common cases in public duties

8/2/2019 Common Cases in Public Duties

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Sports Injury


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Soft tissue injuries

Sprain, cramp, strain

Fractures

Wounds / Bleeding

Heat exhaustion Medical emergencies heart attack


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ompress

TREATMENT FOR SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

est

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levate

Send casualty to hospital if necessary.

R

C

E

I


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FRACTURES

A BREAK, SPLIT or CRACK in a bone.

Closed Fracture Open Fracture


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CAUSE OF FRACTURES

Direct Force

Indirect Force


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CLOSED FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS

Recognition

Pain, increased bymovement.

Shortening, or unnaturalshape to the limb.

Tenderness, swelling,and bruising at the site.

There will have been a violent blow or fall, and there may havebeen a snapping sound on impact.


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Treatment

Carefully steady andsupport the injured partwith your hands, holding

above and below theinjury.

If necessary, gentlystraighten a bent limb soyou can immobilise it.

Always pull straight andsteadily in the naturalline of the bone. Stop ifpain is too great.


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Treatment

Use towels andbandages to immobilisethe injured limb.

Immobilise lower limbfractures against thesound leg, with paddingbetween them.

Immobilise upper limbfracture against thetrunk in a sling.


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Call for an Ambulance.

DO NOT move the casualty until the injury is supported andimmobilised (unless it is dangerous to stay where he is).

DO NOT let the casualty have anything to eat or drink.


Treatment

Treat for shock. Raise theinjured limb if possiblewithout causing pain orfurther injury.

Every 10 minutes, checkcirculation beyond thebandages and loosen them

if necessary.


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OPEN FRACTURES

Recognition

Pain, increased bymovement.

Shortening, or unnaturalshape to the limb.

Wound, with broken endof bone visible.

There will have been a violent blow or fall, and there may havebeen a snapping sound on impact.


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OPEN FRACTURES

Treatment

Working from theuninjured side, cover the

wound with a steriledressing.

Apply pressure aroundthe bone to control

bleeding


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OPEN FRACTURES

Treatment

Place cotton wool orpadding over and aroundthe dressing.

If bone protrudes fromwound, treat as anembedded object.

Build up non-fluffypadding around the boneuntil it is higher than thebone.


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OPEN FRACTURES

Treatment

Bandage dressing andpadding securely tocontrol bleeding, but

without restrictingcirculation.

Immobilise the injuredpart, as for a closed

fracture.


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OPEN FRACTURES

Treatment

Call for an Ambulance.

DO NOT move the casualty until the injury is supported andimmobilised (unless it is dangerous to stay where he is).

DO NOT let the casualty have anything to eat or drink.

DO NOT press directly on a protruding bone end.

Treat for shock.

Every 10 minutes, checkcirculation beyond thebandages and loosenthem if necessary.


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EFFECTS OF EXTREME

HEAT

Usually develops gradually and is

caused by loss of salt and water from

the body through excessive sweating.

HEAT EXHAUSTION


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Feeling hot, exhausted

and weak.

Headache.

Thirst and nausea.

Giddiness and

faintness.

Pale, cool, clammy skin.

HEAT EXHAUSTION

Recognition


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HEAT EXHAUSTION

Recognition

Cramps in the arms, legs or

the abdominal wall.

Rapid, weak pulse.

Rapid breathing andshortness of breath.


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Move casualty to a cool place with circulating air.

HEAT EXHAUSTION

Treatment

Lay casualty down.

Raise casualtys legs.

Loosen tight clothing andremove unnecessary

garments.Sponge with cold water.

Give fluids to drink.


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HEAT EXHAUSTION

Treatment

Fan the casualty.

Even if casualty recovers

quickly, ensure he

sees a doctor.

Monitor and record breathing, pulse, and

response every 10 minutes.


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When sweatingthe bodys natural

cooling systemceases, the body

temperature may rise to 40C or more. Ifnot treated promptly by cooling the body

and replacing fluids lost through excessive

perspiration, heatstroke will develop.

HEATSTROKE


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High body temperature

of 40C or more.

Flushed, dry skin.

HEATSTROKE

Recognition

Initially a pounding,

rapid pulse which

gradually weakens.

Headache, nausea

and / or vomiting.


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HEATSTROKE

Recognition

Dizziness and visual

disturbances.

Irritability and mental

confusion.

Altered mental state

which may progress

to seizures and

unconsciousness.


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Remove casualty to a coolplace.

Remove all outer clothing.

Loosen tight clothing.

HEATSTROKE

Treatment

Keep the head andshoulders raised.

Wrap with a cold, wetsheet and fan thecasualty.


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If the casualty starts to shiver, wrap with a dry

sheet and take temperature.

HEATSTROKE

Treatment

If temperature falls to 38C, stop active cooling.

Give frequent sips of cool water if casualty isfully conscious.

If casualty becomes unconscious, turn torecovery position.

Call for an ambulance.


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TYPE OF WOUND

Abrasion or Graze Wound


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BRUISES

Internal bleeding seeping through the tissues

causes bruises.


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TREATMENT FORMINOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING

Direct pressure.

Elevation.

Small adhesive dressing.

Medical aid need only be sought if the

bleeding does not stop, or if the wound is

at special risk of infection.


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Protecting yourself

Use disposable gloves.

Wash hands well in soap and water beforeand after treatment.

Cover any sores or open wounds withwaterproof adhesive dressing.


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Elevate and Dressing

Elevate the wounded part above the level of

the heart.

Apply adhesive dressing.

If there is a special risk of infection, advise

to see doctor.


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DIRECT PRESSURE

Apply direct pressure over the wound withyour fingers or palm, preferably over asterile dressing or clean pad.


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DIRECT PRESSURE

Raise and support an injured limb above

the level of the casualtys heart.

Lay the casualty down.

Apply sterile dressing.


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DIRECT PRESSURE

Bandage it in place firmly, but not sotightly as to impede the circulation.

If bleeding seeps through the dressing,bandage another firmly over the top.


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HEART ATTACK

Central chest pain, spreading often to the jaw anddown the left arm.

Breathlessness and discomfort high in abdomen,often feeling similar to severe indigestion.

Sudden faintness or giddiness.

Ashen skin and blueness at the lips.A rapid, weak or irregular pulse.

Collapse, often without any warning.

Recognition


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HEART ATTACK

Help victim to a halfsitting position, withthe casualtys headand shoulders wellsupported and hisknees bent.

Treatment


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HEART ATTACK

Call for Ambulance, state that you suspecta heart attack.

Treatment

Constantly monitor and record the casualtysbreathing and pulse rates.

Prepare for CPR if necessary.


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Prepare by :

Dr. Tan Kean Chye

State Medical Officer

St. John Ambulance of Malaysia

State of Penang

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