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Committee for Water Resources Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan

UNDP Project

National Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency in Kazakhstan

REPoRt

ACCEss to DRINKINg WAtER AND sANItAtIoN IN thE REPUblIC of

KAzAKhstAN

January 2006

�

ForewordSupplying population of the Republic of Kazakhstan with adequate quality drinking water is one of the priority directions of the social-economic development of the country. For Kazakhstan the Millennium Development Goals are the long-term goals, which are closely related to the National Development Strategy “Kazakhstan-2030”. The problem of supply of population with drinking water is reflected in such national documents as the Conception of the Water Economic and Political Sector Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2010, the Strategy for Industrial and Innovation Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003-2015, as well as the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan carries out a systematic work on water supply and sanitation in the framework of the sectoral Program “Drinking water” and the National Program on Development of Rural Territories. Under these programs the construction and reconstruction of the water supply systems in urban and rural areas is carried out. For the next 10 years of the program implementation 115 billion tenge are planned to be allocated from the republican budget. At the same time the factors inhibitory to stable and successful programme implementation are the following: a high level of deterioration of water supply networks and units, insufficient development and equipment of the water pipes traffic departments, as well as insufficiency in reliable official data on the accessibility of drinking water to population of Kazakhstan.

Together with all UN member countries, Kazakhstan signed the declaration on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (2000), thus committing itself in the area of water supply to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015. Based on the international commitments taken and the main seven priorities defined in the Program “Drinking water”, Committee of Water Resources with the support from UNDP within the framework of the Project “National Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plan for Kazakhstan” has started the development of the Strategy on achieving MDG on water supply and sanitation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The present report is the first important step in the development of the Strategy. The report contains detailed information on access of population of Kazakhstan to the drinking water and sanitation by region and city.

To get more objective information there were two approaches used in the survey on access to drinking water: technical and sociological. Technical survey was conducted in 260 urban and 7440 rural settlements. Sociological survey consisted of 7515 questionnaires, 240 interviews and 16 focus-groups with water users. The survey has been carried out by the leading water supply and sanitation specialists of Kazakhstan and by the specialists of involved organizations.

In the current report the independent experts presented their assessment of the water supply and sanitation in Kazakhstan. This assessment includes a description of a methodology, according to which conclusions were made. The report also presents detailed information by cities and rural settlements, which helps the specialists to see a real picture and forecast the development in each specific settlement.

The rapid economic growth of Kazakhstan for the first 10 years of political and economic reforms makes possible the successful implementation of the MDG in Kazakhstan. The year 2015 specified in Millennium Declaration as indicative appears to be a good benchmark for evaluating medium results of the on-going implementation of the national strategy “Kazakhstan-2030”. In support of the point the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan during the second Civil Forum on September 19, 2005 stated that “by the beginning of the second decade we should resolve the issue of drinking water accessibility… There will not be a single settlement, which will use water from open water sources or which will not comply the standards”.

Anatoliy Dmitrievich RYABTSEV

The Chairman of the Committee for Water Resources under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan

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Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1 .1 . Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1 .� . MDGs in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Context in Water Supply and Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1 .� . The Structure of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1 .4 . Technical and Social Surveys on Evaluation of the Access Level to Water and Sanitation in the Republic of Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

� The Current State of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�1

� The Current State of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation in Kazakhstan by Technical Survey Findings . .��

4 The Current State of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Kazakhstan by Technical Survey Findings . . . . . . .��

5 Findings of Social Survey on Evaluation of the Constant Access of the Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Drinking Water and Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

5 .1 . Socio-economic and Demographic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

5 .� . The Current Situation of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kazakhstan by Findings of Social Survey . . . . .5�

5 .� .1 The Coverage of Kazakhstan’s Population by Central Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5�

5 .� .� The Level of Coverage of Kazakhstan’s Population by Decentralized Water Supply Sources . . . . . .54

5 .� .� The Sustainability of Water Supply Systems in Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

5 .� .4 Opinion of Kazakhstan’s Residents on the Quality of Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

5 .� .5 Human Health Issues in Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6�

5 .� .6 The Intention and Capacity for Connection to Central Water Supply and Service Fees . . . . . . . . . . .65

5 .� .7 Sanitary Conditions in Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

5 .� .8 Public Participation in Water Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7�

5 .� . An Estimation of Safe Access to Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7�

6 Canclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

6 .1 . Urban Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

6 .� . Rural Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

6 .� . Social Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Reference literature and other materials used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Annex I Access of the Urban Population to Water and Sanitation in Kazakhstan: Results of Technical Survey . . .81

Annex II Access to Water and Sanitation in Rural Areas of Kazakhstan: Results of Technical Survey . . . . . . . . . . 1�5

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List of Acronyms RBO River Basin Organization

CEECCA Countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central-Asian Republics

WSF Water and Sewage Facility

WHO World Health Organization

CWS Central Water Supply

GWP Global Water Partnership

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

CWR Committee for Water Resources

MA Ministry of Agriculture

UN United Nations

UTS Urban-type Settlement

UNDP United Nations Development Program

NSOE National State-Owned Enterprise

RK Republic of Kazakhstan

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States

SNiP Construction Rules and Norms

RS Rural Settlement

JMP Joint Monitoring Program

CSS Central Sewage System

FS Feasibility Study

MDG Millennium Development Goals

WPF Water-pipe pumping facility

SPF Sewerage pumping facility

RSE Republican state enterprise

5

The major goal of the Millennium Declaration is to create favorable conditions for the liquidation of poverty and achieve sustainable development both at national and global levels.

POVERTY, HUNGER, THE LACK OF CLEAN DRINKING WATER, ILLITERACY, DISEASES, THE SPREAD OF HIV-AIDS, CLIMATE CHANGE…

The era of rapid globalization made these issues not only the problems of specific countries, but a challenge for all of humanity.

1.1. Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in a Nutshell

On the threshold of a new millennium, 147 heads of state and government gathered at the UN General Assembly session to develop a combined approach and strategy to resolve common tasks . Today this summit is the largest forum in history in terms of the number of participating heads of states . The summit adopted the Millennium Declaration, which had already been signed by 191 countries, including Kazakhstan .

Based upon the resolutions of world summits and international conferences of the 1990s, the Millennium Declaration expresses a common vision and the concordance of the international community with an action plan for the new millennium .

The Millennium Declaration consists of a set of key development measures that pave the way to a world without poverty and poverty-caused deprivation: Goal 1 – eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; Goal � – achieve universal primary education; Goal � – promote gender equality and empower women; Goal 4 – reduce child mortality; Goal 5 – improve maternal health; Goal 6 – combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; Goal 7 – ensure environmental sustainability .

This set of goals is known as the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) . It is important that the criteria for performance assessment be set: 11 related tasks to be completed by a specific period of time (�015) and �1 indicators .

To implement the goals set, there is a need to regularly monitor their performance and assess achievements, trends, and gaps .

MDGs have already been adopted by a number of governments and are becoming a part of the national development strategies . In becoming national tasks, MDGs facilitate a large degree of concurrence and better coordination of national efforts .

At the global level, the UN Secretary General submits an annual report on MDGs’ international performance . The national reports provide a review of what has been performed by a specific country towards achieving MDGs, as well as problems that the country faces .

1INTroDuCTIoN

UNDP ProjectNational Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency in Kazakhstan

ACCEss to DRINKINg WAtER AND sANItAtIoN IN thE REPUblIC of KAzAKhstAN

6

1.2. MDGs in the republic of Kazakhstan in the Context of Water Supply and Sanitation

The UN Millennium Declaration (�000) outlined the general vision and concordance of the international community on an action plan for relieving the world from poverty and poverty-related destitution . Together with all UN member countries, Kazakhstan signed the declaration on achieving the MDGs, thus committing itself to the fulfillment of this declaration .

MDGs were adopted to reduce the inadmissible poverty level in the world . The issue of water supply is assumed in all seven millennium development goals and eleven objectives, which makes it an inalienable part of each goal’s achievement .

Kazakhstan’s commitment in the field of water supply is defined by Goal 7: “To guarantee environmental sustainability”, more specifically, by Objective 10: “Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water” and Objective 9: “Incorporate the sustainable development principles into the national strategies and programs and reverse the loss of natural resources .”

MDGs define crucial tasks of humanity in the area of development . The strict wording of the goals and tasks and their concrete number for a predetermined period help to focus national and international priorities and enable communication on the issues of human development .

The year 1990 has served as a base point for MDGs . It is planned that the goals will be attained by �015 . For Kazakhstan and other countries that rose after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the year 1990 taken as a base point creates difficulties not applicable to other countries, as the change of political regime caused a number of state institutes to be abolished and completely new institutions to rise . Nevertheless, the rapid economic growth of Kazakhstan and the development of the national potential of political and economic reforms in the first ten years made it possible for the country to succeed in achieving MDGs .

For Kazakhstan, MDGs are long-term goals closely related to the national development strategy Kazakhstan-�0�0 . Therefore, the year �015 is a convenient point for summing up achievements, being half-way from the implementation of the national strategy Kazakhstan-�0�0 .

Over the past two decades, the world’s concern over the planet’s water resources has been growing . Since the world’s population continues to increase amid developing industrialization, water demand is also on the rise . Despite limited fresh water reserves, rivers and other water objects are being widely and unmanageably polluted . As a result, water resources are becoming more expensive, unfit, or even hazardous to use .

For Kazakhstan as well as for many Central Asian countries, water resources are the major factor that defines sustainable socio-economic development . Surface water resources across the country are unevenly distributed and are characterized by perennial and annual dynamics .

Due to the climatic peculiarities of the country, nearly all surface water sources emerge in the winter period . The reserves of the country’s surface resources add up to 5�9 km� a year on average . This includes 190 km� of lake surface waters; river and reservoir water resources amount to 100 .5� and 95 .5 km� accordingly, secular glacier volume to 95 km�, and underground waters to 58 km� .

Together with all UN member countries, Kazakhstan signed the UN Millennium Declaration in 2000

The country’s surface water storage amounts to 539 km3 a year on average, including 190 km3 of water in lakes; river and reservoirs storage add up to 100.5 and 95.5 km3 accordingly, secular glacier volume to 95 km3, and underground waters to 58 km3.

7

INTRODUCTION

Kazakhstan has a considerable number of underground water storage spaces, which are the least pollution prone, but their extremely uneven distribution across the country and heterogeneous quality do not allow for their full utilization in economic operations . As a result, of the forecasted and proven underground water storage totals above, the approved reserves on 1 January �00� amounted to only 16 .04 km� .

Potentially recyclable water composed of collection and drainage, discharge, irrigation waste waters, water from industrial operations, and households is seen as an additional resource that can be utilized . With the increase in water consumption and contemporary low technological production level, the volume of such resources tends to grow annually by �%-5% . It is further estimated that as water systems are modernized and full-circulation and water-saving technologies introduced, the volume of such waters would drop . Today return waters in the country amount to only 9 .0 km�/year; only � .0 km� are returned to water sources, and the rest are dispersed across the area, lost, used for pasture irrigation, or for ecosystems maintenance . The major part of return waters flows into the basins of the rivers Syrdariya (47%) and Irtysh (�4%), while the remaining volume empties into the rivers of Ili and Nura (19%) .

With regard to the level of water supply, Kazakhstan takes the last place among CIS countries, with the specific level of water supply amounting to �7,000 m� per 1 km� or 6,000 m� per person per year . The average perennial river flow (general surface water resources) amounts to 100 .5 km�, of which 56 .5 km� are generated domestically . The total volume of water flows from the neighboring countries amount to 44 .0 km�, including 18 .9 km� from China, 14 .6 km� from Uzbekistan, 7 .5 km� from Russia, and � .0 km� from Kyrgyzstan . The flows of most large rivers are generated outside the country, thus making Kazakhstan economically dependant on neighboring countries .

The aggregate volume of available water resources that can be economically utilized does not exceed 4� km� a year on average, as a considerable volume of water (57 .5 km�) is employed to satisfy environmental, fishery, transportation, and energy needs, or it is filtered or in other ways lost . In average-flow and low-flow years volume of awailable water resources decreases to �� km� and �5 km� accordingly . Due to an uneven flow from year to year, the country’s available water resources vary from �5 km� to 4� km� . The correlation of water resources in different years and Kazakhstani economic demand have evinced the countrywide and region-wide water deficit .

The deficit of water resources, which is aggravated by their irrational use and pollution, contributes to environmental degradation, the desiccation of lake and river ecosystems, and the growing morbidity rate of the population . The limited water resource storage restrains the utilization of available lands for agricultural production and potential land reclamation in the south of the country .

Between 1995 and �004, the annual water consumption of economic sectors of Kazakhstan varied from �0 km� to �9 km�, subject to natural and climatic conditions, economic conditions, as well as underway organizational and structural transformations . At the same time, economic sectors receive 85% of water primarily from surface water sources, while the remaining part comes from underground, sea, and waste waters .

As regards the supply of quality drinking water and sanitation to the population, Kazakhstan has the following problems:

∆ The functions of the supply of drinking water to the population by distribution networks of cities and other settlements are performed by local executive bodies, but not a single central public body is in charge;

∆ There are insufficient investments in the water and sewerage sector;

As regards the level of water supply, Kazakhstan takes the last place among CIS countries, with the specific level of water supply amounting to 37,000 m3 per 1 km2 or 6,000 m3 per person per year.

The deficit in water resources aggravated by their irrational use and pollution contributes to the environmental degradation, desiccation of lake and river ecosystems, and the growing morbidity rate of the population.



8

∆ There is poor control over the quality of drinking water in rural settlements due to SES laboratories’ poor equipment for the control of the quality of drinking water .

The UN MDR in Kazakhstan (�00�) assesses the likelihood of achieving Objective 10 on water supply and sanitation by �015 as ‘probable’ . As a consequence, with effective international support, Kazakhstan should be able to attain the goal on water supply and sanitation, and this will considerably facilitate the achievement of other MDGs .

The sectoral program Drinking Waters for �00�-�010 outlined seven major priorities which underlay the strategy of achieving the MDG on water supply and sanitation, to be developed by CWR with the support of the UNDP project . Other major documents relevant to the issue include Strategy Kazakhstan-�0�0, The Concept of the Development of the Water Sector and Water Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the year �010, the Strategy for the Industrial and Innovation Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for �00�-�015, and the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (�00�) .

1.3. The Structure of the report The report consists of an introduction that provides general information on MDGs and activities on their attainment in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the area of water supply and sanitation . Various standards on criteria for the access to drinking water and sanitation are compared, and the criteria for water and sanitation access are defined for the Republic of Kazakhstan .

The second chapter gives general information on drinking water and the sanitation access of the population across Kazakhstan, while the third and fourth chapters focus on the same issues in the cities and rural settlements of Kazakhstan .

The fifth chapter represents the results of social surveys on identifying safe access to drinking water and sanitation for the people of Kazakhstan .

The appendix includes tables that accompany technical and social surveys on evaluation of the current water and sanitation access levels of all rural settlements (RS), cities, towns, and urban-type settlements (UTS) in Kazakhstan .

Goal 7, Objective 10: “To halve the number of people that have no access to clean drinking water and sanitation, by 2015”

9

INTRODUCTION

1.4.1 Comparison of Different Standards of Water and Sanitation Access Criteria

Due to a controversy over the lack of data on the population’s access to clean drinking water in the country, the year �000 instead of 1999 was selected as the base point upon which such indicators were fixed (the share of the urban population without uninterrupted access to clean drinking water came to 15%, and that of the rural population to �7%) . However, due to deficient records in Kazakhstan, it is still difficult to determine the share of the population with sustainable access to safe drinking water .

Therefore, one of the primary goals of the UNDP project in the context of the development of the Strategy to achieve the MDG on access to drinking water and sanitation in Kazakhstan is to better define ‘the permanent access of the Kazakhstani population to clean (safe) drinking water’ and its relation to international definitions .

The �00� UN MDR on Kazakhstan provides the following criteria for the population’s safe access to clean drinking water:

1 . Clean drinking water is water that does not cause an acute sickness immediately after its use; it is water it conforms to major bacteriological and chemical requirements . Both treated and untreated water can be regarded as safe drinking water if they originated from uncontaminated sources such as springs, wells, and protected drilled boreholes .

� . If the water source is located within the radius of one kilometer from a given water user’s house and can supply at least �0 liters of water per person per day, then such a source can be called ‘reliable’ . Reliable water sources include the water pipe, common standpipe, drilled borehole, closed well, and protected spring .

� . Neither canned nor bottled water is considered a ‘reliable source’ but this is not because of the quality of either . The main factor here is the accessible volume of water . Unprotected reservoirs, springs, and water delivered in tanks can not be considered reliable water sources either .

It should be noted that not all the definitions are unanimously interpreted in the context of Kazakhstan .

a) ‘Safe’ drinking water

As regards the definition of ‘safe’ drinking water, Kazakhstan introduced sanitary rules and norms (SanPiN) to which the term ‘drinking’ should conform . If water is ‘drinking’ water, it conforms to the requirements of the above-mentioned sanitary rules and norms; if the water is incompliant, then it is not ‘drinking’ water, but water of a different type (technical, irrigation, etc .) .

b) Water consumption rate

There is some difference in definitions of the water consumption rate, i .e ., the specific daily average drinking and household water consumption in settlements per resident (over a year) in l/day . This norm is regulated by point � .1 of the Construction Rules and Norms of the Republic of Kazakhstan (SNiP RK) 4 .01-0�-�001 . The norm varies across the country from 1�5 l/day to �50 l/day per person for built-in areas equipped with a local water pipeline and a sewage facility subject to residential built-in area development . Regarding the

Due to controversial data, it is difficult to define the share of the population in Kazakhstan without sustainable access to safe drinking water.

International minimal criteria of safe access to drinking water:

1. Water conforms to chemical and bacteriological requirements and originates from uncontaminated sources.

2. The water source is located within the radius of 1 km from the water user’s house.

3. The source supplies 20 liters of water per person per day.

1.4. Technical and Social Surveys on Evaluation of the Access Level to Water and Sanitation in the republic of Kazakhstan



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built-in areas that use water from standpipes, the specific average daily water consumption per resident (over a year) shall be taken as �0 l/day to 50 l/day .

Therefore, when designing drinking water supply systems in Kazakhstan, the minimal admissible water consumption norm shall exceed �0 l/day per person . It must further be noted that the World Health Organization (WHO) has also recommended introducing a minimal admissible water consumption rate per person in the amount of �0 l/day .

c) Distance to water source

Kazakhstani standards for defining the normative distance to a water supply source differ from those of the UN . Thus, point 8 .�0 of SNiP RK 4 .01-0�-�001 specifies the radius of a standpipe location as not exceeding 100 m, while the UN provides for the water source location to lie within the radius of one kilometer from a given water user’s place of residence .

d) ‘Reliable’ water sources

Another definition that needs to be elaborated on is the UN term of ‘water in tanks’ – delivered water . Such water, by UN definition, cannot be regarded as a reliable source of drinking water supply . In Kazakhstan, delivered water is not considered to be a reliable source of drinking water supply . However, there are, exceptions to the rule, with the water supply from the settlement of Sochinskoye of Akmola oblast, Atbasar rayon as an example .

This settlement has around 1,000 residents . Before the mid-1990s, the settlement received water from the clustered water supply system (CWSS) . Later, following frequent breakdowns of the main pipeline and the high cost of water supply, the water supply of the settlement from the CWSS was discontinued . In the following 7-8 years, drinking water was delivered to the settlement by trucks from the neighboring settlements, which were 50km-60km away from the settlement of Sochinskoye . Each house has a metal tank of � m� to 10 m� capacity buried nearby . The required volume of water was poured into these tanks upon residents’ requests . The entire community was spending some � million tenge (�1,500 USD) annualy on drinking water supply . In addition to this, the settlement has a water reservoir nearby, the water of which is utilized for technical needs (for irrigation, as drinking water for livestock, and for other household needs) .

In �00�, the community procured and installed a factory-made compact water treatment plant to obtain drinkable water . However, water from a water-purification system is still supplied by trucks to each household, as the community has no money to repair and renovate the distribution networks of the settlement . Now the community spends under 700,000 tenge (5,�00 USD) on water treatment and drinking water supply .

Thus, despite the fact that residents of the settlement of Sochinskoye have drinking water supplied to their houses by trucks, the residents have access to drinkable water any time of day in their households . It is also closer than water from a standpipe would be .

Perhaps in this case we are not speaking of water delivery defined by the term ‘delivered water’, but we are speaking rather of water distribution inside the settlement, meaning supplying water to each household .

The criteria for safe water and sanitation access have also been employed in the work (concerning water supply and sanitation) of the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of WHO/UNICEF, which is an official mechanism for monitoring the progress on MDGs’ achievement in ensuring access to improved water supply sources and sanitation . At the same time, the JMP noted that before its data could be utilized, a few warnings should be formulated:

a) Due to limited information in the JMP database, any conclusion that can

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INTRODUCTION

be made on the basis of this information will be of indicative rather than exhaustive nature . This is particularly true of the Countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia (CEECCA);

b) The definition of the indicators employed in JMP is technologically based . In order for JMP preconditions to reflect reality, full technological functioning should serve as a premise . The operational failure and current repair in CEECCA countries suggests that technology does not work as planned, thus negating the JMP premises .

In view of the above-mentioned warnings, the JMP data can be used to analyze three important aspects of water supply and sanitation: population coverage, achieved progress, and the gap between urban and rural areas .

According to available generalized data, the water supply and sewage coverage of the populations in CEECCA countries is the same or slightly better than the coverage in Northern Africa .

As regards the progress achieved, the improved water supply for the urban population is the CEECCA countries’ only successful indicator being achieved ahead of schedule . Rural water supply and sanitation are critical, as sewage remains a substantive issue for cities as well .

The difference between water supply and sanitation in urban and rural areas of CEECCA should not be side-stepped . While the share of the urban population amounts to �6% of the total population (�00� data), the rural population shall be prioritized and targeted .

This can be summed up as follows:

1 . The JMP data cannot provide a real picture of the situation regarding the safety of the water supply system and adequate sanitation in the CEECCA region . There is a need for further work in assessing the situation as well as the receipt of detailed data on population coverage on the extended geographical level .

� . Compared to other regions of Europe, the situation in the CEECCA region is the worst . It is the same as in Northern Africa, or slightly better .

� . According to JMP data, CEECCA countries fall short of achieving Indicator 10 . In particular, there is an urgent need for targeted events to improve the rural sewage system .

4 . The gap between urban and rural settlements is large . With the urban population comprising �6% of the total population, there is a need for the specific events mentioned in point � .

When defining the criteria of access to safe drinking water, special attention shall also be paid to the quality of tap water . Thus, the Danish Ministry of Environment published the data on the water supply in the CEECCA countries as an appendix to its �004 report (Table 1 .1) .

Table 1 .1 includes the data on the population’s water supply coverage and the quality of supplied services in accordance with the appropriateness of networks and equipment . Further information provided in the report suggests that there is not a single country in the CEECCA that has an uninterrupted central water supply .

Unfortunately, there is no systematic data collection on microbiological and chemical discrepancies between the norms of tap water in the European region . However, the fragmented data is collected within the UN EEC, entitled “The Review of Environmental Activity Efficiency”, and some of this data comes from the national data sources .

In the RK, the central water systems’ irregular water supply is regulated by

According to available data, the water supply and sewage coverage of the populations in CEECCA countries is the same or slightly better than that in Northern Africa.



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table 1.1. Percentage of the population with access to ‘improved/safe’ water supply sources that don’t require urgent repair and equipment renovation

Percent of the population with access to ‘improved/safe’ water

supply sources that don’t require urgent repair

Percent of the population with access to ‘improved/safe’ water supply sources that don’t require urgent repair and equipment

renovation

total Urban Rural total Urban Rural

Armenia 66 69 58 89 90 89

Azerbaijan 54 65 41 80 85 65

Belarus 80 80 80 90 90 90

Georgia 55 66 4� 89 89 89

Kazakhstan 66 69 64 89 89 89

Kyrgyzstan 44 6� �4 75 78 58

Moldova 64 68 61 88 89 86

Russian Federation 80 80 80 90 90 90

Tajikistan 38 55 �� 81 79 59

Turkmenistan 60 68 51 88 88 76

Ukraine 68 69 64 88 89 86

Uzbekistan 53 6� 48 83 79 61

Total in CEECCA 71 75 64 88 89 81

point 4 .4 of SNiP RK 4 .01-0�-�001 “Water Supply . Public Utilities .” The code divides the central water supply systems into three categories according to the level of water supply:

1st – the water supply for household needs and drinking can be dropped by not more than �0% of the estimated flow; for production needs the water supply may be decreased to the level set by the enterprise’s emergency operation schedule . The duration of supply drop shall not exceed three days . The interruption of water supply or supply drop below the fixed level may occur when the disabled system’s elements are shut down with backup elements activated (equipment, fittings, facilities, pipelines, etc .), but for no longer than ten minutes;

�nd – the value of admissible water supply drop is the same as for the first category . The duration of the water supply drop shall not exceed ten days . Interruption of the water supply or a supply drop below the fixed level may occur when the disabled system’s elements are shut down with backup elements activated, but not for more than six hours;

�rd – the value of admissible water supply drop is the same as for the first category . The duration of the water supply drop shall not exceed fifteen days . The interruption of the water supply or supply drop below the fixed level may occur during the repair period, but not for more than twenty-four hours;

The united cold water supply and production pipelines of the settlements with populations exceeding 50,000 residents shall be referred to the first category; that with residents numbering 5,000 to 50,000 to the second category, and that with fewer than 5,000 people to the third category . The category of rural clustered water supply systems shall be regarded as the settlement with the highest number of residents .

1�

INTRODUCTION

1.4.2 Defining Water and Sanitation Access Criteria in the republic of Kazakhstan

Having compared various standards of water and sanitation access criteria, in particular, the criteria of UN, JMP, WHO/UNICEF, and standards of Kazakhstan, it is recommended that the following criteria for evaluation of the population’s access to safe water and sanitation be introduced in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Tables 1 .� and 1 .�) .

It should be noted that one of the major criteria of drinking water affordability is its price affordability . This is an especially crucial issue for the rural population, whose paying capacity is lower than that of the urban population . The need to register tariff affordability was confirmed during the implementation of the sectoral program Drinking Waters, when the rural population refused to pay for 1m� of drinking water due to a high net price following the construction of water-purification systems .

To illustrate, in �00� in Atyrau oblast there occurred a situation in which Struya water-purification systems were built in eight settlements at local expense . Up to date, the systems have not been put into operation for the reason mentioned above . A similar situation has occurred in Northern Kazakhstan oblast, where the clustered water pipes of Ishimsky, Sergeyevsky, Bulayevsky, Sokolovsky, and Presnovsky operate supply to �90 settlements . However, 1�7 settlements have refused to use water pipes as most distribution networks are inoperable and water sale units are under private ownership . As a consequence, the selling price is three times higher than the fixed tariff .

The Water Code of the RK and the government decree of the RK of �004 establish measures for the governmental support of waterworks . In particular, article 1�5 provides for subsidies of drinking water supply services from especially important clustered water supply systems that are the single

Criteria of safe access to drinking water in Kazakhstan:

1. Improved water supply (central water pipe, common standpipe, protected drilled borehole, protected well or spring);

2. Conformance of water quality to SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96;

3. Minimal admissible consumption rate of 30 liters of water/day per person;

4. Distance to the source – not over 100 m from home.

5. Price affordability of drinking water*

table 1.2. Criteria for the population’s access to safe drinking water in the RK

Criteria for the population’s access to safe drinking water in the RK Accessible safe drinking water No access to safe drinking water

Source of drinking water Improved water supply:1 . Central water pipe is connected

to a household (apartment);� . Public standpipe;� . Protected borehole;4 . Protected well;5 . Protected spring .

Unimproved water supply technology:1 . Unprotected well;� . Unprotected spring;� . Unprotected reservoir;4 . Water supplied in tanks;5 . Water transported in cisterns;6 . Delivered water;7 . Bottled water;8 . Rain and ice water collection .

Water quality Conformance to SanPiN � .1 .4 .559-96

Non-conformance to SanPiN � .1 .4 .559-96

Minimally admissible water consumption rate

Over �0 l/day per person Under �0 l/day per person

Distance to drinking water source Under 100 m from the house Over 100 m from the house

Price affordability of drinking water

Note. Neither canned water nor bottled water is regarded as a “reliable source”; this has to do with accessible quantity and is not related to the water’s quality.



14

source of drinking water supply . Therefore, in the future planning of drinking water supply projects and strategy development, it is important to stipulate government subsidies for the operation of drinking water supply facilities as well as rigid state control over expenditures .

1.4.3 Methodology of the Technical Survey on Identifying Water and Sanitation Access in the rK

The technical survey on identifying water and sanitation access in the Republic of Kazakhstan within this project was conducted separately for cities, towns, UTS, and RS, and its methods involved the following activities:

Cities, towns, and UTS of the Republic of Kazakhstan

1 . The project consultants on urban water supply and sanitation defined and clarified the list of settlements (cities, towns, and UTS) to be covered by this technical survey . The list included �60 settlements and was coordinated with the project specialist in rural water supply and sanitation to cover all the settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to cash in small settlements that formerly had the status of urban-type settlements .

� . To define and further analyze the technical conditions of water supply and water discharge systems in cities, towns, and UTS, as well as the population’s access to such systems, the project consultants on urban water supply and sanitation developed a detailed questionnaire for managers and specialists of enterprises operating such systems (Appendix �) .

The questionnaire within this project was updated after being compared to the questions on the social survey for the water users, water managers, and specialists of enterprises that provide water supply and water discharge services or take part in the supply of such services to the population . This was done to correlate and combine the results of two surveys (technical and social) .

� . To obtain fundamental information on water supply and water discharge systems in cities, towns, and UTS, as well as information on the population’s access to such systems, this questionnaire was distributed to oblast, city, and rayon akimats .

4 . As the fundamental information was submitted upon request, it was processed in a specifically developed form and inputted in the interim database of the project (Appendix 4) . The developed form of the general data (the name of settlements, service enterprises of water supply, and water discharge systems) included a description of the current conditions of water supply and water discharge systems, specifying the current level of population access to water supply and sanitation and the quality of potable water .

The access to sewage sanitary technologies is assessed by the percentage of the population that uses improved sewage services. Improved sewage technologies mean the technologies that ensure frequent isolation and the use of hygienic means.

table 1.3. Criteria for the population’s access to sewage systems in the RK

Improved sewage Unimproved sewage

1 . Connection to public sewage

� . Connection to septic system

� . Lavatory with flushing system

4 . Cesspit

5 . Ventilated lavatory

1 . Service lavatory

� . Latrine bucket

� . Public lavatories

4 . Lavatories with an open pit

15

INTRODUCTION

In addition, the form on each settlement included a forecast of future population access to water supply and sanitation based on an analysis of the fulfillment of the governmental urban development program Drinking Waters; regional, oblast, and city water supply programs (Taza Su, Clean Water, etc .); and the analysis of information obtained from enterprises that operate and maintain the water supply and water discharge systems .

5 . The main barrier to the receipt of fundamental information, its processing, and analysis was the submission of initial information by many enterprises and organizations in incomplete, unexpanded, or distorted forms, or the provision of incorrect data on enterprise activity . This was especially true of settlements serviced by two or more enterprises that operate water supply and water discharge systems .

In all such cases, the additional requests were sent to oblast, city, and rayon akimats as well as to enterprises that supply drinking water and offer water discharge services . Furthermore, the active information dissemination program on the importance and the necessity of the ongoing survey for the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out with officers of akimats and departments in charge of the operation and maintenance of water supply and water discharge systems of settlements and with directors and administrative staff of water supply companies .

6 . Ultimately, all the information was specifically tabulated in the form of conclusions on identification of the level of access to water and sanitation in all cities, towns, and UTS in the Republic of Kazakhstan .

Rural Settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan

1 . The fundamental data for the identification of the access level of Kazakhstan’s rural population to drinking water were collected from public and water utilities as well as from sanitary and epidemiological stations . To this end, oblast centers were visited, namely the cities of Kyzylorda, Shymkent, Pavlodar, Atyrau, Aktau, and even Astana (the Water Resource Committee of the MA) .

� . The number of RS was clarified in the context of oblasts, as data available from akimats, statistics bodies, the State Rural Development Program, and the Center for Systematic Research of the Presidential Administration of RK are rather variable . Such clarification is one of the requirements of the Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of RK .

� . The work was done in close coordniation with the Committee for Water Resources (CWR) . All necessary background information for the survey was provided by the CWR, where as it has been submitted by the oblasts to the specialist in water supply and sanitation .

4 . The project documents necessary to define specific indicators of the milestones that would indicate specific areas, oblasts, and projects on the whole were received from water supply project designers and included in the construction plan for the near future:

∆ construction costs of 1 km of water pipelines of various diameters and pipe materials;

∆ construction costs of specific water supply facilities (pump stations, water reservoirs, water towers, etc .);

∆ construction costs of water supply system in a settlement referred to one resident;

∆ cost of 1 m� of supplied drinking water .

Hence, the last two indicators play an important role in defining the capacity of the population to pay for water supply services or invest in water supply



16

facilities, and in defining the share of the population’s income absorbed by such expenses . This should be taken into account when defining the economic and financial mechanisms of program implementation as well as when developing the mechanism of investment support of specific water supply systems in the first stage of their operation . The size of financing for the construction/reconstruction of water supply facilities shall be defined both by the cost of specific projects and specific expenses .

5 . While analyzing the information submitted by the oblast and regional inspection programs, akimats submitted laboratory test data on the quality of drinking water in some cities and settlements of a number of oblasts .

In addition, the Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan has specific information on the quality of drinking water and the water supply situation in rural settlements . Pursuant to the decree of chief public sanitary doctor of RK №�9 as of �4 .06 .�00� “On Public Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Household and Drinking Water Supply”, oblast departments control the sanitary and technical conditions of water pipes, open reservoirs, decentralized water supply sources, and water quality monitoring by bacteriological, chemical, radiological, parasitological, and virologic indicators .

Accordingly, for receipt of fuller information on water quality, sanitary and epidemiological conditions of systems, and drinking water supply facilities in rural areas, the project specialist in rural water supply and sanitation submitted a letter on behalf of CWR to the Ministry of Public Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan requesting relevant information .

6 . During the collection of fundamental data, special attention was paid to data on project implementation of programs that were underway during �00�-�004, work plans, and progress in �005 in the context of settlements that were needed to identify the current share of the population with access to drinking water .

In addition, an assessment of required capital investments was made within the sectoral program Drinking Waters . This was done to encourage the development of the water supply systems of cities, settlements, and rural settlements (RS) for the medium-term period of �006-�008, with a forecast up to �010 .

7 . The database was generated for each RS in the context of oblasts as fundamental documents were collected .

Apart from general data (the name of the RS, its administrative status, the number of residents in 1999 and �00�, the socio-economic development potential, source of water supply, quality of drinking water, availability and extension of water distribution systems), the list of database fields by specific settlements included:

∆ Implemented projects and their costs on all programs over �00�-�004;

∆ Projects planned for implementation in �005 on all budget programs;

∆ Projects planned for �006-�008 and up to �010 by request of the CWR and oblast akimats at the expense of national and local budgets, grants, and loans as well as extra-budgetary resources .

8 . The fully completed database on each RS enabled the calculation of the timing for the achievement of MDGs, subject to implementation of all planned projects in the regions and oblasts overall .

Hence, all the calculations on the level achieved were made by means of the statistical reporting adopted in the Republic of Kazakhstan, i .e ., the percentage of the population with access to drinking water was defined .

17

INTRODUCTION

The following calculation procedure was used:

1) The current percentage of RS population with access to drinking water was defined (end of �004);

�) The number of the population that can get access to drinking water in each subsequent year subject to implementation of all planned program projects with all financing sources was defined;

�) The percentage of the population with access to drinking water at the beginning of each accounting year was defined . The year �011 was also included, as this year marks the final term for the implementation of the sectoral program Drinking Waters;

4) The regions (oblasts) which would not be able to halve the share of the population without access to drinking water by the year �011 were defined;

5) The projects and the volume of investments required to achieve MDGs, aimed at halving the share of the population without access to drinking water, are being defined .

9 . Further stages to achieve the MDGs in water and sanitation shall be the following:

∆ To establish the projects in determined regions (oblasts) and the size of investments necessary to achieve the MDG by �015;

∆ To consider the possibility of reallocating capital investments among regions (oblasts) where the MDG can be achieved much earlier;

∆ To consider an increase in the size of financing and possible financing sources for regions (oblasts) where, as the preliminary calculation suggests, the MDG will not be reached by �015 .

10 . The preliminary analysis suggests that the MDG on the population’s access to drinking water and sanitation is likely to be achieved by �015 in the rural areas of Kazakhstan, and well in advance of this date in most regions and oblasts . Hence, special attention shall be paid to establishing new structures and supporting the existing organizations in terms of the operation of water supply facilities as well as the entry of private operators on the water supply market . This, in turn, necessitates the improvement of the legislative framework in the area of water supply and water discharge .

1.4.4 Methodology of Social Survey on Evaluation of Water and Sanitation Access in the republic of Kazakhstan

The social survey included three major elements:

∆ Questionnaire survey with a sampling of 7,500 people in rural and urban areas of Kazakhstan;

∆ Semi-structured interviews with �40 representatives of water users and specialists in water supply from cities and towns, villages, and settlements across the country;

∆ Sixteen focus groups with a range of stakeholder groups .

1) Questionnaire surveyThe questionnaire survey was carried out by the Institute of Comparative Social Studies CESSI-Kazakhstan, which has ample experience in conducting similar large-scale research in Kazakhstan . The English version of the questionnaire was



18

translated into Russian and Kazakh languages and then translated back to verify the quality of the questionnaire . Prior to the main survey, the questionnaire was tested on �0 rural and urban respondents . The questionnaire survey was undertaken in two stages . The first stage of the survey was conducted in the Balkhash-Alakol river basin in February-March �005 . The results were processed and included in the SPSS program (version 1�) . The SPSS program is a statistical package specifically intended for processing and analyzing the data of social surveys . It is widely used by social scientists and health and market research for analyzing and studying the data via questionnaire survey . The results of the pilot research underlaid further questionnaire improvements . During the second stage, the updated questionnaire was distributed across Kazakhstan (7,515 respondents) .

∆ Questionnaire development

The questionnaire was specifically constructed for this project based on the questionnaire tested within the DFID project on Nura-Ishim River Basin Management (�00�) . The draft questionnaire for this project was developed in early September �004 and discussed with a number of counterparts, representatives of the Committee for Water Resources, river basin departments, water supply companies, the Kazgiprovodhoz Institute, and government SES, all of whom attended two round-table sessions in the middle and end of September �004 . The questionnaire was further updated after discussions at such meetings .

∆ Questionnaire composition

The questionnaire consisted of seven chapters (from A to G): respondent location; household water supply, including water supply and its quality; drinking water; generalized view on water quality; health and sanitation; willingness to pay for water supply services; information source; and finally, general socio-economic and demographic information .

∆ Field work on questionnaire survey

A total of 7,515 questionnaires were distributed across Kazakhstan, including 1,�9� questionnaires during the first stage (February-March �005) and 6,1�� during the second stage (May-August �005) . The questionnaires were disseminated in fourteen oblasts and two cities of national status (Astana and Almaty) in order to consider population groups from various settlements: major cities, oblast centers, and urban and rural settlements (Table 1 .4) .

The questionnaire survey took �0-60 minutes per person . The rule of household selection in settlements was applicable:

∆ One survey site includes 10 interviews on average;

∆ One survey site is allocated an itinerary, upon which the interviewer takes note of each step;

∆ The interviewer selects a starting point and proceeds to work . Beginning with the first household, the interviewer moves on to other households unless the required number of interviews have been conducted;

∆ Having interviewed the household of one apartment, the interviewer should each time afterwards (i .e ., after each interview) skip five (5) apartments (or � houses in a settlement);

∆ In the event that there are a few families in one building (shared apartment; parents and their children’s families live separately), then the rule of the left hand applies – on entering the building, the first room on the left shall be the household to interview;

∆ The interviewer is not allowed to conduct more than three (�) interviews in one apartment BUILDING . This means that if the interviewer conducted three interviews in 1, �, or � porches and still many apartments remain, the interviewer shall not seek other respondents this apartment building .

19

INTRODUCTION

2) Depth interviewing Depth interviewing was conducted with 198 water users across Kazakhstan, including 110 urban residents and 88 rural residents . The interview topics included the same subjects as the questionnaire but in more detail . In addition, 4� interviews with officers and specialists in water supply were conducted, including the workers of river basin bodies (11 interviews), oblast and city water supply companies (15 interviews), health workers, akimat workers, and NGOs (17 interviews) .

3) Focus groupsWhile surveying, 16 focus groups were carried out in oblast centers and towns . In March of �005, focus groups were conducted in the cities of Almaty and Taldykorgan . In July of �005, they were conducted in the cities of Aktobe, Aktau, Atyrau, Uralsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar, Kokshetau, Kostanai, Petropavlovsk, Temirtau, Taraz, Shymkent, and Kyzylorda . Each group consisted of 8 to 11 people, and the discussion lasted from 1-1 .5 to � hrs .

4) Processing the results of the social surveys The results were processed and put into a database of the SPSS program for analysis . The results of two research stages were put in different files as some issues were modified or updated following the pilot stage . After the analysis, the results were combined into a joint report .

table 1.4. Number of respondents from each oblast by settlement type

Name of oblast City of national status

Oblast center Town Settlement Total

City of Astana �56 0 0 0 �56

City of Almaty* 590 0 0 0 590

Akmola 0 90 85 �01 �76

Aktubinsk 0 150 �5 15� ��7

Atyrau 0 85 46 98 ��9

East Kazakhstan 0 185 �45 �00 7�0

Zhambyl 0 181 4� �71 494

West Kazakhstan 0 100 �0 17� �0�

Karaganda 0 �85 �7� 111 668

Kostanai 0 1�6 1�� 10 458

Kyzylorda 0 1�6 56 1�� 05

Mangistau 0 80 5� 4� 175

Pavlodar 0 14� 101 1�1 �74

North Kazakhstan 0 100 �4 �14 ��8

South Kazakhstan 0 �60 155 664 1079

Almaty * 0 8� 150 570 80�

Republic of Kazakhstan 846 1,993 1,416 3,260 7,515

*The pilot survey stage in February-March 2005.



�0

�1

2Over 39% of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not have permanent access to quality drinking water.

ThE CurrENT STATE oF WATEr SuppLy AND SANITATIoN IN KAzAKhSTAN

More detailed information on the access of the country’s urban and rural population to drinking water and sanitation as well as the state of drinking water supply systems and sewerage is given in chapters 3 and 4. This chapter outlines general information on the existing level of access to water and sanitation across the country, which is presented by Table 2.1.

table 2.1. Access to drinking water and sanitation of the population of the RK

PopulationNumber of Access to drinking water Access to sewage

people % people % people %

Urban 8,5�0,�� 57 .0 6,777,789 79 .4 5,�7�,499 6� .1

Rural 6,4��,510 4� .0 �,�19,�60 �6 .1

Total in RK 14,95�,7�� 100 .0 9,097,149 60 .8

As the table suggests, over �9% of the country’s population has no permanent access to quality drinking water . The issue is especially acute in rural areas, where slightly over one-third of all rural residents have permanent access to quality drinking water .

It should be noted that rural sewage access is mainly defined in the project by the data of the social survey and was excluded from the table above as rural settlements nearly universally have individual in-yard toilets . Only a marginal percentage of the rural population has in-house lavatories, and this is indicative of a very low level of rural sanitation .

The overall low access level to drinking water in the country can be explained by the poor technical conditions of water supply systems built �5-�0 or more years ago . Repair and rehabilitation work was limited or not carried out at all due to limited financing in the 1990s . The system equipment is fully worn-out and outdated . Only over the past few years have funds been allocated to rehabilitate drinking water supply systems following the adoption of the sectoral program Drinking Waters, the State Rural Development Program, and other programs .

The disadvantages mentioned above should also include the sectoral institutional issues that arise both from the low status of the state authorized body on water resource management and protection (CWR), and from the body’s capacity-building needs . Over the past five years, CWR has been repeatedly reorganized and relocated, and this has negatively affected its



��

human resources . The number of CWR staff workers was reduced several times, and now there are only �4 people on the staff list .

All of these factors indicate the need for a considerable improvement in the management of the country’s limited and unsustainable water resources . The existing status and organizational capacity of the Committee for Water Resources hinder full performance of the duties assigned to the committee by the Water Code and other laws and regulations .

One of the major causes underlying the ineffective management of Kazakhstan’s water resources is the distribution of functions of water resource management between different government departments and organizations . Hence, CWR does not have the sufficient authority to coordinate and control the operations of those departments and organizations . CWR is the lowest organization in the structure of Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Agriculture; this gives rise to a conflict of interests between water resource administration and the Ministry of Agriculture, which is the largest water user . Poor status also weakens the Committee’s ability to secure the necessary authorities to negotiate on the issues of transboundary water resources .

One of the major causes underlying the ineffective management of Kazakhstan’s water resources is the CWR’s lack of sufficient status for coordinating and controlling the operations of main departments and organizations in this sphere.

��

3ThE CurrENT STATE oF ThE urbAN WATEr SuppLy AND SANITATIoN IN KAzAKhSTAN by TEChNICAL SurvEy FINDINGS

The country’s urban population amounts to 8,520,200 people, including 7,569,900 urban residents and 950,300 residents of urban-type settlements. The central water supply systems of 86 cities and 176 settlements supply water to 81 cities and 139 settlements. Cities and settlements where less than 30% of the population has access to a water supply system are referred to by the category “Decentralized water supply sources”.

Situation in Kazakhstan

The distribution of administrative and territorial units and the number of the population of oblasts and cities of national subordination are presented in Table � .1 .

table 3.1. the number and location of the population by cities and urban-type settlements

№ Name Number of cities

Number of settle-

ments

Total number of urban

population, 000’ ps

Number of population in cities, 000’ps

Number of population in

urban-type settlements, 000’ps

1 Akmola oblast 10 15 �50 .1 �0� .4 47 .7

� Almaty oblast 10 15 470 .� �70 .5 99 .8

� Aktubinsk oblast 8 � �74 .� �5� .0 �� .�

4 Atyrau oblast � 11 �60 .0 195 .0 65 .0

5 East Kazakhstan oblast 10 �5 856 .8 748 .4 108 .4

6 Zhambyl oblast 4 1� 4�0 .� �99 .4 �0 .8

7 West Kazakhstan oblast � 5 �60 .6 �� .6 �7 .0

8 Karaganda oblast 11 �9 1105 .6 960 145 .6

9 Kostanai oblast 5 1� 494 .7 �9� .� 101 .5

10 Kyzylorda oblast � 1� �6� .� 198 .0 165 .�

11 Mangistau oblast � 6 �68 .6 ��4 .5 44 .1

1� Pavlodar oblast � 7 479 .4 44� .5 �5 .9

1� North Kazakhstan oblast 5 �� .9 �� .9

14 South Kazakhstan oblast 8 11 818 .0 760 .9 57 .1

15 City of Almaty 1 1�40 .0 1�40 .0

16 City of Astana 1 � 514 .6 514 .6

Total in the Republic of Kazakhstan 86 174 8,5�0 .� 7,569 .9 950 .�

�4



Overall, underground waters are the predominant source of the drinking water supply of urban populations (65%) . The share of surface waters increases from 55% to 90% in Kostanai, Mangistau, Akmola, and Pavlodar oblasts . Urban water consumption in Atyrau oblast is fully provided for by surface waters . It should be noted that over the past few years nearly all the surface sources of water supply suffered from considerable pollution by anthropogenic substances, and their water quality is incompliant with regulatory requirements . The pollution of surface sources is particularly difficult in the cities of Kokshetau, Kyzylorda, Shardara, Ekibastuz, Ridder, Lenger, etc .

The utilization of underground waters predominates (80% – 100%) in Aktubinsk, Zhambyl, and South Kazakhstan oblasts . The quality of underground waters in most settlements conforms to regulatory requirements thus rendering pre-treatment unnecessary .

The data of water supply companies and akimats underlay the conclusions on access to quality drinking water . It should be noted, however, that with current levels of water source pollution, unsatisfactory sanitation, and expiration of water supply distribution networks and facilities, it would be unrealistic for 100% of drinking water to be compliant with regulatory requirements without the renovation work for the water user .

The monitoring data suggests that the loss of the quality of water that water users receive is mainly caused by the aptness of most parts of the distribution system to rust, along with the fouling of the internal surfaces of the pipeline . These problems arise due to long-term operation and the lack of timely flushing . The water is supplied irregularly or by schedule in 68 settlements . In some settlements, water is supplied several hours a day, while in other settlements water is not supplied at nights .

For drinking or household needs, 537,300 people or 6.3% of the total urban population utilizes water from common wells or in-yard wells, boreholes or surface waters as well as transported water .

All available boreholes and common wells intended for decentralized water supply are derelict; sanitary zones are not compliant, and sanitary control is insufficient .

Pipeline leakage, water cuts, and emergencies not only cause the loss of water and irregular water supply, but distort the sanitary welfare of the population and sometimes give rise to infectious diseases . However, this situation is not always indicative of the contamination of supplied water . The dissemination of infections in most cases is aided not by the water itself, but rather by a “waterless” factor, in which water is supplied irregularly or by schedule . A clear example is the city of Abai of Karaganda oblast, where water is supplied for two hours a day; the population is afraid to utilize non-boiled water not only for drinking but even for household needs such as floor cleaning .

Network deterioration affects systems’ low water pressure . Thus, residents of upper floors have water access only at night or no access at all (in the cities of Aktobe and Kyzylorda) .

The urban drinking-water consumption level per person is quite high . The specific water consumption per resident is 1 .5-� times higher than in the countries of Western Europe .

Water cannot be used effectively without the introduction of the billing system . To illustrate, with 98 .4% meter coverage in the city of Shymkent, water consumption dropped from 450l/ day per person to 10� l/day or by more than 4 times, while the same indicator dropped twice in the city of Almaty, even though only �7% used meters . At the same time, less than �0% of the populations of 58 cities use water meters . The water fee is calculated by the water consumption rate and remains a marginal part of the household budget, while water users remain unaware of the real cost of water supply services .

Over the past few years, all primary surface water sources have suffered from pollution by anthropogenic substances, and their water quality, for the most part, is incompliant with regulatory requirements.

The level of water supply services coverage is relatively high; 6, 771,800 people or 79.4% of the urban population has 24-hour access to quality drinking water.

Pipeline leakages, water cuts, and emergencies not only cause the loss of water and irregular water supply, but distort the sanitary well-being of the population and sometimes give rise to infectious diseases.

�5

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN KAZAKHSTAN BY TECHNICAL SURVEY FINDINGS

Water discharge infrastructure connections are widespread, ranging from 1�% in the city of Ayagoz to 98% in the city of Satpayev . The oblast centers and cities of Astana and Almaty have 60%-94% of residents connected to water discharge systems . Many industrial cities such as Ridder, Zyryanovsk, Karatau, Satpayev, Zheskazgan, and Zhanatas enjoy high connection levels to water discharge systems--exceeding 90% . The worst sanitation example can be seen in the settlements where such systems are not widespread .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements of the country amounts to 40%-70%, sometimes reaching 100% .

The regional data suggest that the major expiration of distribution networks amounts to 80 .5% in Almaty oblast, 67 .�% in Akmola oblast, 65 .6% in Pavlodar oblast, 65% in Atyrau oblast, and 6� .5% in East Kazakhstan oblast . Sectoral regulations classify the physical deterioration of water supply systems over 50% as critical, for further deprecation sharply increases the accident rate, which causes damage that significantly increases the cost of its prevention .

The length of networks in the country’s cities amounts to 23,468 km of water supply and 11,133 km of sewage systems . Most water pipelines were put into operation or overhauled over �5-�0 years ago . More than half of the networks require replacement or overhaul .

In addition, the cities have abandoned networks (not included in the balance of local utilities), formerly owned by central departments; these networks require complete replacement .

The overall loss in the distribution networks caused by pipe deterioration reaches �0%-50% and more for water produced . The number of network emergencies grows annually by 4%-5% on average . The number of emergencies per 100 km of water distribution networks grew from 15-�0 in the mid-1990s to 70 in �004 . The water supply and distribution system is deteriorating rapidly, thus causing greater accident risk and a higher number of leakages . Obsolete communications waste �50,000 m� – �00,000 m� of water a day .

The overall construction of water distribution facilities falls considerably behind the pace of civil housing construction . An analysis of the growth of pipeline length has demonstrated its drop by more than 15 times .

Preventive maintenance of networks, including maintenance for the equipment of water supply and water discharge systems has been replaced by accident recovery work, the unit cost of which is � .5-� times higher than that of scheduled repair of the same facilities . Such a situation further aggravates the lack of resources and causes an accrual of the number of unrepaired facilities and loss of their reliability . This has already negatively affected the supply of quality drinking water of sufficient quantity for the country’s population . Water supply treatment facilities are in need of reconstruction, reconditioning, new operating procedures, and new chemical reagents . Every third water treatment facility is improper .

The electricity-driven equipment of operating water pump and sewage pump stations in nearly all settlements need to be reconstructed or replaced . Forty-five percent of WPS and �4% of SPS in cities and settlements have been depreciated by over 70% .

One-third of the 86 operating urban sewage treatment facilities are technically unsatisfactory . Thirty-nine cities and settlements have no treatment facilities at all; thus, waste waters are discharged untreated . Untreated flows are discharged directly into filtration fields as in the city of Taraz, in ponds in the cities of Kokshetau, Kyzylorda, Uralsk, Petropavlovsk, and to the ground relief of adjacent areas in Kostanai . A considerable volume of wastewater from enterprises (up to �4% in some cities) goes directly to urban treatment facilities which are not intended for the treatment of industrial waste waters . Recently, household waste waters are predominated by hard-to-treat foreign-

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements of the country amounts to 40%-70%, sometimes reaching 100%.

�6



made detergents with a lasting adverse environmental impact that pollutes water sources .

Many operating treatment facilities have already worked out their operational resources and are in need of repair . Other facilities have overload capacity which makes the waste water technology incompliant with the design data . The treatment facilities of the cities of Taldykorgan, Atyrau, Pavlodar, Ust-Kamenogorsk, and Semipalatinsk are overloaded by 1 .5-� times . The waste ponds are frequently filled up to the limit, endangering water objects and settlements with the accidental breaking of dams . When operating the Taldykol pond in Astana city in the freshet period, there is a danger of its overfilling and washout; therefore, water is discharged to the adjacent areas according to emergency procedures .

The situation in the oblastsThe existing access level of the populations of the cities of national status, oblast centers, cities and towns, and urban-type settlements to drinking quality water and sewage system is represented in Table � .� .

The table illustrates that the number of the urban population of the Republic of Kazakhstan with permanent access to quality drinking water amounts to

table 3.2. summary of access of the urban population of the Republic of Kazakhstan to water supply and sanitation systems

№ Territorial division Population (ps .)

Number of people with �4-hour-a-day

access to quality drinking water (ps .,%)

Access type to sewage system (ps . /%)

Central supply Cesspool Unequipped lavatory

1 Akmola oblast �50,166 9�,54� or �6 .4% 160,97�/46 .0 14,67�/4 .0 17�,5�1/50 .0

� Almaty oblast 470,�19 ��0,907 or 70 .�% 168,�9�/�5 .8 �,�00/0 .7 �98,7�7/6� .5

� Aktubinsk oblast �74,166 �51,4�� or 9� .9% ��6,97�/60 .7 �,99�/1 .0 14�,�01/�8 .�

4 Atyrau oblast �60,04� 165,911 or 6� .8% 116,�59/44 .7 �,746/1 .5 1�9,9�7/5� .8

5 East Kazakhstan oblast 856,79� 7�4,�17 or 85 .7% 5�1,94�/60 .9 14,89�/1 .7 �19,959/�7 .4

6 Zhambyl oblast 4�0,16� �86,005 or 89 .8% 14�,085/�� .� 8,488/� .0 �78,589/64 .7

7 West Kazakhstan oblast �60,575 �5�,508 or 96 .9% 195,550/75 .0 8,670/� .� 56,�54/�1 .7

8 Karaganda oblast 1,105,5�5 997,�69 or 90 .�% 817,49�/7� .9 �7,�87/� .4 �50,645/�� .7

9 Kostanai oblast 494,7�� 67,868 or 74 .4% ��4,515/67 .6 �0,57�/4 .� 1�9,6�7/�8 .�

10 Kyzylorda oblast �6�,�18 8�,145 or �� .6% 105,81�/�9 .1 �,�84/1 .0 �54,0�1/69 .9

11 Mangistau oblast �68,619 17�,401 or 64 .5% ��8,�96/85 .0 �,79�/1 .4 �6,4�0/1� .6

1� Pavlodar oblast 479,�69 �45,66� or 7� .1% 410,776/85 .7 1,409/0 .� 67,165/14 .0

1� North Kazakhstan oblast ��,900 190,589 or 81 .4% 146,�04/6� .5 �,567/1 .1 85,0�9/�6 .4

14 South Kazakhstan oblast 818,070 55�,118 or 67 .5% �74,�7�/�� .1 16,�94/� .0 5�7,40�/64 .9

15 City of Almaty 1,�40,000 1,��5,148 or 99 .6% 995,100/80 .� �44,900/19 .8

16 City of Astana 514,575 51�,875 or 99 .9% �84,�88/74 .7 1�0,187/�5 .�

total 8,520,222 6,771,789 or 79.4% 5,373,499/63.1 3,146,723/36.9

�7


79 .4%; the number with permanent access to improved sewage is 6� .1% . Hence, �6 .9% of the urban population uses unimproved sewage systems .

The situation concerning water supply in the oblasts is detailed below.

The urban population of Akmola oblast amounts to �50,100 people, including �0�,400 city residents and 47,700 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers ten cities and fourteen settlements out of the existing ten cities and fifteen settlements .

The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 6� .�%-100% . Fourteen settlements recover water from underground water sources, but their percentage share to the number of the population is marginal: 10�,�7� people or �9 .5% . The remaining 11 settlements partly (the city of Kokshetau 78 .�% and the city of Yesil 6�%) or fully recover water from surface sources . The quality of surface waters is incompliant with the standards fixed for drinking water . At the same time, due to the absence of treatment facilities or physical deterioration, four settlements (144,151 people or 41 .�%) have to use untreated water of non-standard quality for household needs and drinking . Water treatment facilities require reconstruction, reconditioning, new operating procedures, and new chemical reagents .

The situation is even worse than this would indicate because nine settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to long-term operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users . Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70%, sometimes reaching 100% (in the settlements of Borovoye and Birlestik) .

The urban population of Almaty oblast amounts to 470,000 people, including �70,500 city residents and 99,800 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers nine cities and fourteen settlements out of the existing ten cities and fifteen settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from �4 .5%-100% . Twenty-two settlements partly or fully recover water from underground sources (44�,�00 people or 94 .�% of the entire urban population in the oblast) . The quality of underground waters is good and compliant with the regulatory requirements of SanPiN and GOST . The situation of people using water from surface sources is worse . Due to the absence of treatment facilities or their physical deterioration, the populations of the cities of Talgar, Lepsy, and Ulken use water of non-standard quality for drinking .

The situation is aggravated by the fact that six settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users . Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70%, reaching 100% in the settlement of Ulken .

The urban population of Aktubinsk oblast amounts to �74,�00 people, including �5�,000 city residents and ��,�00 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers eight cities and two settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply amounts to 100% . Hence, it should be noted that apart from the settlement of Kenkiyak, all settlements under consideration have regular water supply .

The oblast’s urban population utilizes underground waters for water supply . The quality of water in most settlements is compliant with regulatory requirements, thus rendering pre-treatment unnecessary . However, due to the high degree of physical deterioration of diversion facilities, the population overall suffers

Quality drinking water and regular water supply services in Akmola oblast are accessible to 26.4% of urban residents or 92,542 people.

Quality drinking water is accessible to 330,900 people or 70.3% of Almaty oblast 24 hours a day.

Quality drinking water in Aktubinsk oblast is accessible 24 hours a day to 351,423 people or 93.9% of the urban population.

�8



from water deficit . Consequently, there is a need for measures on expanding diversion facilities, underground water resources, exploratory works for the discovery of new fields, and activities for water protection from deterioration and pollution .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements exceeds 70%, reaching 100% in the settlements of Zhem and Emba . Official data from the cities suggest that water is 100% compliant with regulatory requirements . However, in view of the deterioration of water distribution networks and the number of network emergencies in a year, such data seem doubtful .

The urban population of Atyrau oblast amounts to �60,000 people, including 195,000 city residents and 65,000 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers two cities and seven settlements out of the two existing cities and eight settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 48 .1% to 100% . The urban population utilizes surface waters for water supply . Though the quality of surface waters is incompliant with the standards fixed for drinking water, six settlements (�0,000 people or 11 .5% of entire urban population in the oblast) have to use water of non-standard quality for household needs and drinking due to the absence of treatment facilities or their physical deterioration .

Seven settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply (61,600 people or �� .7% of entire urban population in the oblast) . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70%, sometimes reaching 100% (in the settlements of Koschagyl) .

Quality drinking water and regular water supply are mainly accessible to residents of the city of Atyrau and the settlements of Balykshi and Zhumysker, which are serviced by Atyrau’s city water supply company .

The urban population of East Kazakhstan oblast (EKO) amounts to 856,800 people, including 784,400 city residents and 108,400 urban-type settlement residents . Because of the level of water supply, EKO is referred to as the most trouble-free of all settlements . The central water supply covers ten cities and twenty-one settlements out of the existing ten cities and twenty-five settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 4� .1% to 100% . The urban population utilizes surface waters for water supply . Twenty-five settlements fully or partially recover water from underground water sources . The quality of underground waters is good and compliant with the requirements of SanPiN and GOST . The situation of people using water from surface sources is worse . In most settlements with combined water recovery or surface water recovery, water treatment technologies became ineffective following the increased degree of contamination or the physical deterioration of water treatment facilities (in the settlements of Novaya Bukhtarma, Oktyabrsky, Pribrezhny, and Ognevka) .

The manufacturing control over the quality of supplied water is compliant with state standards only in the cities, as in most cases it comes down to an evaluation of organoleptic indicators, residual chlorine, and the level of bacterial contamination .

Four settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70%, sometimes reaching 100% (in the settlement of Oktyabrsky) .

The number of the urban population with quality drinking water and regular water supply in Atyrau oblast is 165,900 or 63.8% of the population.

The number of the urban population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water in East Kazakhstan oblast amounts to 85.7% or 734,300 people.

�9


The urban population of Zhambyl oblast amounts to 4�0,�00 people, including �99,400 city residents and �0,800 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers four cities and eight settlements out of the existing four cities and twelve settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 18 .6% to 56 .6% .

The oblast’s urban population mainly utilizes underground waters for water supply (4�5,800 people or 98 .9% of entire urban population in the oblast) . Owing to the overall availability of underground waters, water is supplied to oblast cities and settlements by local water pipes . The quality of water in most settlements is compliant with regulatory requirements, thus rendering pre-treatment unnecessary .

Water infrastructure deterioration in all settlements exceeds 50%, and they are nonfunctioning due to the state of emergency .

The urban population of West Kazakhstan oblast (WKO) amounts to �60,600 people, including ��,800 city residents and �7,000 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers two cities and three settlements out of the existing two cities and five settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 9 .6%-9� .�% . Three settlements with populations numbering �8,700 recover water from underground sources . The quality of underground waters is good and compliant with the requirements of SanPiN and GOST . The remaining population partly or fully utilizes water from surface sources . Hence, the sustainable operation of water treatment facilities ensures the standard quality of the water .

Two settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70% .

The urban population of Karaganda oblast amounts to 1,105,600 people, including 960,000 city residents and 145,600 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers eleven cities and thirty-four settlements out of the existing eleven cities and thirty-nine settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply in the oblast varies from 18 .8% to 98 .8% . Five settlements fully or mostly use water from surface sources . Due to the high degree of surface water contamination and the considerable deterioration of water treatment facilities, the available water preparation technology appears to be ineffective in the spring and summer time and is sometimes incompliant with regulatory requirements .

The remaining settlements utilize water from underground sources . The quality of underground waters is mostly compliant with the standards fixed for drinking water, and water is distributed without pre-treatment .

Ten settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70%, sometimes reaching 100% (e .g ., in the settlement of Novdolinsky, which has 6,600 residents) .

The findings on access to quality drinking water are based on the data obtained from water supply companies and local administrations, though the printed media repeatedly reported outbreaks of enteric fever in the cities of Temirtau, Shakhtinsk, and Abai, citing the water factor as the cause . Thus, the real situation concerning the access to quality drinking water in the cities and settlements may be a lot worse .

The urban population of Kostanai oblast amounts to 494,700 people, including �9�,�00 city residents and 101,500 urban-type settlement residents .

The number of the urban population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water in Zhambyl oblast amounts to 89.8% or 386,000 people.

The number of the urban population of West Kazakhstan oblast with 24-hour access to quality drinking water amounts to 96.9% or 252,500 people.

In Karaganda oblast, 997,400 people (90.2% of the urban population) have access to a permanent drinking water supply.

�0



The central water supply covers five cities and eleven settlements out of the existing five cities and twelve settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 18% to 100% . Eight settlements fully or partially recover water from surface sources . Due to the high degree of surface water contamination and the considerable deterioration of water treatment facilities, the available water treatment appears to be ineffective, and the population, in particular that of the city of Arkalyk and the settlement of Kachar, utilizes water that is not always compliant with regulatory requirements . Water supply treatment facilities are in need of reconstruction, reconditioning, new operating procedures, and new chemical reagents .

Four settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users . Even considering the regularity of the supply in the city of Lisakovsk, the quality of water in the distribution network is not compliant with regulatory requirements and exceeds the admissible level of 5% .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70% .

The urban population of Kyzylorda oblast amounts to �6�,�00 people, including 198,000 city residents and 165,�00 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers three cities and eleven settlements out of the existing three cities and twelve settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from �� .4% to 100% .

The oblast’s urban population mostly utilizes surface waters, while settlement residents recover underground waters . The quality of underground waters in most settlements conforms to regulatory requirements thus rendering pre-treatment unnecessary .

Following the high degree of surface water contamination and the high deterioration level of water treatment facilities, the population of the city of Kyzylorda and Aralsk utilizes water incompliant with regulatory requirements . Water treatment facilities are in need of reconstruction and reconditioning .

Water infrastructure deterioration in all settlements exceeds 40%, reaching over 80% in five settlements (the settlement of Toretam, the city of Aralsk, the settlement of Shiyeli, etc .)

The findings on access to quality drinking water are based on the data obtained from water supply companies and local administrations, though the real situation regarding access to quality drinking water in the oblast settlements may be a lot worse . The settlement of Shiyeli was repeatedly cited by the media as an unfavorable environmental area, with non-quality water being one of the reasons for this .

The urban population of Mangistau oblast amounts to �68,600 people, including ��4,500 city residents and 44,100 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers two cities and two settlements out of the existing three cities and six settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from �4 .�% to 100% .

Water is supplied to the urban population by the Astrakhan-Mangyshlak water pipe and by means of water conversion . To satisfy the water quality requirements and in view of a large length of the Astrakhan-Mangyshlak water pipe, as well as the lasting period of source-to-user water transportation, the project initially provided for two-stage water treatment . The first stage involves the treatment of water from the river of Kigach at main treatment facilities . The second stage entails water treatment in the area of consumption . The quality of supplied water is compliant with regulatory requirements .

The number of the urban population in Kostanai oblast with 24-hour access to quality drinking water amounts to 74.4% (367,900 people).

In Kyzylorda oblast, the number of the population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water amounts to 22.6% or 82,100 people.

The number of the urban population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water in Mangistau oblast amounts to 64.5% (173,400 people).

�1


Water infrastructure deterioration in four settlements exceeds 80% (e .g ., the city of Fort Shevchenko, the settlement of Munaishy) . Three settlements have water supplied to them by specialized trucks (the settlements of Zhetybai, Mangistau, and Kyzylsai) as intra-settlements’ distribution networks are lacking or in a state of emergency .

Moreover, three settlements (e .g ., the settlement of Tenge) with central supply systems have the water supplied by schedule . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users .

The urban population of Pavlodar oblast amounts to 479,400 people, including 44�,500 city residents and �5,900 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers three cities and four settlements out of the existing three cities and seven settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 19 .5% to 9� .�% .

Most settlements utilize surface waters . Following the high degree of surface water contamination, the high deterioration level of water treatment facilities, and the lasting operation of the distribution networks, the populations of the city of Ekibastuz and the settlement of Maikaien utilize water incompliant with regulatory requirements . Water treatment facilities are in need of reconstruction and reconditioning .

The urban population of North Kazakhstan oblast (NKO) is contained in five cities and amounts to ��,900 people . The central water supply covers all five cities . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 6�% to 100% .

All five cities recover water from surface sources for household needs and drinking . Apart from the city of Petropavlovsk, which self-recovers water from the river of Ishim, the remaining settlements receive water from clustered water supply systems . The quality of water supplied is compliant with the standards fixed for drinking water .

Two settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users .

Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 50%-70%, reaching 100% in the city of Taiynsha .

The urban population of South Kazakhstan oblast (SKO) amounts to 818,000 people, including 760,900 city residents and 57,100 urban-type settlement residents . The central water supply covers seven cities and eight settlements out of the existing eight cities and eleven settlements . The share of water users connected to the central water supply varies from 18 .�% to 100% .

Sixteen settlements partly or fully recover water from underground sources, which are utilized by 77�,�00 urban residents or 94 .4% . The quality of the underground water is good and compliant with the regulatory requirements of SanPiN and GOST . The situation of people using water from surface sources is worse . Due to the high degree of contamination of surface water sources and the physical deterioration of treatment facilities, the populations of Saryagash, Shardary, and Lenger utilize water of non-standard quality for drinking .

Nine settlements have irregular or scheduled water supply . Due to lasting operation and the absence of timely flushing, a considerable part of the internal surface of the pipelines is corroded and encrusted, and water gets contaminated again when transported to water users .

In Pavlodar oblast, the number of the urban population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water amounts to 72.1% (345,700 people).

The number of the urban population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water in North Kazakhstan oblast amounts to 89.9% (210,400 people).

The number of the urban population with 24-hour access to quality drinking water in South Kazakhstan Oblast amounts to 67.5% (552,100 people).

��



Water infrastructure deterioration in most settlements amounts to 60%-70%, reaching 100% (in the settlement of Saryagash) .

Regarding the population’s access to quality drinking water and regular water supply, such is provided to 55�,100 people or 67 .5% of the oblast’s urban population .

It may be concluded from an analysis of the current state of water utilities that the situation of water supply and water discharge systems in many cities and urban-type settlements is critical . If no effective measures are taken to prevent a crisis, this situation can negatively affect the water supply system within the next five or six years, and even completely destroy water supply and water discharge facilities, which represent comprehensive engineering and technical complexes . The cost of rehabilitation would be incommensurably high, and new construction work would be time-consuming . The critical situation that now exists may grow into a catastrophe .

��

4ThE CurrENT STATE oF rurAL WATEr SuppLy AND SANITATIoN IN KAzAKhSTAN by TEChNICAL SurvEy FINDINGS

According to the data of the Agency for Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at the end of 2004 the rural population amounted to 6,433,500 people, dispersed across fourteen oblasts in 7,440 settlements and auls. Nearly 60% of the population lives in settlements of over 1,000 residents, which makes the the solution of water supply issues much easier and reduces costs of 1 m3 of supplied water.

The number of administrative territorial units along with population numbers are shown in Table 4 .1 .

For this report, the total number of rural settlements was taken from the State Rural Development Program (SRDP) for �004-�006 . According to SRDP,

table 4.1. the rural population and its distribution

N OblastNumber of

settlements, items

Popula-tion,

‘000 ps .

Population distribution

regional centers settlements, auls

administrative units, items

population, ‘000 ps .

administrative units, items

population, ‘000 ps .

1 Akmola 705 �99 .78 5 �6 .10 700 �7� .68

� Aktobe 4�6 �0� .60 6 �7 .97 4�0 �64 .6�

� Almaty 811 1,106 .47 4 6� .80 807 1,04� .67

4 Atyrau 195 196 .1� 4 �� .86 191 16� .�6

5 East-Kazakhstan 818 598 .�9 9 7� .50 809 5�5 .89

6 Zhambyl �67 54� .95 8 110 .50 �59 4�� .45

7 West-Kazakhstan 498 �44 .�8 11 64 .60 487 �79 .68

8 Karaganda 496 ��1 .90 � 10 .6� 49� �11 .�7

9 Kostanai 750 418 .1� 10 55 .88 740 �6� .�5

10 Kyzylorda �70 �45 .8� 0 0 �70 �45 .8�

11 Mangystau 44 8� .91 0 0 44 8� .91

1� Pavlodar 449 �6� .0� 9 5� .05 440 �09 .97

1� North-Kazakhstan 740 4�7 .56 5 �6 .�8 7�5 �91 .18

14 South-Kazakhstan 871 1�8� .57 7 88 .�� 864 1,195 .�4

total: 7,440 6,433.51 81 651.60 7,359 5,781.91

�4



the number of 7,660 administrative units included 1�6 entirely abandoned settlements and 8� settlements where residents are considered urban . Since the SRDP approval, some settlements have changed their status; some rural settlements have become urban, and some have ceased to exist . Table 4 .� presents comparative data on the numbers of rural settlements; data are provided by various organizations and departments .

During the normal functioning of water networks, some households equipped their houses with internal lavatories and baths . In some regions and oblasts, �0% or more of housing space was equipped with water pipes .

The rural water supply infrastructure, which was built primarily from 1960-1990, distinguished Kazakhstan from other developing countries . The availability of forecasting resources and explored groundwater resources determined the scheme of rural water supply development . In areas with water supply, local water networks were constructed .

In areas with limited water resources or predominately mineralized waters, such as in West Kazakhstan, Kostanai, Akmola, Atyrau, and Kyzylorda oblasts, group water supply systems 50 -�000 km long were constructed to serve hundreds of settlements . The overall length of such water supply systems reached 17,100 km, and they supplied water to 1,�76 rural settlements . Unique water pipelines operated for more than two decades . All of them were exploited with significant subsidies from the government .

A total of seventy-nine clustered water supply systems functioned across the country . Two thousand five hundred settlements had local water pipes totaling

table 4.2. the number of rural settlements according to various organizations

N Oblast The 1999 census

SPRD �00� Agency for Statistics of the RK

Cen

tre

for

Syst

emat

ic

Res

earc

h un

der

the

Pre

side

nt

Adm

inis

trat

ion

of th

e R

K, a

s of

�1

.1� .

�00�

Obl

ast g

over

nmen

ts

as o

f 01 .

01 .�

004 .

(a

ccep

ted

in th

is

repo

rt)

Tota

l re

view

ed

incl

udin

g ru

ral

sett

lem

ents

as o

f 01

.01 .

�004

as o

f 01

.01 .

�005

1 Akmola 7�9 689 675 710 688 714 705

� Aktobe 454 441 4�9 4�8 4�6 465 4�6

� Almaty 799 8�6 798 810 769 797 811

4 Atyrau 180 198 187 190 184 �00 195

5 East-Kazakhstan 846 857 857 855 8�6 970 818

6 Zhambyl �66 �8� �70 �67 �67 �51 �67

7 West-Kazakhstan 509 517 498 498 477 517 498

8 Karaganda 5�4 506 487 558 498 �9� 496

9 Kostanai 779 766 746 757 7�9 7�4 750

10 Kyzylorda �69 �74 �57 �69 �65 175 �70

11 Mangystau 49 40 �9 50 49 4� 44

1� Pavlodar 5�0 509 450 494 444 414 449

1� North-Kazakhstan 764 759 750 75� 741 765 740

14 South-Kazakhstan 896 896 888 9�� 874 894 871

Total: 7,684 7,660 7,441 7,681 7,�47 7,��1 7,440

During the normal functioning of water networks, some households equipped their houses with internal lavatories and baths. In some regions and oblasts, 30% or more of housing space was equipped with water pipes.

�5

THE CURRENT STATE OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN KAZAKHSTAN BY TECHNICAL SURVEY FINDINGS

�9,000 km in length . In total, up to 65% of the country’s rural population had access to high quality drinking water; the figure reached 70% and 95% in specific regions and oblasts .

In the difficult period of Kazakhstan’s economic reforms, state financing of water supply system maintenance dropped sharply; consequently, the amount of construction and reconstruction of water supply systems was reduced as well .

According to the Agency for Statistics, at the end of �00�, the specific weight of overall housing square on average in the country was the following:

Water pipe 17% (fluctuations by oblast from �% to �8%);

Sewage 6% (1% -1�%)

Baths (showers) �% (1% – 5%)

Heating �% (from 0 .1% to 6%)

Gas 91% (from 65% to 95%)

Currently, not more than forty-six clustered water supply systems are functioning or being reconstructed . Based on information from oblast organizations and the actual useful life of the water supply systems, which exceeds �5-�0 years, it is obvious that systems 70% deteriorated .

Indicators for North Kazakhstan oblast represent an example, because this oblast used to have a clustered water supply trunk line which was foremost in terms of the length and number of serviced settlements:

1991 �000 �004

Length, km 5,68� .8 4,075 .0 �,958 .1

Number of serviced settlements 497 �90 16�

The current conditions of water supply are presented in Table 4 .� . The indicators by region and oblast are shown in the appendix . As the table suggests, 6� .9% of the population utilizes water from in-yard and common wells as well as from surface sources and delivered water . A central water supply system serves �,07� settlements .

Clustered water pipes are predominantly present in North Kazakhstan, Mangystau, and Atyrau oblasts . A small part of the population in Kyzylorda, Kostanai, Akmola, and East Kazakhstan oblasts is also served by clustered water supply systems due to the lack of local sources in some areas . In general, local water supply systems prevail .

Over the past �-� years, in the areas with insufficient water supply or with predominantly mineralized underground water, nearly 100 local water treatment facilities have been installed .

Due to the constantly deteriorating technical conditions of water distribution networks and facilities, the specific weight of non-standard tap water samples increases in terms of bacteriological indicators . According to the data of the Sanitary Epidemiological Station, the specific weight has reached 50% or more .

Presently, all existing boreholes and common wells intended for decentralized water supply are derelict . The specific weight of non-standard samples from decentralized water supply sources in terms of microbiological and chemical indicators frequently reaches 45%-55%, with the average national indicator amounting to �1 .5% .

In the period of Kazakhstan’s economic reforms, the amount of construction and reconstruction of water supply systems was reduced considerably, and in some years work was stopped completely.

�6


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�7


The most widespread indicators of poor water quality are a high content of salts, iron, manganese, and a high or low content of fluorine and other components that ensure safety, harmlessness, and organoleptic water characteristics .

Therefore, the current conditions of rural central water supply systems cannot be considered satisfactory .

The common factors that negatively affect the operation of all the systems and reduce water quality and accessibility are the following:

∆ high deterioration of distribution networks and facilities that in some cases have already worked out their useful life by 1 .5-� times . This leads to considerable water losses (up to �0%-40%) and, as a consequence, to high electrical energy costs and high prices for 1m� of water;

∆ secondary water pollution in the pipes by the output of bacterial activity and encrusted internal pipe surface;

∆ inadequate level of development and equipment, and in most cases lack of water pipe maintenance .

The insufficiency of public investments in both the construction of new water supply systems and the reconstruction of existing systems has almost transformed the technical issue into a financial and economic problem .

During the past �-4 years, specific attention has been paid to the issue of water supply to the population living in the country; this is confirmed by the size of sectoral investments:

2001 – 1.85 billion tenge;



2004 – 14.11 billion tenge.

The construction and reconstruction of water supply systems for the settlements are carried out according to the state sectoral program “Drinking Waters” and the State Rural Development Program . Pursuant to the programs, oblasts have developed appropriate regional programs . The activities are financed from national and local budgets as well as from external loans, grants, and the funds of economic entities . In �004, the project Rural Water Supply of Karaganda Oblast was launched on a loan from the Islamic Development Bank . A grant from Japan’s government was utilized for implementation of the project Water Supply of Rural Settlements in the Republic of Kazakhstan, i .e ., North Kazakhstan and Akmola oblasts .

However, the measures undertaken and the size of finances have failed to ensure sustainable improvement: the pace of water supply system deterioration is progressing .

The construction and reconstruction of water supply systems for the settlements are carried out according to the state sectoral program “Drinking Waters” and the State Rural Development Program.

�8



Sanitation issuesThe lack of water and lasting water supply interruptions have predetermined extremely low sanitary, hygienic, and epidemiologic standards for the rural population .

Not much attention has been devoted to the construction of rural sanitation facilities due to the fact that water supply has been considered a priority issue . Sewage systems were built predominantly in the regional centers and larger settlements . Moreover, only the waste of administrative buildings, schools, hospitals, and multi-storied buildings has been disposed of . In rural settlements mainly the sewage waste disposal systems were installed; the sewage (floatable) system represented �%-5% of all the systems .

The data of the social survey, conducted by UNDP project, demonstrates that only � .8% of rural houses are connected to a central sewage system . On average, 5 .�% of interviewees have in-house lavatories, including 1 .7% with lavatories connected to central sewage systems, mostly wet pits . This proves yet again that the sanitation level in rural settlements is low .

The sanitary conditions of settlements, in view of forthcoming water supply costs, can initially be ameliorated without the installation of sewage systems, but just by improving individual lavatories and wet pits at public and industrial places .

table 4.4. the rural population’s access to drinking water

№ Oblast Population, ‘000 ps .Population with access to potable water

‘000 ps . % of total number

1 Akmola �99 .78 178 .46 44 .6

� Aktubinsk �0� .60 98 .�5 �� .5

� Almaty 1,106 .47 57� .4� 51 .8

4 Atyrau 196 .1� 68 .79 �5 .1

5 East Kazakhstan 598 .�9 164 .�� 7 .5

6 Zhambyl 54� .95 176 .�5 �� .5

7 West Kazakhstan �44 .�8 10� .61 �9 .8

8 Karaganda ��1 .90 91 .68 41 .�

9 Kostanai 418 .1� 1�0 .4� �8 .8

10 Kyzylorda �45 .8� 1�7 .8� 5� .0

11 Mangystau 8� .91 �0 .94 �6 .9

1� Pavlodar �6� .0� 85 .�8 �� .5

1� North Kazakhstan 4�7 .56 1�9 .05 �0 .�

14 South Kazakhstan 1,�8� .57 �7� .06 �9 .0

TOTAL: 6,4�� .51 �,�19 .�6 �6 .1

The lack of water and lasting water supply interruptions have predetermined extremely low sanitary, hygienic, and epidemiologic standards of life for the rural population. For the most part, the current state of water supply and sanitation in rural areas of Kazakhstan is considered unsatisfactory.

�9


The current level of the rural population’s access to waterAccording to the results of a survey and analysis, �,�19,�60 people in rural areas have access to drinkable tap water: this is �6 .1% of the country’s total population . The analysis was conducted by administrative units, oblasts, and each settlement using defined water access criteria in accordance with the developed methodology .

Table 4 .4 illustrates the results of the analysis . Regional indicators are shown in the appendix .

The overall poor access level to water in the country and specific oblasts is explained by the poor technical conditions of water supply systems built �5-�0 years ago and earlier . Repair and rehabilitation work was limited due to poor financing . The equipment has become completely used up and is outdated .

In nine oblasts, including North Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, and Kostanai, water access is below the average national access level . Previously in these oblasts a considerable part of the population was supplied with water from clustered water supply systems . Currently, most of the systems are not fully operating, and some are not operating at all .

The data provided by the Yesil Su public enterprise, which operates clustered water supply systems in North Kazakhstan oblast, suggest that intra-settlement distribution networks, with rare exceptions, are inoperable not because of their impropriety, but rather for the sake of saving and because of the easiness of water tariff collection .

Since Yesil Su has a monopoly on the water supply sphere, it supplies water to wholesale consumers only when presented with a permit from the country’s antimonopoly department . Wholesale buyers are responsible for water intake at the end of the clustered water supply system, or so-called water supply points, and for the retail sale of water to the local population .

Moreover, a big portion of the rural population connected to the water supply system has no access to drinking water .

On the 19th of April �005, a round table was held in the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Progress on Implementation of the Drinking Waters Program . The participants stated that 54 .�% of the country’s rural population receives water from central supply systems . Officially, this proportion of the population was considered to have access to drinking water . The real picture suggests that this part of the rural population receives water by schedule and sometimes on an hourly basis, with different levels of water access .

Concerning the networks of operating pipes, up to 80% of standpipes are inoperable or disassembled; distribution networks require urgent replacement . A number of the settlements surveyed by the report’s authors--from North Kazakhstan, Akmola, and Karaganda oblasts--can serve as examples .

the settlement of smirnovo, a regional centre of the Akkaiyn region, North Kazakhstan oblast. The population consists of 6,600 people . The settlement is connected to the Bulayevsky clustered water pipe . The settlement networks are almost out of service . The water is sold at six water supply points, and from these points it is transported to houses in buckets, trolleys, or horses at distances of 1-� km . Private enterpreneurs have negotiated water delivery to the households by truck; they also pour the water into tanks .

the settlement of Priishimskoye, in osakarov region, Karaganda oblast. The water supply system is managed by a farm . Water supply is irregular because the system, built over twenty-five years ago, is in poor technical condition . A great number of standpipes are not operating or are

Moreover, a big portion of the rural population connected to the water supply system has no access to drinking water.

Concerning the networks of operating pipes, up to 80% of standpipes are inoperable or disassembled; distribution networks require urgent replacement.

Water transportation by horse, Smirnovo settlement, North Kazakhstan oblast

In rural areas, 2,319,360 people (36.1% of the country’s population) have access to clean tap water.

In nine oblasts, including North Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, and Kostanai, water access is below the average national access level.

40



fully disassembled . Some wells are totally flooded with water . Even though many households installed in-house water connections, some streets are not supplied with water as not all of the networks operate .

Similar situations exist throughout the republic, including in the settlements of Malyi barap of Akmola oblast and litvinskoye of Karaganda oblast. Obviously, with water supply in such a state, the official figure reporting that 54 .�% of people have access to water seems to be an overstatement .

Taking all of this into account, we may conclude that the current level of the population with access to drinking water is more objectively reflected by the figure of �6 .1%, which was obtained by the technical survey .

An analysis of the current conditions of water supply certifies an extremely low level of drinking water supply to the rural population . Because of the unsatisfactory technical conditions of trunk lines and intra-settlement distribution networks, the central water supply from most clustered water supply systems is not guaranteed . The existing scheme of water supply for 64% of the population is based on decentralized local sources . At the same time, drinking needs are satisfied by in-yard and common wells, delivered water, and the surface water of rivers, lakes, and small water sources .

Wells are usually located close to wet pits, cesspools, and places frequented by cattle . This poses the danger of bacterial water contamination and, as a consequence, the outbreak of infections related to the aquatic transfer factor . In addition, perched water (the upper layer of ground water) that feeds the wells has limited resources, so the guaranteed supply of drinking water of necessary quantity is problematic . In addition, water quality deteriorates from excessive mineralization and a high hardness level, both of which are due to a high level of fluoride, iron, and other elements that have an adverse effect on human health .

Therefore, considering the complexity, significance, and omnitude of water supply and sanitation issues, it is necessary to move away from rigid uniform standards of water consumption rates and determine more flexible criteria dictated by the new economic conditions of the market .

Expected rural water access level required to achieve the MDG on water and sanitationDue to the existing critical conditions of drinking water supply systems in the country, and in order to improve the health of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in �00� the government adopted the Sectoral Program Drinking Waters for �00�-�010 (Government Decree No . of �� .01 .0�) .

The main goal of the “Drinking waters” program is to provide the population with a sustainable supply of drinking water in necessary quantity and guaranteed quality .

The total volume of investments into the implementation of planned activities was set at 11 billion tenge . The funds were planned to be allocated from the national and local budgets, external loans, grants, and other sources .

The implementation of the program’s activities was planned in two stages: Stage I (�00�-�005) and Stage II (�006-�010) .

In �004, the State Rural Development Program for �004-�010 was launched after being approved by the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan No . 1149 on 10 July �00� . Both the construction and reconstruction of water supply systems are carried out according to these programs .

Between �00� and �004, local water treatment stations were installed in eighty-six settlements .

The main goal of the “Drinking waters” program is to provide the population with a sustainable supply of drinking water in necessary quantity and guaranteed quality.

The current level of the population with access to drinking water is more objectively reflected by the figure of 36.1%, which was obtained by the technical survey.

41


Among the activities on the establishment of new technological manufactures and on improvement of quality and quantity in the cities of Almaty, Atyrau, Kyzylorda, Uralsk, and Karaganda enterprises for the production of polyethylene pipes were founded; and the production of water-measuring devices and water treatment installations was opened up .

Over �00� and �004, some �� .� billion tenge was utilized for the implementation of the program’s activities on water supply to the urban and rural population, including:

National budget – 16.8 billion tenge;

local budgets – 11.81 billion tenge;

Economic entities – 2.57 billion tenge;

External grants and loans – 2.02 billion tenge.

The investment projects implemented over this period to supply water to specific rural settlements were taken into account when calculating the current access level to drinking water . Some 17 .77 billion tenge was utilized for urban and rural water supply activities from all financing sources, including � .�6 billion tenge for the construction and reconstruction of clustered water supply systems to supply water to rural settlements . The water pipes are listed in Table 4 .5 .

This year, the first stage of the Drinking Waters Program will be completed. With the funds intended for 2005, a total of 50.97 billion tenge will be spent on program implementation.

table 4.5. the list of clustered water supply systems under construction or reconstruction.

№ Oblast Name of water pipe Activity type Allocated funds, million tenge

1 Akmola Seletinsky Reconstruction 50 .0

Nurinsky Reconstruction 1�0 .0

� Atyrau Kulsary-Turguzba-Shokpartugai-Akkiztogai

Reconstruction 144 .65

Koyandinsky Construction 100 .0

Koskulak-Tasshagyl Construction 50 .0

� Almaty Turgensky (line II) Reconstruction 115 .�8

4 East Kazakhstan Belagachsky (line II) Reconstruction 50 .0

5 West Kazakhstan Kamensky – a set of stations for drinking water treatment

Construction 150 .0

6 Kyzylorda Aralo-Sarybulaksky ( line IV) Construction �50 .0

Aralo-Sarybulaksky ( line V) Construction 5� .0

Oktyabrsky Construction 17 .�

Zhidelinsky Construction 150 .0

7 North Kazakhstan Bulayevsky ( line II) Reconstruction �50 .0

Ishimsky ( line II) Reconstruction �55 .�4

Sokolovsky ( line II) Reconstruction �50 .0

Presnovsky ( line I-II) Reconstruction �75 .6

8 South Kazakhstan Kentau-Turkestansky Reconstruction 400 .0

9 Kostanai Zhelkuarsky Reconstruction 180 .0

Ishimsky Reconstruction 50 .0

Ashi-Tastinsky Reconstruction 150 .0

4�



table 4.6. Rural water supply system construction and reconstruction

№ Oblast Number of settlements

with central water supply as of

01 .01 .�005

Settlement input

�005 �006-�008 �009-�010

1 Akmola 705 �78 �6 194 80

� Aktubinsk 4�6 71 6 66 40

� Almaty 811 �91 �4 99 70

4 Atyrau 195 50 �0 �7 �1

5 EKO 818 �� 19 118 75

6 Zhambyl �67 109 14 1�0 57

7 WKO 498 81 �1 84 �6

8 Karaganda 496 1�� 96 54

9 Kostanai 750 116 10 78 50

10 Kyzylorda �70 118 �5 �8 ��

11 Mangistau 44 1� 8 �� 5

1� Pavlodar 449 9� 16 1�0 60

1� NKO 740 184 �4 180 98

14 SKO 871 �1� �4 ��5 111

totAl: 7,440 2,072 279 1,498 770

The national budget is planned to be utilized for the construction of local water supply systems in forty-three UTSs and the reconstruction of the systems in thirty-four UTSs . In view of all financing sources, the activities for the improvement of the state of water supply will be implemented in �79 settlements . The oblast indicators are listed in Table 4 .6 .

The number of settlements is given along with the lists of investment projects prepared by oblast administrations . The size of financing planned for such objectives amounts to 9 .409 billion tenge, i .e ., over half of finances are planned to be allocated for rural water supply facilities . The data on sources and oblasts are listed in the Table 4 .7 below .

This year, the first stage of the Drinking Waters Program will be completed . With the funds intended for �005, a total of 50 .97 billion tenge will be spent on program implementation .

On �9 March �005, the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan reviewed the progress of the implementation of the Drinking Waters Program for �00�-�010 . In accordance with the output, the appropriate ministries and oblast administrations were instructed to do the following:

∆ modify and update the program in view of the priority investment ranking of areas with the lowest water-supply;

∆ take measures on the timely and efficient utilization of funds intended for supplying the population with quality drinking water;

∆ take necessary measures and launch the existing and newly-installed water supply facilities into operation .

The decision to modify the program was also due to the introduction of a new Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and adoption of State Rural

4�


Development Program . In addition, MA RK educed and identified the factors that hold back the implementation of the program:

∆ poor quality of pre-design and design estimates;

∆ shortcoming of the legislation on public procurement, which causes an unreasonable decrease in the cost of construction and reconstruction work done to drinking water supply facilities ;

∆ complicated procedure of identifying contractors and service suppliers;

∆ poor operating efficiency of clustered water supply systems following the lack or poor technical conditions of distribution networks .

In �00�, within the development of Regional Infrastructure Development Priorities in the Republic of Kazakhstan to the year �010, the Centre of Systematic Studies of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan prepared a document dedicated to the state and investment needs of Kazakhstan’s drinking water supply sector . It was determined that ��8 billion tenge would be needed to develop systems of drinking water supply .

In view of the above-mentioned factors, the program, subject to proposals submitted by the Committee for Water Resources, was slightly modified and updated in terms of the progress and outcomes of the first stage of implementation . This was done to significantly increase budget funds for the second stage of implementation (�006-�010) . To improve the state of the country’s water supply, funds of around �55 .� billion tenge are needed over this period . The preliminary data on oblasts and financing sources are represented in Table 4 .8 .

In May �005, the program was submitted to all concerned ministries, departments, and oblast administrations . A number of amendments,

table 4.7. the size of investments and financing sources for rural water supply systems in 2005 (million tenge)

N Oblast Total by sources of financing

National budget Local budget Funds from economic entities

External grants and loans

1 Akmola 59� .04 �00 .00 9� .09 40 .59 159 .�6

� Aktubinsk �11 .51 �9� .51 18 .00 0 0

� Almaty 547 .�9 ��7 .07 �10 .�� 0 0

4 Atyrau 779 .59 598 .59 0 181 .00 0

5 East Kazakhstan 456 .05 �4� .04 �1� .01 0 0

6 Zhambyl 55� .�� 7 .45 �15 .88 0 0

7 West Kazakhstan 955 .4� 798 .0� 157 .40 0 0

8 Karaganda 8�1 .0� 176 .�5 48 .10 0 606 .67

9 Kostanai �80 .00 �80 .00 0 0 0

10 Kyzylorda 80� .�� 606 .60 195 .7� 0 0

11 Mangistau 195 .�1 0 154 .51 40 .80 0

1� Pavlodar 47� .64 �18 .07 154 .57 0 0

1� North Kazakhstan 1,759 .56 1�69 .80 ��0 .40 0 159 .�6

14 South Kazakhstan 771 .8� �97 .5� ��7 .40 0 146 .90

total in the country 9,408.92 5,955.93 2,118.30 262.39 1,072.29

Malyi Barap settlement, Akmola oblast

44


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akhs

tan

1,85

� .�6

�81 .

98�9

0 .�8

�77 .

00�6

� .48

�41 .

5��,

076 .

�850

7 .�1

416 .

�740

� .00

�86 .

5��6

4 .17

8K

arag

anda

8,57

5 .80

�,07

� .86

1,8�

6 .58

1,7�

� .57

1,5�

� .69

1,4�

1 .10

9,8�

7 .9�

�,90

� .75

1,94

7 .71

1,84

7 .46

1,6�

� .66

1,51

5 .�4

9K

osta

nai

4,54

0 .78

916 .

0081

� .85

1,01

9 .75

904 .

9588

7 .��

4,84

1 .89

976 .

7486

6 .75

1,08

7 .�7

964 .

9694

6 .07

10K

yzyl

orda

�,69

� .46

980 .

957�

4 .��

7�7 .

7�75

6 .64

50� .

9��,

884 .

061,

046 .

007�

� .�4

77� .

7�80

6 .8�

5�6 .

�7

11M

angi

stau

4,97

0 .97

1,�8

6 .�6

96� .

�99�

4 .04

901 .

5979

6 .79

5,�0

0 .6�

1,47

8 .19

1,0�

6 .10

985 .

��96

1 .�8

849 .

6�

1�P

avlo

dar

�,�5

1 .0�

608 .

8548

9 .�4

�67 .

9��

6 .44

448 .

57�,

4�0 .

�764

9 .71

69� .

�970

1 .78

71� .

1�67

4 .47

1�N

orth

K

azak

hsta

n4,

160 .

�795

7 .97

898 .

4490

1 .5�

790 .

0961

� .�5

�,5�

� .��

508 .

5045

8 .0�

461 .

�144

� .55

65� .

85

14So

uth

Kaz

akhs

tan

17,0

15 .4

��,

�46 .

�1�,

496 .

58�,

454 .

00�,

576 .

80�,

141 .

7�18

,0�4

.1�

�,45

8 .�9

�,7�

8 .45

�,68

� .05

�,81

4 .�6

�,�5

0 .07

Tota

l in

the

coun

try

87,�

44 .9

718

,99�

.65

17,0

9� .�

517

,964

.68

18,�

�0 .8

514

,964

.54

94,1

5� .7

��0

,4��

.11

17,8

�� .8

519

,859

.57

19,7

8� .4

716

,�5�

.7�

45


tabl

e 4

.8.

con

tin

ued

№N

ame

of o

blas

t

Econ

omic

ent

ities

(mill

ion

teng

e)Lo

ans

and

gran

ts (m

illio

n te

nge)

Pla

nned

fu

nds,

m

illio

n te

nge

�006

�007

�008

�009

�010

Pla

nned

fu

nds,

m

illio

n te

nge

�00�

�00�

�004

�005

�010

1A

kmol

a�,

905 .

5775

7 .9�

865 .

9�8�

9 .�4

917 .

5�5�

4 .95

�,�0

� .9�

67� .

�457

5 .65

618 .

�14�

6 .7�

0 .00

�A

ktub

insk

�,9�

� .�8

659 .

916�

8 .86

571 .

6�54

4 .99

518 .

000 .

000

00

00 .

00

�A

lmat

y6,

141 .

�11,

4�6 .

�51,

0�4 .

�81,

141 .

681,

0�0 .

�01,

518 .

601,

499 .

040

14� .

6960

6 .67

749 .

670 .

00

4A

tyra

u�,

884 .

1077

1 .91

689 .

8150

0 .61

475 .

�544

6 .4�

0 .00

00

00

0 .00

5Ea

st K

azak

hsta

n4,

474 .

7087

8 .��

85� .

1791

� .�7

917 .

�791

� .46

�,85

4 .40

016

0 .00

544 .

001,

11� .

601,

0�6 .

80

6Zh

amby

l�,

614 .

04�9

5 .70

5�5 .

697�

� .80

574 .

�8�8

4 .47

0 .00

00

00

0

7W

est

Kaz

akhs

tan

1,08

6 .46

�� .

9��

8 .85

��1 .

00�1

� .49

�00 .

�00 .

000

00

00

8K

arag

anda

5,�0

8 .��

1,49

6 .16

1,07

0 .75

1,01

5 .64

89� .

618�

� .06

749 .

6774

9 .67

00

00

9K

osta

nai

�,66

1 .8�

5�6 .

9647

6 .50

597 .

785�

0 .49

5�0 .

100 .

000

00

00

10K

yzyl

orda

�,16

� .48

575 .

044�

4 .54

4�4 .

5444

� .55

�94 .

810 .

000

00

00

11M

angi

stau

�,91

4 .0�

81� .

6456

4 .10

541 .

685�

8 .5�

467 .

080 .

000

00

00

1�P

avlo

dar

1,8�

0 .84

�56 .

91�8

0 .59

�80 .

78�5

6 .�0

�56 .

�6�,

854 .

400

160 .

0054

4 .00

1,11

� .60

1,0�

6 .80

1�N

orth

K

azak

hsta

n�,

09� .

7844

7 .��

451 .

0�41

0 .17

4�6 .

�5�5

8 .90

�,�0

� .9�

67� .

�457

5 .65

618 .

�14�

6 .7�

0

14So

uth

Kaz

akhs

tan

7,16

5 .5�

78� .

501,

474 .

071,

406 .

5�1,

659 .

7418

41 .7

0�,

098 .

9446

8 .�5

575 .

6561

8 .�1

4�6 .

7�0

Tota

l in

the

coun

try

48,1

66 .�

710

,1��

.59

9,66

7 .�7

9,67

8 .4�

9,50

9 .96

9,18

8 .0�

14,6

64 .�

1�,

564 .

41�,

189 .

6��,

549 .

614,

�87 .

07�,

07� .

60

46



table 4.9. Planned financial resources for the implementation of the second stage of the Drinking Waters Program

Name of oblastTotal

in �006-�010 (billion, tenge)

financial resources by years (billion tenge)

�006 �007 �008 �009-�010

Akmola 11 .97 4 .44 4 .00 � .09 0 .44

Aktubinsk 4 .9� 0 .76 1 .16 1 .06 1 .95

Almaty 4 .�6 1 .11 0 .85 1 .�6 1 .04

Atyrau 7 .�7 � .�6 1 .81 1 .97 1 .��

East Kazakhstan 9 .57 1 .04 1 .5� 1 .70 5 .�1

Zhambyl 6 .56 0 .9� 1 .�6 1 .68 � .60

West Kazakhstan � .8� 1 .49 0 .6� 0 .99 0 .7�

Karaganda 8 .08 � .11 � .4� � .09 1 .46

Kostanai 7 .6� 1 .59 1 .67 1 .40 � .97

Kyzylorda 9 .16 1 .88 1 .84 � .15 � .�9

Mangistau 0 .5� 0 .�7 0 .1� 0 .07 0 .05

Pavlodar 11 .9� 1 .�� 1 .89 � .7� 6 .00

North Kazakhstan 9 .96 � .46 � .�6 � .14 � .10

South Kazakhstan �� .57 � .05 � .59 7 .10 9 .8�

Country’s total 119.34 24.80 25.12 30.42 39.0

modifications, and remarks were made; these were mostly related to the program’s budget, water tariffs and subsidizing, and the lack of local budget funds . Once all necessary amendments are made, the Program will be submitted to the government for consideration .

When defining the term required for possible achievement of the MDG on water and sanitation in Kazakhstan, a goal was set to identify the number of the population that would be able to receive access to drinking water by the end of �010, once the Drinking Waters Program and the State Rural Development Program are implemented .

A calculation was made on the basis of specific settlements included in the list of investment projects in the context of regions and oblasts . A set of investment projects and financial volumes on the accounts of the national and local budgets was adopted by the Committee for Water Resources, based on the data of medium-term and long-term programs of oblast administrations .

The volume of investments in the form of loans and grants was accepted upon the data of the Committee for Water Resources along with the implemented projects . The planned financial resources in the regional and oblast context are outlined in the appendix, while the overall national data is represented in Table 4 .9 .

The aggregate volume of financial resources over �006-�010 in the rural water supply sector is set in the amount of 119 .�4 billion tenge .

The calculation results of the forecasted oblast access level in the regional context are given in the appendix, while the national data is represented in Table 4 .10 .

The aggregate volume of financial resources over 2006-2010 in the rural water supply sector is set in the amount of 119.34 billion tenge.

47


tabl

e 4

.10

for

ecas

ted

leve

l of t

he R

ural

Pop

ulat

ion

’s A

cces

s to

Dri

nki

ng

Wat

er

№O

blas

t

Population as of 1 .01 .�004, (ps .)

Population with access to potable

water as of 1 .01 .�005, (ps .)

Pop

ulat

ion

with

acc

ess

to p

otab

le w

ater

(in

% o

f tot

al p

opul

atio

n)

as of 1 .01 .�005

�005 increase in number of

people

as of 1 .01 .�006


people

as of 1 .01 . �007

�007increase in number of

people

as of 1 .01 .�008


people

as of 1 .01 .�009


people

as of 1 .01 .�010


people

as of 1 .01 .�011

1A

kmol

a�9

9,77

717

8,46

�44

.615

,70�

48 .6

46,1

9660

.1�1

,457

68 .0

��,�

067�

.610

,000

76 .1

11,6

9179

.0

�A

ktub

insk

�0�,

60�

98,�

5��

.54,

��

�� .9

16,4

51�9

.�19

,849

45 .9

�7,�

9�54

.9�1

,0��

61 .9

�0,1

0071

.8

�A

lmat

y1,

106,

468

57�,

417

51 .8

��,7

�854

.865

,056

60 .7

6�,5

5466

.464

,�56

7� .�

�0,�

1075

.0�4

,000

78 .0

4A

tyra

u19

6,11

768

,790

�5 .1

9,64

840

.0�8

,749

54 .7

�0,9

6165

.�11

,807

71 .4

5,00

07�

.96,

�56

77 .�

5Ea

st

Kaz

akhs

tan

598,

�89

164,

��0

�7 .5

�8,9

�7��

.��9

,499

�7 .�

75,1

�649

.855

,4�6

59 .0

�4,�

466�

.1��

,1�0

67 .0

6Zh

amby

l54

�,95

417

6,�5

0��

.511

,177

�4 .5

�4,1

1��9

.0�9

,4�5

46 .�

57,0

�756

.7�6

,7�4

6� .5

65,1

4475

.5

7W

est

Kaz

akhs

tan

�44,

�8�

10�,

606

�9 .8

�6,7

6��7

.6��

,�56

46 .9

�7,�

�554

.9�5

,�94

6� .�

18,5

0067

.6�0

,060

7� .5

8K

arag

anda

��1,

901

91,6

7841

.�11

,0��

46 .�

1�,1

615�

.�1�

,��

57 .8

11,�

576�

.810

,800

67 .7

15,7

0074

.8

9K

osta

nai

418,

1�9

1�0,

4�1

�8 .8

�,4�

5�9

.6�8

,7�6

�6 .5

��,4

604�

.11�

,110

45 .�

40,5

��54

.94�

,5��

65 .1

10K

yzyl

orda

�45,

8�8

1�7,

8�1

5� .0

16,6

8�58

.811

,997

6� .7

7,55

166

.78,

8��

70 .�

8,00

07�

.68,

479

77 .0

11M

angi

stau

8�,9

07�0

,94�

�6 .9

8,��

�46

.71�

,014

6� .�

9,0�

�7�

.010

,079

85 .0

1,�0

086

.4�,

�64

89 .�

1�P

avlo

dar

�6�,

018

85,�

84��

.54,

670

�4 .�

19,5

7441

.8��

,11�

50 .�

��,4

546�

.6�1

,890

74 .8

�4,4

6�88

.0

1�N

orth

K

azak

hsta

n4�

7,56

11�

9,05

1�0

.��1

,790

�7 .6

��,�

5745

.�4�

,41�

55 .�

41,7

8065

.1�7

,�64

71 .5

�6,0

0079

.9

14So

uth

Kaz

akhs

tan

1,�8

�,57

1�7

�,05

6�9

.0�8

,800

�1 .�

89,1

00�8

.�77

,�00

44 .�

19�,

�80

59 .�

177,

800

7� .1

14�,

684

84 .�

Tot

al6,

4��,

505

�,�1

9,�6

��6

.1��

�,91

0�9

.745

0,15

846

.747

�,78

954

.057

4,51

�6�

.044

�,�7

969

.947

�,68

477

.�

In S

outh

Kaz

akhs

tan

obla

st th

e de

crea

se in

the

num

ber

of r

ural

pop

ulat

ion

is e

xpla

ined

by

the

mer

ge o

f som

e ru

ral s

ettle

men

ts w

ith S

hym

kent

city

.

48



Depending on whether complete financial support is given to the program by the end of �010, 77 .�% of the country’s rural population may be provided with tap water in the necessary quantity and of secure quality as shown in the figure 4 .� . �� .8% of the population will be supplied with water from decentralized systems, and local budgetary funds will provide for the improvement of the systems’ conditions .

The figure below reflects the forecasted growth of the population’s access level to drinking water in accordance with the calculations made .

At present, 6� .9% of the rural population has no access to drinkable tap water . The MDG provides for cutting this amount in half, meaning that at least 68% of the country’s population shall have access to clean drinking water .

The calculation made suggests that by the end of �009, 69 .9% of the rural population will have access to drinkable tap water, and therefore the MDG will be attained .

The investment in the construction and reconstruction of water supply systems shall be at the level of 105-110 billion tenge (�005 included) . As Table 4 .7 shows, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Kyzylorda oblasts have a �%-�% gap, while the gap of Aktubinsk oblast varies from 4%-5% . A major gap (9 .5%) occurs in Kostanai oblast . In all of the oblasts mentioned, the MDG may be attained by the end of �010 .

Hence, specific costs will amount to the following:

per rural resident on average 18,500 tenge

per resident who additionally received access to drinking water 54,600 tenge

per resident with access to drinking water in accordance with MDG �7,�00 tenge

All of the specific costs above are comparable with specific indicators of proxy objects (see Table 4 .11) . As a consequence, the planned financial resources for �006-�010 will suffice to improve the state of the water supply of 68% of the rural population; this will help to attain the MDGs .

The pace of sector investment growth suggested by the oblasts seems rather unrealistic in the time frame of the next 1-� years, as prepared pre-design documentation and design estimates are lacking, and the construction sector basis is underdeveloped, among other reasons . Subject to the solution of the above-mentioned issues, the pace of the investment project’s implementation planned by sectoral programs may be achieved . It is necessary to emphasize that even with a less intensive ramp up of the construction volumes planned by the programs, MDGs may be attained by �01�-�01� . This is illustrated by the figures .

The �006 budget for the rural water supply sector has not been finalized yet . The assumption is that it can reach the level of 1� .51 billion tenge . There is another assumption regarding the preservation of the pace of �005-�006, i .e ., annual investment growth will come to four billion tenge, meaning that the MDG may be attained by the end of the decade . This was exactly the goal set in the speech given by the President of Kazakhstan, N . Nazarbaev, at the Second Civil Forum in Astana on 1� September �005 .

Rather realistic but somewhat pessimistic scenarios of a 10% growth of investment volumes, beginning in �005 or �006, predetermine the achievement of the MDG by �011 and �01� accordingly .

Figure 4 .1 Population with access to potable tap water

Figure 4 .� Forecasted growth of the population’s access level to potable water

Predicted levels

Akm

ola

Akt

ubin

skA

lmat

yA

tyra

uEa

st K

azak

hsta

nZh

amby

lW

est K

azak

hsta

nK

arag

anda

Kos

tana

iK

yzyl

orda

Man

gist

auP

avlo

dar

Nor

th K

azak

hsta

nSo

uth

Kaz

akhs

tan

Cou

ntry

’s ov

eral

l

49


table 4.11 list of proxy objects

Name of facilityConstruction cost, million

tenge

Number of residents,

people

Specific cost, thousand

tenge/resident

Almaty oblast

1 . Repair and rehabilitation operations in the settlement of Mynbaevo, Zhambyl region �0 .6 �,000 6 .87

� . Reconstruction and construction of the water supply system of the Alakol settlement, Balkhash region �6 .76 759 48 .4�

� . Reconstruction and construction of the water supply system of the Bekbolat Ashekeyev settlement, Karasay region 7� .�0 �,�8� �� .0

4 . Reconstruction and construction of the water supply system of the Kamyskala settlement, Alakol region 46 .�� 1,608 �8 .8

Akmola oblast

1 . Reconstruction of the water supply system from the underground source of the Turgai settlement, Yereimentau region �0 .98 1,550 19 .80

East Kazakhstan oblast

1 . Reconstruction of the water and sewage network of the Urdzhar settlement 81� .61 18 .9 4� .05

West Kazakhstan oblast

1 . Reconstruction of the water supply system of the regional centre of Dzhangala, Dzhangala region 96 .65 6,�50 15 .0

� . Reconstruction of the water supply system and installation of the Struya water treatment station in the Mashteksai settlement, Dzhangala region

46 .96 1,800 �6 .1

� . Reconstruction of the water supply system and installation of the Membrana water treatment station in Karasu settlement, Kaztal region

54 .75 1,100 49 .78

4 . Reconstruction of the water supply system and installation of the Tazasu water treatment station in the Karakamys settlement, Karatobe region

60 .40 1,600 �7 .75

Pavlodar oblast

1 . Reconstruction of the water pipeline and distribution facilities in the Ozernoe settlement, Zhelezin region �5 .56 640 �9 .94

� . Reconstruction of the water pipeline and distribution facilities in the Novochernoyarka settlement, Pavlodar region 16 .94 1,�65 1� .41

� . Reconstruction of the water pipeline and distribution facilities in the Sherbakty settlement, Sherbakty region 64 .51 8,08� 7 .98

4 . Reconstruction of the water pipeline and distribution facilities in the Karatomar settlement, Bayanaul region �8 .04 414 91 .88

south Kazakhstan oblast

1 . Reconstruction of the water supply system of the Karakur settlement, Suzak region 51 .45 �,100 �4 .5

� . Reconstruction and construction of the water pipeline system of the regional center of Temirlanovka, Ordabasyn region 6� .4� 11,554 5 .5

50



Figure 4 .� Volume of investments into rural water supply by proposal of oblast administration

Figure 4 .4 Scenarios of the pace of investments into rural water supply activities for MDGs’ attainment

Proposals by oblast administrations �005-�006 pace preserved Optimal 10% drowth from �005 Optimal 10% growth from �006

Country’s overall National budget Local budget

Economic entities External grants and loans

51

5.1. Socio-economic and demographic datagender. Out of 7515 persons surveyed, 56 .5% are females . Women prevail in all urban areas, while men predominate in rural areas .

Age. The survey covered population from 18 to 9� years of age . The average age of the respondents is 46 .

Population and migration. According to official data, the population of Kazakhstan has fallen from 16 .� million to 15 million people since 1991 . The population fell from �5-�0% in such areas as Karaganda, Akmola, East-Kazakhstan, and Kostanay oblasts . The results of the survey show that the population will continue to decrease, as 68� persons or 11% of the respondents reported that they are planning to leave the region of their residence in the nearest future due to the extremely limited employment and education opportunities, poor water supply system, and water quality .

Employment. Nearly half of respondents are employed . Twenty-two percent of respondents are unemployed . Pensioners account for �0% of the total sample .

family size. Respondents’ families, on average, consist of four people .

type of housing. The most common type of housing among the surveyed is the owner-occupied dwelling, which provides living quarters for 58% of the sampling . The remaining �9% live in apartment houses .

Cumulative family income on average is very low . The majority of people’s income starts from �0,000 to �0,000 tenge ($150-��5) a month . Twenty percent reported their income as less than 10,000 tenge, and only 1�% of respondents have income of more than �0,000 tenge a month . тенге в месяц . It is noteworthy that 70% of the income of Kazakhstan’s rural population is less than 5,000 tenge a month per family .

garden plot. The majority of rural residents have garden plots as a supplementary source of income and source of livelihood . For more than one-third of rural residents, garden plots form more than 40% of consumed food products . People heavily depend on their garden plots in Almaty, North Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan, and Pavlodar oblasts .

5FINDINGS oF SoCIAL SurvEy oN EvALuATIoN oF ThE SAFE ACCESS oF ThE popuLATIoN oF ThE rEpubLIC oF KAzAKhSTAN To DrINKING WATEr AND SANITATIoN

The goal of the survey was to collect and analyze data to find out the current level of safe access of the rural and urban populations of the Republic of Kazakhstan to drinking water and sanitation.

The analyzed data provided the following findings and conclusions.

Figure 5 .1 . Reasons to move (number of respondents = 766)

More employment opportunities in other places

Hard conditions for living and harsh climate

Poor quality of water supply and sanitation

No employment opportunities

Others moving

No gas or electrical energy

To unify the family

Other

Hard to say

5�



5.2. The Current Situation of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kazakhstan by Findings of Social Survey

5.2.1 The Coverage of Kazakhstan’s population by Central Water Supply

The survey data suggest that the number of households connected to the functioning system of the central water supply amounts to 55 .1% .

Table 5 .1 demonstrates the number of surveyed households connected to the central water supply system in the oblast context . Across the country as a whole c . 55 .1% of respondents reported that their homes are served by a CWSS, although this figure varies considerably between oblasts-- from less than ��% of the surveyed population in North Kazakhstan to nearly 95% in Almaty City . A further 4 .4% of the households surveyed indicated that although they are connected to a CWSS it is no longer working .

The number of connections across the different settlement types varies considerably . For example, the questionnaire survey indicated that the number of household connections in Kazakhstan’s two main cities as well as the 14 oblast centres, is high, with over 90% of the people surveyed reporting that their home is connected to a CWSS .

Approximately 7�% of the households surveyed in small urban settlements are connected to a CWSS, with the level of connection ranging from no connections--in the case of North Kazakhstan-to 100% connection, in Atyrau oblast . In both of these cases, however, the figures are based on the findings

Figure 5 .� Percent share of nutrition that people get from garden plots, by settlement type

table 5.1. the percentage of households surveyed with an operational CWss

Oblast Connected Not connected

Connected, but no longer functioning Total % of households by oblast

connected to a working CWSS

City of Astana ��5 �0 1 �56 91 .7

City of Almaty 561 �8 1 590 94 .9

Akmola 174 191 11 �76 46 .�

Aktobe 180 157 0 ��7 5� .4

Atyrau 197 �0 � ��9 86 .0

East Kazakhstan 45� �54 �4 7�0 61 .9

Zhambyl �1� �5� �9 494 4� .9

West Kazakhstan 91 �11 1 �0� �0 .0

Karaganda 549 94 �5 668 8� .�

Kostanai �08 177 7� 458 45 .5

Kyzylorda 167 1�7 1 �05 54 .7

Mangystau 11� 57 5 175 64 .6

Pavlodar �07 166 1 �74 55 .�

North Kazakhstan 77 ��5 �6 ��8 �� .8

South Kazakhstan 510 474 95 1,079 47 .�

Almaty �09 59�* 1* 80� �6 .1

Kazakhstan 4,142 3,077 295 7,515 55.1

unde

r �0

%

�0-4

0%

40-6

0%

60-8

0%

over

80%

Don

’t kn

ow (D

K)

Rural settlementTownOblast centerCity of national status

5�

FINDINGS OF SOCIAL SURVEY ON EVALUATION OF THE SAFE ACCESS OF THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF

KAZAKHSTAN TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION

table 5.2. Percentage of households without an in-house CWss but with a central water network in city rayon (by settlement type)

Connected % Not connected % Connected but

not functioning %

Oblast center 46 �5 .00 1�7 74 .46 1 0 .54

Urban settlement 149 48 .06 10� �� .90 59 19 .0�

Rural settlement �71 1� .1� 15�8 68 .85 4�5 19 .0�

from a single urban settlement . In most cases, the level of connection is between 50 and 80% . A loss of connections can be observed in two oblasts: South Kazakhstan and Zhambyl oblasts . Over one-third of respondents noted that their central water supply system is already non-functioning .

The service level in rural areas is extremely low compared to the level in cities . Of the �,�60 surveyed households, 5�1 or 16% are connected to a CWSS .

Although a few people report that their CWSS stopped functioning prior to independence in 1991, the vast majority who were able to state when their piped water supply stopped said it had done so in the last 5-10 years . Although the rate of disconnection has slowed down, it is clear that the system is continuing to deteriorate with c . 18% of respondents who reported a lost connection to their home saying that it had occurred in the last 5 years .

Such data are confirmed by the views of people expressed during in-depth interviews and focus groups . Here is a comment provided by a respondent from Akmola oblast:

‘…there once was a water pipeline. It worked until 1995, but everything collapsed with the breakdown of the collective farm.’ (Female interviewee, Rural Akmola)

Similar comments were made by numerous rural residents from Kostanai Oblast .‘There was a pipeline a long time ago--some 10 years ago.’

(Male interviewee, Rural Kostanai)

‘There is a pipeline, but it has not been working for 5 years. The house was connected and it is connected now, but the water pipeline is not functioning. The settlement is collapsing. People leave and the authorities have changed and abandoned everything’ (Male interviewee, Rural Kostanai).

Approximately 8 .� million people have piped water in their homes, with 6 .7 million people getting water from other sources .

The respondents without an in-house CWSS can take water from the common standpipes of urban areas or rural settlements, or from individual wells connected to a CWSS . Over ��% fell under this category . Remarkably, some 600 respondents used to have tap water, but their water pipes are no longer functioning now . However, most respondents in this category (59% – 1,949 people) stated that their city rayon has never been connected to a CWSS .

Overall, 55 .1% of the respondents surveyed have a piped water supply in their homes . An additional 10 .�% are served by piped water at the level of urban district/settlement . Taken together, this means that c . 65% of the surveyed population has a piped water supply . Moreover, a total of 65� (8 .8%) respondents said that they had been connected to a piped water supply in the past but it no longer worked . This suggests that when the system was fully functional, nearly 75% of the surveyed population was served by a piped water supply . Rural settlements suffered the most from the breakup of pipelines beginning in 1991 .

In Kazakhstan, 55.1% of households are connected to a functioning central water supply system.

91% of the population of cities of national status and oblast centers is connected to a central water supply system (CWSS).

73% of urban households are connected to an operable CWSS.

Nearly 16% of rural households are connected to a CWSS.

Most respondents who report that their piped water supply is no longer functioning said it collapsed between 5 and 10 years ago.

Nearly 18% of respondents stated that houses are not connected to a CWSS and have access to water from a water pipe in their block or settlement.

54



Most people without a piped water supply in their homes collect their water on foot, but as the distance to the source increases, other forms of transport are used.

5.2.2 The Level of Coverage of Kazakhstan’s population by Decentralized Water Supply Sources

Nearly 45% of the people surveyed do not have a piped water supply in their homes and rely on a range of other sources for water . Of this group, c .48% reported that they obtain their water from an individual (private) standpipe, with hand and electric pump standpipes representing the two most common types . A further �9% of the households surveyed obtain their water from common (public) standpipes serving a number of households, with communal hand pumps serving nearly a quarter of the households falling into this category . Open water sources are also important, with 8% of the surveyed population taking their water from rivers, springs, lakes, and irrigation canals . A comparable number of people (8%) are reliant on water that is delivered to their settlement . Figure 5 .� represents main water supply sources for households not connected to a central water supply system .

These data will be used in the development of the Millennium Development Strategy, as they account for a degree of sustainable access to drinking water . For example, nearly half a million people in the country use water from open sources such as rivers, lakes, and pitches, or they utilize delivered water . Along with the definition provided in the first part, this portion of the population has no sustainable access to drinking water .

Distance to water source The distance to a water source is one of the criteria of access to drinking water . Nearly 70% of the surveyed households that do not have a piped water connection in their homes have a water supply within 100 m, and 41% said they have to go less than �0 m to reach their nearest water source . But for a significant number of households (�5%), the nearest water source is over 100 m from their home, and 7% of the surveyed population (c . �00 of the households) does not have a domestic water supply within 500 m of their homes .

While the vast majority of people who rely on such sources have a water supply relatively close by (within 100 m), this does not mean that getting water is an easy chore; even having a pump in the yard can be problematic . Respondents mentioned that it is slippery, cold, and inconvenient to carry water . It is difficult to get water from standpipes in the winter period, as the area around the pipe is frozen: ‘We have to warm the pipe’, ‘Standpipes can be over-frozen in the winter time, and we open them with boiling water’ .

During such periods, people have to use snow for water and as one interviewee noted:

‘There is also a problem with water in the winter. We use water from melted snow or from ice holes…..some households take water from the so-called ‘pull-out’ reservoirs, where water from melted snow and groundwater flows.’

(Male interviewee, rural West Kazakhstan)

The situation for people in urban areas is often no better, and for many households the distance that must be covered and the number of households that are served by one pump create many problems.

‘Of course we are tired of going to the pump to get water. It is not very close to our house (the pump)... It is localed 200 m away from the

Figure 5 .� Main water source for respondents without a CWSS connection across Kazakhstan (number of respondents =�,��8)

Nearly 70% of respondents not connected to a CWSS have water within the radius of 100 m from their houses.

Public open wellPublic water reservoirPublic standpipe with electric pumpCommon standpipePublic well with electric pumpIndividual open well Individual water reservoirIndividual standpipeIndividual well with electric pumpIndividual well with sucker-rod pumpSpring, river, lakeDitch, irrigation canalDelivered waterOtherDK

An estimated one half of a million people across Kazakhstan get their water delivered by tankers.

55



house and serves 50 homes. It is all icy around the pump in winter. We have to break the ice. The access to water is nearly frozen.’

(Female interviewee, Uralsk City)

‘Getting water in the winter time is a huge problem. Standpipes are always frozen or broken. You have to get water with an axe.’

(Male interviewee, Semipalatinsk City)

Means of getting waterMost people go for water by foot . Many use carts . Others use a cart with a horse or bring water by car . Some have to cover a distance of 500 – 1000m, and in order to do so they use cars (Figure 5 .5) .

Time for water deliveryIn half of the cases, people spend less than 10 minutes on water delivery . The remaining �0% of respondents reported that they spend 10-�0 minutes on water delivery . The time it takes, however, can be very variable and depends not only on the distance to the source but also on access once you get there . In situations in which many people are served by a single supply, the time spent queuing can be significant . This fact was highlighted in a number of interviews by the following statements, which were typical of responses from interviewees:

‘My husband brings five water bottles (40 liters each) by car. It’s 2 km to the water tower and he goes 1-2 times a week. If the queue is not long it takes about 30 minutes, but if there are many people it can take over an hour.’

(Female interviewee, rural North Kazakhstan)

As discussed, in this study access to ‘safe’ water is considered to mean having access to an improved water source, including household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected wells, and protected spring and rainwater collection capable of providing �0 litres per capita per day at a distance of no more than 100 metres . Water taken from open sources, unprotected wells, and delivered water is not acceptable . Based on this definition, 1,�15 of the surveyed households (c . 17 .5%) do not have access to a ‘safe’ water supply .

It is doubtful, however, whether even 100 m is an acceptable distance to go for water, particularly during the winter months . The climate of the northern part of Kazakhstan, for example, is strongly continental and is characterised by long, cold winters and short, hot summers . The coldest month is January, at which time temperatures average -18°C and can fall to as low as -40 to -45 °C . The winter months also witness a significant number of windy days, with about 50% having a wind speed of 4-8 m/s . As a result, snowstorms and ground blizzards are recorded on approximately 80 days during the winter period . People interviewed in these regions commented at length on the issues and noted that while they might not have to go far to reach the nearest standpipe, during the winter standpipes often freeze and they have to go elsewhere in search of water . Moreover, the area around the standpipe is frequently icy and extremely dangerous . This situation is particularly hazardous for the elderly--one of the most vulnerable sectors of society . Thus, while provision might technically be classified as safe since it is close by, it clearly is not safe . Furthermore, given that the northern part of the country has the lowest percentage of households connected to a piped water supply, along with the fact that the population in these oblasts is (in comparison to the rest of the country) very aged, being obliged to go even 100 m for water during the winter months is unacceptable .

Figure 5 .4 Distance to potable water source to be covered by people not connected to a CWSS

Under �0 m

�0-50 m

50-100 m

100-�00 m

�00-�00 m

Figure 5 .5 Water delivery methods and distances to cover

Und

er �

0 m

�0-5

0 m

50-1

00 m

100-

�00

m

�00-

�00

m

�00-

500

m

500-

1000

m

Ove

r 10

00 m DK

OtherDKBy carBy horse and cartBy cartBy bicycle By foot

Over 17% of the total surveyed population does not have access to an improved water source within 100 m of their homes.

�00-500 m

500-1000 m

Over 1000 m

DK

56



5.2.3 The Sustainability of Water Supply Systems in Kazakhstan

Although physical access to water is crucial, the security of the supply also needs to be considered; therefore, what is really important is, access to an uninterrupted water supply . The survey findings demonstrate that people connected to a central water supply system have their cold water cut off regularly . Sixty-eight percent of respondents agreed that this is the case (Table 5 .�) . Residents of Almaty city have fewer cuts (1�% of respondents) . In contrast, in Akmola oblast 98% of respondents reported permanent cuts .

Even though most respondents did not know the exact duration of the cuts, it was clear from the answers that water cuts are more frequent in the summer than in the winter time .

The issue of water supply sustainability was studied in more depth through focus groups and in-depth interviews . There was not a single city in which people did not mention water cuts .

Water cuts happen periodically, at a specific time of year . In some settlements, water is supplied at specific hours, usually in the mornings or early evenings .

‘Water supply is frequently interrupted. Water is supplied twice a day from 09:00 to 10:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00.’

(Male interviewee, Aral City)

‘We have a centralized connection (in the settlement) but we have

For approximately 68% of households connected to a CWSS, the provision of water is frequently irregular.

table 5.3. the share of respondents connected to a CWss suffering from frequent irregularities of water supply

Oblast Irregularities No irregularities % of respondents with water supply irregularities

City of Astana 164 71 69 .79

City of Almaty 76 484 1� .81

Akmola 170 4 97 .70

Aktobe 1�6 54 70 .00

Atyrau 181 16 91 .88

East Kazakhstan 400 5� 88 .50

Zhambyl 1�9 7� 65 .57

West Kazakhstan 8� 9 90 .11

Karaganda 476 7� 86 .70

Kostanai 181 �7 87 .0�

Kyzylorda 14� �5 85 .0�

Mangystau 101 1� 89 .�8

Pavlodar 181 �6 87 .44

North Kazakhstan 61 16 79 .��

South Kazakhstan �87 �� 56 .�7

Almaty* 4� 166 �0 .57

Kazakhstan 2,810 1,331 67.85

57



water only twice a day for one hour each time. The water does not get higher than the basement, so you might call it a pump!’

(Male interviewee, rural settlement, Atyrau)

Low water pressure is also an issue for many people with a piped water supply, and respondents who live on the upper floors of high-rise buildings are more likely to experience supply interruptions . Thus, while c . 67% of people living on the first floor of a building experience cuts in supply, this figure rises to over 90% for people living on the 7th floor or higher .

‘We are living on the 5th floor, and the water pressure is very low. Therefore, we can say that we never have water. Sometimes we turn on the water, wait while it fills the bath drop by drop, and then we wash ourselves one person at a time.’

(Focus group participant, Aktau City)

Receiving prior warning about cuts is clearly an issue, as only �0% of the households surveyed reported that they are routinely informed if their supply is to be interrupted . In some oblasts, such as Atyrau and Kyzylorda, people received little if any information about their water supply, but others said they knew when to expect the cuts, unless there was an emergency .

‘Very rarely are we informed’ but as such cuts are ‘usually the result of accidents they do not have an opportunity to warn us in advance.’

(Focus group participant, Aktau City)

‘In the case of an emergency – no (we are not informed). People are informed 7 to 10 days prior to seasonal water supply interruption.’

(Male interviewee, Rudny City).

However, in some regions people are often informed . In Almaty City, for example, one interviewee noted that

‘…we are always informed in advance … small notes are placed on our doors.’

(Female interviewee, Almaty City)

Interestingly, people living in rural settlements with a CWSS are the most likely to receive information about cuts, while people living in oblast centres are the least likely to be given information .

The situation appears to be somewhat different for those not connected to a CWSS . Slightly over ��% of the surveyed population in this category has water supply irregularities . Table 5 .4 covers the situation by oblast .

At the same time, for a large number of people who use common standpipes (some 6�%), water supply is an issue . Like people with a CWSS, relatively few respondents in this category could say how often and for how long their water was cut off, but like those with a CWSS, those without seem more certain about cuts in the summer than in the winter months . Relatively few of the households surveyed said that they routinely received notifications that their supply was to be cut .

Security of supply is clearly an important issue, and although 55 .1% of the surveyed population has a piped water supply, for a large percentage of these households the supply is often interrupted with little or no warning . Summarizing the figures for the entire population of Kazakhstan, slightly over one-third (some 5,044,�00 people) has uninterrupted access to water . Accordingly, 9 .8 million people have no permanent access . Since water cuts may entail greater water pollution, we may also say that the latter population group has no safe access to drinking water .

Priishimskoye settlement, Karaganda oblast

One-third of the households surveyed enjoy an uninterrupted water supply, whereas over 9.8 million people across Kazakhstan suffer from intermittent or regular cuts in water supply.

58



table 5.4. the percentage of households that experience cuts in water supply and do not have a piped water supply in their homes, by oblast

Oblast There are Irregularities No irregularities

% of people with water supply irregularities

City of Astana �0 1 95 .�4

Akmola 109 9� 54 .��

Aktobe �� 1�5 �0 .�8

Atyrau 1 �1 � .1�

East Kazakhstan 67 �11 �4 .10

Zhambyl 19 �6� 6 .74

West Kazakhstan 6 �06 � .8�

Karaganda �7 8� �1 .09

Kostanai 47 �0� 18 .80

Kyzylorda 98 40 71 .01

Mangystau 6 56 9 .68

Pavlodar 66 101 �9 .5�

North Kazakhstan 15 �46 5 .75

South Kazakhstan 70 499 1� .�0

Almaty �15 499 �0 .11

Kazakhstan 808 �,655 �� .��

59



5.2.4 opinion of Kazakhstan’s residents on the Quality of Drinking Water

The quality of the water that people have access to is clearly of paramount importance, not only in terms of the actual quality as measured by its chemical, biological, nutrient, and aesthetic qualities, but also in terms of people’s perception of this water’s quality . Over 40% of respondents asserted that there is a problem with the quality of drinking water . This figure increases for people connected to a CWSS (44%) .

table 5.5. the percentage of respondents who believe that they have problems with water quality, with and without a piped water supply in their homes

Oblast Connected to a CWSS Not connected to a CWSS

City of Astana 55 .74 71 .4�

Akmola 55 .17 47 .76

Aktobe �5 .00 �4 .84

Atyrau �7 .56 84 .�8

East Kazakhstan �9 .49 4� .81

Zhambyl 14 .69 �7 .66

West Kazakhstan 57 .14 �0 .66

Karaganda 65 .57 �6 .1�

Kostanai 49 .5� �� .�0

Kyzylorda 50 .�0 �7 .68

Mangystau 69 .90 61 .�9

Pavlodar �6 .�� 4 .7�

North Kazakhstan 75 .�� 51 .�4

South Kazakhstan �� .99 49 .74

Almaty �� .01 44 .70

City of Almaty �6 .08 �0 .00

Although a smaller percentage of the surveyed people without a piped water supply in their homes believed that water quality was an issue, it was clear from the findings from the questionnaire survey that water from certain sources was more likely to be perceived as having problems with quality . For example, the vast majority of the small but significant number of people who take their water from open sources such as communal reservoirs, aryks, and springs and lakes were concerned about water quality, as were a large number of people who take their water from individual open wells and wells with sucker rod pumps (Table 5 .5) .

The issue of water quality was reviewed in detail during focus-groups and interviews . Respondents expressed strong concern about water quality . In city regions, only people of the cities of Taraz and Shymkent appeared to be satisfied with their water’s quality .

‘Water is normal. We sometimes boil it, but usually it’s good. We may even drink tap water.’

(Focus group participant, City of Taraz)

More than 40% of respondents believe there is a problem with the quality of their water.

60



‘… We are used to our water and drink raw water easily.’(Focus group participant, City of Shymkent)

At the same time, most urban residents find water unsafe .

‘I think that water is good for washing and cleaning, but we don’t take the risk of using it for drinking.’

(Male respondent, City of Rudniy)

‘Water is unsafe. We boil it.’(Female respondent, City of Astana)

‘Water is unsafe. It should be treated and boiled. We do not drink tap water, as it is too chlorinated.’

(Female respondent, City of Ust-Kamenogorsk)

Notably, respondents from cities not connected to a CWSS evaluate water quality in a more positive way than those connected to a CWSS .

To illustrate, respondents from rural areas of West Kazakhstan noted:

‘The water in the water tower is very clean, nearly without additives. It is tasty and transparent. We may drink such water without boiling it.’

(Female respondent, settlement, West Kazakhstan)

‘It is hazardous to drink water from the river without pre-treatment. Water from wells or delivered water should always be treated.’


‘Water quality is the second most important issue in our settlement (after roads). Many people constantly suffer from stomach ache; there are frequent incidents of poisoning. People often get sick with jaundice.’


The main water quality issues highlighted by the survey included coloration of the water, dirty water containing sediment, and water leaving stains on the dishes . Nearly a third of the respondents who had problems with water quality highlighted taste as a problem; 14% of the respondents who considered water quality to be an issue cited the main problem as being the fact that the water is salty . (Figure 5 .6)

The issues of water quality vary according to the type of water supply source . A considerable number of respondents with individual water supply sources reported water saltiness . For respondents who use water from open sources, the residue is the issue .

The findings of the questionnaire on water quality were reconfirmed during interviews and group discussions . Residents of the city of Uralsk, for instance, stated that water quality in the city is ‘disastrous’ and water is ‘…totally unfit for drinking . It is rusty .’ In the City of Petropavlovsk it was stated that ‘water quality leaves much to be desired . Sometimes water smells bad .’

Moreover, for some respondents there has been a notable decline in water quality in recent years .

‘…until 12 years ago the water was perfect. Now it is yellow and dirty.’ (Male interviewee, Uralsk City)

‘The water is salty and hard and contaminated because of the obsolete water pipeline system.’

(Male interviewee, rural Akmola).

Figure 5 .6 . Major issues of water quality across Kazakhstan (respondents’ views) (number of respondents = �,56�)

Yellow waterWater with sedimentsStrange odourBad smellResidue_ on dishesWater too saltyDKOther

61



It is evident that water quality is an issue for many people, both in rural and urban settlements . While many simply accept the fact that water quality is poor, for some the fact that the government and private sector can invest in new buildings but not improve the water supply is a mystery . As one interviewee in Astana comments:

‘Low water quality is an issue in our city. I would like to believe that the wonderful architecture could be supplemented by good quality drinking water.’

(Male interviewee, Astana City)

Water treatment for drinkingIn Kazakhstan, 46% of the population treats water prior to drinking . Over 60% of interviewees in the oblasts of Karaganda, West Kazakhstan, Kostanai, and the city of Astana treat water prior to use . This figure is lower in Aktubinsk, East Kazakhstan, and South Kazakhstan oblasts (40%) with �4% in Zhambyl oblast .

Urban water users treat water more often . For example, in the city of Astana over 65% of residents treat water, while this indicator comes to 46% in towns . Residents of rural settlements treat water less often (�9%) .

There is a clear difference between those residents who are connected to a CWSS and those who are not . Fifty-three percent of residents connected to a CWSS purify water, and the same is done by 46% of residents without connections . Of people using public reservoirs or rivers and ditches, 8�% purify water . People do not purify water from individual wells .

Poor water quality and health concerns were the main reasons cited for treating drinking water . By far the most common reason was the fact that the water is opaque; a significant number of people highlighted the fact that they need to treat their drinking water to remove sediment . Approximately �5% of the households that treat their water cite health-related reasons, with issues of taste also being important .

Boiling water is the most widespread method of purifying water for drinking, and over 80% boil water . Another 1�% let water settle, but most do both (Figure 5 .7)

A small number of respondents filter their water, with the vast majority of these people being in the higher income bracket . Many people, however, complain that filters do not work for long .

‘… a schungite filter costs 1000 tenge, and it stopped working after three months so we don’t use it.’

(Female interviewee, Rudny City).

‘We buy filters that cost 7000 tenge or more. They stop working quickly so distilling or boiling water is inevitable.’

(Female interviewee, Aksai City).

‘We used to buy the Russian filter ‘Rodnichok’. However, now they are not sold. Therefore, we just pass the water through cotton wool. Everyone does this.’

(Focus Group participant, Aktau City).

The time spent on boiling water varies from 10 minutes to several hours a day . Atyrau residents boil water the longest — for 6� minutes . Boiling assumes extra time and money .

Approximately 46% of the surveyed population treats water before drinking it.

Figure 5 .7 Major methods of water treatment (number of respondents=�,�40)

BoilingDefecationFilteringOther

6�



‘…We boil water and spend on electrical energy.’(Female respondent, city of Zheskazgan)

‘My wife boils water. We did not count the related costs but we know that we spend a lot on gas and electricity.’

(Male respondent, City of Astana)

‘We boil water and pay for electrical energy.’(Female respondent, rural settlement, East Kazakhstan oblast)

Purchase of bottled waterBuying bottled water for drinking can be another indicator of whether water quality is an issue, and in the survey as a whole c . 4�% of the households purchased bottled water . The majority of respondents (45%) commented that they drink bottled water just like any other non-alcoholic beverage . A significant number of respondents, however, stated issues of water quality and safety, i .e ., health safety, as the reason for buying bottled water . This issue was raised by numerous interviewees, many of whom routinely purchase bottled water .

‘We regularly buy a 20-liter bottle …. to prevent stomach problems and kidney diseases. We pay about 300 tenge a bottle, which is enough for one day.’

(Male interviewee, Aksai City)

‘We never drink water from the tap. We buy huge bottles of water for drinking….Big bottles cost 450 tenge.’

(Focus group participant, Petropavlovsk City)

‘We buy mineral water all the time because it is dangerous to drink tapped water as it is chlorinated.’

(Female interviewee, Ust-Kamenogorsk City)

The price issue was mentioned by a number of respondents; some said they could not afford to buy water .

‘We can buy only 1-2 bottles (20L) a week and only for drinking-if we want to drink clean and tasty water. This costs us 600-800 tenge a week.’

(Female respondent, rural settlement, West Kazakhstan)

The issue of cost was mentioned by a number of interviewees, with some people commenting that they simply could not afford to buy water .

‘We can afford to buy only 1 to 2 bottles (20 liters) a week, and only to drink it when we want pure and tasty water. It cost us about 600-800 tenge a week.’

(Female interviewee, rural West Kazakhstan).

In a number of regions, in particular the city of Atyrau (68%), West Kazakhstan oblast (57%), Karaganda (64%), and Kyzylorda (75%), water quality and sanitary conditions are the primary reasons for buying bottled water .

In most cases, (56%) people buy 1 .5 L bottles of water . On average, households buy a bottle per person each week . The price per bottle varies from �5 tenge to 75 tenge; the average price is 50 tenge per bottle . Over a year, people pay some �,500 tenge per person for bottled water .

The survey ascertained that there is a connection between the demand in bottled water and people’s views on the fitness of water for drinking . During

Over 40% of households regularly buy bottled water.

Bulandinsky settlement, Akmola oblast

6�



the questionnaire, respondents were asked to evaluate the water in their region regarding its fitness for drinking, cooking, washing, and personal hygiene . Slightly over �7% of respondents believe that water in their region is fully fit to drink . This number varies from 1�% in Karaganda oblast to 4�% in the city of Almaty . On the other hand, over 50% of respondents in Karaganda and Atyrau oblasts find water in their region partly or fully unfit to drink, and �0% in the city of Atyrau think their water is absolutely unfit .

there is a positive correlation (r= 0.618) between the percent share of respondents in each oblast who find water in their region partly or fully unfit to drink, and the percent share of respondents who buy bottled water . This correlation is important at the level of 0 .01 in the application of Pearson’s one-sided correlation . It follows that the purchase of bottled water itself may be considered an indicator of region-wide water quality .

5.2.5 human health Issues in Kazakhstan

Diseases such as gastritis, gastrointestinal disease, and hepatitis are often related to poor water quality and poor water supply . Thus, the questionnaire included a question on whether people had been sick over the past 1� months . Some �5% answered in the affirmative, and 6% responded that a family member had been sick over the past year . The question was worded thus: “Have you or a family member had health problems over the past 1� months? If so, what was the exact nature of the problem (headache, stomach ache, hepatitis, skin disease, etc .)?” It was discovered that the population of Kazakhstan frequently suffers from headaches . Twenty percent have gastrointestinal problems . A lesser but still considerable number of people contracted hepatitis and skin disease . Other frequent diseases included heart disease, irregular blood pressure, liver desease, acute respiratory disease, etc . (Table 5 .6)

table 5.6. the sickness rate over the past 12 months as specified by respondents

Description Number of sickness cases over the past 1� months

Intestinal diseases 1,5�7

Hepatitis ��9

Headaches �,048

Dermal diseases 580

Other 857

Intestinal diseasesIt was detected that the rate of intestinal diseases is not dependent on a CWSS connection . At the same time, there is a strong connection between sustainable water supply and sickness rate . For example, �5% of people with frequent water cuts have gastrointestinal problems . There are a number of reasons for this . First, personal hygiene during water cuts may be on the fall and can contribute to the spread of the infections by fecal and oral contamination . Second, with the irregular operation of the water supply system, water may be contaminated by the contaminated water flowing in the pipeline through broken connections or fractures in water distribution networks .

Over the course of the survey, a connection was established between the type of water supply source and the sickness rate . People who use common standpipes suffer less from stomach diseases than people who use individual

The change of the demand structure in bottled water may be regarded as the indicator of water quality change.

Over 16% of the surveyed population indicated that they or their family members contracted intestinal diseases over the past 12 months.

Respondents connected to a CWSS stand double the chance of getting sick with intestinal diseases compared to those with irregular water supply.

64



Figure 5 .9 . Main causes of sickness over the past 1� months, as stated by respondents (number of respondents=�,118)

standpipes . A possible reason for this is that individual standpipes are located close to cesspools, and the chance of their contamination is greater . One respondent explains as follows:

‘The floor in cesspools – waste tanks – is not concrete. Waste water and toilet residues easily flow to the water level where water is recovered for drinking and all the population’s needs.’

(Respondent, settlement, East Kazakhstan oblast)

Moreover, people using open individual reservoirs stand a greater chance of becoming sick than users of public reservoirs . In addition, there is a high chance for users of water from open sources to become sick .

Hepatitis Nearly �40 people (� .6%) of the surveyed population reported that either they or their family members became sick with hepatitis over the past 1� months . Based on this survey finding alone, it is impossible to ascertain which form of hepatitis these people had, but we can assume that it was hepatitis E, spread by fecal and infectious transfer . The largest rate of hepatitis sickness was detected in Aktubinsk, West Kazakhstan, and Kyzylorda oblasts . The sickness rate in the cities of Almaty and Astana is considerably lower .

The hepatitis incidence rate is higher for users of individual standpipes than for users of common standpipes . The major risk arises from people drinking water from open sources (lakes, rivers, and ditches) .

A total of 9� hepatitis incidents were reported in urban settlements, irrespective of connection and the sustainability of the water supply . However, as is the case with stomach diseases, people who use water from individual sources contract hepatitis more often than those who use common standpipes .

Those who became sick over the past 1� months were asked what they could cite as the cause of their sickness . Forty percent cited poor water quality as the major reason for sicknesses . In Akmola oblast, the corresponding figure amounted to �0% . Poor air and environmental quality were also noted by residents of the city of Almaty, and East Kazakhstan and Aktubinsk oblasts . It is important to note that whereas poor environmental conditions are cited as being disease causing, they do not compel people to move to other areas of residence the way poor water quality does .

During focus groups and interviews, poor water quality was cited as the major cause of many diseases . In the city of Uralsk, for instance, people complained of problems with their teeth . A respondent from West Kazakhstan oblast noted that poor water quality affects:

‘…human health. It is detrimental to stomach, skin, hair. Many people complain about gum ache.’

(Respondent, rural settlement from West Kazakhstan oblast)

An Ust-Kamenogorsk resident noted that poor water quality leads to:

‘…intestinal upset, hepatitis, thyroid diseases.’

Even in view of these findings, we cannot state unequivocally that water quality is the cause of diseases . Nevertheless, the population of Kazakhstan has seen a direct connection between water quality and their health .

Users of public water sources (wells) suffer from hepatitis less often than users of individual wells.

Figure 5 .8 The share of respondents who contracted hepatitis over the past 1� months, by settlement type

City of national statusOblast centreTownRural settlement

Poor water quality

Poor environment

No water pipe or poor public utilities

Poverty

Other

No answer

Users of public water sources (wells) suffer from digestive diseases less often than users of individual wells.

65



5.2.6 Willingness and Ability to Connect to Central Water Supply and pay Service Fees

Willingness to connect to CWSSA considerable number of respondents not connected to a CWSS noted that they want to connect (77%) . This figure amounted to 78% for rural residents (Table 5 .7) .

table 5.7. Percentage of surveyed population not connected to a central water supply system with intention to get in-house connection

Yes No% of households willing to receive water by pipeline

City of Astana 17 4 80 .95

City of Almaty 19 11 6� .��

Oblast centers 147 58 71 .71

Towns �70 109 71 .�4

Settlements 1,968 541 78 .44

total 2,421 723 77.00

The survey evinced the high demand of the rural population for a central water supply . Over 90% of rural respondents in Atyrau and West Kazakhstan oblasts and 80% in Aktubinsk, Zhambyl, Pavlodar, South Kazakhstan, and Almaty oblasts indicated that they would like to get water into their houses by means of a central water pipe . Between the respondents willing to connect to a central water supply, a slight variation appears according to gender (women--77 .�5%; men--75 .8%) and age context (under and over 65 years) . The share of people aged 65 and over willing to connect to a central water supply amounts to some 70% .

‘Yes, all settlement residents would like to connect.’(Respondent, settlement in West Kazakhstan)

‘Certainly, we would like to connect (to a central water supply). We are tired of carrying water.’

(Female respondent, City of Zheskazgan)

However, some respondents do not believe that they will ever be connected . A respondent from a North Kazakhstan settlement which was cut off from an in-house pipeline water supply 15 years ago provided the following comment:

‘Certainly we would like to connect to a water supply, but we doubt this possibility.’

(Female respondent, settlement in West Kazakhstan)

Ability to pay for connectionNearly 8�% of all respondents willing to connect to an in-house water supply system affirmed that they could pay for the connection .

The amount that people are willing to pay for connection varies from less than 500 tenge to over 10,000 tenge, though most respondents (58%) noted that they could pay slightly over �,000 tenge . The amount people are willing to

77% of households unconnected to a CWSS wish to connect .

Figure 5 .10 Amount of money (in tenge) to be willingly paid by respondents for CWSS connection (number of respondents=1,784)

under 500 tenge501-1000 1001-�000�001-50005001-10000over 10001 tengeDK

66



pay differs across the country (Figure 5 .10) . Nearly 40% of respondents in West Kazakhstan oblast, for example, are willing to pay �,000 tenge or more for connection, while in Akmola oblast most people who are willing to pay for connection cited the sum of �,000 tenge or less .

The main reason for people’s unwillingness to pay for connection is the price (59%) . A considerable part of respondents believed that connection costs should be covered by the state . Obviously, the price is the main issue for many people who cannot afford to pay for such costs .

‘All settlement residents would like to connect, but not all of them agree or could afford to pay for connection. There is a high unemployment rate in the settlement, and over half of residents survive by their subsidiary plots.’

(Female respondent, settlement in East Kazakhstan)

‘We would pay, but not all our neighbors can afford it.’(Female respondent, City of Zheskazgan)

‘We would like to pay, but we couldn’t. We have low salaries.’(Respondent, City of Uralsk)

Some respondents deem that the cost of the service should be shared, and one respondent from Kostanai noted that the connection cost should be covered:

‘…partly by owners, but mostly by the state.’

‘All residents of the settlement are willling to be connected to CWSS, but not all of them are able to pay for connection. There is a high level of unemployment in the settlement. More than half of the population survive by the means of their garden plot and subsidiary farm.’

(Female respondent, settlement in Eastern Kazakhstan)

Water tariffOf the 4,1�1 questionnaire respondents connected to a central water supply, only 1�� do not pay for water supply services . Of the remaining �,988 respondents, ��% pay �00 tenge or less for water each month, �1% pay �01-�00 tenge, and another �0% pay �01-500 tenge a month . Nearly 500 of the surveyed households (nearly 11%) pay the amount of 500 tenge a month for water supply services .

The sum paid by households for tap water depends on two main factors: the number of household members and the presence or absence of water meters.

table 5.8. the sum paid monthly by households with/without water meters

Amount paid by households

With cold water meter % Without cold

water meter %

0 tenge 1 4 .55 �1 95 .45

1-100 tenge �18 74 .47 109 �5 .5�

101-�00 tenge 414 4� .81 55� 57 .19

�01-�00 tenge �67 �� .54 5�9 66 .46

�01-400 tenge 16� �0 .6� �67 69 .�8

401-500 tenge 1�1 4� .�7 158 56 .6�

Over 501 tenge 1�5 �9 .80 �18 70 .�0

DK ��0 �8 .7� �48 61 .�7

67



The sum paid by households for tap water depends on two main factors: the number of household members and the presence or absence of water meters .

In view of the presence or absence of water meters, it is obvious that households with water meters pay considerably less for water than households without water meters (Table 5 .8) . To illustrate, 75% of households with meters pay 100 tenge or less for water, and slightly less than �0% pay over 500 tenge a month . Clearly, the size of the household, monthly water fee, and the meter all demonstrate that small households (of 4 members or less) with meters pay less than same-sized households without meters . In the case of larger households, this correlation is not very clear: it is noted that larger households with meters pay more for water than same-sized households without meters .

Slightly over �8% of households not connected to a CWSS pay for water supply services . The survey findings demonstrated that households dependant on central water supply services are likely to pay for water, and they include a considerable part (nearly 64%) of respondents who receive water from common standpipes, for which they pay . Nearly 60% of households that use delivered water also pay for it . A considerably lower number of people that use water from individual sources pay for water .

The sum that households were able to pay differs significantly . On average, households pay �00 tenge or less each month for water supply services . However, people that use delivered water pay more for water (Figure 5 .11) .

In addition to the water fee, some people bear related costs . As shown, a considerable part of people boil water for drinking, and pay for the coal or gas used to fulfill this goal . Though it is impossible to count the real cost of water boiling, the questionnaire survey shows that electricity costs are the largest for many families . In the city of Almaty, households without gas meters pay some 180 tenge per person for gas . With the average size of a household consisting of three people and the assumption that �5% of this cost goes into boiling water, this adds some 1,600 tenge to annual water pay .

An even more expensive option resorted to by many households is the purchase of drinking water .

Willingness to pay for improved quality of water supply servicesAs in the questionnaire survey, participants of focus groups and in-depth interviews were asked whether they would pay extra for improved water supply services . Slightly over 4�% of questionnaire respondents answered that they would be able to do so . The percentage of respondents that expressed their willingness was lower in Astana and Almaty, and greater in Akmola oblast . It is not surprising that residents of two major cities are less prone to pay more . Residents of Astana now pay more for water than in most parts of the country . In Almaty, the security of the water supply is rather good, and it is unlikely that respondents would think that they should pay for any improvements to it .

Though many respondents (19%) who expressed their wish to pay for an improved water supply failed to answer the amount they could pay, 81% did provide an answer . Most of them cited the sum of �00 tenge or less per household per month, though a considerable part (�4%) of respondents indicated that they could pay �00 tenge or more for supplied water delivery in the quantity demanded (Figure 5 .1�) .

The main reasons for any unwillingness to pay for system improvements are additional costs and the availability of a sustainable water supply . However, a considerable part (15 .5%) believe that the state should cover the cost of the services, and another 1� .7% stated its lack of trust in the central water supply or secured water supply .

Figure 5 .11 Monthly tariff paid by residents, subject to water supply type

OtherDelivered waterDitch, irrigation channelSpring, river, lakePublic water reservoirIndividual water reservoirPublic open wellPublic well with electric pumpPublic well with sucker-rod pumpIndividual open wellIndividual well with electric pumpIndividual well with sucker-rod pumpCommon stand-pipeIndividual stand-pipeWater pipe connected to the house

50 а

з�1

-100

101-

150

151-

�00

�01-

�50

�51-

�00

�01-

�50

�51-

400

401-

500

5001

көп

Біл

мйе

мін

68



Figure 5 .1� Amount (in tenge) that the population of Kazakhstan is willing to pay for permanent water access (number of respondents =�,�41)

table 5.9. the percentage of respondents in each oblast willing to pay more for water supply in the quality demanded

Oblast %

City of Astana �4 .61

City of Almaty �9 .8�

Akmola �� .78

Aktubinsk 60 .�4

Atyrau 44 .10

East Kazakhstan �8 .��

Zhambyl 57 .89

West Kazakhstan 51 .8�

Karaganda 4� .��

Kostanai �4 .9�

Kyzylorda 55 .41

Mangistau 50 .86

Pavlodar �8 .�4

North Kazakhstan 51 .48

South Kazakhstan �8 .00

Almaty 47 .95

Kazakhstan 4� .6�

table 5.10. Reasons for unwillingness to pay more for a secure water supply

Reasons for unwillingness to pay more for permanent water supply %

The state should pay 15 .5�

I would like to pay more but cannot afford it �4 .86

There are more important things to spend money on 8 .59

I have no faith in the reliability of the central WSS 1� .70

CWSS reliability does not concern me �4 .69

Water quality is more important � .�6

Other � .6�

No answer 8 .65

under 100101-�00�01-�00�01-400over 401DK

69



Willingness to pay more for improved water qualityThe willingness to pay for improved water quality was also considered within the questionnaire and interviews . Overall in the country, over 45% of respondents expressed their willingness to pay for improved water quality . As regards a secure water supply, this figure was higher among respondents not connected to a central water supply . Respondents from Aktubinsk oblast are prone to pay more than respondents from Astana, Almaty, and Kostanai (Table 5 .11) . Of the people not connected to a central water supply, the figure significantly differed, and slightly over 71% of respondents in this category from Taraz expressed their willingness to pay; the corresponding figure in Atyrau came to 1�% .

As with a secure water supply, a large percent of respondents (�7%) who expressed willingness to pay for improved water quality could not cite which sum they would be willing to pay . For 50% of respondents, nevertheless, the affordable price was �00 tenge or less, and another ��% of respondents mentioned the sum of �00 tenge or more . Therefore, respondents are inclined to pay slightly more for improved quality than for a secured water supply .

A considerable number of respondents cited the main reason for their unwillingness to pay for improved water quality as being their inability to evaluate whether the water quality would actually be improved . This concern was expressed by a number of interviewees .

‘I would agree to pay, but as always, I’m afraid. The company may raise the fee but the quality would remain the same or worse and it would not justify the company’s actions.’

(Male respondent, City of Aksai)

‘I simply don’t believe that the water supply can be improved.’(Female respondent, settlement in North Kazakhstan)

Some people are not only unwilling to pay, but they think that they pay enough for water already .

‘We would like to improve water quality but we don’t want to pay extra money… We already pay for the operation of the water department and for unused water and untreated water flows. Who would give us a breakdown of the fee?’

(Male respondent, City of Rudniy)

Therefore, most people pay directly or indirectly for water supply services . Though it is hard to provide the exact sum paid by individuals, the amount is relatively high . Annually, household payment amounting to 10,000 tenge seems to be the norm . Coupled with indirect costs, this figure is higher in many households . Despite this, people have a strong desire to pay for water and, in particular, for improved water supply and water quality . However, people have no idea how much this service should cost . Individuals unwilling to pay see no problem with water supply, cannot afford extra costs, or believe that the state should cover such costs . All this should be taken into account when developing a comprehensive strategy . It is also important to note that the country’s water users have regular information on the net costs of water supply services as well as the measures taken to improve the system . Moreover, people should realize that if they do not pay for water directly, they pay for it indirectly anyway .

45% of respondents noted their intention to pay more for improved water quality.

table 5.11. the percentage of respondents in each oblast willing to pay more for improved water quality

Oblast %

City of Astana �0 .47

City of Almaty �� .54

Akmola 41 .��

Aktubinsk 64 .69

Atyrau 57 .64

East Kazakhstan 45 .�1

Zhambyl 5� .4�

West Kazakhstan 5� .15

Karaganda 50 .90

Kostanai �7 .07

Kyzylorda 50 .8�

Mangistau 41 .71

Pavlodar 4� .51

North Kazakhstan 5� .85

South Kazakhstan �9 .�9

Almaty 5� .4�

Republic of Kazakhstan 45 .�6

70



5.2.7 Sanitary Conditions in Kazakhstan

table 5.12. the share of respondents in each oblast connected to a Css

Oblast Connected % of connections Not connected

City of Astana ��8 89 .06 �8

City of Almaty 48� 81 .69 108

Akmola 150 �9 .89 ��6

Aktubinsk 178 5� .8� 159

Atyrau 116 50 .66 11�

East Kazakhstan �7� 51 .10 �57

Zhambyl 1�1 �4 .49 �7�

West Kazakhstan 90 �9 .70 �1�

Karaganda 50� 75 .�0 165

Kostanai 19� 4� .14 �65

Kyzylorda 8� �7 .�1 ��

Mangistau 111 6� .4� 64

Pavlodar 17� 46 .�6 �01

North Kazakhstan 71 �1 .01 �67

South Kazakhstan 159 14 .74 9�0

Almaty 104 1� .95 699

table 5.13. the percentage of respondents from various types of settlements connected to a Css

Oblast City of

national status (%)

Oblast center (%) Town (%)

Rural settlement

(%)

City of Astana 89

City of Almaty 8�

Akmola 81 74 7

Aktubinsk 97 74 5

Atyrau 84 87 5

East Kazakhstan 90 70 1�

Zhambyl 54 57 0

West Kazakhstan 67 70 1

Karaganda 96 8� 4

Kostanai 71 81 �

Kyzylorda 65 � 0

Mangistau 98 57 7

Pavlodar 74 66 1

North Kazakhstan 70 0 0

South Kazakhstan 61 0 0

71



The second important goal of the questionnaire was the data on the sanitation level in Kazakhstan . The survey findings demonstrate that 4�% of respondents are connected to a central sewage system (CSS) . As with water supply, the level of sewage connection differs by oblast . In the major cities of Kazakhstan–Almaty and Astana--the sewage connection level is high . In other oblasts, the sewage connection level is below �0%; in South Kazakhstan oblast this level is below 15% (Table 5 .1�)

Respondents without sewage systems were asked if they wished to connect . Over 46% answered in the affirmative . Ninety percent of the population not connected to a CSS answered in the affirmative in North Kazakhstan oblast and 16% in South Kazakhstan oblast .

Respondents not wishing to connect to a CWSS basically cited lack of demand as the reason . For some respondents, there was the issue of payment, especially for residents of Aktobe, East Kazakhstan, and Pavlodar . In some oblasts, the main reason was the fact that the region has no sewage networks and it is impossible to connect .

Most interviewees (81%) wishing to connect to a CWSS stated their willingness to pay even partly for the connection . The amount they were prepared to pay was 100 tenge .

Lavatory typeCurrently, the most common type of toilet is a cesspool: 58% of respondents use such toilets; another 40% have toilets connected to a CWSS .

A greater number of toilets connected to a CWSS and sewage are available to the populations of cities of national status . To illustrate, 90% of respondents from the cities of Almaty and Astana have such toilets . In oblast centres, this figure amounts to 75%, and in towns to 60% . For comparison, only �% of interviewed residents of rural settlements have access to toilets with waste tanks connected to sewage . Even though a large number of people have modern toilets, 8�% of them suffer from irregular water supply, at which time their toilets dysfunction . Respondents said that they always take in water, but when water disconnections last, hygienic and sanitary conditions deteriorate, thus increasing the risk of diseases .

During the survey, it was discovered that 150 respondents (�%) share toilets with several families . Twenty-eight respondents stated that they have no toilet at all or use public toilets . The situation looks very pessimistic here .

‘The toilet in the yard is disastrous. It is used by 12 families… The toilet has no doors, and it is always overfilled. It was cleaned only once.’

(Male respondent, City of Uralsk)

‘We share a toilet with 8 families (24 people). It is a nightmare.’(Female respondent, City of Pavlodar)

Those with individual toilets would basically like to improve sanitary conditions . This is a topical issue for the northern region of Kazakhstan, where people mostly have outside cesspools . For many of these people, toilet use in the winter is difficult .

‘We would like to have an in-house toilet. We live in the 21st century but we do not have a sense of civilization.’

(Female respondent, rural settlement of Akmola oblast)

‘We would like to have an in-house toilet. It is very convenient to have an in-house toilet, especially in the winter time… A warm toilet is important for a woman in the winter, as there is every possibility of

Figure 5 .1� Available lavatory types among the population of Kazakhstan

Modern lavatory connected to sewage and a CWSSLavatory connected to a CWSS but not to sewageCesspool

Lavatory connected neither to a CWSS nor to sewageOther

Figure 5 .14 Lavatory type subject to settlement type across Kazakhstan

Cap

ital

Obl

ast

cent

er

Smal

l tow

n

Rur

al

sett

lem

ent

Other

Pit latrine

Toilet, connected to CWS, but not connected to sewage

Modern toilet, connected to sewage system

7�



getting chilled. Children also suffer; they are afraid to go to the toilet at night.’

(Female respondent, settlement of North Kazakhstan oblast)

Bath/showerOut of the entire sampling, 1,�50 people have no shower or bath . They mainly use conveniences at neighbors’ or relatives’ places or boil water in order to wash at home . A large percent use public baths, and some out of this number pay 50 to 100 tenge to do so .

5.2.8 public participation in Water resource Management

One section of a questionnaire asked respondents if they think that the public should have a share in water management issues . Overall, 68% agreed with the need to involve the public in the management process . This indicator came to 50% in South Kazakhstan oblast and 88% in Aktubinsk oblast . Responses did not differ by settlement type or respondent age, although it was expected by the authors that young people would be more actively involved than elderly people .

table 5.14 the percentage of respondents in each oblast with the view that the public should influence the management of water resources

Oblast %

City of Astana 74 .��

Akmola 6� .8�

Aktubinsk 87 .8�

Atyrau 79 .91

East Kazakhstan 77 .�6

Zhambyl 80 .77

West Kazakhstan 77 .89

Karaganda 78 .44

Kostanai 6� .��

Kyzylorda 66 .��

Mangistau 69 .14

Pavlodar 75 .1�

North Kazakhstan 66 .�7

South Kazakhstan 50 .4�

Almaty 58 .�8

City of Almaty 54 .41

Kazakhstan 67 .57

Respondents outlined a number of possibilities for the public to participate in the management process . The most common were the submission of letters to the government, the conduction of thematic meetings, and the participation of representatives in official committees . (Figure 5 .15)

Respondents who believe that public participation is not needed in the management process explained that the government would take notie of the water users’ interests .

Figure 5 .15 How water users can be involved in water management issues (number of respondents=4,�89)

Letters should be sent to authorities

Thematic sessions should be organized

Officially authorized committees should be appealed to

Other

No answer

Figure 5 .16 Main causes for public inactivity in water management issues (number of respondents=1,8��)

Water users are not specialistsWater users are not concernedGovernment will not pay attentionOtherNo answer

7�



5.3. An Estimation of Safe Access to Drinking Water

After an analysis of the data, a general figure indicating the number of people without access to a safe, sustainable, and quality water supply system was obtained for Kazakhstan .

the share of the population connected to a central water supply system. The survey demonstrated that 55% or 4,14� respondents obtain water at home by central water pipe . Of these, 1,��1 people (17%) have water �4 hours a day, i .e ., sustainable water access . Of the surveyed population, 1�% or 96� respondents have sustainable water access and they think the water is of good quality . In summary, in Kazakhstan, some 1 .9 million people connected to a central water supply system have permanent access to quality drinking water (Figure 5 .17) . Table 5 .15 shows the situation in the oblast context .

The population that uses water from unprotected open sources such as public reservoirs, rivers, springs, lakes, or ditches, as well as delivered water may only be considered to have no access to drinking water . Therefore, of the 6 .7 million people not connected to a CWSS, 1 .58 million have no access to safe water .

Of the 1 .68 million that consume water from common standpipes, 6�% have periodical water cuts and consequently cannot be considered to have sustainable access to water . Coupling this fact with the water quality issues, the share of the population without sustainable access to quality drinking water increases from 6�% to 70%, thus adding another 1 .1� million people to the total number .

Of the 440,000 people that use water from public sources, 59% (�00,000) reported problems with sustainable water supply and water quality .

Of the nearly � million people that use individual water supply sources (standpipes and wells), some 50% indicated that their water is of poor quality . It follows that another 1 .5 million people have no access to drinking water . Moreover, this figure may be understated, as it is likely that underground waters are contaminated, especially when cesspools are located close to standpipes or wells . Therefore, it is likely that an individual source should not be considered an access to drinking water .

Consequently, nearly 4 .5 million people of 6 .7 million people not connected to a CWSS have no sustainable access to drinking water (Figure 5 .18) .

In Kazakhstan, 4 .0� million people (1 .9+� .1�) or �7% of the country’s population has sustainable access to drinking water .

Approximately 27% of the population or 4.45 million people across Kazakhstan have access to drinking water.

Figure 5 .17 Evaluation of permanent access to potable water by households connected to a central water supply system

Figure 5 .18 Evaluation of sustainable access to potable water of households not connected to a central water supply system

Sust

aina

ble

wat

er

supp

ly a

nd p

ositi

ve

view

s on

pot

able

w

ater

qua

lity

Sus

tain

able

wat

er

supp

ly (�

4 hr

s a

day)

Hou

seho

lds

conn

ecte

d to

ce

ntra

l wat

er s

uppl

y

Pos

itive

eva

luat

ion

of w

ater

qu

ality

and

dis

tanc

e of

und

er

100

m (p

riva

te w

ells

) P

ositi

ve e

valu

atio

n of

qua

lity

and

wat

er s

uppl

y st

abili

ty

(and

oth

er p

ublic

sou

rces

) P

ositi

ve e

valu

atio

n of

qua

lity

and

wat

er s

uppl

y st

abili

ty

(pub

lic w

ells

)

Use

wat

er fr

om p

rote

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so

urce

s

Hou

seho

lds

not c

onne

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to

cent

ral w

ater

sup

ply

74



table 5.15. the share of the population in each oblast (connected to a central water supply system) with sustainable access to high-quality drinking water

Oblast

Num

ber

of

resp

onde

nts

with

su

stai

nabl

e ac

cess

to

qua

lity

drin

king

w

ater

, peo

ple

Tota

l num

ber

of

inte

rvie

wee

s, p

eopl

e

% o

f res

pond

ents

w

ith a

cces

s

Pop

ulat

ion

(tho

usan

ds o

f peo

ple)

Pop

ulat

ion

of

Kaz

akhs

tan

with

su

stai

nabl

e ac

cess

to

qual

ity d

rink

ing

wat

er

(tho

usan

d pe

ople

)

City of Astana �5 �56 1� .67 50� .00 68,6��

City of Almaty �57 590 60 .51 1,147 .5 694,��5

Akmola 0 �76 0 .00 748 .� 0 .000

Aktubinsk 47 ��7 1� .95 668 .� 9�,�05

Atyrau 15 ��9 6 .55 45� .00 �9,607

East Kazakhstan 46 7�0 6 .�0 1,466 .00 9�,�78

Zhambyl 7� 494 14 .57 979 .5 14�,761

West Kazakhstan 8 �0� � .64 601 .9 15,89�

Karaganda �5 668 � .74 1,�� .6 49,910

Kostanai �0 458 4 .�7 919 .1 40,1�5

Kyzylorda �0 �05 6 .56 60� .8 �9,59�

Mangistau 6 175 � .4� ��8 .5 11,606

Pavlodar �� 74 5 .88 748 .7 44,041

North Kazakhstan 8 ��8 � .�7 68� .1 16,144

South Kazakhstan 15� 1,079 14 .09 �,110 .8 �97,�51

Almaty 1�0 80� 16 .19 1,560 .5 �5�,6�4

Republic of Kazakhstan 96� 7,515 1� .81 14,86� .00 1,904,47�

75

6.1. urban Water Supply

6.1.1 ConclusionAn analysis of the current conditions of water and sewage facilities in cities of national status, oblast centers, cities and towns, and urban-type settlements enable the major conclusions presented below .

∆ Vodocanals have a high degree of consumption of fixed capital. Despite the activities underway on rehabilitation and development of water supply and water discharge systems, the conditions of systems in most settlements remain critical .

∆ Inadequate investments in water and sewage facilities. All sectors developed their own programs within the development of the sectoral program Drinking Waters . Accordingly, all program activities carried out were compiled along with the programs produced by regional and city administrations . However, the lack of qualified specialists in water supply and water discharge in the structure of settlement, regional, and oblast administrations disallowed a full identification of the list of necessary work, along with the scale and prioritization of activities for the improvement of water supply to the settlement . The programs that were developed fail to fully reflect the critical situation and the measures required to improve the population’s access level to drinking water �4 hours a day . The funds planned for the implementation of activities on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of urban water supply are not fully allocated by local budgets .

Hence, the socio-economic situation in the country at the time of the creation of the programs, the lack of feasibility studies (FS) with water departments of the reconstruction and development of urban water supply, and the lack of developed investment projects predetermined the subjectivity and underestimation of planned investments . An accurate evaluation of the necessary financing for rehabilitation, as well as reconstruction of old and construction of new water supply systems is nearly impractical without FSs, as chances are that the calculation error would be high .

The inadequacy of tariffs for water supply and water discharge services and enterprises’ costs caused a financial deficit despite the 100% collection rate of service fees .

∆ Vodocanals undergo serious financial crisis. The financing issues come down to deficient or absent public subsidies or subsidies to water departments over the past 15 years . The dependence on public subsidies was caused by incompliance with tariff policy, under which tariffs should not only be self-supporting, but they should generate the specific profit needed to develop water and sewage facilities (WSF) .

Inadequate investments in water and sewage facilities make it impractical to duly plan the activities on improvement of settlement water supply.

An analysis of the current conditions of water and sewage facilities in cities of national status, oblast centers, cities and towns, and urban-type settlements enable the major conclusions presented below.

6CoNCLuSIoN AND rECoMMENDATIoNS

76



The water supply systems with 50%-70% deterioration should be prioritized.

∆ the operations of water providers are administered without serious centralized coordination. Local administrations, having deficient professional and technical knowledge of water department activities, as well as neither the advanced technologies of water and sewage facilities nor the foreign experience of water supply and water discharge operation, are unable to pursue the policy in this area . At the same time, water departments have no regulating national body authorized by the state . There is no one in charge either of the development of water and sewage sector strategy or of the sector’s overall coordination and regulation . Currently, the operation of water departments is distorted and decentralized .

∆ the activities of the sectoral program Drinking Waters, oblast programs taza su, Clean Water, and others fail to sufficiently facilitate the improvement of the rural water supply. The primary issue is the lack of due control by local administrations . The accounting system based on what has been explored, the low quality of work, incompletion of projects for construction and reconstruction of water supply systems, use of obsolete technologies and materials, and some other reasons prevent the attainment both of the goals set and expected oUTSomes .

∆ Insufficient autonomy restricts efficient water department management. Utilities are often considered an extension of the local political machine, but not because of the efficiency of their operation . Though water departments are in charge of the operation of water supply and water discharge systems, the decisions on a director’s appointment, subsidy allocation, investment recourse, reconstruction and development of the systems, and the inclusion of specific activities into the program of water supply improvement are made by local authorities . Moreover, pricing issues are tacitly regulated; that is, without the Akim’s approval, the Water Department would never file a request for a tariff increase .

6.1.2 recommendations To attain the financial sustainability of water departments, alternative financing should be provided . One option is to increase the subsidies of water departments from the state (national and local) budgets . Additional funds may also be obtained by grants and soft loans .

∆ there is a need to change the approach for achieving MDgs in the RK. Attention should not only be paid to settlements and cities currently without water supply sources or central water supply systems, but also to facilities with 50% -70% deterioration of existing networks .

Should urgent measures on rehabilitation and reconstruction of water supply networks not be implemented by �015, the number of the population with safe access to drinking water and sanitation will fall rather than rise .

∆ Institutional reforms. To increase the level of sectoral and regional programs’ performance in the field of drinking water supply, there is a need to improve institutional reforms in the following areas:

- public control: conduction of state policy through the nationally authorized body on water supply and water discharge to be stipulated by the Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

- adoption of a sectoral specialized law on Water Supply and Water Discharge to regulate relations between Consumer and Service Providers;

- development and adoption of the Concept (Strategy) of the development of the water and sewage sector in the Republic of Kazakhstan, endorsed by the government .

∆ When making investment projects in water supply and water

The inadequacy of tariffs for water supply and water discharge services and enterprises’ costs caused a financial deficit despite the 100% collection rate of service fees.

Poor accounting and control systems entails poor quality of works.

77

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

discharge systems, there is a need for feasibility studies; hence, the national budget shall cover the costs of such development.

6.2. rural Water Supply

6.2.1 Conclusion

The analysis of contemporary water supply confirms that an extremely low level of the rural population has access to drinking water:

∆ the central water supply by most clustered water supply systems is not secured because of the improper technical conditions of the trunk lines and intra-settlement distribution networks. The high operating costs of long-distance water transportation increase the cost of supplied water . To ensure the collection of water payments, water is provided at supply points . This procedure has been introduced in all clustered water supply systems in North Kazakhstan oblast .

∆ the technical conditions of most local water pipelines are unacceptable. Most of them operate with frequent failures or water supply granted on an hourly basis .

∆ the existing system of water supply for 64% of the rural population is based on decentralized local sources. At the same time, drinking needs are satisfied by the use of in-yard and common wells, delivered water, and the surface water of rivers, lakes, and small channels .

∆ As a rule, wells are installed near septic facilities, cesspools, and places frequented by cattle. Wells conceal the great danger of bacterial water contamination and as a consequence, the outbreak of infections related to the aquatic transfer factor . The latter may be attributed to surface sources .

∆ Perched waters that feed wells with limited resources contribute to the issue of secure drinking water supply in sufficient quantity. The price of delivered water is comparable to tap water, or it is sometimes higher, but the costs of its use are regulated by an extremely low water consumption rate (10-15 l/day per person) .

∆ the lack of fresh water determines the use of mineralized water, which is harder and contains fluorine, iron, and other components at a level high enough to adversely affect human health.

∆ Due to poor water coverage, the level of sanitation and hygienic conditions in most settlements is low as well.

6.2.2 recommendations

∆ The solution to the issues of improved water supply and increasing the population’s access to drinking water should take into account local, natural, and existing economic conditions, the availability and technical conditions of existing systems, and water supply facilities .

∆ Water consumption rates should be based on flexible criteria of water use in view of the new socio-economic conditions .

∆ Delivered water should be eliminated as a water supply source to settlements, as it fails to ensure the required water consumption rates, it incapacitates the watering of subsidiary plots or the feeding of cattle, and causes poor sanitary conditions for settlements and their populations . As a result, settlement residents find themselves in extremely tough socio-economic conditions .

78



∆ An increase in the share of safe access to drinking water should be attained over the long-term in the following areas: further rehabilitation and improvement of existing systems; construction of new systems in the regions the least provided for; exploration of new and development of alternative water supply sources; improvement of the quality of potable water and its efficient use; establishment as well as material and technical furnishing of companies for the operation of drinking water supply systems .

6.3. Social Survey

6.3.1 Conclusion

∆ Unsustainable water supply and scheduled water supply are the key issues for urban and rural residents of Kazakhstan. While 55% of Kazakhstan’s population uses water from a central supply system, only 17% have water �4 hours a day . An unsustainable water supply entails water contamination, deteriorates sanitary and hygienic conditions, and increases the population’s sickness rate . To illustrate, the chance of contracting intestinal disease doubles for people in households that have regular water cuts, as compared to those who have water �4 hours a day .

∆ A change of demand for bottled water can be considered an indicator either of the deterioration or improvement of water quality in Kazakhstan. The following connection is established: the more repondents’ opinion of the quality of drinking water is negative, the more bottled water they use for drinking .

∆ the distance to a water supply source is not a determining indicator of safe access to drinking water. The survey findings demonstrated that people with private in-yard standpipes had the highest chance of contracting intestinal diseases or hepatitis . In contrast, users of common standpipes have less chance of contracting infectious diseases; in addition, they treat water prior to drinking it more often . Furthermore, the safety of access to drinking water is defined by many other factors, such as climatic conditions, the age of the population, income, sanitary conditions, etc .

∆ sanitary and hygienic conditions are closely related to the quality of the water supply and the population’s health. Owners of individual standpipes often have unequipped toilets (cesspools, toilets with open pits, etc .) near wells, standpipes, and other individual sources of water supply . As a consequence, the danger of bacterial water contamination is high .

∆ the access level to drinking water affects the economic wellbeing of the population (especially the rural population). Since the subsidiary plot takes a large share of the rural population’s income, the uninterrupted operation of the water supply system is a determinant of their employment and means for living .

6.3.2 recommendations

∆ There is a need to provide water users with a centralized informational program on water treatment methods, water quality in specific settlements, the connection between sanitary conditions, water quality, and human health, safe methods of household waste and the utilization of waste products, and also on effective and planned government programs regarding the country’s water supply .

∆ The priorities of the Strategy’s development shall be the issues of sanitation, regular water supply, and water quality and its effect on human health . These are needed as the economic and social consequences of intestinal and other water-related diseases may be huge and irreversible .

79

FooTNoTESi UN Development Goals on the Threshold of the Millennium in Kazakhstan . UNDP . �00� .

ii Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan of �� March �00� №9� “On the Sectoral Program ‘Drinking Waters’ for �00�-�010” .

iii Kazakhstan – �0�0 . The address of the president to the people of Kazakhstan, 1997 .

iv Government Regulation of the Republic of Kazakhstan of �1 .01 .�00� №71 “On the Development Concept of the Economic Water Sector and Water Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by �010” .

v Presidential Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan of �� 17 .05 .�00� №1096 “On State Strategy of Industrial and Innovation Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for �00�-�015” .

vi Water Code of the RK of 09 .07 .�00� №481 .

vii Sanitary Rules and Norms (SanPiN) � .1 .4 .559-96 “Drinking Water, Hygienic Requirements for the Water Quality of Central Drinking Water Supply Systems . Quality Control .”

viii Construction Rules and Norms of the RK (SNiP RK) 4 .01-0�-�001 “Water Supply . Public Utilities .”

ix Access to safe drinking water is assessed by the share of the population that uses improved water supply sources . Similarly, access to sanitation sewage technologies is assessed by the percent rate of the population that uses improved sewage services . The phrase ‘Improved sewage technologies’ often denotes the technologies that ensure frequent isolation and use of hygienic means . The phrase ‘Improved technologies of drinking water supply’ denotes the ways to supply safe drinking water, which cannot be attained with unimproved technologies .

x The term ‘improved’ is based on the following definitions provided by process methods:

• Improved water supply: household connections; public well, drilled well, protected well, protected spring, rain water collection;

• Improved sewage: connection to public sewage, connection to septic system, lavatory with flushing system, cesspool, ventilated lavatory;

• Unimproved water supply technology: unprotected well, unprotected spring, water delivered by supplier, bottled water, water transported in cisterns;

• Unimproved sewage: service lavatory or a latrine, public lavatories, lavatories with open pit .

Note. In Kazakhstan, the collection of rain (and ice) water has never been regarded and should not be regarded as improved water supply.

xi The Report on Balkhash-Alakol Research Stage can be found on www .voda .kz

xii The exhaustive questionnaire was created within the DfiD project on the management of the Nura-Ishim river basin . The questionnaire consisted of 8 modules focused on municipal, production, and agricultural water consumption . This questionnaire was also developed after the depth surveys and a series of interviews and focus groups were held with concerned parties from both river basins . Each module aimed at the study of specific aspects of water use in Kazakhstan and was developed in such a way as to enable CWR to have the prepared questionnaires as the basis for future surveys . The questionnaire was tested on two basins in March �00� . For that survey, we modified four modules on drinking water, water for household use, sanitation, and informational sources . A copy of the questionnaire may be found in the Report on the management of the Nura-Ishim river basin . The Final Report, volume 5, Social Surveys on Water Resource Management by DfiD, CWR . January �004 .

xiii Despite the fact that the total number of respondents amounted to 7,515, some information inevitably got lost in the data-processing stage . As a consequence, not all final figures would equal 7,515 .

xiv There is no data on household connections in rural settlements of Almaty oblast .

xv In some households, more than one resident got sick over this year . As a consequence, despite the fact that a total of 1,5�7 people suffered from intestinal diseases over the past 1� months, the number of households that reported such cases amounted to 1,�1� .

xvi This fact was confirmed by statistical values by applying the Chi-Square test .

80

reference literature 1 . Sectoral Program Potable Waters for �00�-�010 endorsed by the Government Decree of the Republic of

Kazakhstan of �� March �00� No . 9� .

� . State Rural Development Program of the Republic of Kazakhstan endorsed by the Presidential Decree of 10 July �00� No .1149 .

� . Water Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1� June �001 .

4 . The Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan of �� January �004 No . 75 “On Endorsement of the Rules of Attribution of a Water Object to Potable Water Supply Sources .”

5 . The Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan of �� January �004 No .76 “On Endorsement of the Rules of Subsidizing Potable Water Supply from Critical Clustered Water Supply Systems which Are Non-Alternative State-Owned Water Supply Sources .”

6 . The Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1� December �00� “On Endorsement of the List of Critical Clustered Water Supply Systems which Are Non-Alternative Water Supply Sources .”

7 . The �004 collection of Regions of Kazakhstan . Agency for Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan .

8 . Water Resources of Kazakhstan in the New Millennium . UNDP in Kazakhstan publications series .

9 . Papers of the round table dedicated to the issue of the Progress of Implementation of the First Stage of the Potable Waters Sectoral Program held on 19 April �005 in the Parliament Mazhilis of the Republic of Kazakhstan .

10 . Speech of the president of Kazakhstan N . Nazarbaev at the opening session of the Second Civil Forum in the city of Astana on 1� September �005 .

11 . Papers of the seminars held by a group of UNDP projects within the project of the National Plan of Integrated Water Resource Management and Water Efficiency in Kazakhstan .

1� . Rural development in Kazakhstan: issues and prospects . UNDP National Human Development Report . The Atlas of Rural Development in Kazakhstan, Almaty �00� .

1� . CWR working papers: inquiry to the government on the progress of the Program’s implementation, annual reports of oblast public water management enterprises, and other documents related to the Drinking Waters Program .

ANNEX I

Access of urban population to Water and Sanitation in Kazakhstan; results of Technical Survey

UNDP Project National Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency in Kazakhstan


8�

sum

mar

y ta

ble

on A

cces

s of

Urb

an P

opul

atio

n to

Wat

er s

uppl

y an

d se

wer

age

syst

ems

in th

e R

epub

lic

of K

azak

hsta

n

№

Adm

inis

trat

ive

Uni

t (O

blas

t, ci

ties

of

Alm

aty

and

Ast

ana)

Pop

ula-

tion,

(ps)

Leng

th o

f P

ipel

ine

(km

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

go

od q

ualit

y of

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Num

ber

of

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rrup

ted

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Type

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Typ

e of

Sew

erag

e Sy

stem

(ps .

/%)

Length of Sewers (km)

wel

l de

liver

ed

wat

er

othe

r ce

ntra

lized

sy

stem

se

ptic

pit

outd

oor

toile

t

1A

kmol

a�5

0,16

61,

�59 .

0��

7,�0

9 /

64 .9

9�,5

4� /

�6 .

465

,��6

/ 1

8 .6

49,9

40 /

14

.�7,

000

/ � .

079

1 /

0 .�

160,

97�

/ 46

.014

,67�

/ 4

.017

�,5�

1 /

50 .0

518 .

0

�A

lmat

y47

0,�1

91,

808 .

6�7

6,46

4 /

80 .0

��0,

907

/ 70

.��6

,719

/ 5

.760

,995

/

1� .0

5,50

0 /

1 .�

640

/ 0 .

116

8,�9

� /

�5 .8

�,�0

0 /

0 .7

�98,

7�7

/ 6�

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ktob

e�7

4,16

61,

�44 .

1�6

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� /

96 .8

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4��

/ 9�

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/ �

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6 /

0 .�

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/ 60

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/ 1

14�,

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/ �8

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4 .8

4A

tyra

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0,04

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9 .9

168,

058

/ 64

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5,91

1 /

6� .8

61,6

0� /

�� .

74,

856

/ 1 .

9�5

,5�6

/ 9

.811

6,�5

9 /

44 .7

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6 /

1 .5

1�9,

9�7

/ 5�

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1 .6

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st-

Kaz

akhs

tan

856,

79�

�,0�

� .8

794,

4�7

/ 9�

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4,�1

7 /

85 .7

7,��

1 /

0 .9

54,6

55 /

6 .4

�80

/ 0 .

15�

1,94

� /

60 .9

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1 .7

�19,

959

/ �7

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141 .

�

6Zh

amby

l4�

0,16

�89

� .5

�86,

005

/ 89

.8�8

6,00

5 /

89 .8

�0,�

60 /

7 .0

7,61

� /

1 .8

6,�8

4 /

1 .5

14�,

085

/ ��

.�8,

488

/ � .

0�7

8,58

9 /

64 .7

418 .

7

7W

est-

Kaz

akhs

tan

�60,

575

55� .

1�5

�,50

8 /

96 .9

�5�,

508

/ 96

.9�,

751

/ 1 .

44,

�15

/ 1 .

619

5,55

0 /

75 .0

8,67

0 /

� .�

56,�

54 /

�1 .

7�4

� .0

8K

arag

anda

1,10

5,5�

5�,

819 .

61,

04�,

810

/ 94

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7,�6

9 /

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1,51

0 /

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/ 7�

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/ �

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0,64

5 /

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nai

494,

7��

1,78

1 .5

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468

/ 89

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7,86

8 /

74 .4

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7 .7

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/ 67

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4

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817

�,40

1 /

64 .5

17�,

401

/ 64

.559

,506

/ �

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85 .0

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6�6

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479,

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608

/ 97

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5,66

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/ 0 .

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/ 0 .

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/ 1 .

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0

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818,

070

�,81

9 .�

571,

�68

/ 69

.855

�,11

8 /

67 .5

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01 /

11 .

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9,96

8 /

15 .8

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/ ��

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7,40

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64 .9

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9

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y ci

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�40,

000

�,�9

0 .0

1,��

5,14

8 /

99 .6

11,

��5,

148

/ 99

.61

4,85

� /

0 .�9

995,

100

/ 80

.�5

�44,

900

/ 19

.75

1,��

� .0

16A

stan

a ci

ty

514,

575

600 .

051

�,87

5 /

99 .9

51�,

875

/ 99

.970

0 /

0 .1

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/ 74

.71�

0,18

7 /

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�50 .

0

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l:8,

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68 .0

7,4

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87

.8

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79

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8�

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in A

kmol

a o

blas

t

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

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Tota

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Obl

ast:

�9�,

4�5

/ 8�

.50

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�09

/ 64

.90

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�6 /

18

.60

9�,5

4� /

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4018

1,68

4 /

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011

0,75

1 /

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049

,940

/

14 .�

07,

000

/ � .

0079

1 /

0 .�0

Tota

l in

Ast

ana

city

:51

�,87

5 /

99 .9

051

�,87

5 /

99 .9

051

�,87

5 /

99 .9

051

�,87

5 /

99 .9

0 of

peo

ple

has

acce

ss to

wat

er s

uppl

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stem

700

/ 0 .

10

Not

e*: R

C* -

Ray

on C

ente

r

85

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Akmola oblast

№ Populated Area Quality Grade* Problem Type Cause of Problem Length of

Pipelines (km)Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)Water Tariff

Collection Rate (%)

1 Astana � 600 .00 �0 .6� 100

� Kokshetau � biologicalpurification system

has technical trouble

�80 .90 �4 .70 100

� Stepnogorsk � 10� .60 18 .89 100

4 Akkol, RC* � �1 .50 �9 .�� 80-85

5 Makinsk, RC* � metalspurification system


5 .90 41 .70 100

6 Stepnyak, RC* � 1� .50 �00 .00 95 .6

7 Yereimantau, RC* � other secondary pollution

of water 54 .00 55 .00 98

8 Esil, RC* � 110 .�0 �1 .58 80

9 Derzhavinsk, RC* 1 biological absence of water

purification facilities �� .00 57 .�0 100

10 Atbasar, RC* � metals secondary pollution of water 199 .80 4� .80 95

11 Schuchinsk, RC* � all absence of water purification facilities 97 .50 �� .8� 95

1� Arshaly, RC* � �7 .00 45 .00 – LLP/�500

people/; 40 .9� – JSC “Kazshpal”

70 .00 – “Arshaly vodservice”

LLP; 85 .00 -JSC “Kazshpal”

1� Shortandy, RC* � �� .70 5� .90 80

14 Stantsionny � �5 .�0 �4 .70 100

15 Zavodskoi � 17 .00 18 .89 100

16 Aksy 1 biological/metals

purification system has technical

trouble �9 .80 50 .00 100

17 Zaozerny � �5 .00 �00 .00 95 .6

18 Bestobe 0 metals absence of water purification facilities – 0 .00

19 Krasnogosky � 17 .�0 160 .00 60

�0 Shantobe � 90 .00 19 .07 94

�1 Zholymbet � other secondary pollution of water 4� .00 �0 .�0 50

�� Zleleznodorojny �

�� Nauchny � other secondary pollution of water � .00 7� .00 7�

�4 Borovoe � 6 .00 �0 .00 56

�5 Alekseevka � �0 .00 no more than 50 .00 80

�6 Birlestik � secondary pollution of water 5 .00 no more than 50 .00 46

Total in Oblast: 1,�59 .00

Total in Astana 600 .00 Note: * quality of water ranges from grade 0 to grade 3 where very poor water is deemed under grade 0 and water meeting standard refers to grade 3. ; RC* – Rayon Center



86

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Akmola oblast

№ Populated Area

Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)

Availability of Sewerage Treatment*

Length of Sewers (km)centralized

system septic pit outdoor toilet

1 Astana �84,�88 / 74 .70

has access to sewerage system

1�0,187 / �5 .�0 14,6� M and B �50,00

� Kokshetau 75,004 / 59 .�0 5,�67 / 4 .�0 46,404 / �6 .60 ��,08 M and B �18,7�

� Stepnogorsk 40,151 / 96 .60 1�5 / 0 .�0 1,�89 / � .10 19,50 M and B 10�,6

4 Akkol, RC* �,900 / �1 .40 10,6�1 / 78 .6 4�,00 0 18,00

5 Makinsk, RC* 5,000 / �9 .50 11,940 / 70 .50 0 11,00

6 Stepnyak, RC* 4,�10 / 100 0,00 0 0,00

7 Yereimantau, RC* �,718 / �0 .00 8,676 / 70 ��,00 0 ��,00

8 Esil, RC* 1,11� / 9 .00 �,0�6 / �4 .50 8,�60 / 66 .50 ��,09 M and B 5,80

9 Derzhavinsk, RC* 6,615 / 100 0,00 0 100% – worn out

10 Atbasar, RC* 7,�9� / �5 .40 4,�00 / 14 .60 17,��1 / 60 .�0 1�,�0 0 60,80

11 Schuchinsk, RC* 15,518 / �7 .50 1,�41 / � .00 �4,6�� / 59 .50 �9,55 M and B 81,90

1� Arshaly, RC* 600 / 11 .�0 4,7�5 / 88 .80 М �,�0

1� Shortandy, RC* 550 / 10 .00 �5� / 4 .60 4,69� / 85 .40 �4,14 M �7,10

14 Stantsionnyaccounted in data for Kokshetau

accounted in data for Kokshetau

��,08 M and B 10,07

15 Zavodskoi �,560 / 65 .�� 45� / 11 .5� 91� / �� .�4 19,50 M and B 1�,60

16 Aksy 5,500 / 100 0,00 01� .00

– in emergency conditions

17 Zaozerny 490 / 100 0,00 0 100% – worn out

18 Bestobe 6,8�8 / 100 0,00 0 0,00

19 Krasnogosky 99� / 100 .00 60,00 0 �,50

�0 Shantobe �,5�7 / 78 .�0 981 / �1 .70 �1,9� M and B �0,00

�1 Zholymbet 4,450 / 100 0,00 0 0,00

�� Zleleznodorojny

�� Nauchny �16 / �1 .�0 807 / 78 .90 0,00 0 �,40

�4 Borovoe 1,8�0 / �4 .�0 �,480 / 65 .70 150,00 0 17,00

�5 Alekseevka 1,�07 / 100 0,00 0 0,00

�6 Birlestik 455 / 100 0,00 0 0,00

Total in Akmola Oblast: 160,97� / 46 .00 14,67� / 4 .00 17�,5�1 / 50 518,80

Total in Astana city: �84,�88 / 74 .70 has access to sewerage system 1�0,187 / �5 .� �50,00

Note*: M – availability of mechanical treatment facilities; B – availability of biological treatment facilities; RC* – Rayon Center

87

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in A

lmat

y o

blas

t

№P

opul

ated

A

rea

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er

supp

ly (p

s ./%

)

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ulat

ion

havi

ng

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anen

t (�

4 hr

s)

acce

ss to

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ater

(ps .

/%)

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ion

havi

ng

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rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

ac

cess

to

wat

er (p

s ./%

)

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ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

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inki

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of

goo

d qu

ality

(p

s ./%

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of W

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ply

(ps .

/%)

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100

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66

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med

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80%

of n

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need

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8K

aske

len,

RC

*�7

,��0

/ 1

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/ 1

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,��0

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95 .5

01,

680

/ 4 .

50m

ediu

m90

% o

f net

wor

k ne

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repl

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9U

shto

be, R

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1 /

9 .4

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�,60

4 /

9 .�0

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0 .1

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90 .5

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of m

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pipe

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need

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10Zh

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nt, R

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��,8

15 /

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61

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11 .9

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15,�

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100

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% o

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1�Zh

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RC

*8,

8�0

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08,

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08,

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01,

895

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78 .5

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1�,0

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00 /

100

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07,

600

/ 6�

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% o

f wat

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netw

ork

need

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eque

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genc

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88

1�

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56

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alpy

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14,1

45 /

100

14,1

45 /

10

0�,

816

/ 19

.90

11,�

75 /

80

.10

med

ium

6�%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d su

pply

in s

umm

er

15K

arab

ulak

, R

C*

14,�

57 /

100

14,�

57 /

100

14,�

57 /

100

10,9

�0 /

76

.60

�,��

6 /

�� .4

0 m

ediu

m50

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

16M

atai

�,60

0 /

100

�,60

0 /

100

1,89

5 /

7� .9

070

5 /

�7 .1

0m

ediu

m70

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

17M

ulal

y�5

0 /

100

�50

/ 10

0�5

0 /

100

med

ium

90%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

18D

osty

k�,

19�

/ 10

0�,

19�

/ 10

0�,

19�

/ 10

0�,

156

/ 98

.�0

�7 /

1 .7

0m

ediu

m50

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

19U

lken

�,�0

7 /

100

�,�0

7 /

100

�,�0

7 /

100

med

ium

100%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�0B

oral

dai

9,84

� /

100

9,84

� /

100

9,84

� /

100

9,84

� /

100

med

ium

high

leve

l of n

etw

ork

depr

ecia

tion

�1P

ervo

mai

sky

7,49

9 /

100

7,49

9 /

100

7,49

9 /

100

med

ium

51%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y in

w

inte

r sea

son

��P

okro

vka

�,�6

6 /

100

�,�6

6 /

100

�,�6

6 /

100

�,09

7 /

9� .�

0�6

9 /

7 .80

med

ium

79%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

��Le

psi

700

/ �4

.570

0 /

�4 .5

070

0 /

�4 .5

01,

516

/ 5�

.60

640

/ ��

.40

low

inte

rrup

ted

supp

ly –

4-5

hrs

a

day

�4R

udni

chny

1,04

9 /

100

1,04

9 /

100

1,04

9 /

100

1,0�

1 /

98 .�

018

/ 1

.70

high

�5O

tege

n B

atyr

17,�

6� /

100

17,�

6� /

100

17,�

6� /

100

15,9

16 /

9�

.�0

1,�4

6 /

7 .80

high

�6Tu

yuk

1,4�

5 /

100

1,4�

5 /

100

1,4�

5 /

100

low

70%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

Tota

l in

Alm

aty

Obl

ast:

40�,

18�

/ 85

.7�7

6,46

4 /

80 .0

0�6

,719

/

5 .70

��0,

907

/ 70

.�0

�08,

�47

/ 65

.50

94,8

�6 /

�0

.�0

60,9

95 /

1�

.00

5,50

0 /

1 .�0

640

/ 0 .

10

Tota

l in

Alm

aty

city

:1,

��5,

148

/ 99

.61

1,��

5,14

8 /

99 .6

11,

��5,

148

/ 99

.61

1,�0

7,6�

0 /

97 .4

0�7

,5�8

/ �

.�1

4,85

� /

0 .�9

89

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Almaty oblast




Collection Rate (%)

1 Almaty � �,�90 .00 9 .�� 100 .0

� Kapshagai � secondary pollution �� .70 11 .0� 75 .0

� Taldykorgan � �55 .10 �1 .16 100 .0

4 Tekeli � 1�1 .00 15 .00 96 .0

5 Talgar, RC* 1 allabsence of water

purification facilities

11� .�0 11 .�1 95 .0

6 Usharal, RC* � �7 .50 4� .65 40 .0

7 Esik, RC* � 1�8 .00 9 .7� 98 .0

8 Kaskelen, RC* � high mineralization shortage of water 77 .60 �� .1� 100 .0

9 Ushtobe, RC* � 84 .50 6� .79 65 .0

10 Zharkent, RC* � 94 .50 9 .51 95 .0

11 Sarkand, RC* � 77 .00 �5 .�1 87 .0

1� Zhansugurov, RC* � 78 .60 44 .�4 47 .0

1� Saryozek, RC* � 1�0 .00 �� .16 67 .0

14 Balpykbi � 5� .�0 �7 .5� 96 .0

15 Karabulak, RC* � �8 .00 �7 .�0 100 .0

16 Matai � 14 .�0 74 .15 40 .5

17 Mulaly � � .10 74 .15 85 .0

18 Dostyk � �1 .10 74 .15 100 .0

19 Ulken � biologicalpurification system


�4 .60 600 .00 per

person/month for WS&S services

100 .0

�0 Boraldai � 47 .00 17 .�9 95 .0

�1 Pervomaisky � �5 .00 �� .�8 96 .1

�� Pokrovka � 10 .40 18 .�1 96 .0

�� Lepsi

ground – �,

surface – �

biological/metals

absence of water purification

facilities

�00 .00 per person/month for

WS&S services 100 .0

�4 Rudnichny � 15 .00 11 .4� 97 .0

�5 Otegen Batyr � �5 .00 18 .�1 96 .0

�6 Tuyuk � � .10 16 .15 75 .0

Total in Almaty Oblast: 1,808 .60

Total in Almaty city: �,�90 .00

Note: * quality of water ranges from grade 0 to grade 3; very poor water is deemed under grade 0 and water meeting standard refers to grade 3; RC* – Rayon Center



90

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Almaty oblast

№ Populated Area


(KZT/m�)




1 Almaty 995,100 / 80 .�5 �44,900 / 19 .75 5,9� M and B 1,�� .00

� Kapshagai �7,771 / 96 .50 600 / 1 .50 789 / � .00 10,06 M and B 1�9 .90

� Taldykorgan 5�,587 / 50 .�0 5�,160 / 49 .80 15,�� M and B ��7 .60

4 Tekeli 10,8�6 / 45 .60 1�,911 / 54 .40 1�,18 M and B �7 .60

5 Talgar, RC* 16,0�9 / �7 .00 �7,�11 / 6� .00 7,61 0 51 .50

6 Usharal, RC* 18,085 / 100 .00 0,00 0 –

7 Esik, RC* �,078 / 11 .00 �4,74� / 88 .90 6,11 M and B 51 .10

8 Kaskelen, RC* 10,488 / �8 .�0 �6,7�� / 71 .80 ��,79 0 75 .10

9 Ushtobe, RC* 1,158 / 4 .10 �6,84� / 95 .90 4�,00 М �9 .00

10 Zharkent, RC* �,048 / 6 .60 �8,967 / 9� .40 �,�5 0 �1 .00

11 Sarkand, RC* �,176 / 14 .�0 1�,171 / 85 .80 14,71 0 1� .00

1� Zhansugurov, RC* 1,596 / �8 .�0 7,��4 / 71 .80 0 10 .70

1� Saryozek, RC* 1�,000 / 100 .00 0,00 0 –

14 Balpykbi �0� / 1 .40 1�,889 / 98 .60 6,66 0 4 .60

15 Karabulak, RC* 1,710 / 1� .00 1�,547 / 88 .00 18,00 M and B 11 .90

16 Matai �,600 / 100 0,00 0 –

17 Mulaly �50 / 100 .00 0,00 0 –

18 Dostyk 1,096 / 50 .00 1,097 / 50 .00 0 � .80

19 Ulken �,�07 / 100 .00600 .00 per

ps for WS&S services

0 14 .00

�0 Boraldai 5,666 / 57 .60 4,177 / 4� .40 18,44 0 1� .00

�1 Pervomaisky �,040 / �7 .� 5,459 / 7� .80 18,95 M and B 7 .50

�� Pokrovka �,�66 / 100 .00 0,00 0 –

�� Lepsi �,856 / 100 .00 0,00 0 –

�4 Rudnichny �05 / 70 .90 744 / 70 .90 �1,70 М 7 .00

�5 Otegen Batyr 16,�89 / 95 .00 87� / 5 .00 18,89 M and B �7 .50

�6 Tuyuk 1,4�5 / 100 .00 0,00 0 –

Total in Almaty Oblast: 168,�9� / �5 .8 �,�00 / 0 .70 �98,7�7 / 6� .50 76� .80

Total in Almaty city: 995,100 / 80 .�5 �44,900 / 19 .75 1,�� .00

Note*: M – availability of mechanical treatment facilities; B – availability of biological treatment facilities; WS&S – water supply and sewerage; RC* – Rayon Center

91

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in A

ktob

e o

blas

t

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er s

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

ac

cess

to

wat

er (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

dr

inki

ng w

ater

of

goo

d qu

ality

(p

s ./%

)

Typ

e of

Wat

er S

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w

Leve

l of S

ervi

ce

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

st

and

pipe

w

ell

delivered

othe

r

1A

ktob

e�5

0,61

4 /

100

�50,

614

/ 10

0�5

0,61

4 /

100

��0,

0�9

/ 87

.8�0

,575

/ 1

4 .�

med

ium

high

leve

l of

depr

ecia

tion

in te

rms

of

netw

ork

and

faci

littie

s

�A

lga,

RC

*1�

,418

/ 1

001�

,418

/ 1

001�

,418

/ 1

008,

18�

/ 65

.9�,

659

/ �9

.557

6 /

4 .6

med

ium

80%

of p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�K

andy

agas

h, R

C*

�6,9

64 /

100

�6,9

64 /

100

�6,9

64 /

100

�6,9

64 /

100

med

ium

7�%

of p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

4K

hrom

tau,

RC

*17

,97�

/ 1

0017

,97�

/ 1

0017

,97�

/ 1

0015

,7�6

/ 8

7 .5

�,�4

6 /

1� .5

high

5Sh

alka

r, R

C*

�5,7

00 /

100

�5,7

00 /

100

�5,7

00 /

100

�,5�

6 /

1� .7

��,1

74 /

86 .

�m

ediu

m�5

% o

f pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent (

71

км)

6Te

mir

�,00

1 /

100

�,00

1 /

100

�,00

1 /

100

�,00

1 /

100

med

ium

100%

of w

ater

net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

7Em

ba1�

,8�9

/ 1

001�

,8�9

/ 1

001�

,8�9

/ 1

005,

00�

/ �9

7,8�

6 /

61lo

w87

% o

f pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

freq

uent

em

erge

ncie

s

8Sh

ubar

kudu

k,

RC

*11

,000

/ 1

0011

,000

/ 1

005,

170

/ 47

5,8�

0 /

5�m

ediu

m67

% o

f pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

9Zh

em�,

500

/ 10

0�,

500

/ 10

0�,

500

/ 10

0�,

500

/ 10

0lo

w10

0% o

f wat

er n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, sh

orta

ge o

f wat

er

10K

enki

yak

11,1

67 /

100

11,1

67 /

100

6,89

� /

61 .7

4,�7

4 /

�8 .�

med

ium

6�,5

% o

f pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

Tota

l in

Obl

ast:

�7�,

590

/ 99

.8�6

�,4�

� /

96 .8

11,1

67 /

��5

1,4�

� /

9� .9

�95,

004

/ 78

.878

,585

/ �

1 .0

576

/ 0 .

�

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r



9�

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Aktobe oblast

№ Populated Area Quality Grade*

Problem Type Cause of Problem Length of



Collection Rate (%)

1 Aktobe � metals purification system has technical trouble 545 .70 �� .08 100

� Alga, RC* � 6� .00 �1 .89 9�

� Kandyagash, RC* � �� .00 �7 .70 100

4 Khromtau, RC* � �05 .00 18 .00 100

5 Shalkar, RC* � �84 .10 47 .51 85

6 Temir � other secondary pollution 8 .50 40 .�0 87

7 Emba � other sand penetration in well �� .70 140 .00 5�

8 Shubarkuduk, RC* � metals purification system has

technical trouble �4 .60 �5 .�0 95

9 Zhem � �6 .00 �0 .70

10 Kenkiyak � other absence of water purification facilities �� .50 �9 .00 100

Total in Oblast: 1,�44 .10


Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Aktobe oblast

№ Populated Area Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)


Length of Sewers (km)centralized system septic pit outdoor toilet

1 Aktobe 169,415 / 67 .6 751 / 0 .� 80,448 / �� .1 �0 .9� M and B �65 .0

� Alga, RC* 8,18� / 65 .9 4,��5 / �4 .� 19 .9� M �� .0

� Kandyagash, RC* 19,800 / 7� .4 600 / � .� 6,564 / �4 .� �� .�4 B �0 .0

4 Hromtau, RC* 11,741 / 65 .� �,64� / 14 .7 �,590 / �0 .0 19 .11 M and B 67 .1

5 Shalkar, RC* �,461 / 9 .6 ��,��9 / 90 .4 55 .8� M �7 .0

6 temir �,001 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .0

7 Emba �,4�0 / 18 .9 10,410 / 81 .1 0 �� .0

8 Shubarkuduk, RC* �,870 / �5 .0 7,1�0 / 65 .0 �7 .00 M 7 .�

9 Zhem �,500 / 100 .0 0 �9 .0

10 Kenkiyak 5,58� / 50 .0 5,584 / 50 .0 �� .1� 0 15 .5

Total in Aktobe Oblast: ��6,97� / 60 .7 �,99� / 1 .0 14�,�01 / �8 .� 584 .8


9�

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in A

tyra

u o

blas

t

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er s

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

Typ

e of

Wat

er S

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Serv

ice

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

sta

nd

pipe

w

ell

deliv

ered

1A

tyra

u14

9,77

6 /

100

149,

776

/ 10

014

9,77

6 /

100

1��,

116

/ 8�

.��6

,660

/ 1

7 .8

high

�K

ulsa

ry, R

C*

�8,9

18 /

58 .

4�8

,918

/ 5

8 .4

�6,6

40 /

5� .

8�,

�78

/ 4 .

6�0

,598

/ 4

1 .7

med

ium

59%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

�In

derb

or, R

C*

7,96

4 /

69 .5

7,96

4 /

69 .5

7,54

4 /

65 .8

4�0

/ � .

7�,

504

/ �0

.5m

ediu

m58

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

4K

arat

onac

coun

ted

in

data

of K

ulsa

ry

tow

n

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Kul

sary

to

wn

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

ulsa

ry to

wn

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Kul

sary

to

wn

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

5K

osch

agyl

588

/ 16

.558

8 /

16 .5

588

/ 16

.5�,

97�

/ 8�

.5lo

w10

0% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

6B

aish

onas

1,69

5 /

91 .0

1,69

5 /

91 .0

1,69

5 /

9116

8 /

9 .0

med

ium

50%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

7D

osso

r9,

700

/ 10

0 9,

700

/ 10

0 9,

700

/ 10

0 m

ediu

m68

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

8Is

kene

n45

� /

100

45�

/ 10

045

� /

100

med

ium

50%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

9K

omso

mol

78�

/ 10

078

� /

100

78�

/ 10

0 m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

10K

oshk

ar5�

0 /

100

5�0

/ 10

05�

0 /

100

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

11M

akat

, RC

*1�

,1�0

/ 1

001�

,1�0

/ 1

001�

,1�0

/ 1

00 m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

1�B

alyk

shi

14,1

54 /

9� .

414

,154

/ 9

� .4

14,1

54 /

9� .

410

,057

/ 6

6 .4

4,09

7 /

�7 .0

1,00

0 /

6 .6

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in

term

s of

wat

er p

ipie

net

wor

k

1�Zh

umys

ker

1,98

1 /

48 .1

1,98

1 /

48 .1

1,98

1 /

48 .1

1,50

8 /

�6 .6

47�

/ 11

.51,

884

/ 45

.7�5

6 /

6 .�

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in

term

s of

wat

er p

ipie

net

wor

k

Tota

l in

Aty

rau

Obl

ast:

��9,

661

/ 88

.�16

8,05

8 /

64 .6

61,6

0� /

�� .

716

5,91

1 /

6� .8

195,

7��

/ 75

.��

,9�8

/ 1

�4,

856

/ 1 .

9�5

,5�6

/ 9

.8

Not

e: *R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r



94

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Atyrau oblast




Collection Rate (%)

1 Atyrau � 176 .80 15 .�9 86 .00

� Kulsary, RC* � 67 .70 46 .95 70 .�0

� Inderbor, RC* � other purification system has technical trouble 55 .00 �� .6� 85 .00

4 Karaton � �� .00 46 .95 70 .00

5 Koschagyl � metals absence of water purification facilities 4 .�0 1� .40 40 .00

6 Baishonas � metals absence of water purification facilities 6 .�0 74 .51 per

person /month 100 .00

7 Dossor � �1 .00 79 .09 �8 .00

8 Iskinen � metals absence of water purification facilities � .00 74 .51 per

person /month 100 .00

9 Komsomol � 5 .�0 74 .09 �0 .00

10 Koshkar � 8 .10 74 .09 �0 .00

11 Makat, RC* � metals purification system has technical trouble 58 .�0 61 .70 70 .�0

1� Balykshi � �5 .00 15 .�9 86 .00

1� Zhumysker � 7 .�0 15 .�9 86 .00

Total in Atyrau Oblast: 459 .90

Note: * quality of water ranges from grade 0 to grade 3; very poor water is deemed under grade 0 and water meeting standard refers to grade 3; RC* – Rayon Center .

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Atyrau oblast


(KZT/m�)



1 Atyrau 76,5�5 / 51 .1 150 / 1 .0 7�,091 / 48 .8 40 .96 М 180 .�

� Kulsary, RC* �7,184 / 54 .9 891 / 1 .8 �1,440 / 4� .� �� .56 М 70 .8

� Inderbor, RC* �,��1 / �0 .0 �80 / � .� 7,767 / 67 .7 11 .74 M and B �� .0

4 Karaton accounted in data for Kulsary town

accounted in data for Kulsary town

accounted in data for Kulsary

town �� .56 М

accounted in data for

Kulsary town

5 Koschagyl �,560 / 100 0 .00 0 0

6 Baishonas 1,86� / 100 0 .00 0 0

7 Dossor 9,700 / 100 0 .00 0 0

8 Iskinen 45� / 100 0 .00 0 0

9 Komsomol 78� / 100 0 .00 0 0

10 Koshkar 5�0 / 100 0 .00 0 0

11 Makat, RC* 4,�16 / �� .9 914 / 7 .1 7,890 / 59 .9 50 .88 0 �� .7

1� Balykshi 5,00� / �� .0 1,40� / 9 .� 8,749 / 57 .7 17 .00 0 5 .8

1� Zhumysker 9 / 0 .� 4,11� / 99 .8 0 .00 0 0

Total in Atyrau Oblast: 116,�59 / 44 .7 �,746 / 1 .5 1�9,9�7 / 5� .8 �01 .6


95

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in E

ast-

Kaz

akhs

tan

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er

supp

ly (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�

4 hr

s)

acce

ss to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

ac

cess

to

wat

er (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

dr

inki

ng w

ater

of

goo

d qu

ality

(p

s ./%

)

Type

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Serv

ice

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

st

and

pipe

w

ell

delivered

othe

r

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

1U

st-K

amen

ogor

sk�1

0,00

0 /

100

�10,

000

/ 10

0�1

0,00

0 /

100

�6�,

500

/ 85

46,5

00 /

15

med

ium

depr

ecia

tion

of n

etw

ork

and

faci

litie

s by

85%

�A

yago

z, R

C*

�8,0

97 /

100

�8,0

97 /

100

�8,0

97 /

100

�8,5

7� /

75

9,5�

4 /

�5m

ediu

m56

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�Za

isan

, RC

*9,

��0

/ 10

09,

��0

/ 10

09,

��0

/ 10

0�,

185

/ ��

.77,

045

/ 76

.�m

ediu

m80

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

4Zy

ryan

ovsk

, RC

*41

,�00

/ 1

0041

,�00

/ 1

0041

,�00

/ 1

00�9

,507

/ 9

5 .7

1,79

� /

4 .�

med

ium

60%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

5Se

mip

alat

insk

��4,

5�6

/ 89

.4��

4,5�

6 /

89 .4

��4,

5�6

/ 89

.418

9,�6

5 /

75 .4

�5,1

61 /

14

�6,6

�1 /

10

.6m

ediu

m60

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

perm

anen

t pro

blem

s w

ith q

ualit

y of

wat

er

6R

idde

r51

,�50

/ 1

0051

,�50

/ 1

0041

,�86

/ 8

0 .4

10,0

64 /

19 .

6 m

ediu

m84

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

7Sh

emon

aiha

, RC

*17

,100

/ 1

0017

,100

/ 1

0017

,100

/ 1

005,

814

/ �4

11,�

86 /

66

high

8Se

rebr

yans

k10

,800

/ 1

0010

,800

/ 1

0010

,800

/ 1

006,

545

/ 60

.64,

�55

/ �9

.4m

ediu

m44

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

prob

lem

s w

ith q

ualit

y of

wat

er

9Sh

ar5,

98�

/ 6�

5,98

� /

6�5,

98�

/ 6�

�40

/ � .

55,

74�

/ 60

.5�,

515

/ �7

high

10K

uhat

ov, R

C*

9,90

0 /

100

9,90

0 /

100

9,90

0 /

100

9,40

0 /

9550

0 /

5m

ediu

m81

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

11G

lubo

koe,

RC

*9,

400

/ 10

09,

400

/ 10

09,

400

/ 10

04,

5�5

/ 48

.14,

874

/ 51

.9hi

gh

1�A

ktog

ai1,

904

/ 40

.51,

904

/ 40

.51,

904

/ 40

.5�4

� /

7 .�

1,56

1 /

�� .�

�,79

6 /

59 .5

med

ium

50%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

1�B

elag

ash

996

/ 10

099

6 /

100

188

/ 18

.980

8 /

81 .1

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

14Zh

ezke

nt10

,500

/ 1

0010

,500

/ 1

0010

,500

/ 1

009,

706

/ 9�

.476

5 /

7 .6

high

50%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

15A

ltai

�,��

0 /

100

�,��

0 /

100

�,��

0 /

100

�,��

0 /

100

high

16B

elou

sovk

a4,

956

/ 51

.6�

4,95

6 /

51 .6

�4,

956

/ 51

.6�

4,�8

0 /

45 .6

�57

6 /

64,

644

/ 5�

.�7

med

ium

high

dep

reci

atio

n of

ele

ctri

cal a

nd

pum

ping

equ

ipm

ent

17Ve

rhne

bere

zov

1,69

� /

60 .5

1,69

� /

60 .5

1,69

� /

60 .5

1,6�

� /

5870

/ �

.51,

107

/ �9

.5hi

gh

18A

uezo

v4,

656

/ 10

04,

656

/ 10

01,

956

/ 4�

�,70

0 /

58 m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d su

pply



96

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

19Zh

angi

stob

e0

/ 0

5,�0

0 /

100

�0Zh

arm

a1,

�79

/ 10

01,

�79

/ 10

01,

�79

/ 10

0 m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d su

pply

�1Su

ykbu

lak

0 /

091

/ 1

00lo

wno

nope

ratio

nal c

ondi

tion

of w

ater

su

pply

sys

tem

��N

ovay

a B

uhta

rma

5,00

0 /

6� .5

5,00

0 /

6� .5

�,97

8 /

49 .7

1,0�

� /

1� .8

�,00

0 /

�7 .5

med

ium

70%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

��O

ktya

brsk

y�,

005

/ 10

0�,

005

/ 10

0�,

005

/ 10

0m

ediu

m10

0% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�4P

ribr

ezhn

y1,

100

/ 10

01,

100

/ 10

099

0 /

9011

0 /

10m

ediu

m76

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�5Tu

gyl

7,45

0 /

100

7,45

0 /

100

7,45

0 /

100

1,�0

0 /

16 .1

6,�5

0 /

8� .9

med

ium

�9%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�6M

olod

ezhn

y, R

C*

�,�0

0 /

100

�,�0

0 /

100

�,�0

0 /

100

�,09

4 /

6� .5

1,�0

6 /

�6 .5

med

ium

60%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�7A

subu

lak

0 /

00

/ 0

0 /

0�,

780

/ 90

.8�8

0 /

9 .�

�8B

elog

orsk

y0

/ 0

0 /

00

/ 0

554

/ 10

0

�9O

gnye

vka

400

/ 4�

.140

0 /

4� .1

400

/ 4�

.15�

8 /

56 .9

low

57%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d su

pply

– �

hr

s in

a d

ay

�0P

ervo

mai

sky

5,�1

4 /

100

5,�1

4 /

100

5�14

/ 1

005�

14 /

100

med

ium

50%

of n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�1U

st-T

alov

ka

10,0

00 /

100

10,0

00 /

100

10,0

00 /

100

10,0

00 /

100

high

��Zu

bovk

a1,

800

/ 7�

1,80

0 /

7�1,

800

/ 7�

1�0

/ 5 .

�1,

670

/ 66

.870

0 /

�8 m

ediu

m60

% o

f net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

��M

alee

vsk

0 /

00

/ 0

0 /

0�,

119

/ 10

0

�4U

lba

6,00

0 /

100

6,00

0 /

100

6,00

0 /

100

6,00

0 /

100

high

�5Sh

ulbi

nsk

�,50

0 /

100

�,50

0 /

100

�,50

0 /

100

�,50

0 /

100

high

Tota

l in

East

-K

azak

hsta

n O

blas

t: 80

1,75

8 /

9� .6

794,

4�7

/ 9�

.77,

��1

/ 0 .

97�

4,�1

7 /

85 .7

646,

967

/ 75

.415

4,79

1 /

18 .1

54,6

55 /

6 .4

�80

/ 0 .

1

97

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in East-Kazakhstan oblast



(KZT/m�)

Water Tariff Collection Rate (%)

1 Ust-Kamenogorsk � 490 .50 9 .80 100 .00

� Ayagoz, RC* � other purification system has technical trouble 84 .15 18 .45 100 .00

� Zaisan, RC* � other purification system has technical trouble 58 .80 19 .00 95 .00

4 Zyryanovsk, RC* � 15� .40 1� .54 97 .00

5 Semipalatinsk 1 biological / metals secondary pollution �11 .00 8 .9� 84 .70

6 Ridder � metals purification system has technical trouble 1�4 .8� 6 .69 100 .00

7 Shemonaiha, RC* � 8� .50 9 .79 90 .00

8 Serebryansk � metals secondary pollution 54 .00 18 .5� 85 .00

9 Shar � 44 .54 �5 .00 7� .00

10 Kuhatov, RC* � other secondary pollution 99 .00 7 .70 90 .00

11 Glubokoe, RC* � �1 .00 9 .8� 90 .00

1� Aktogai � �5 .00 48 .�4 100 .00

1� Belagash � 194 .�1 97 .00

14 Zhezkent � 58 .80 �9 .66 100 .00

15 Altai � 6 .�0 8 .94 100 .00

16 Belousovka � �8 .70 9 .89 100 .00

17 Verhneberezovsky � �� .10 11 .77 100 .00

18 Auezov � 10 .00 18 .99 100 .00

19 Zhangistobe � - - -

�0 Zharma � - - -

�1 Suykbulak � - -

�� Novaya Buhtarma � mineralization purification system has technical trouble �6 .00 14 .48 78 .00

�� Oktyabrsky � biological / metals purification system has technical trouble 8 .00 14 .48 78 .00

�4 Pribrezhny � biological / other purification system has technical trouble �5 .00 99 .00 90 .00

�5 Tugyl � �4 .50 �5 .00

�6 Molodezhny, RC* � 4� .00 86 .00 per ps; 1� .00 per m� if water meter

installed 75 .00

�7 Asubulak � – – –

�8 Belogorsky � – – –

�9 Ognyevka 1 biological / metals /mineralization

absence of water purification facilities 9 .�0

�0 Pervomaisky � 64 .60 84 .64 70 .00

�1 Ust-Talovka � 8� .50 9 .79 100 .00

�� Zubovka � 14 .�0 11 .�1 100 .00

�� Maleevsk � – – –

�4 Ulba � 7 .50

�5 Shulbinsk � 15 .75 10 .50 89 .00

Total in East-Kazakhstan Oblast: �,0�� .76




98

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in East-Kazakhstan oblast

№ Populated area Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)



1 Ust-Kamenogorsk �6�,500 / 85 .00 46,501 / 15 .0 10 .55 M and B �98 .40

� Ayagoz, RC* 4,95� / 1� .00 1,905 / 5 .0 �1,��9 / 8� .0 � .10 M and B �0 .00

� Zaisan, RC* 9,��0 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

4 Zyryanovsk, RC* �7,0�0 / 65 .50 5,540 / 1� .4 8,740 / �1 .1 15 .�0 M and B 97 .50

5 Semipalatinsk 1��,10� / 54 .60 119,044 / 45 .4 7 .67 Мо �1� .�7

6 Ridder �4,559 / 67 .�0 4,�00 / 8 .� 1�,591 / �4 .5 6 .�� M and B 65 .10

7 Shemonaiha, RC* �,�51 / 19 .60 855 / 5 .0 1�,894 / 75 .4 8 .91 M and B 54 .70

8 Serebryansk 4,640 / 4� .00 6,160 / 57 .0 �� .41 M and B �6 .00

9 Shar 9,497 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

10 Kuhatov, RS* 9,894 / 99 .90 6 / 0 .1 8 .18 M and B 41 .50

11 Glubokoe, RC* 4,�� / 44 .90 5,178 / 55 .1 11 .48 M and B �6 .00

1� Aktogai 4,700 / 100 .0

1� Belagash 996 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

14 Zhezkent 7,065 / 67 .�0 �,4�5 / �� .7 11 .4� M and B �9 .40

15 Altai 1,848 / 79 .66 47� / �0 .�4 8 .60 M and B � .50

16 Belousovka �,654 / �8 .10 5,946 / 61 .9 11 .48 M and B 18 .90

17 Verhneberezovsky �,800 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

18 Auezov 1,956 / 4� .00 �,700 / 58 .0 0 8 .10

19 Zhangistobe 5,�00 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�0 Zharma 1,�79 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�1 Suykbulak 91 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�� Novaya Buhtarma �,8�0 / 47 .90 4,170 / 5� .1 11 .75 M and B 18 .90

�� Oktyabrsky ��7 / 11 .� 1,778 / 88 .7 11 .75 0 –

�4 Pribrezhny �00 / �7 .�0 690 / 6� .7 110 / 10 .0 195 .00 Мо 4 .00

�5 Tugyl 500 / 6 .70 6,950 / 9� .� 0 � .00

�6 Molodezhny, RC* �,094 / 6� .50 1,�06 / �6 .5 86 .00/ps M and B 18 .00

�7 Asubulak 4,160 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�8 Belogorsky 554 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�9 Ognyevka 9�8 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 � .1 – do not operate

�0 Pervomaisky 1,460 / �8 1,105 / �1 .� �,649 / 50 .8 66 .�0 0 16 .50

�1 Ust-Talovka 10,000 / 100 8 .91 M and B 54 .70

�� Zubovka �,500 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�� Maleevsk �,119 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�4 Ulba �,777 / 46 .� �,�� / 5� .7 Мо 4 .60

�5 Shulbinsk �,�17 / 6� .�4 �64 / 10 .4 919 / �6 .�� 10 .56 M and B 18 .00

Total in East-Kazakhstan Oblast: 5�1,94� / 60 .9 14,89� / 1 .7 �19,959 / �7 .4 1,141 .�0


99

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to g

ood

Qua

lity

of D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in z

ham

byl o

blas

t

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er s

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to

wat

er (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er

of g

ood

qual

ity (p

s ./%

)

Type

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Serv

ice

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

sta

nd

pipe

w

ell

deliv

ered

othe

r

1Ta

raz

��6,

�10

/ 10

0��

6,�1

0 /

100

18�,

�1�

/ 56

14�,

998

/ 44

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

of

netw

ork

and

faci

litie

s

�Zh

anat

as, R

C*

16,7

66 /

100

16,7

66 /

100

14,8

71 /

88 .

71,

895

/ 11

.� m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

�K

arat

au, R

C*

9,�6

8 /

86 .7

9,�6

8 /

86 .7

10,9

96 /

56 .

16,

�7�

/ ��

�,��

� /

11 .9

med

ium

47,5

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

4Sh

u�6

,70�

/ 1

00�6

,70�

/ 1

00�0

,85�

/ 5

6 .8

15,8

50 /

4� .

� m

ediu

m60

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

5G

vard

eisk

y0

/ 0

0 /

05,

51�

/ 10

0 m

ediu

m n

onop

erat

iona

l con

ditio

n of

w

ater

sup

ply

syst

em

6Lu

govo

i9,

69�

/ 10

09,

69�

/ 10

01,

851

/ 18

.67,

84�

/ 81

.4hi

gh

7G

rano

togo

rsk

1,4�

0 /

100

1,4�

0 /

100

1,4�

0 /

100

high

8O

ital

�,88

0 /

100

�,88

0 /

100

�,88

0 /

100

high

9A

kbak

ai0

/ 0

0 /

01,

�84

/ 10

0lo

ww

ater

impo

rted

by

vehi

cles

10A

ksue

k0

/ 0

0 /

01,

468

/ 10

0lo

ww

ater

impo

rted

by

vehi

cles

11M

irny

0 /

00

/ 0

1,10

0 /

100

low

wat

er im

port

ed b

y ve

hicl

es

1�M

ynar

al71

� /

100

71�

/ 10

071

� /

100

low

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

1�H

anta

u98

0 /

100

980

/ 10

098

0 /

100

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

14Sh

igan

ak�,

5��

/ 10

0�,

5��

/ 10

0�,

5��

/ 10

0lo

w65

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

15Ta

sotk

el0

/ 0

0 /

088

0 /

100

low

nono

pera

tiona

l con

ditio

n of

w

ater

sup

ply

syst

em

16K

okta

l0

/ 0

0 /

01,

��0

/ 10

0lo

wno

nope

ratio

nal c

ondi

tion

of

wat

er s

uppl

y sy

stem

Tota

l in

Zham

byl O

blas

t: 41

6,�6

5 /

96 .8

�0,�

60 /

7�8

6,00

5 /

89 .8

��1,

88�

/ 5�

.918

4,�8

� /

4� .9

7,61

� /

1 .8

6,�8

4 /

1 .5



100

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in zhambyl oblast




Collection Rate (%)

1 Taraz � 416 .6 8 .�8 81

� Zhanatas, RC* � other secondary pollution of water 141 .1 7� .40 100

� Karatau, RC* � 96 .0 10 .50 75

4 Shu � 1�� .0 17 .80 95

5 Gvardeisky � 0 .0 0 .00 0

6 Lugovoi � �4 .4 �9 .00 68

7 Granotogorsk � 11 .6 74 .68 75

8 Oital � 5 .5 74 .68 75

9 Akbakai � 0 .0

10 Aksuek � 40 .0 1�0 .00 100

11 Mirny � 0 .0

1� Mynaral 1 biological/mineralization/metals

absence of water purification facilities 1 .8

1� Hantau � � .5

14 Shiganak � biological/mineralization/metals

absence of water purification facilities 19 .0

15 Tasotkel � 0 .0 0 .00 0

16 Koktal � 0 .0 0 .00 0

Total in Zhambyl Oblast: 89� .5

Note: * quality of water ranges from grade 0 to grade 3; very poor water is deemed under grade 0 and water meeting standard refers to grade 3; RC* – Rayon Center.

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in zhambyl oblast

№ Populated areaType of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)



1 Taraz 99,�88 / �0 .4 ��7,0�� / 69 .6 4 .00 0 �6� .7

� Zhanatas, RC* 14,871 / 88 .7 1,895 / 11 .� 4� .70 M and B 55 .�

� Karatau, RC* 9,878 / 50 .4 �00 / 1 .0 9,5�� / 48 .6 4 .84 M and B 46 .0

4 Shu 19,048 / 51 .9 8,�88 / �� .6 9,�66 / �5 .5 15 .60 M 54 .7

5 Gvardeisky 5,51� / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

6 Lugovoi 9,69� / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

7 Granotogorsk 1,4�0 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

8 Oital �,880 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

9 Akbakai 1,�84 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

10 Aksuek 1,468 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

11 Mirny 1,100 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

1� Mynaral 714 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

1� Hantau 980 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

14 Shiganak �,5�� / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

15 Tasotkel 880 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

16 Koktal 1,��0 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

Total in Zhambyl Oblast: 14�,085 / �� .� 8,488 / � .0 �78,589 / 64 .7 418 .7


101

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to g

ood

Qua

lity

of D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in W

est-

Kaz

akhs

tan

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er s

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

by T

ype

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Ser

vice

ce

ntra

lized

co

mm

on s

tand

pi

pe

wel

lde

liver

edot

her

1U

rals

k19

9,4�

7 /

100

199,

4�7

/ 10

018

4,07

1 /

9� .�

15,�

56 /

7 .7

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in te

rms

of n

etw

ork

and

faci

litie

s

�A

ksai

, RC

*�4

,��0

/ 1

00�4

,��0

/ 1

00�1

,48�

/ 9

��,

7�8

/ 8

high

�D

erku

l5,

075

/ 10

05,

075

/ 10

0�,

10�

/ 61

.11,

97�

/ �8

.9 m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

4Za

chag

ansk

1�,7

86 /

100

1�,7

86 /

100

10,8

46 /

78 .

7�,

940

/ �1

.� m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

5K

rugl

ooze

rnoe

�,54

� /

100

�,54

� /

100

�,54

� /

100

low

80%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

6B

urlin

�08

/ 6 .

9�0

8 /

6 .9

�08

/ 6 .

9�,

799

/ 9�

.1lo

w40

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

7Zh

elay

evo

0 /

00

/ 0

1,51

6 /

100

low

non

oper

atio

nal c

ondi

tion

of w

ater

sup

ply

syst

em

Tota

l in

Wes

t-K

azak

hsta

n O

blas

t �5

6,�5

9 /

98 .�

�,75

1 /

1 .4

�5�,

508

/ 96

.9��

9,70

9 /

88 .�

�6,5

50 /

10 .

� 4,

�15

/ 1 .

6

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r



10�

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in West-Kazakhstan oblast





Collection Rate (%)

1 Uralsk � �44 .0 14 .0 100 .0

� Aksai, RC* � 11� .7 41 .6 95 .0

� Derkul � �9 .0 14 .0 100 .0

4 Zachagansk � 48 .8 14 .0 100 .0

5 Krugloozernoe � 4 .6 subsidy 100 .0

6 Burlin � � .0 �4 .0 100 .0

7 Zhelayevo � other no agency responsible for water quality monitoring 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0

Total in West-Kazakhstan Oblast: 55� .1

Note: * quality of water ranges from grade 0 to grade 3; very poor water is deemed under grade 0 and water meeting standard refers to grade 3; RC* – Rayon Center .

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in West-Kazakhstan oblast

№ Populated Area


(KZT/m�)



1 Uralsk 169,707 / 85 .1 1,�10 / 0 .6 �8,510 / 14 .� 1� .18 M and B �06

� Aksai, RC* 16,4�6 / 48 .0 7,460 / �1 .8 10,��4 / �0 .� �1 .00 M and B �7

� Derkul �,004 / �9 .5 �,071 / 60 .5 1� .18 M and Baccounted in the assets of

State Communal Enterprise “Oral Su Arnasy”

4 Zachagansk 7,41� / 5� .8 6,�7� / 46 .� 1� .18 M and Baccounted in the assets of

State Communal Enterprise “Oral Su Arnasy”

5 Krugloozernoe �,54� / 100 0 .00 0 0

6 Burlin �,007 / 100 0 .00 0 0

7 Zhelayevo 1,516 / 100 0 .00 0 0

Total in West-Kazakhstan Oblast: 195,550 / 75 .0 8,670 / � .� 56,�54 / �1 .7 �4�


10�

ANNExES

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in K

arag

anda

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er s

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

Typ

e of

Wat

er S

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Serv

ice

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

sta

nd

pipe

w

ell

delivered

other

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

1K

arag

anda

4�9,

507

/ 99

.84�

9,50

7 /

99 .8

4�9,

507

/ 99

.84�

9,50

7 /

99 .8

860

/ 0 .

�m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

and

faci

litie

s

�A

bai,

RC

*�4

,�00

/ 1

00 .0

�4,�

01 /

100

.0��

,900

/ 9

8 .8

�00

/ 1 .

�lo

whi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

and

faci

litie

s,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

�K

arka

ralin

sk, R

C*

10,5

10 /

100

.010

,510

/ 1

00 .0

10,5

10 /

100

.0�,

101

/ �0

8,40

9 /

80hi

gh

4B

alkh

ash

5�,�

04 /

100

.05�

,�04

/ 1

00 .0

5�,�

04 /

100

.050

,749

/ 9

5 .�

�,55

5 /

4 .8

med

ium

15 .4

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t – 6

� km

5Zh

eska

zgan

74,4

70 /

100

.074

,470

/ 1

00 .0

74,4

70 /

100

.070

,1�0

/ 9

4 .�

4,�5

0 /

5 .8

high

6K

araz

hal

9,�0

0 /

87 .6

9,�0

0 /

87 .6

6,50

0 /

61 .9

�,70

0 /

�5 .7

1,�0

0 /

1� .4

med

ium

80%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

7Sa

ran

47,�

00 /

100

.047

,�00

/ 1

00 .0

47,�

00 /

100

.046

,401

/ 9

8 .1

899

/ 1 .

9hi

gh

8Sa

tpae

v67

,�04

/ 1

00 .0

67,�

04 /

100

.067

,�04

/ 1

00 .0

64,8

61 /

96 .

4�,

44�

/ � .

6hi

gh

9Te

mir

tau

170,

000

/ 10

0 .0

170,

000

/ 10

0 .0

170,

000

/ 10

0 .0

14�,

650

/ 84

.5�6

,�50

/ 1

5 .6

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in

term

s of

net

wor

k an

d fa

cilit

ies

10Sc

hakh

tinsk

5�,5

61 /

100

.05�

,561

/ 1

00 .0

51,1

94 /

97 .

41,

�67

/ � .

6m

ediu

m�6

.6%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent –

�7 .

7 km

11P

rioz

ersk

19,�

41 /

98 .

919

,�41

/ 9

8 .9

18,6

41 /

95 .

860

0 /

� .1

�10

/ 1 .

1m

ediu

m70

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

1�A

tasu

, RC

*5,

0��

/ �0

.95,

0��

/ �0

.95,

0��

/ �0

.94,

608

/ �8

.�4�

5 /

� .6

11,�

7�

/ 69

.1m

ediu

m4�

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

1�K

ievk

a, R

C*

0 /

06,

810

/ 10

0 .0

14O

saka

rovk

a, R

C*

7,98

9 /

100 .

07,

989

/ 10

0 .0

7,98

9 /

100 .

05,

59�

/ 70

�,�9

7 /

�0m

ediu

m77

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

15Iz

umru

dny

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

16K

arab

as a

ccou

nted

in

data

of A

bai

tow

n

acc

ount

ed in

da

ta o

f Aba

i to

wn

acc

ount

ed in

da

ta o

f Aba

i to

wn

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in

term

s of

net

wor

k



104

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

17Ti

par

9,70

0 /

100 .

09,

700

/ 10

0 .0

9,70

0 /

100 .

0

9,70

0 /

100 .

0 ha

s ac

cess

to

wat

er s

uppl

y sy

stem

18Yu

zhny

�,90

0 /

100 .

0�,

900

/ 10

0 .0

�,90

0 /

100 .

0�,

900

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

70%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

19Sa

rysh

agab

5,10

0 .0

/ 10

0 .0

5,10

0 .0

/ 10

0 .0

5,10

0 .0

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

�0Sh

ashu

bai

1,96

9 /

100 .

01,

969

/ 10

0 .0

1,96

9 /

100 .

0m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

�1K

usho

ky4,

�00

/ 10

0 .0

4,�0

0 /

100 .

04,

�00

/ 10

0 .0

4,07

5 /

971�

5 /

�hi

gh

��G

. Mus

tafin

�,19

8 /

100 .

0�,

198

/ 10

0 .0

�,19

8 /

100 .

0�0

6 /

1� .9

1,89

� /

86 .1

high

��K

yzyl

zhar

�74

/ 18

.��7

4 /

18 .�

�74

/ 18

.��7

4 /

18 .�

1,��

6 /

81 .7

low

70%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�4K

arag

aily

5,�0

4 /

100 .

05,

�04

/ 10

0 .0

5,�0

4 /

100 .

041

6 /

84,

788

/ 9�

high

�5Sh

ubar

kol

701

/ 10

0 .0

701

/ 10

0 .0

701

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

�6M

olod

ezhn

y6,

400

/ 10

0 .0

6,40

0 /

100 .

06,

400

/ 10

0 .0

6,40

0 /

100 .

0m

ediu

m65

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�7A

ktas

acc

ount

ed

in d

ata

of

Kar

agan

da c

ity

acc

ount

ed

in d

ata

of

Kar

agan

da c

ity

acc

ount

ed in

dat

a of

Kar

agan

da c

ity

acc

ount

ed

in d

ata

of

Kar

agan

da c

ity

acc

ount

ed

in d

ata

of

Kar

agan

da c

ity

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

�8Zh

ezdi

4,89

8 /

100 .

04,

898

/ 10

0 .0

4,89

8 /

100 .

01,

76�

/ �6

.0

�,1�

5 /

64 .0

hi

gh

�9K

aras

akpa

i�,

00�

/ 10

0 .0

�,00

� /

100 .

0�,

00�

/ 10

0 .0

�,00

� /

100 .

0m

ediu

m70

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�0A

gady

r8,

170

/ 10

0 .0

8,17

0 /

100 .

08,

170

/ 10

0 .0

1,89

5 /

�� .�

6,�7

5 /

76 .8

med

ium

6�%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�1A

kzha

l�,

878

/ 10

0 .0

�,87

8 /

100 .

0�,

909

/ 75

969

/ �5

med

ium

40%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

��A

kcha

tau

/

1,4�

�/

100 .

0lo

w n

onop

erat

iona

l con

ditio

n of

w

ater

sup

ply

syst

em

��D

aryi

nsky

865

/ 10

0 .0

865

/ 10

0 .0

865

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

81%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

�4N

izhn

i Kai

rakt

y91

� /

100 .

091

� /

100 .

091

� /

100 .

0m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of fa

cilit

ies

105

ANNExES

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

�5Ve

rhni

Kai

rakt

y60

9 /

100 .

060

9 /

100 .

060

9 /

100 .

060

9 /

100 .

0m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of fa

cilit

ies

�6M

oiyn

ty�,

180

/ 10

0 .0

�,18

0 /

100 .

0�,

180

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

70%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

�7S .

Sei

fulli

n0

/ 0

0 /

00

/ 0

1,�0

0 /

100 .

0lo

ww

ater

sup

ply

syst

em h

as n

ot

been

put

into

ope

ratio

n

�8G

ulsh

at70

0 /

100 .

070

0 /

100 .

070

0 /

100 .

070

0 /

100 .

0m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

�9K

onyr

at4,

170

/ 10

0 .0

4,17

0 /

100 .

04,

170

/ 10

0 .0

�,��

6 /

808�

4 /

�0m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

40Sa

yak

�,70

0 /

100 .

0�,

700

/ 10

0 .0

�,70

0 /

100 .

0�,

960

/ 80

740

/ �0

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in

term

s of

net

wor

k

41Sh

ugys

Kon

yrat

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

400

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in

term

s of

net

wor

k

4�Zh

aire

m9,

800

/ 10

0 .0

9,80

0 /

100 .

09,

800

/ 10

0 .0

9,80

0 /

100 .

0hi

gh

4�Zh

amby

l0

/ 0

0 /

00

/ 0

�09

/ 10

0 .0

44A

ktas

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/ 10

0 .0

�4�

/ 10

0 .0

�4�

/ 10

0 .0

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

45Zh

eska

zgan

acc

ount

ed in

da

ta o

f Sat

paev

to

wn

acc

ount

ed in

da

ta o

f Sat

paev

to

wn

acc

ount

ed in

dat

a of

Sat

paev

tow

n

acc

ount

ed in

da

ta o

f Sat

paev

to

wn

acc

ount

ed in

da

ta o

f Sat

paev

to

wn

high

46A

ktau

5,��

8 /

87 .�

5,��

8 /

87 .�

5,��

8 /

87 .�

4,05

4 /

66 .�

1,�8

4 /

�178

5 /

1� .8

med

ium

7�%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

47D

olin

sky

0 /

00

/ 0

0 /

04,

050

/ 10

0 .0

low

adeq

uate

wat

er q

ualit

y co

ntro

l is

not

ava

ilabl

e

48N

ovod

olin

sky

�,�9

8 /

�4 .8

�,�9

8 /

�4 .8

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8 /

�4 .8

4,�0

� /

65 .�

low

100 .

0% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

49B

otak

ara

(Uly

anov

sky)

746

/ 10

0 .0

746

/ 10

0 .0

746

/ 10

0 .0

746

/ 10

0 .0

high

50Sh

akha

n8,

88�

/ 88

.88,

88�

/ 88

.88,

88�

/ 88

.81,

118

/ 11

.�m

ediu

m85

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

Tota

l in

Kar

agan

da

Obl

ast:

1,07

0,55

8 /

96 .8

1,01

�,5�

7 /

91 .�

58,0

18 /

5 .4

997,

�69

/ 90

.�98

7,56

� /

89 .�

8�,9

96 /

7 .5

��,0

��

/ � .

91,

510

/ 0 .

11,

4��

/ 0 .

1



106

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Karaganda oblast

№ Populated Area Quality Grade* Problem Type Cause of Problem Length of Pipelines

(km)Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)

Water Tariff Collection Rate (%)

1 � � 4 5 6 7 8

1 Karaganda � 1,0�� .00 �7 .7 98 .�

� Abai, RC* � biological/metals

secondary pollution of water 57 .80 �0 .� 78 .9

� Karkaralinsk, RC* � �9 .10 54 .1 100 .0

4 Balkhash � 165 .00 14 .� 100 .0

5 Zheskazgan � mineralization purification system has technical trouble �97 .�0 1� .5 100 .0

6 Karazhal � 1�8 .00 6� .� 100 .0

7 Saran � ��5 .00 �0 .8 100 .0

8 Satpaev � 511 .00 8 .� 100 .0

9 temirtau � �01 .00 18 .58 -LLP ”Nijni Byef”; �1 .88 – LLP

“Okzhetpes”98 .�

10 Schakhtinsk � 104 .60 �7 .6 98 .7

11 Priozersk � other purification system has technical trouble �0 .60 84 .8 100 .0

1� Atasu, RC* � 57 .70 �4 .7 100 .0

1� Kievka, RC* � �5 .00 0 .0 0 .0

14 Osakarovka, RC* � 79 .00 �5 .0 50 .0

15 Izumrudny � 6 .00 14 .0 9� .0

16 Karabas � biological/metals

secondary pollution of water 10 .00 15 .4 80 .0

17 Tipar � �0 .00 1� .4 100 .0

18 Yuzhny � 19 .00 14 .5 100 .0

19 Saryshagab � 15 .50 11 .4

�0 Shashubai � 16 .50 16 .8

�1 Kushoky � 47 .00 �1 .8 100 .0

�� Gabiden Mustafin � 9 .60 11 .� 100 .0

�� Kyzylzhar � 5 .00 44 .7 100 .0

�4 Karagaily � 1� .80 60 .0 100 .0

�5 Shubarkol �

�6 Molodezhny � �8 .40 �9 .0 95 .0

�7 Aktas � accounted in assets of Karaganda city �7 .7 98 .�

�8 Zhezdi � �� .00 8 .� 100 .0

�9 Karasakpai � 15 .00 �7 .5 90 .0

�0 Agadyr � 60 .00 �0 .5 100 .0

�1 Akzhal � �0 .00 9 .� 100 .0

�� Akchatau � metals absence of water purification facilities – 0 .0 0 .0

�� Daryinsky � 5 .50 48 .� 76 .0

107

ANNExES

1 � � 4 5 6 7 8

�4 Nizhni Kairakty � biological/other

absence of water purific ation facilities � .00 �� .� 100 .0

�5 Verhni Kairakty � 6 .00 48 .� 100 .0

�6 Moiynty � 56 .40 1�6 .6 76 .0

�7 S . Seifullin � – 0 .0 0 .0

�8 Gulshat � �0 .1 100 .0

�9 Konyrat � �1 .00 �0 .1 100 .0

40 Sayak � 18� .00 �0 .1 100 .0

41 Shugys Konyrat � �0 .1 100 .0

4� Zhairem � 170 .�0 �6 .� 100 .0

4� Zhambyl � – 0 .0 0 .0

44 Aktas � � .00 �� .� 100 .0

45 Zheskazgan � accounted in assets of Satpaev city 8 .� 100 .0

46 Aktau � �� .40 4� .� 8� .0

47 Dolinsky � – 0 .0 0 .0

48 Novodolinsky � metals/ other secondary pollution of water �1 .50 �8 .0 90 .0

49 Botakara � 7 .50 �� .0 100 .0

50 Shakhan � metals/ other secondary pollution of water �1 .�0 49 .6 97 .0

Total in Karaganda Oblast: �,819 .60




108

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Karaganda oblast

№ Populated Area Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water

Tariff (KZT/m�)



1 � � 4 5 6 7 8

1 Karaganda �67,965 / 85 .5 1�,771 / � .� 48,6�8 / 11 .� �1 .7� M and B 6�� .00

� Abai, RC* ��,900 / 98 .8 �00 / 1 .� 19 .49 M and B 5� .70

� Karkaralinsk, RC* 1,577 / 15 .0 5�4 / 5 .0 8,409 / 80 .0 5� .60 0 11 .80

4 Balkhash 48,5�4 / 91 .0 �,555 / 4 .8 �,��5 / 4 .� 7 .99 0 157 .00

5 Zheskazgan 6�,517 / 8� .9 11,95� / 16 .1 4 .95 M and B �5� .75

6 Karazhal 5,�50 / 50 .0 �,100 / �0 .0 �,150 / �0 .0 18 .66 0 8� .�0

7 Saran 4�,1�8 / 91 .� 4,16� / 8 .9 �� .�9 M and B 60 .70

8 Satpaev 60,�45 / 89 .5 95� / 1 .4 6,106 / 9 .1 7 .�8 М �69 .00

9 temirtau 1�6,694 / 74 .5 4�,�06 / �5 .6 �1 .7� M and B �88 .70

10 Schakhtinsk 19,55� / �7 .� 1,787 / � .4 �1,��1 / 59 .4 �7 .84 M and B 96 .�0

11 Priozersk 18,641 / 95 .8 810 / 4 .� 101 .44 0 4� .50

1� Atasu, RC* �,609 / 16 .0 1�,697 / 84 .0 40 .7� М 10 .00

1� Kievka, RC* 6,810 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

14 Osakarovka, RC* 8� / 1 .0 �,196 / 40 .0 4,711 / 59 .0 0 11 .40

15 Izumrudny 400 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

16 Karabas �,400 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

17 Tipar / / /

18 Yuzhny �,900 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

19 Saryshagab / / /

�0 Shashubai / / /

�1 Kushoky 1,175 / �8 .0 �0,�5 / 7� .0 10 .44 0 7 .00

�� Gabiden Mustafin �06 / 1� .9 1,89� / 86 .1 0 � .�0

�� Kyzylzhar 1,500 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�4 Karagaily �60 / 5 .0 156 / � .0 4,788 / 9� .0 �� .00 0 1� .00

�5 Shubarkol / / /

�6 Molodezhny 5,600 / 87 .5 800 / 1� .5 0 4� .15

�7 Aktas accounted in data of Karaganda city

accounted in data of Karaganda city

accounted in data of Karaganda city �1 .7� M and B accounted in assets

of Karaganda city

�8 Zhezdi accounted in data of Satpaev town

accounted in data of Satpaev town

accounted in data of Satpaev town 7 .�8 M accounted in assets

of Satpaev town

�9 Karasakpai �,00� / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�0 Agadyr 1,705 / �0 .8 487 / 6 .0 5,978 / 7� .� 19 .�0 M 17 .50

�1 Akzhal �,909 / 75 .0 969 / �5 .0 11 .�5 0 �5 .00

�� Akchatau 1,4�� / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�� Daryinsky 865 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�4 Nizhni Kairakty 91� / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�5 Verhni Kairakty 609 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�6 Moiynty �,180 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�7 S . Seifullin 1,�00 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

109

ANNExES

1 � � 4 5 6 7 8

�8 Gulshat 700 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

�9 Konyrat �,��6 / 80 .0 8�4 / �0 .0 7 .99 B �5 .00

40 Sayak �,960 / 80 .0 740 / �0 .0 8 .99 B 1� .00

41 Shugys Konyrat 400 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

4� Zhairem 5,500 / 56 .0 4,�00 / 44 .0 16 .�1 0 �� .80

4� Zhambyl �09 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

44 Aktas �4� / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

45 Zheskazgan accounted in data of Satpaev town

accounted in data of Satpaev town

accounted in data of Satpaev town 7 .�8 M accounted in assets

of Satpaev town

46 Aktau �,515 / 57 .4 1,658 / �7 .1 950 / 15 .5 18 .66 M and B 1� .40

47 Dolinsky 4,050 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

48 Novodolinsky 1,88� / �8 .5 �,709 / 41 �,009 / �0 .5 5� .�9 0 9 .�0

49 Botakara (Ulyanovsky) 746 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 –

50 Shakhan 7,650 / 76 .5 �,�50 / �� .5 18 .66 M and B �0 .00

Total in Karaganda Oblast: 817,49� / 7� .9 �7,�87 / � .4 �50,645 / �� .7 � 174 .�0

Note*: M – availability of mechanical treatment facilities; B – availability of biological treatment facilities, RC* – Rayon Center



110

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in K

osta

nai

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er

supp

ly (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

Typ

e of

Wat

er S

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Ser

vice

ce

ntra

lized

co

mm

on

stan

d pi

pe

wel

lde

liver

ed

other

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

1K

osta

nai

�0�,

559

/ 10

0�0

,�55

9 /

100

�0�,

559

/ 10

016

9,1�

7 /

8� .5

��,4

�� /

16 .

5m

ediu

mhi

gh le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

term

s of

net

wor

k an

d fa

cilit

ies

�Zh

etik

ara,

RC

*�5

,0�5

/ 7

9 .�

�5,0

�5 /

79 .

��5

,0�5

/ 7

9 .�

��,�

45 /

74

1,68

0 /

5 .�

6,50

0 /

�0 .7

med

ium

60,7

% o

f wat

er

pipe

net

wor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�A

rkal

yk�7

,859

/ 1

00�7

,859

/ 1

0017

,�08

/ 6

1 .8

10,6

51 /

�8 .

�m

ediu

m70

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

4Li

sako

vsk

�8,�

54 /

100

�8,�

54 /

100

�8,�

54 /

100

med

ium

60%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

5R

udny

9�,9

76 /

100

9�,9

76 /

100

9�,9

76 /

100

88,9

57 /

95 .

74,

019

/ 4 .

�m

ediu

m11

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t – �

7 .6

km

6K

arab

alyk

, RC

*11

,768

/ 1

0011

,768

/ 1

0011

,768

/ 1

008,

00�

/ 68

�,76

6 /

��m

ediu

m56

.1%

of w

ater

pi

pe n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

7Za

tobo

lsk,

RC

*�1

,000

/ 1

00�1

,000

/ 1

00�1

,000

/ 1

008,

400

/ 40

1�,6

00 /

60

med

ium

70%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

8B

orov

sky,

RC

*10

,859

/ 9

0 .5

10,8

59 /

90 .

5�,

159

/ 18

8,70

0 /

7� .5

1,15

0 /

9 .5

med

ium

80%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

9Sa

ryko

l, R

C*

10,�

50 /

100

10,�

50 /

100

10,�

50 /

100

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y vi

a di

stri

butio

n ce

nter

s

10Fe

doro

vka,

RC

*6,

064

/ 99

6,06

4 /

996,

064

/ 99

560

/ 9 .

15,

504

/ 89

.960

/ 1

med

ium

77%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

11A

man

kara

gai,

RC

*8,

00�

/ 10

08,

00�

/ 10

04,

80�

/ 60

�,�0

1 /

40m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

111

ANNExES

1�

�4

56

78

910

111�

1�

1�K

ushm

urun

8840

/ 1

008,

840

/ 10

05�

04 /

60

�5�6

/ 4

0m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

1�P

rigo

rodn

yac

coun

ted

in d

ata

of

Zhet

ikar

a ci

ty

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

Zh

etik

ara

city

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

Zh

etik

ara

city

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

Zh

etik

ara

city

med

ium

60%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

14To

bol

4,84

9 /

64 .4

4,84

9 /

64 .4

4,84

9 /

64 .4

�,68

� /

48 .9

1,16

7 /

15 .5

�,68

1 /

�5 .6

med

ium

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in te

rms

of w

ater

inta

ke

faci

litie

s

15Tr

oebr

atsk

y0

/ 0

0 /

00

/ 0

�,67

0 /

100

low

high

leve

l of d

epre

ciat

ion

in te

rms

of w

ater

inta

ke

faci

litie

s, 1

00%

of w

ater

pi

pe n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

16O

ktya

brsk

y�,

6�7

/ 96

.��,

6�7

/ 96

.��,

6�7

/ 96

.��,

�56

/ 89

.1�7

1 /

7 .�

141

/ � .

7m

ediu

m67

.7%

of w

ater

pi

pe n

etw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

17K

acha

r9,

487

/ 10

09,

487

/ 10

09,

487

/ 10

0m

ediu

m70

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

Tota

l in

Kos

tana

i Obl

ast:

481,

5�0

/ 97

.�44

�,46

8 /

89 .6

�8,0

5� /

7 .7

�6,7

868

/ 74

.4�8

�,65

� /

77 .�

98,8

67 /

�0

10�9

1 /

� .1

�,81

1 /

0 .6

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r



11�

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Kostanai oblast


Problem Type Cause of Problem Length of Pipelines

(km)Water Tariff


Collection Rate (%)

1 Kostanai � 4�0 .60 16 .40 100 .00

� Zhetikara, RC* � 94 .91 19 .16 100 .00

� Arkalyk � biological / metals

purification system has technical trouble �08 .10 �1 .75 100 .00

4 Lisakovsk � other secondary pollution of water 96 .80 19 .55 100 .00

5 Rudny � biological / metals

secondary pollution of water �60 .80 16 .05 100 .00

6 Karabalyk, RC* � 159 .50 107 .00 9� .00

7 Zatobolsk, RC* � �9 .50 45 .10 96 .00

8 Borovsky, RC* � 4� .00 �9 .00 90 .00

9 Sarykol, RC* � 19 .80 �50 .00 100 .00

10 Fedorovka, RC* � 5� .70 66 .00 77 .00

11 Amankaragai, RC* � 11 .00 6� .60 88 .00

1� Kushmurun � 50 .00 6� .60 88 .00

1� Prigorodny � 7 .�0 19 .16 100 .00

14 Tobol � 58 .00 5� .�� 80 .00

15 Troebratsky � biological / metals

�0 .00 do not operate due to emergency

conditions

16 Oktyabrsky � �7 .58 19 .55 100 .00

17 Kachar � biological / other

purification system has technical trouble 9� .00 16 .05 100 .00

Total in Kostanai Oblast 1 781 .50


11�

ANNExES

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Kostanai oblast

№ Populated AreaType of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)



1 Kostanai 14�,007 / 70 .6 10,5�� / 5 .� 49,019 / �4 .� 15 .9� М �00 .9

� Zhetikara, RC* �1,5�0 / 68 .� 1,945 / 6 .� 8,050 / �5 .5 1� .0� M and B 70 .6

� Arkalyk 17,�08 / 61 .8 1,846 / 6 .6 8,805 / �1 .6 1� .19 М 148 .1

4 Lisakovsk �8,�54 / 100 .0 �� .58 M and B 7� .�

5 Rudny 86,�07 / 9� .8 4,�88 / 4 .7 �,�81 / � .5 15 .�5 M and B ��8 .1

6 Karabalyk, RC* 11,768 / 100 .0 0 0 0 .0

7 Zatobolsk, RC* 6,800 / �� .4 14,�00 / 67 .6 55 .�� М �7 .4

8 Borovsky, RC* 1�,009 / 100 .0 0 0 0 .0

9 Sarykol, RC* 10,�50 / 100 .0 0 0 0 .0

10 Fedorovka, RC* 6,1�4 / 100 .0 0 0 0 .0

11 Amankaragai, RC* �,44� / 4� .0 4,56� / 57 .0 45 .�� М �7 .0

1� Kushmurun �,801 / 4� .0 5,0�9 / 57 .0 46 .�� М accounted in assets of Amankarai village

1� Prigorodny accounted in data of Zhetikara town

accounted in data of

Zhetikara town

accounted in data of

Zhetikara town 1� .0� M and B accounted in assets

of Zhetikara town

14 Tobol �,547 / �� .8 1,071 / 14 .� �,91� / 5� .0 �� .49 M and B �6 .5

15 Troebratsky �,670 / 100 .0 0 0 0 .0

16 Oktyabrsky �,169 / 57 .6 780 / �0 .7 819 / �1 .7 �� .58 B 8 .�

17 Kachar 9,449 / 99 .6 9 / 0 .1 �9 / 0 .� 15 .�5 M and B 44 .4

Total in Kostanai Oblast: ��4,515 / 67 .6 �0,57� / 4 .� 1�9,6�7 / �8 .� 95� .5




114

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in K

yzyl

orda

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er

supp

ly (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

Typ

e of

Wat

er S

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Serv

ice

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

st

and

pipe

w

ell

deliv

ered

other

1K

yzyl

orda

159,

�00

/ 10

015

9,�0

0 /

100

14�,

�84

/ 88

.916

,916

/ 1

1 .1

med

ium

hig

h le

vel o

f dep

reci

atio

n in

te

rms

of n

etw

ork

and

faci

litie

s

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rals

k, R

C*

��,�

�8 /

75 .

7��

,��8

/ 7

5 .7

7,76

9 /

�5 .�

15,5

69 /

50 .

57,

491

/ �4

.�m

ediu

mde

prec

iatio

n of

net

wor

k by

80

%; i

nter

rupt

ed w

ater

sup

ply

�K

azal

insk

8,00

0 /

100

8,00

0 /

100

9�4

/ 11

.57,

076

/ 88

.5m

ediu

m40

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

4Zh

laga

sh, R

C*

1�,8

16 /

98 .

71�

,816

/ 9

8 .7

1,0�

5 /

7 .4

1�,7

81 /

91 .

�18

4 /

1 .�

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

5Zh

anak

orga

n,

RC

*7,

�40

/ ��

.47,

�40

/ ��

.47,

�40

/ ��

.414

,460

/

66 .6

med

ium

�0%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

6A

iteke

bi,

RC

*16

,877

/ 5

6 .1

16,8

77 /

56 .

116

,877

/ 5

6 .1

9,08

7 /

�0 .�

4,11

5 /

1� .7

med

ium

60%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

7Zh

osal

y, R

C*

15,0

80 /

77 .

515

,080

/ 7

7 .5

15,0

80 /

77 .

515

,080

/ 7

7 .5

4,�6

7 /

�� .5

high

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reno

zek,

RC

*10

,800

/ 1

0010

,800

/ 1

0010

,800

/ 1

0010

,800

/ 1

00 m

ediu

m4�

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

9Sh

ieli,

RC

*�0

,7�7

/ 1

00�0

,7�7

/ 1

00�0

,7�7

/ 1

0010

,0��

/ �

� .6

�0,7

04 /

67 .

4 m

ediu

m9�

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

10Zh

aksy

kyly

sh5,

6�0

/ 10

05,

6�0

/ 10

05,

6�0

/ 10

0�,

840

/ 68

.�1,

780

/ �1

.7 m

ediu

m48

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

11Sa

ksau

l�,

8�9

/ 10

0�,

8�9

/ 10

0�,

8�9

/ 10

0�,

8�9

/ 10

0hi

gh

1�Sh

alki

ya1,

500

/ 10

01,

500

/ 10

01,

500

/ 10

01,

500

/ 10

0hi

gh

1�B

elko

l�,

901

/ 10

0�,

901

/ 10

0�,

901

/ 10

087

1 /

�0�,

0�0

/ 70

med

ium

4 .5

km o

f net

wor

k w

ere

cons

truc

ted

as te

mpo

rary

fa

cilit

ies

how

ever

are

m

aint

aine

d on

per

man

ent b

asis

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sbug

et1�

,668

/ 7

5 .�

1�,6

68 /

75 .

�1�

,668

/ 7

5 .�

5,84

8 /

�4 .7

6,8�

0 /

40 .5

4,18

8 /

�4 .8

med

ium

100%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

15To

reta

m7,

578

/ 87

7,57

8 /

877,

578

/ 87

1,1�

� /

1�lo

w81

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

Tota

l in

Kyz

ylor

da

Obl

ast:

�18,

194

/ 87

.6�5

8,��

� /

71 .1

59,9

7� /

16 .

58�

,145

/ �

� .6

�08,

900

/ 57

.510

9,�9

4 /

�0 .1

��,4

18 /

9 .�

11,6

06 /

� .�

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r

115

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Kyzylorda oblast





Collection Rate (%)

1 Kyzylorda � biological / metals

purification system has technical trouble �56 .� �4 .84 9�

� Aralsk, RC* � biological / other

purification system has technical trouble 79 80 .96 65

� Kazalinsk � �6 .4 7� .4� 70

4 Zhlagash, RC* � 4� .4 �� .5 80

5 Zhanakorgan, RC* � �7 .6 �9 .� 100

6 Aiteke bi, RC* � other secondary pollution of water 180 .� 7� .4� �0

7 Zhosaly, RC* � 55 45 .08 70

8 Terenozek, RC* � 17 .5 �4 .17 80

9 Shieli, RC* � biological secondary pollution of water �5 6� .�6 60

10 Zhaksykylysh � �5 .5 69 .7 98

11 Saksaul � 11 .� 76 .� 8�

1� Shalkiya � 14 �� .8 �0

1� Belkol � 11 .91 �7 .6 60

14 Tasbuget � �4 .5 �0 .�5 56

15 Toretam � �1 .� 5� .88 86

Total in Kyzylorda Oblast: 8�8 .61


Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Kyzylorda oblast


(KZT/m�)Availability of Sewe-

rage Treatment* Length of

Sewers (km)centralized system septic pit outdoor toilet

1 Kyzylorda 96,894 / 61 .� 6�,�06 / �8 .8 1� .00 0 198 .00

� Aralsk, RC* �0,8�9 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

� Kazalinsk 9�4 / 11 .5 7,076 / 88 .5 0 19 .40

4 Zhlagash, RC* 14,000 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

5 Zhanakorgan, RC* �1,700 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

6 Aiteke bi, RC* �0,079 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

7 Zhosaly, RC* 19,447 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

8 Terenozek, RC* 10,800 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

9 Shieli, RC* 41� / 1 .� �0,��4 / 98 .7 16 .�4 М 11 .06

10 Zhaksykylysh 5,6�0 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

11 Saksaul �,8�9 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

1� Shalkiya 1,000 / 66 .7 500 / �� .� �5 .�0 М 9 .00

1� Belkol 7�4 / �5 .� 76 / � .6 �,091 / 7� .1 �7 .�0 0 9 .9�

14 Tasbuget 5,848 / �4 .7 �,�08 / 19 .6 7,700 / 45 .7 0 1� .00

15 Toretam 8,710 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .00

Total in Kyzylorda Oblast: 105,81� / �9 .1 �,�84 / 1 .0 �54,0�1 / 69 .9 �59 .�8




116

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in M

angi

stau

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er s

uppl

y (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

by T

ype

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of S

ervi

ce

cent

raliz

ed

com

mon

st

and

pipe

w

ell

deliv

ered

other

1A

ktau

17�,

�87

/ 10

017

�,�8

7 /

100

17�,

�87

/ 10

0m

ediu

m79

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

�Fo

rt-S

hevc

henk

o,

RC

*89

� /

�4 .6

89�

/ �4

.689

� /

�4 .6

�,7�

8 /

75 .4

med

ium

95%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

�Zh

anao

zen

48,5

�0 /

100

48,5

�0 /

100

48,5

�0 /

100

med

ium

10%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

4Zh

etyb

ai0

/ 0

0 /

09,

700

/ 10

0lo

ww

ater

impo

rted

by

vehi

cles

5M

unai

shy

�,48

6 /

100

�,48

6 /

100

�,48

6 /

100

med

ium

100%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

6B

autin

o1�

� /

� .4

1��

/ � .

41�

� /

� .4

�,47

8 /

96 .6

med

ium

95%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

7M

angi

stau

0 /

00

/ 0

15,4

06 /

100

low

wat

er im

port

ed b

y ve

hicl

es

8K

yzyl

sai

0 /

00

/ 0

4,40

0 /

100

low

wat

er im

port

ed b

y ve

hicl

es

9Te

nge

7,50

0 /

100

7,50

0 /

100

7,50

0 /

100

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

Tota

l in

Man

gist

au O

blas

t: ��

�,90

7 /

86 .7

59,5

06 /

�� .

�17

�,40

1 /

64 .5

��,

907

/ 86

.7�5

,715

/ 1

� .�

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r

117

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Mangistau oblast


Problem Type Cause of Problem Length of Pipelines

(km) Water Tariff (KZT/m�)Water Tariff Collection Rate (%)

1 Aktau � �6� .1 �4 .66 100

� Fort-Shevchenko, RC* � �� .0�6 .00 if water meter

installed; 7� .00 per ps if water meter not available

9�

� Zhanaozen � other secondary pollution of water 99 .8 6� .8� 7�

4 Zhetybai � 9 .564 .87 if water distributed from standpipe; 5�7 .07

for imported water 100

5 Munaishy � 4 .4 65 .�� 9�

6 Bautino �accounted in the

assets of Fort-Shevchenko

�6 .00 if water meter installed; 7� .00 per ps . 9�

7 Mangistau � 45 .0 �89 .00 100

8 Kyzylsai � 0 .0 100

9 Tenge � other secondary pollution of water

accounted in the assets of Zhanaozen 6� .8� 7�

Total in Mangistau Oblast: 54� .8


Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Mangistau oblast

№ Pop[ulated Area Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff

(KZT/m�)



1 Aktau 168,594 / 97 .8 �,79� / � .� �� .0�M and B (80%

of waste water is treated)

�7� .9

� Fort-Shevchenko, RC* �76 / 10 .4 �,�44 / 89 .6 М 11 .1

� Zhanaozen 48,5�0 / 100 .0 16 .90 M and B 67 .7

4 Zhetybai 9,700 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .0

5 Munaishy �,486 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .0

6 Bautino �,600 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .0

7 Mangistau �,406 / �� .1 1�,000 / 77 .9 0 9 .5

8 Kyzylsai 4,400 / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .0

9 Tenge 7,500 / 100 .0 16 .90 M and Baccounted in assets of

Zhanaozen town

Total in Mangistau Oblast: ��8,�96 / 85 .0 �,79� / 1 .4 �6,4�0 / 1� .6 �61 .�




118

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

for

Urb

an P

opul

atio

n in

Pav

loda

r o

blas

t

№P

opul

ated

A

rea

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er

supp

ly (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

ac

cess

to

wat

er (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

goo

d qu

ality

dri

nkin

g w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Type

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n re

ason

of l

ow le

vel o

f se

rvic

e ce

ntra

lized

co

mm

on

stan

d pi

pe

wel

lde

liver

ed

other

1P

avlo

dar,

RC

*�9

6,40

0 /

100 .

0�9

6,40

0 /

100 .

0�9

6,40

0 /

100 .

0�7

�,57

7 /

9� .�

��,8

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7 .7

high

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ksu

�7,9

8� /

97 .

7�7

,98�

/ 9

7 .7

�7,9

8� /

97 .

7�5

,798

/ 9

� .1

�,18

5 /

5 .6

906

/ � .

�hi

gh

�Ek

ibas

tuz

111,

965

/ 99

.911

1,96

5 /

99 .9

10�,

06�

/ 91

.98,

90�

/ 8

��5

/ 0 .

1

m

ediu

m49

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t – �

0� k

m

4M

aika

in8,

980

/ 99

.�8,

980

/ 99

.�5,

180

/ 57

.��,

800

/ 4�

.067

/ 0

.8m

ediu

m80

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

5Sh

opty

kol

0 /

060

0 /

100 .

0m

ediu

mw

ater

impo

rted

by

vehi

cles

, �4

hrs

acce

ss to

wat

er s

tand

pip

e

6Le

nins

ky0

/ 0

7,�5

� /

90 .0

780

/ 10

.0m

ediu

mw

ater

impo

rted

by

vehi

cles

7A

ksu

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Aks

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Aks

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

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u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Aks

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Aks

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Aks

u to

wn

high

8K

alka

man

619

/ 19

.561

9 /

19 .5

619

/ 19

.561

9 /

19 .5

�,56

1 /

80 .5

med

ium

19%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

9To

rtku

duk

701

/ 89

.�70

1 /

89 .�

�65

/ 46

.5��

6 /

4� .8

84 /

10 .

7lo

w10

0% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t,int

erru

pted

w

ater

sup

ply

10So

lnec

hny

8,�5

8 /

99 .9

8,�5

8 /

99 .9

8,�5

8 /

99 .9

8,�5

8 /

99 .9

5 /

0 .1

high

11Sh

ider

ty�,

40�

/ 10

0 .0

�,40

� /

100 .

0�,

40�

/ 10

0 .0

�,��

� /

9� .5

181

/ 7 .

5m

ediu

m�0

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

Tota

l in

Pav

loda

r O

blas

t: 46

7,�0

9 /

97 .4

466,

608

/ 97

.�70

1 /

0 .1

�45,

66�

/ 7�

.14�

9,08

� /

89 .4

�8,�

�7 /

8 .0

11,1

16 /

� .�

1,46

4 /

0 .�

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r

119

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in Pavlodar oblast




Collection Rate (%)

1 Pavlodar, RC* � 441 .10 11 .8� 100

� Aksu � 90 .40 �0 .56 9�

� Ekibastuz � other purification system has technical trouble 44� .�0 �6 .0� 9�

4 Maikain � other purification system has technical trouble 55 .50 54 .65 9�

5 Leninsky � – 100

6 Aksu � �� .00 �0 .56 9�

7 Kalkaman � 4� .00 44 .18 100

8 Tortkuduk � 4 .40

9 Solnechny � other purification system has technical trouble 8 .50 16 .80 71

10 Shiderty � �1 .40 15 .84 7�

Total in Pavlodar Oblast: 1 1�7 .50


Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in Pavlodar oblast

№ Populated Area Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water

Tariff (KZT/m�)



1 Pavlodar, RC* �61,4�5 / 88 .� �4,975 / 11 .8 9 .54 M and B �71 .0

� Aksu �5,808 / 9� .1 810 / � .1 �,�71 / 5 .8 15 .6� M and B 160 .4

� Ekibastuz 98,1�9 / 88 .1 9� / 0 .1 1�,�48 / 11 .8 1� .61 M and B �67 .�

4 Maikain �,840 / 4� .4 196 / � .� 5,011 / 55 .4 1� .00 0 1� .0

6 Leninsky 8,1�� / 100 .0 0 .00 0 0 .0

7 Aksu accounted in data of Aksu town

accounted in data of Aksu town

accounted in data of Aksu town 15 .6� M and B accounted in assets

of Aksu town

8 Kalkaman �54 / 8 .0 �,9�6 / 9� .0 0 11 .�

9 Tortkuduk �0� / �5 .7 58� / 74 .� 0 � .1

10 Solnechny 8,�58 / 99 .9 5 / 0 .1 16 .90 6 .�

11 Shiderty �,079 / 86 .5 �05 / 1� .7 19 / 0 .8 1� .50 0 14 .8

Total in Pavlodar Oblast: 410,776 / 85 .7 1,409 / 0 .� 67,165 / 14 .0 846 .0




1�0

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in N

orth

-Kaz

akhs

tan

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

Are

a P

opul

atio

n ha

ving

ac

cess

to w

ater

su

pply

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to

wat

er (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hrs

) ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er o

f goo

d qu

ality

(ps .

/%)

by T

ype

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n R

easo

n fo

r Lo

w L

evel

of

Ser

vice

ce

ntra

lized

co

mm

on s

tand

pi

pe

wel

lde

liver

edot

her

1P

etro

pavl

ovsk

190,

589

/ 98

,619

0,58

9 /

98 .6

149,

764

/ 77

.540

,8�5

/ �

1 .1

1,61

1 /

0 .8

med

ium

50%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent –

109

km

�B

ulay

evo,

RC

*1�

,000

/ 1

00 .0

1�,0

00 /

100

.057

0 /

5 .0

11,4

�0 /

95 .

0lo

w�0

km

out

of 4

0 km

do

not

oper

ate

due

to e

mer

genc

y co

nditi

ons

�M

amly

utka

, RC

*7,

850

/ 10

0 .0

7,85

0 /

100 .

07,

850

/ 10

0 .0

low

wat

er im

port

ed b

y ve

hicl

es

4Se

rgee

vka,

RC

*7,

850

/ 10

0 .0

7,85

0 /

100 .

078

5 /

10 .0

7,06

5 /

90lo

w70

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, по

дача

in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

5Ta

iyns

ha, R

C*

8,�0

0 /

6� .0

8,�0

0 /

6� .0

1,�0

0 /

9 .�

7,00

0 /

5� .8

4,80

0 /

�6 .9

med

ium

100%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

Tota

l in

Nor

th-

Kaz

akhs

tan

Obl

ast:

��6,

489

/ 96

.84�

,�11

/ 1

5 .4

190,

589

/ 81

.415

�,�1

9 /

65 .1

74,1

70 /

�1 .

76,

411

/ � .

7

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r

1�1

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in North-Kazakhstan oblast

№ Populated Area Quality Grade* Problem Type Cause of

Problem Length of

Pipelines (km)Water Tariff (KZT/

m�)Water Tariff

Collection Rate (%)

1 Petropavlovsk � �0� .8 16 .15 100

� Bulayevo, RC* ��0 km of pipe

operate out of 45 km

1�5 .00 98

� Mamlyutka, RC* � �5 .0�50-500 (depending

on distance to standpipe)

100

4 Sergeevka, RC* � 4� .0 1�5 .00 100

5 Taiynsha, RC* � � .0 1�5 .00 100

Total in North-Kazakhstan Oblast: 417 .8


Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in North-Kazakhstan oblast

№ Populated area


(KZT/m�)




1 Petropavlovsk 145,519 / 75 .� �,567 / 1 .� 45,114 / �� .4 1�,9� M and B ��5

� Bulayevo, RC* 1�,000 / 100 .0 0 0 0

� Mamlyutka, RC* 7,850 / 100 .0 0 0 0

4 Sergeevka, RC* 785 / 10 .0 7,065 / 90 .0 0 �0

5 Taiynsha, RC* 1�,000 / 100 .0 0 0 0

Total in North-Kazakhstan Oblast: 146,�04 / 6� .5 �,567 / 1 .1 85,0�9 / �6 .4 �45




1��

Dat

a on

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

of g

ood

Qua

lity

of U

rban

Pop

ulat

ion

in s

outh

-Kaz

akhs

tan

obl

ast

№P

opul

ated

A

rea

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng a

cces

s to

wat

er

supp

ly (p

s ./%

)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

inte

rmitt

ent

(lim

ited)

acc

ess

to w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Pop

ulat

ion

havi

ng

perm

anen

t (�4

hr

s) a

cces

s to

goo

d qu

ality

dri

nkin

g w

ater

(ps .

/%)

Type

of W

ater

Sup

ply

(ps .

/%)

Leve

l of

Serv

ice

Mai

n re

ason

of l

ow le

vel o

f ser

vice

ce

ntra

lized

co

mm

on

stan

d pi

pe

wel

lde

liver

ed

other

1Sh

ymke

nt�1

7,�1

8 /

75 .7

4�1

7,�1

8 /

75 .7

4�1

7,�1

8 /

75 .7

4�6

8,67

� /

77 .6

�1,0

18 /

4 .4

84,9

�6 /

17

.9�8

4 /

0 .06

high

�A

rys,

RC

*�7

,850

/ 1

00�7

,850

/ 1

00��

,410

/ 8

0 .5

5,44

0 /

19 .5

med

ium

45 .5

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

�Zh

etys

ai, R

C*

�0,9

05 /

74 .

��0

,905

/ 7

4 .�

�0,9

05 /

74 .

�10

,7�8

/

�5 .8

med

ium

7�%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

4Sa

ryag

ash,

R

C*

5,96

1 /

�� .8

5,96

1 /

�� .8

5,96

1 /

�� .8

11,6

76 /

66

.� m

ediu

m10

0% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

5Le

nger

, RC

*��

,000

/ 1

00��

,000

/ 1

00��

,000

/ 1

00��

,000

/ 1

00 m

ediu

m80

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

6Sh

arda

ra,

RC

*19

,150

/ 6

819

,150

/ 6

815

,06�

/ 5

� .5

4,08

8 /

14 .5

8,99

0 /

�� m

ediu

m66

.�%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

7K

enta

u47

,�16

/ 8

4 .1

47,�

16 /

84 .

147

,�16

/ 8

4 .1

4�,1

66 /

76 .

64,

050

/ 7 .

57,

000

/ 1�

.9 m

ediu

m79

.4%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent

8Tu

rkes

tan

79,4

75 /

89 .

679

,475

/ 8

9 .6

79,4

75 /

89 .

6�6

,7��

/ 4

1 .4

4�,7

4� /

48 .

�9,

��5

/ 10

.6 m

ediu

m�0

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

9A

syka

ta�,

700

/ ��

.6�,

700

/ ��

.6�,

500

/ ��

.71,

�00

/ 10

.97,

150

/ 65

150

/ 1 .

4 m

ediu

min

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

10A

take

nt�,

07�

/ �4

.5�,

07�

/ �4

.51,

5�7

/ 18

.�5�

5 /

6 .�

6,�5

4 /

75 .5

med

ium

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

11M

yrza

kent

�,65

5 /

�5�,

655

/ �5

1,59

� /

151,

06�

/ 10

6,�7

� /

601,

594

/ 15

med

ium

50%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y1�

Kok

tere

k6�

7 /

100

6�7

/ 10

06�

7 /

100

6�7

/ 10

0hi

gh

1�Sa

stob

e5,

57�

/ 10

05,

57�

/ 10

05,

015

/ 90

557

/ 10

med

ium

50%

of w

ater

pip

e ne

twor

k ne

eds

repl

acem

ent,

inte

rrup

ted

wat

er s

uppl

y

14Ty

ulku

bas,

R

C*

10,�

88 /

100

10,�

88 /

100

10,�

88 /

100

high

15N

aury

z /

/

16K

yzym

shek

�,�9

8 /

100

�,�9

8 /

100

�,�6

6 /

96 .1

1��

/ � .

9m

ediu

m40

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t, in

terr

upte

d w

ater

sup

ply

17A

chis

ai�,

100

/ 10

0�1

00 /

100

�100

/ 1

00�,

100

/ 10

0

18B

ayal

dyr

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Ken

tau

tow

n

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

Ken

tau

tow

n

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

med

ium

79 .4

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

19H

anta

gyac

coun

ted

in d

ata

of

Ken

tau

tow

n

acco

unte

d in

da

ta o

f Ken

tau

tow

n

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

Ken

tau

tow

n

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

acco

unte

d in

dat

a of

K

enta

u to

wn

med

ium

79 .4

% o

f wat

er p

ipe

netw

ork

need

s re

plac

emen

t

Tota

l in

Sout

h-K

azak

hsta

n O

blas

t: 66

�,66

9 /

81 .1

571,

�68

/ 69

.89�

,401

/ 1

1 .�

55�,

118

/ 67

.558

1,08

8 /

71 .1

8�,5

81 /

10 .

11�

9,96

8 /

15 .8

�4,4

�� /

� .

0

Not

e*: R

C* –

Ray

on C

ente

r

1��

ANNExES

Data on Water Quality and tariffs of Urban Water supply in south-Kazakhstan oblast

№ Populated Area Quality Grade* Problem Type Cause of Problem Length of Pipelines

(km)Water Tariff


Collection Rate (%)

1 Shymkent � 1,5�6 .�0 �� .75 99 .48

� Arys, RC* � biological, mineralization

purification system has technical trouble 107 .40 �� .45 80

� Zhetysai, RC* � 1,18� .00 15 .08 8� .7

4 Saryagash, RC* � mineralization purification system has technical trouble �4 .�0 �� .49 �0

5 Lenger, RC* � biological, metals

purification system has technical trouble 14� .00 �1 .0� 9�

6 Shardara, RC* � biological, metals

purification system has technical trouble 79 .00 �8 .87 80

7 Kentau � �86 .00 15 .8� 90

8 Turkestan � mineralizationapproved by SES**,

secondary pollution of water

14� .70 15 .4� 90

9 Asykata � 40 .00 1� .9� 100

10 Atakent � 65 .40 15 .16 85

11 Myrzakent � biological, other

secondary pollution of water 66 .50 �4 .18 50

1� Kokterek � �5 .00 11 .40 100

1� Sastobe � �� .00 1� .00 100

14 Tyulkubas, RC* � accounted in assets of Tyulkubas village 11 .40 100

15 Nauryz

16 Kyzymshek � 7� .00 19 .90 90

17 Achisai � 5 .40 11 .4� 90

18 Bayaldyr � 1 .50 15 .8� 90

19 Hantagy � 8 .70 15 .8� 90

Total in South-Kazakhstan Oblast: �,819 .�0

Note: * quality of water ranges from grade 0 to grade 3; very poor water is deemed under grade 0 and water meeting standard refers to grade 3; ** SES – Sanitary and Epidemiological Service



1�4

Data on Access to Urban sewerage system in south-Kazakhstan oblast

№ Populated Area

Type of Sewerage Supply System (ps ./%) Water Tariff (KZT/m�)



1 Shymkent �1�,�7� / 44 .9� �61,5�7 / 55 .0� 11 .75 M and B 498 .�

� Arys, RC* �,65� / 7 .� �4,197 / 9� .9 �4 .80 M 17 .9

� Zhetysai, RC* 41,6�� / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

4 Saryagash, RC* 17,6�7 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

5 Lenger, RC* 6,�40 / �7 .� 16,760 / 7� .7 5 .41 M �7 .0

6 Shardara, RC* 4,468 / 15 .9 ��,67� / 84 .1 �� .5� Sewerage Pland does not operate �0 .0

7 Kentau ��,641 / 41 .8 16,�94 / �6 .9 15,��1 / �1 .� 8 .46 M and B 97 .0

8 Turkestan 17,940 / �0 .� 70,760 / 79 .8 �4 .�0 0 5� .�

9 Asykata 11,000 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

10 Atakent �,799 / �� .� 5,6�7 / 66 .8 �0 .1� M 9 .5

11 Myrzakent 10,6�� / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

1� Kokterek 6�7 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

1� Sastobe 5,57� / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

14 Tyulkubas, RC* 10,�88 / 100 0 .00 0 0 .0

15 Nauryz

16 Kyzymshek 99� / �� ,108 / 68 0 .00 0 0 .0

17 Achisai �,�66 / 96 .1 1�� / � .9 19 .90 M 17 .0

18 Bayaldyr accounted in data of Kentau town

accounted in data of Kentau

town

accounted in data of Kentau town 8 .46 M and B

accounted in assets of

Kentau town

19 Hantagy accounted in data of Kentau town

accounted in data of Kentau

town

accounted in data of Kentau town 8 .46 M and B

accounted in assets of

Kentau town

Total in South-Kazakhstan Oblast: �74,�7� / �� .1 16,�94 / � 5�7,40� / 64 .9 748 .9


1�5

ANNEX IІ

Access to Water and Sanitation in rural Areas of Kazakhstan; results of Technical Survey



1�6

Pre

sen

t sit

uati

on w

ith

Rur

al W

ater

sup

ply

in th

e R

epub

lic

of K

azak

hsta

n

№O

blas

t/P

rovi

nce

Num

ber

of

Sett

lem

ents

(it

ems)

Pop

ulat

ion,

(‘0

00 p

s .)

Cen

tral

ized

Wat

er S

uppl

y Sy

stem

Lo

cal W

ater

Sou

rces

D

eliv

ered

Wat

er

Leng

th o

f W

ater

Pip

e ne

twor

k, k

m

Num

ber

of

Sett

lem

ents

Pop

ulat

ion

with

ac

cess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er (‘

000

ps .)

Gro

und

Wat

er

Surf

ace

Wat

er

Num

ber

of

Sett

lem

ents

P

opul

atio

n,

(‘000

ps .

)N

umbe

r of

Se

ttle

men

ts

Pop

ulat

ion

(‘000

ps .

)N

umbe

r of

Se

ttle

men

ts

Pop

ulat

ion

(‘000

ps .

)

1A

kmol

a 7

05

�99

.78

�78

1

78 .4

6 �

57

197

�1

6 .�6

4918

.5�

�,4

51 .0

0

�A

ktob

e 4

�6

�0�

.60

71

98 .

�5

�51

�

0�

00

40 .

94 5

�0 .�

5

�A

lmat

y 8

11

1,1

06 .4

7 �

91

57�

.4�

�5�

5

08

55��

.04

1�� .

�5 �

,�14

.01

4A

tyra

u 1

95

196

.1�

50

68 .

79

61

6�

10 .

4�8�

64 .8

9 5

81 .9

0

5Ea

st-K

azak

hsta

n 8

18

598

.�9

��

1

64 .�

� 4

89

40�

67

�� .�

5�

0 .��

1,�

01 .9

0

6Zh

amby

l �

67

54�

.95

109

1

76 .�

5 �

51

�64

1

0 .4�

61 .

98 1

,17�

.4�

7W

est-K

azak

hsta

n 4

98

�44

.�8

81

10�

.61

�59

�

0�

44�1

.75

148 .

11 4

48 .0

0

8K

arag

anda

496

�

�1 .9

0 1

��

91 .

68

�59

1

�6

00

144 .

54 9

�� .4

1

9K

osta

nai

750

4

18 .1

� 1

16

1�0

.4�

5��

�

56

�110

.41

7��1

.68

1,6

11 .5

0

10K

yzyl

orda

�70

�

45 .8

� 1

18

1�7

.8�

1��

1

16

111 .

709

0 .65

6��

.05

11M

angy

stau

44

8� .

91

1�

�0 .

94

��

46

00

87 .

�6 4

� .�0

1�P

avlo

dar

449

�

6� .0

� 9

� 8

5 .�8

�

�7

168

�5

8 .51

�0 .

69 5

69 .5

0

1�N

orth

-Kaz

akhs

tan

740

4

�7 .5

6 1

84

1�9

.05

551

�

84

176 .

�0��

8 .�1

660

.�0

14So

uth-

Kaz

akhs

tan

871

1

,�8�

.57

�1�

�

7� .0

6 4

9�

757

54

48 .5

111

�10

6 .�5

1,7

81 .7

5

TOTA

L: 7

,440

6

,4��

.51

�,0

7�

�,�

19 .�

6 4

,646

�

,688

��

716

9 .48

414

�56 .

59 1

4,8�

0 .�9

1�7

ANNExES

Acc

ess

to D

rin

kin

g W

ater

in A

kmol

a o

blas

t: P

rese

nt a

nd

futu

re C

ondi

tion

s

№N

ame

of R

ayon

Pop

ulat

ion

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

004

(ps .

)

Pop

ulat

ion

with

acc

ess

to d

rink

ing

wat

er a

s of

1 .

01 .�

005

(ps .

)

Acc

ess

of P

opul

atio

n to

Dri

nkin

g W

ater

(in

% o

f tot

al p

opul

atio

n)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

005

incr

emen

t fo

r �0

05

(ps .

)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

006

incr

emen

t fo

r �0

06

(ps .

)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

007

incr

emen

t fo

r �0

07(p

s .)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

008

incr

emen

t fo

r �0

08

(ps .

)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

009

incr

emen

t fo

r �0

09

and

�010

(p

s .)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

011

1A

kkol

16,

96�

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1�5

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to W

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ply

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as o

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cental state budget

local budget

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1�7

ANNExES

Acc

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to D

rin

kin

g W

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in E

ast –

Kaz

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tan

obl

ast:

Pre

sen

t an

d fu

ture

Con

diti

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of R

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Population as of 01 .01 .�004 (ps .)

Population with access to drinking

water as of 01 .01 .�005 (ps .)

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ess

of p

opul

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n to

dri

nkin

g w

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(in

% o

f tot

al p

opul

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n)

as o

f 1 .

01 .�

005

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emen

t fo

r �0

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(ps .

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t fo

r �0

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cental state budget

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158

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159

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Pre

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176

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