -

1. Give an account of collagen structure and show how this material

is of importance in tooth development> structure and function,

2. Describe some of the newer methods by which enamel has been studied

in the last decade and explain how these methods have altered our

ideas of enamel formation and structure.

3. Give a critical account of the various theories of tooth eruption.

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MINUTES MARKS -2-

8 5! 8. If the boy was fortunate enough to have had spacing within his primary dentition what adjustment would you expect to have happened in the 6/6 area, and when?

676

8

t i

5 9. If you ask the patient to move his mandible into the right lateral position, what 6/6 dental relationship

6/6 would you expect to observe in the coronal plane.

8 ' 5 10. Upon examination of the periapical dental radiograms you observe two posterior teeth joined together by cementum. What is this condition and how do you differ¬ entiate it from two other related anomalies of dental morphology?

Please, answer Questions 11 and 12 in a separate book.

8 i 5 11. Give the term or phrase that succinctly describes the following:

i

(i) A ridged herbivorous cheek tooth (ii) Continuous replacement of teeth throughout

the life of the animal j (iii) The major cusp on the talon

(iv) The diet of a bunodont crushing dentition (v) Specialised shearing teeth

(

15 ' 10 12. Briefly discuss the factors that made it possible for j a quadrapedal arboreal primate to evolve into a bipedal

terrestrial preman.

10

10

15

15

10

10



SECOND YEAR

BACTERIOLOGY

1. Answer two of the following:

(a) What is the composition plasmic membrane?

(b) What is the composition of viruses?

(c) What are the mechanisms synthesis of enzymes in

(d) What are the mechanisms bacteria?

2. Answer (a) or (b)

(a) What are the antigen-antibody reactions in Vitro, and what are their practical uses?

(b) Discuss the actions of bacterial endotoxins and bacterial cytotoxins.

3. What are the mechanisms involved in the immediate type of clinical allergies? Include in your answer the structural parts of globulin involved. What methods are available to prevent and treat these allergies?


(a) What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis? What therapeutic and preventive measures have caused the incidence to drop in the last decade?

(b) What is the relationship of the life cycles of the malaria parasite and the pathogenesis and spread of malaria? What therapeutic and preventive measures are available?

5. Discuss the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of salmonella infections. List the procedures to confirm the causative agents in the laboratory. What are the treatments?


(a) Discuss the pathogenesis and epidemiology of picoma viruses.

(b) Discuss the pathogenesis and epidemiology of pox producing viruses.

and functions of the bacterial proto-

and functions of the covering layers

which regulate the function and bacterial cells? involved in acid production by

-2-

MARKS

15 7. Discuss the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of any two of the following:

(a) Actinomycocis (b) Candida infections (c) Gas gangrene (d) Diphtheria (e) Post-streptococcal diseases (f) Viral hepatitis

15 8. Write a short note on any three of the following:

(a) Contact dermatitis (b) Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (c) Lactobacillus and actinobacillus bifidus (d) Staphylococcal food poisoning (e) Scarlet fever (f) Wasserman test (g) Biochemical background of Blood groups A, B, 0 and Lewis (h) Serum sickness (i) Leprosy

II Dental Year

GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Not available

II Dental Year

PHYSIOLOGY

Not available

4



THIRD YEAR

ANAESTHESIA

MARKS

20 1. Utilizing a diagram only trace the origin, course and distribution of the 5th cranial nerve.

20 2. a) Outline in point form the technique for a mandibular block injection.

b) Discuss the three main causes of failure to procure adequate anaesthesia fo.llowing a mandibular block injection.

c) Draw a cross section of the retromolar triangle area showing structures involved in a mandibular block technique.

20 3. List in sequence the steps to be taken in the treatment of a haemotoma which has resulted from a local anaesthetic injection.

Please answer question 4 in a separate book.

20 4. Discuss the application of general anaesthesia in dentistry.

Please answer Question 5 in a separate book.

20 5. a) Discuss in general terms the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular collapse as seen in shock.

b) How could the effects of general anaesthesia and surgery produce shock in a dental patient.

t.

■



THIRD YEAR

GENERAL SURGERY

MARKS

15 1. Describe the local and systemic features of a severe streptococcal infection of the arm.

15 2. Describe the clinical features that would be present in a patient with a massive haemorrhage.

5 3. Enumerate the local causes of delayed healing in a surgical wound.

10 4. Enumerate the lateral swellings that may occur in the neck.

15 5. Describe -

(a) The local clinical characteristics of a palpable malignant tumour.

(b) Briefly indicate the methods that are available for treatment of malignant disease.

ORAL SURGERY

10 1. Discuss the reaeons why penicillin is the antibiotic of choice in oral infections. What advantageous features have the recently developed synthetic penicillins?

20 2. What oral surgery procedure would your treatment plan include for the following: -

a) patient on prolonged use of Cortisone

b) hypertensive patient

c) patient with acutely abcessed tooth

d) coronary diseased patient on Dicoumoral

e) pregnancy

10 3. What are the principles of flap design? How would you proceed to remove a broken down maxillary 1st bicuspid and maxillary 2nd molar?

r

-.j.r.*



THIRD YEAR

NUTRITION

MARKS

5 1. Compare the more important nutrients in the following: - (answer each section very briefly).

(1) Skim and whole milk. (2) Oranges and apples. (3) Rolled oats and cornflakes. (4) Carrots and cauliflower. (5) Sweet potatoes and white potatoes. (6) Butter and margarine. (7) Cheddar cheese and cottage cheese. (8) Orange juice and pineapple juice. (9) Apple juice (vitaminized) and grapefruit juice.

(10) Apples and vitaminized apple juice.

12 2. Make detailed dietary recommendations for the following giving reasons for each recommendation made: -

(a) A boy 13 years of age - 10 lbs. overweight - rampant caries. According to his recorded diet, it is extremely deficient nutritionally, due partly to a very restricted food budget.

(b) An adult male - 10 lbs. underweight - little caries - but eating a very poor diet from choice, not necessity.

Ill Dental Year

ORAL PATHOLOGY

Not available

Ill Dental Year

PERIODONTICS

Not available

Ill Dental Year

pharmacology

Not available

HI Dental Year

PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY

Not available

MARKS

9 1

9 2

17 3

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF DMTISTRY


FOURTH YEAR

DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH

Social scientists have made certain suggestions about motivating people to take health action. Answer either one of the following:

i) Outline and discuss briefly three basic, general conditions under which people take action to preserve or regain health.

or

ii) Outline and discuss briefly the specific, crucial factors which must be weighed by the individual before voluntary health action takes place.

Discuss dental prepayment plans under the following headings:

i) problems re premiums

ii) plan restrictions

iii) administrative mechanisms

The demand for dental care is likely to increase enormously if dental care is included in the federal-provincial "medicare" programme. Since the present numbers of dentists and auxiliaries can do no more than cope with present demands for service, suggest programmes for:

(1) training sufficient numbers of dental personnel of all kinds.

(2) preventing dental disease.

(3) modifying the present system of delivery of dental health care so that the expected new demand for service can be met.

15 1. PRACTICE ADMINISTRATION

The schedule of fees approved by the Ontario Dental Association for dental services provided by the general practitioner is structured, upon a "relative value system".

(a) What is meant by the term "relative unit value" and on what bases is it formulated?

(b) List the components which are considered in establishing the "dollar conversion factor"?

(c) Under what circumstances could injudicious use of this fee schedule result in overcharging the patient?

5 2. What ethical means can be employed in making known the opening of a dental practice?

10 3. Good practice administration requires: -(a) office stationery (b) Patient records (c) accounting records

List the items in each category, normally required.

-2-

ENDODONTICS

MARKS

15 1. A patient presents with a lower first permanent molar for which endodontic treatment is planned.

(a) Describe the procedure which you would follow to gain access to the root canals prior to instrumentation by reamers or files,

(b) In this case the roots are curved. Describe the technic which you would follow to ensure that the silver points are cemented to a correct relationship with the respective apices,

(c) Discuss briefly the respective advantages and disadvantages of gutta percha and (or) silver points as a medium for the obliteration of root canals in molar teeth.

15 2. A child of 12 years of age presents with a diagonal fracture of the crown of a maxillary central incisor. There is extensive loss of dentine but no exposure of the dental pulp.

(a) Describe the technic which you would follow to give the pulp maximum opportunity to retain its vitality.

(b) In this case the child is covered by school insurance for a period of three years. How would you word your report to the company concerning the prognosis so that the patient would receive maximum financial protection?

5 3. Describe briefly the precautions which you would take while obliterating a root canal in a tooth with an incompletely formed root in a maxillary central incisor by lateral condensation of gutta percha.

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MARKS

15 7. How does penicillin act on bacteria? What factors influence the dose and length of time of administration? Whatchemical forms of penicillin are to be used for: oral administration, injection administration, different types of bacteria, and when dealing with resistant bacteria?

20 8. Write a shorte note on any four of the following:

a) Food poisoning b) Staphylococcal lymph adenitis c) Possible pathogenicity of enterococci d) Hay fever and its prevention e) Tetracyclines f) Chemical background of the blood groups, A. B. 0.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Examiners: S.L. Joliat FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

M.L. Wellman Annual Examinations, 1969

FIRST YEAR DENTAL HYGIENE

Biological Chemistry and Human Nutrition 100

All questions are of equal value.

Five (5) questions constitute a complete paper.

Questions 1-3 are compulsory.

1. Explain five of the following terms and write a brief note on their biological significance. Use specific illustrations in your answer.

(a) bile salts (e) fluoridation

(b) buffer (f) niacin-equivalent

(c) codon (g) oxidative-phosphorylation

(e) essential fatty acid (h) Stereoisomerism of carbohydrates

2. The Kreb's Citric Acid Cycle is the hub of energy metabolism in the cell. Discuss this statement in detail and indicate where the products of metabolism are found to occur.

(formulae are not required)

3. Many nutrients are closely interrelated with each other, either func¬ tioning as part of the makeup of the same tissue, or together in body metabolism. Explain fully the interrelationships existing within any two of the following groups:

(a) Calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D

(b) B-complex vitamins and carbohydrate metabolism

(c) Iron, calcium, protein and vitamin K

Choose two of the following four.

4. Mulder believed that proteins were "unquestionably the most important of all known substances in the organic kingdom". Discuss the importanc of protein under the following headings:

(a) Function in body metabolism

(b) Requirements and sources of protein

(c) Genetic control of protein synthesis and inborn errors of

metabolism.

beunxcrnoO

beurrxd'noO

.

Biological Chemistry Cont'd. 2

5. For each of the clinical signs listed below, suggest a possible nutritional cause (or causes), the treatment you would recommend and any counselling you would give should you encounter these symptoms in clinical situations.

(a) Gingival swelling and bleeding

(b) Dermatitis and tongue lesions

(c) Mottled enamel

(d) Excess caries in children

6. Choose one of the following stages of the life cycle and discuss fully the importance of adequate nutrition during this stage.

Infancy or pregnancy or old age.

Include in your answer a discussion of -

(a) nutrient needs and factors influencing and altering these needs

(b) role of nutritional supplements

7. Each cell in the body contains a large number of enzymes. Discuss the purpose, action and factors affecting the velocity of the reactions in which enzymes are involved.

7




ENGLISH

Answer FOUR questions, one from each section and the fourth from any section. Do not write on the same text twice.

A

1. "Holden Caulfield never grows up." How adequate is this assessment of him?

2. Discuss some of Fielding's satirical techniques in Tom Jones.

3. Consider the effectiveness of Nelly Dean as a narrator in Wuthering Heights.

4. Compare the influence of Alec and Angel on Tess.

5. Compare the presentation of Stephen Dedalus and Holden Caulfield.

B

6. How far is Oedipus's tragedy due to internal as well as to external forces?

7. To what extent is love seen as exalting or degrading in Antony and Cleopatra?

8. Discuss the influence of the past in The Wild Duck.

9. Examine the theme of self-deception in A Streetcar Named Desire.

10. "The battle of the sexes." Does anyone emerge victorious in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

C

11. Discuss the treatment of ONE of the following themes in the work of any TWO poets on the course: nature and art, tradition and the past, love, youth, death.

12. Discuss the use of the first person in the work of any TWO of these poets.

13. Write a critical analysis of the following poem by Robert Frost.

"Fire and Ice"

Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice.

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Faculty of Dentistry



GROSS ANATOMY

MARKS

16 1. Describe the muscles of mastication - include origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply and function.

14 2. Describe briefly -

(a) the ianervation of the tongue

(b) the muscles of the tongue

(c) the mucosa of the tongue

20 3. Discuss briefly only four (4) of the following:

(a) Sternum

(b) Diaphragm

(c) Right auricle (Atrium)

(d) Gall Bladder

(e) Parotid Gland

(f) Skeletal Structure of Upper Limb (Arm)

• •

•' . . • ’

6'




HISTOLOGY

MARKS

20 1. Ey means of fully labelled drawings only, indicate the microscopic anatomy of the periodontal ligament,

25 2. Discuss dentinogenesis. Illustrate your answer with fully labelled diagrams,

15 3. With the aid of a fully labelled drawing, describe the microscopic anatomy of the "tooth germ" in the developing jaw, just prior to the onset of dentin formation.

40 4. Write short notes on five of the following. Illustrate your answers.

a) the ultrastructure of a fully differentiated secreting ameloblast,

b) the ultrastructure of an ameloblast in the post secretion stage.

c) mucosa lining anterolateral aspect of the hard palate.

d) vallate papilla

e) junctional complexes

f) lysosomes

#■

I Dental Hygiene

ORAL ANATOMY

Not available

I. Cental. .HygjLSDft

PSYCHOLOGY

Not available



SECOND YEAR DENTAL HYGIENE

DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH

MARKS

15 1. i) Define epidemiology and describe two basic types of epidemiology,

ii) Describe in point from the epidemiological studies which led to the discovery of the relationship between water fluoridation and dental caries,

iii) Briefly discuss one of the following:

a) Mottled teeth and fluorides

OR

b) Referenda on fluoridation

5 2. Outline in a general way how the official and unofficial ageneies concerned with dental health are organized in Canada,

5 3. Describe the W.H.Q, simplified survey method under these two headings:

i) Purpose

ii) Severity levels

PAEDODONTICS 2?

15 1. An apprehensive but co-operative four year old boy is presented to you for his first dental radiographic examination. Briefly describe the following aspects of the radiographio prosedurss.

a) The methods you would use to enlist his complete co-operation.

b) The procedure you would follow to prevent the films from becoming excessively contaminated with saliva during exposure.

c) The technique you would use to prevent genetic damage from radiation.

d) The number, type and speed of films you would use for an adequate survey of this child.

9- . e) The exact procedure you would use in radiographing the anterior

region of the maxilla.

10 2. List in point form your answers to the following questions.

a) Classify the relationships of the deciduous or primary molar teeth.

b) Name the area of the mouth where ectopic eruption is most likely to occur.

c) Name, in order of frequency, the teeth most commonly missing in the young permanent dentition.

d) What dental defect in the permanent dentition can be caused by a prolonged illness in a very young child.

MARKS PAEDODONTICS Cont1d

e) What is the most likely reason for one upper central incisor being missing from the maxillary arch of an eight year old boy?

f) What is the dental anomaly which is associated with extremely rapid wear of the teeth to the gum level?

CLINICAL NUTRITION

10 1. Compare two methods of dietary control of dental caries presently in use.

15 2. Write out recommendations and a menu for two days for each of the following: -

(a) A child 9 years of age - average weight and with a moderate amount of dental caries - family on limited food budget.

(b) A girl 15 years of age - 10 lbs. overweight with rampant caries - who is consuming a "typical teen age diet" - cost not an important factor in this case.

(c) A woman - 35 years of age - 15 lbs. underweight - little caries but gingival tissues in unhealthy condition. Presently eating a very poor diet from choice, not necessity.

In each case give reasons for recommendations made.

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF DENTISTRY '


SECOND YEAR DENTAL HYGIENE

PATHOLOGY

MARKS

15 1. Explain thrombus formation in circulating blood.

10 2. Compare carcinoma-in-situ and squamous cell carcinoma.

10 3. Describe chronic hyperplastic pulpitis.

15 4. Describe ameloblastoma.

PERIODONTICS

5

10

5

2

2

3

14

1. Describe periodontal (lateral) abcess under the headings:

Etiology

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

2. To what classifications of periodontal pockets are the following principles applied?

Reduction of swelling

Induction of new attachment

Production of recession

3. Describe, using drawings, direct local causes of recession of the gingival tissues.

4. 9 Name causes of enlargement of the gingival tissues.

. r

'

ii Dental Hygiene

PHYSIOLOGY

Not available

il Jtenlal .Aggiene.

PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY

Not available

II Dental Hygiene

RADIOGRAPHY

Not available

lUteatal Hygiene

SOCIOLOGY

Not available

*• . *- *■' • v '■> '■ * J ' -

if *1 4

P“

* •

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thi n ^ iTl be ^efurned to j e Den,al Library by the last date stamped below. If may

be renewed if-there is no

reservation for it.

m -57|

' -67J| JAN -7’71

MAR-871

^ 15'?p

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*-571'

NOV -4

MAR -172

JHr.

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171

h(.

Harry R. Abbott

Memorial Library

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY

124 EDWARD ST.

TORONTO 101

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