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Common Global Pollution IssuesCommon Global Pollution IssuesBlacksmith Institute’s Experience
5 October 2011ICCL MeetingICCL MeetingRenaissance Arlington
Bret EricsonProject ManagerBlacksmith Institute2014 Fifth AvenueNew York NY 10035New York, NY 10035
Blacksmith InstituteBlacksmith InstituteBl k ith i i i b d i ti th tBlacksmith is an engineering-based organization that works collaboratively with government, business, and communities to mitigate public health risks at polluted sites. Blacksmith has carried out work at more than 50 sites in 10 years.
Examples of ProjectsExamples of ProjectsHAINA D i i R bli:: HAINA, Dominican Republic
:: ALFEREROS, México
2006AssessmentFormer ULAB smelter (MetaloXsa) – about 1 acre in size
The site is located on top of a hill with homes on three sides
Lead levels in areas were more than 1000 times the US limit
The average blood lead level was 60 µg / dLThe average blood lead level was 60 µg / dL
2006Stakeholder Group•MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTJaime David Fernandez Mirabal - Minister
•INTERAMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANKJuan Paez Zamora and Smeldy Ramirez
• AUTONOMOUS UNIVERISTY SANTO DOMINGODr. Conrado Depratt
COMMUNITYSandra Castillo
• TERRA GRAPHICS ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING INCIan vonLindern and Margaret vonLindern
• HUNTER COLLEGEJack Caravanos
2010•Lead in soil below 300 ppm
• Cost below US$500.000
•Broad representation of stakeholders
•Risk to 1000 people removed
•Blood lead levels below 10ug/dLg
2009AssessmentTraditional ceramic glaze uses lead oxide
•It is estimated that the health of 50 000It is estimated that the health of 50,000 people is affected during the ceramics production process
A bl d l d l l f 35 /dL• Average blood lead levels of 35 µg/dL
• Exposition pathways include inhalation and digestiondigestion
2010Stakeholder Group• FONART (SEDESOL)
•COFEPRIS (SALUD)•COFEPRIS (SALUD)
•NGO(Barro Sin Plomo)
•QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL (USA)
•HUNTER COLLEGE (Dr. Jack Caravanos)
•BLACKSMITH (Local Capacity)
2011Ongoing Activityg g y• Blood levels drop below 10 mg/dL in 3 months after remediation
• Ongoing through 2012
•Government program to increase tenfoldGovernment program to increase tenfold
Examples of ProjectsExamples of ProjectsZAMFARA Ni i:: ZAMFARA, Nigeria
:: ARTISINAL GOLD MINING, International
Global Inventory ProjectGlobal Inventory ProjectTh Gl b l I t P j t i ff t t id tif dThe Global Inventory Project is an effort to identify and assess contaminated sites with an impact on human health in low and medium income countries. The program is ongoing and began in February 2009.
Global Inventory Project (GIP) OutputsGlobal Inventory Project (GIP) OutputsGl b l I t f C t i t d Sit:: Global Inventory of Contaminated Sites
:: Analysis of Associated Health Risks
:: Cost Estimates for Remediation and Country Strategy Papersgy p
:: Implementation
Selection of Countries for the Selection of Countries for the InventoryInventory
The final list was composed of 80 countries. Of those,
Argentina El Salvador ThailandMexico
p ,work is currently ongoing in 44.
Argentina Bangladesh Benin Bolivia Brazil
El Salvador Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guinea
Thailand UgandaUkraine Uruguay Uzbekistan
Mexico Nepal Niger Nigeria PakistanBrazil
Cambodia Chile China Colombia
Guinea Honduras India Indonesia Jamaica
Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Zimbabwe
Pakistan ParaguayPapua New Guinea Peru PhilippinesColombia
Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Dominican Republic Ecuador
Jamaica Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyz RepublicLao PDR
Philippines Russian Federation Rwanda Senegal TanzaniaEcuador Lao PDR Tanzania
Financing has been inadequate to cover all 80 countries. There are particularly large gaps in Africa and the Middle East.
Selection of Sites
o The inventory was focused on point source pollution where a credible human health risk existswhere a credible human health risk exists.
o Industrial chemical rather than bacterial contamination
o Public health rather than occupational health risk
Key Pollutantsyo Well known and documented human health effects
MercuryArsenic
AsbestosDioxinsArsenic
ChromiumLeadCadmium
DioxinsPAHsPM 10 / PM 2.5PetrochemicalsCadmium
CyanidePCBs, Pesticides, POPsCoal/ Coke
PetrochemicalsFluoridesAbandoned Chemical WeaponsRadionuclidesCoal/ Coke
VOCsRadionuclides
Initial Site Assessment Protocol
o Developed by members of the Blacksmith Technical Advisory Board
o Derived from Superfund Protocol
o Pollutant, Pathway, Population
o Developed and refined over 10 years
This soil outside a kindergarten tested at over 10,000 ppm lead. It is down hill from an abandoned lead mine. (Kingston, Jamaica).
Initial Site Assessment
100 fi ld f i f ti th d• 100 fields of information gathered as part of the ISA
o Credible test results in a human exposure pathwaysexposure pathways
o Identification of human exposure pathway
o Relevant topographical and hi l i f tigeographical information
o Information about the type source and quantity of the contaminant
o Stakeholder and owner informationo Photos and GPSo Other Key data
Tanned leather in Uttar Pradesh. Chromium, utilized in the tanning process is commonly found in ground and surface waterprocess, is commonly found in ground and surface water.
All SitesAll Siteso More than 2000 sites have been identified. Some 1400 of those have been assessed on site
By Pollutant Some contaminants are more common in certain regionso Some contaminants are more common in certain regions.
Others, like lead, pose a global risk.
Lead Cadmium
ChromiumPesticides
National Inventories
o Joint VEA/PCD inventory of Craft Villages (Vietnam)Villages (Vietnam)
o National Summit on Health and PollutionHealth and Pollution (Philippines)
o National Toxics Action Plan (India)
o Forthcoming Workshops in Cambodia, Pakistan and Uruguay.
Blacksmith IndexBlacksmith Indexo Blacksmith index is a modified verion
of the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) developed by MITRE corporation fordeveloped by MITRE corporation for Superfund
o Intended to faciliate rapid calculation of risk, not as comprehensive as exisiting HRS
o Sites receive a 1-10 classification
Electroplating in Uttar Pradesh, India. Smallscale operators often pose a larger public health risk than formal operatorslarger public health risk than formal operators.
Blacksmith IndexBlacksmith Index
• log(Population at risk) + log(Severity of Dose) + l (I t it F t ) S it f T i Bl k ithlog(Intensity Factor) + Severity of Toxin = Blacksmith Index
• Population at Risk = Estimated population in contact with a pathwayS it f D t t lt/ d d l l (If thi• Severity of Dose = test result/ recommended level (If this number is less than 2, the Severity of Dose is "0")
• Intensity Factor is defined by the below table.y y• Severe and Persistent Toxins (vinyl chloride, benzene, lead,
radionuclides, hexchromium, cadmium, organophosphate pesticide PCBs POPs mercury) add 1 point to overallpesticide, PCBs, POPs, mercury) add 1 point to overall scale.
Analysis of Associated Health Risksy
o Engaged Internationally recognized experts on Environmental Health from Mount Sinai Hospital
o Systematic review of sites contained in database
o Analized IQ decrement as a result of pediatric lead exposure at sites in the region
Cost Estimates
o Sites are reviewed by International Experts to determine i t ti tintervention costs.
o Costs reflect an initial intervention meant to mitigateo Costs reflect an initial intervention meant to mitigate acute health risks, not the full cleanup of the site.
o Costs are estimated within five broad categories:o Up to USD 250,000o Up to USD 500,000o Up to USD 1 Milliono Up to USD 2 Milliono Above USD 2 Million
Country Strategy Papers
o Completed jointly with government agencies
y gy p
o Replicable strategies
o Inventory > Prioritization/ Financing > Implementation
Implementation
o Up to 100 million people affected globally from the types f it id tifi d d th i t
p
of sites identified under the inventory
o Affordable and replicable interventions existo Affordable and replicable interventions exist
o A gap exists in the international response to toxinso Legacy Siteso Artisanal Industries
E i t l Di to Environmental Disasters
Implementation
o Recipient countries building frameworks for i l t ti i t
p
implementation require support• India - National cleanup program funded by World Bank• Philippines – Priority areas identified include ASGM, pp y ,
ULAB, Industrial Rivers• Vietnam – Craft Village intervention following on
inventoryy
o Donors require more research and analysis
o Need to develop national inventories and local capacity to implement projectsto implement projects
Conclusions
o Inventory of 1400 sites is a critical tool for beginning to d t d th ff t f ll ti h lthunderstand the effect of pollution on health.
o Country governments are beginning to utilize ISAo Country governments are beginning to utilize ISA protocol for national inventories, prioritization and implementation.
o Burden of disease posed by sites identified is significant. g
o Interventions for many sites are affordable and effective.
o Work will continue in LAC and Eastern Europe through 20152015
Common Global Pollution IssuesCommon Global Pollution IssuesBlacksmith Institute’s Experience
5 October 2011ICCL MeetingICCL MeetingRenaissance Arlington
Bret EricsonProject ManagerBlacksmith Institute2014 Fifth AvenueNew York NY 10035New York, NY 10035