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Common Foot Neurological Conditions Paul Strobel DPM

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Page 1: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Common Foot Neurological Conditions

Paul Strobel DPM

Page 2: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

No relevant financial or nonfinancial relationships exist.

***

Page 3: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Morton’s neuroma Pes Cavus (high arch foot) Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Foot DropDiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Charcot foot

Nerve related foot conditions

Page 4: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

An entrapment of the plantar intermetatarsalnerve, most commonly between the 3,4 metatarsals, but may involve any intermetatarsal space.

Typically more painful with shoes as there is increased pressure on the nerve.

Patients complain of burning pain that often radiates to the toes, may describe a “rolled up sock” sensation in the forefoot.

Morton’s Neuroma

Page 5: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological
Page 6: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Morton’s Neuroma: exam

Mulder’s sign: Pain on palpation of the involved interspace with or without side‐to‐side pressure applied to the metatarsal heads. 

MRI: may show if enlarged moderate/significantly.

Diagnostic injection.

Page 7: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Adequate fitting shoesMetatarsal/neuroma padsNSAID’s Corticosteroid injectionsNerve alcohol sclerosing injections Surgery to decompress or resect the nerve

Physical Therapy

Morton’s Neuroma: treatment

Page 8: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Morton’s Neuroma

Page 9: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Cavus foot can be linked to central and peripheral neurological diseases.

Ex: polio, Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease, Friedreich’s ataxia, cerebral palsy.

Up to 2/3 of patients with symptomatic cavus have an underlying neurological disorder.  The most common is CMT.

Electromyography, NCV, sural nerve biopsy testing can help diagnose underlying causes.

Pes Cavus (High Arch) Foot

Page 10: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Pes Cavus (High Arch) Foot

Subtle cavus can be non‐neurological and is likely genetic. 

Often biomechanically induced with plantarflexedfirst ray and hyperactive peroneus longus muscle.

Page 11: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Pes Cavus (High Arch) Foot

Difficult to manage due to rigid nature of the foot.

Patient’s typically overload the lateral column of the foot.

Common symptoms: ankle instability, peroneal tendonitis, lateral tibialstress syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome.

Page 12: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Orthotics: to help distribute pressures more evenly across the foot.

Foot and ankle bracing for neurological conditions.

Physical therapy to help reduce muscle imbalances.

Surgical intervention for instability, weakness, pain.

Cavus foot: treatment

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Page 14: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Entrapment of the posterior tibial nerve or a branch in the tarsal canal by the flexor retinaculum, fibro‐osseous tunnels, or the deep fascia.

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Page 15: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Tumor, cyst in the tarsal canal Fracture fragment of calcaneus pressing on the nerve

Severe flatfoot causing stretching of the nerve.

Enlarged blood vessels/varicose veins Generalized leg edema Metabolic causes: Diabetes

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: etiologies

Page 16: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Burning, stabbing, tingling at the bottom of the foot and inside of the ankle.

Pain to the tarsal tunnel increase with activity and relieved by rest.

Sensory loss in the plantar foot, medial ankle. Positive Tinel’s sign at tarsal tunnel. X‐ray for bony pathology, MRI for soft tissue pathology.

Nerve conduction studies.

Tarsal Tunnel: diagnosis

Page 17: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

NSAID’s Localized steroid injection. Immobilization.Orthotics to control foot function. Physical therapy: iontophoresis.Gabepentin, Lyrica, Voltaren gel.

Tarsal Tunnel: conservative treatment

Page 18: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Removal of cyst, tumor, varicose vein in canal.

Decompression of the tarsal tunnel.  (Similar idea as carpal tunnel release)

Tarsal Tunnel: surgical treatment

Page 19: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Weakness of ankle dorsiflexion from deep peroneal nerve compromise.

Physical findings may include: difficulty clearing the foot during swing phase of gait (toes dragging or catching on the floor), foot slap, paresthesia's with distribution of common peroneal nerve.

Foot Drop

Page 20: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological
Page 21: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

1. Radiculopathy L4/L5 – disc herniation or foraminal stenosis.2. Common peroneal neuropathy: 

‐external compression; bed rails, below knee cast, trauma‐rapid weight loss‐traction during knee surgery,  ‐‐inversion/plantarflexion ankle injury

3. UMN causes: CVA, ALS, MS, brain tumor, spinal cord injury.

4. Micronutrient deficiency: (Vitamin B 12 post bariatric surgery)

Foot Drop: etiologies

Page 22: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Neurological exam: motor strength testing, reflexes. Nerve conduction, EMG testing. Lab studies for metabolic or toxic causes if no trauma or obvious cause.  BS, Hemoglobin A1c, ESR, CRP, BUN, Vit. B12, creatinine.

Imaging: x‐rays to evaluate for fracture tibia/fibula, MRI to evaluate for bone injury, brain/spine injury, nerve root impingement.

Foot Drop: diagnosis

Page 23: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Foot Drop: treatment

Bracing with AFO (Ankle Foot Orthotic), help dorsiflexion during swing phase of gait and provide stability.

Medications: antidepressants (amitriptyline, gabapentin, lyrica), oral and topical NSAID’s

Nerve blocks. Functional Electrical 

Stimulation: may help if bracing does not fit or work.

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Team approach is useful: physical medicine rehabilitation, podiatry, interventional spine, orthotist/prosthetist, physical therapist.

Surgery: (if conservative treatment fails) Decompression of fibular nerve, sciatic nerve, nerve 

root, spinal cord, brain tumor. Foot and ankle arthrodesis near ankle joint, tendon 

transfers. Repair of nerve or tendon injury if traumatic cause.

Foot Drop: treatment

Page 25: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Most common form of neuropathy in the developed world.

Found in about 25% of diabetics. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy – stocking‐glove pattern in hands and feet.

Factors involved: poor glycemic control, duration of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, elevated albumin, obesity.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Page 26: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Medications: Lyrica, cymbalta, gabapentin, amitriptyline.

Topicals: lidocaine patches, capsaicin cream.

TENs unit. Treatment can help reduce symptoms and progression.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: treatment

Page 27: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

• Patient role: Control diabetes and blood sugars.Adequate nutrition. Control Vitamin deficiency: Vit. B1,B6,B12

Maintain a healthy weight.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Page 28: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Patient’s at risk of foot and ankle ulceration because they cannot feel pain or sore areas.

Runners and walkers need to have cushioned well fitting shoes.

Encourage daily foot checks for problems. Be seen urgently if any problems are noted to help reduce chance of infection or amputation.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Page 29: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Charcot neuroarthropathy: unilateral redness and swelling of a lower extremity.

Foot/ankle bones begin to soften, fracture, displace.  “bag of bones”

Due to coexisting peripheral neuropathy most patient’s do not have pain.

Can occur with other peripheral neurology etiologies: ex: alcoholic or metabolic.

Charcot Foot

Page 30: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

0.1‐5% of patients with peripheral neuropathy will develop Charcot arthopathy.

Onset usually after average of 15 years of Diabetes Mellitus history.

50‐60 years of age

Charcot Foot

Page 31: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological
Page 32: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

2 main theories: (likely a combination) Neurovascular: vascular damage to autonomic nervous system causes reflex hyperemia and increase in blood flow to the limbs. (Washes out the bones)

Neurotraumatic: microtrauma initiates an inflammatory cascade leading to breakdown.

Charcot foot: etiology

Page 33: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Physical exam: warm, red, swollen foot.  Increased temperature from contralateral foot.

Imaging: Bone scan, MRI, X‐ray. In presence of open wounds, infection can be very difficult to differentiate.

May need bone biopsy, cultures. Be cautious in diabetic neuropathic patient having unilateral foot and ankle swelling and/or fractures without history of trauma.

Charcot foot: diagnosis

Page 34: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Medications:  biguanides and bisphosphonates, intranasal calcitonin.

Immobilization foot and ankle: CAM boot,  Total contact or below knee cast with non weight bearing.

Bones can take 3‐6 months to begin to stabilize and a full year to heal.

Once temperature reduces and bones begin to stabilize then CROW boot and long term a diabetic shoe.

Charcot foot: treatment

Page 35: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological
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If foot and ankle become a rocker bottom type foot or are unstable then surgical intervention may be needed. Surgical arthrodesis of foot and ankle. Removal of bone spur.

Significant risk of ulcerations, infections leading to amputation.

Charcot foot: treatment

Page 38: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Charcot Foot reconstruction

Page 39: Common Foot Neurological Conditions - Bone & Joint … · Foot Drop Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy ... 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. ... Paul Strobel BJC Common Foot Neurological

Outcomes following excision of Morton's interdigital neuroma: a prospective study. Bucknall V, Rutherford D, MacDonald D, Shalaby H, McKinley J, Breusch SJ. Bone Joint J. 2016 Oct;98‐B(10):1376‐1381. PMID:27694592 Corticosteroid injection for Morton's neuroma with or without ultrasound guidance: a randomised

controlled trial. Mahadevan D, Attwal M, Bhatt R, Bhatia M. Bone Joint J. 2016 Apr;98‐B(4):498‐503. doi: 10.1302/0301‐620X.98B4.36880. PMID:27037432 Minimally invasive endoscopic decompression of the intermatatarsal nerve for Morton's neuroma. Kubota M, Ohno R, Ishijima M, Hanyu R, Sakai K, Sugawara Y, Ochi H, Mukasa H, Kaneko K. J Orthop. 2014 Jan 31;12(Suppl 1):S101‐4. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2014.01.004. PMID:26719604 Evaluating the Cavus Foot. Eleswarapu AS, Yamini B, Bielski RJ. Pediatr Ann. 2016 Jun 1;45(6):e218‐22. doi: 10.3928/00904481‐20160426‐01. PMID:27294497

References

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Results of surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Reichert P, Zimmer K, Wnukiewicz W, Kuliński S, Mazurek P, Gosk J. Foot Ankle Surg. 2015 Mar;21(1):26‐9. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2014.08.013. PMID:25682403 Entrapment neuropathy about the foot and ankle: an update. Pomeroy G, Wilton J, Anthony S. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Jan;23(1):58‐66. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS‐23‐01‐58. Review. PMID:25538131 Decompressive Surgery for Diabetic Neuropathy: Waiting for Incontrovertible Proof. Tannemaat MR, Datema M, van Dijk JG, Midha R, MalessyMJ. Neurosurgery. 2016 Dec;79(6):783‐785. PMID:27861415 The Charcot foot: pathophysiology, diagnosis and classification. Trieb K. Bone Joint J. 2016 Sep;98‐B(9):1155‐9. doi: 10.1302/0301‐620X.98B9.37038. Review. PMID:27587513 Treating Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Update. Snyder MJ, Gibbs LM, Lindsay TJ. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Aug 1;94(3):227‐34. PMID:27479625 Peroneal nerve palsy after compression stockings application. Kim JH, Kim WI, Kim JY, Choe WJ. Saudi J Anaesth. 2016 Oct‐Dec;10(4):462‐464. PMID:27833497

References cont.

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Foot Drop: Looking Beyond Common Peroneal Nerve Palsy: A Neurophysiology Centre Experience. Yap SM, McNamara B. Ir Med J. 2016 Apr 11;109(4):388. PMID:27685482

A prospective study of midfoot osteotomy combined with adjacent joint sparing internal fixation in treatment of rigid pes cavus deformity (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262884005_A_prospective_study_of_midfoot_osteotomy_combined_with_adjacent_joint_sparing_internal_fixation_in_treatment_of_rigid_pes_cavus_deformity [accessed Jan 4, 2017]

Tarsal tunnel syndrome‐A narrative literature review. McSweeney SC, Cichero M. Foot (Edinb). 2015 Dec;25(4):244‐50. doi: 10.1016/j.foot.2015.08.008. Review. PMID:26546070 Entrapment Neuropathies of the Foot and Ankle. Ferkel E, Davis WH, Ellington JK. Clin Sports Med. 2015 Oct;34(4):791‐801. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2015.06.002. Review. PMID:26409596 https://faoj.org/2008/06/01/divergent‐lisfrancs‐dislocation‐and‐fracture‐in‐the‐charcot‐foot‐a‐case‐report/ https://faoj.org/tag/charcot‐neuroarthropathy/ http://www.mccleveop.com/orthotics/crow‐boots/ http://www.oandp.com/articles/2012‐01_06.asp

References cont.