national integrated water and coastal management plan, vava’u, … plan... · draft introduction...

NationalIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagementPlan,Vava’u,KingdomofTongaAustralianAid/SPC-IWCMProject,Vava’u,KingdomofTonga

AusAid/SPC - Integrated Water and Coastal Management Plan �2

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DRAFT

GLOSSARY 6

INTRODUCTION 8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 14

1. Regional and National Context 14 2. The Vava’u Context 15 3. Current Status of IWCM in Vava’u: 16 4. Need of IWCM Plan: 18 5. Principles of IWCM: 18 CHAPTER – 2 COASTAL RESOURCES 18

1. Physical Environment: 18 1.1 Geomorphology 19 1.2 Climate 19 1.3.1 Volcanoes 20 1.3.3 Harmful Algae Blooms 21 1.3.4 Tropical Cyclones and Severe Storms 22 1.3.5 El Niño and La Niña 22 2. Land Use: 22 3. Biodiversity (Ecosystem, Habitats and Species diversity): 23 3.1 Micro Organisms: 24 3.2.1 Benthic Community: 24 3.2.2 Pelagic Community: 24 3.2.3 Supra Tidal Community: 25 4. Fisheries and Aquaculture: 25 4.1 Non Conventional Resources: 26 4.2 Infra-Structure: 27 4.3 Measures for Avoiding Over-exploitation of Fisheries Resources: 27 5.0 Water Resources: 28 6.1 Tourism 29 6.1.1 Present Status 29 6.1.2 Vava’us share in regional and national tourism 29 6.1.3 Potential in coastal areas 30 6.1.4 Policy recommendations 30 7.0 Urbanisation and Settlement 31 7.1 Demographic and Social Aspects 31


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7.2 Migration to other parts of Tonga 31 7.3 Status of Women 32 8.0 Government and Community Facilities 32 8.1 Education 32 8.2 Health 32 8.3 Water Supply, Sanitation and Electricity 33 9.0 Current – Institutional and Legislative Arrangements 34 9.1 National Organisations 34 9.2 Governors Office 36 9.3 Local Councils 37 9.4 Non Governmental Organisation 37 CHAPTER – 3 THREATS TO VAVA’U COASTAL ECOSYSTEM 38

1. Introduction: 38 1.1 Population Growth: 38 1.2 Fresh Water Availability and Salinity: 39 1.3 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources by Coastal Communities: 39 1.4 Marine and industrial pollution due to urbanisation and industrialisation 40 1.5 Lack of uniform legislation and coordination 41 1.6 Use of Destructive and Unsustainable Fishing Practices: 41 1.7 Lack of Education & Awareness among People, Government & NGO/CBOs: 42 1.8 Unplanned development along the coast 42 1.9 Port Operations 43 1.10 Enforcement capabilities 43 CHAPTER – 4 IWCM PLAN DEVELOPMENT 44

1. Business as Usual: 44 2. Purpose of Consultative Meetings: 44 3. Issues Identification & Prioritization: 45 CHAPTER – 5 INTEGRATED WATER and COASTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 46

1. Strategic Approach and Guiding Principles 46 1.1 Goal: 47 1.2 Objectives: 47 1.3 Recommended Interventions 47 1.3.1 Policy Level Interventions 47 1.4.1 Mangrove and Coastal Vegetation Plantation: 49 1.4.2 Coastal Aquaculture and Sustainable Fisheries: 49 1.4.3 Coastal Protection and Flood Control: 50 1.5 Pollution Prevention Interventions 50 1.5.1 Sewage, Drainage, and Solid Waste Management 50 1.6 Water Management Interventions: 51


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1.7 Coastal livelihood/Micro-enterprise development initiatives 52 1.7.1 Eco-tourism 52 1.7.2 Setup Micro-credit Facilities 53 1.8 Advocacy and Education Interventions: 53 1.8.1 Awareness Raising and Capacity Building: 53 1.9 Community Level Use Zoning 53 CHAPTER – 6 FIVE YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 54

1. Management Actions: 54 2. Monitoring and Evaluation: 58 3. Field Activities: 58 3.1 Pearl Farming: 59 3.2 Sustainable Coastal Flora and Mangrove Forestry: 59 3.3 Coastal Water Monitoring 60 4.1 Project Staff: 60 4.2 External Consultants: 61 4.3 Equipment: 61 5.0 Institutional Framework for IWCM Coastal Ecosystems 62 5.1 Coastal Management Committee Framework 62 5.2 Coordination 64 5.3 Legislative and Contractual Requirements 65 5.4 List of Actions needed for Adoption of the Plan 65 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65

MAPS / SATELLITE IMAGERIES 67

Annexure-I: Community Consultation Questionnaire 67 Interview Questions 68

Annexure -II-A: Combined Data Analysis of Social Issues 72 Annexure-II-B: Combined Data Analysis of Environmental Issues 72 Annexure-II-C: Combined Data Analysis of Economic Issues 73 Photographs: 73 Annexure-III: Proposed Composition of the Steering Committee 73


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GLOSSARY

ADB Asian Development Bank

AusAid Australian Government Aid Agency

CBO Community Based Organisation

CMC Coastal Management Committee

CSO Civil Society Organisation

EbA Ecosystem Based Adaptation

EbM Ecosystem Based Management

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation

FFA Forum Fisheries Agency

IUCN International Union of Conservation Networks

IWCM Integrated Water and Coastal Management

IWCMP Integrated Water and Coastal Management Plan

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

JNAP Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change

MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Foods

MLSNR Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources

MMEIDECC Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Risk,

Environment, Climate Change and Communication

MoF Ministry of Fisheries

MoH Ministry of Health

MoI Ministry of Infrastructure (including Marine and Ports)

MoLC Ministry of Labour and Commerce

MoT Ministry of Tourism

NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan

NEMC National Emergency Management Committee

NEMO National Emergency Management Office

NGO Non Governmental Organisation


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NSPF National Strategic Planning Framework

NZAID New Zealand Government Aid Agency

PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change

PUMA Planning and Urban Management Agency

SIDS Small Island Developing State

SMA Special Managed Area

SOPAC South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commision

SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Communities

SPCZ South Pacific Convergence Zone

SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme

SWMP Solid Waste Management Project

TEPB Tonga Electric Power Board

TERM Tonga Renewable Energy Road Map

TSDF Tongan Strategic Development Framework

TWB Tonga Water Board

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change

USAID United States Government Aid Agency

VEPA Vava’u Environmental Protection Association

WHO World Health Organisation

WQM Water Quality Monitoring

WSM Water Safety Monitoring

WSP Water Safety Planning


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INTRODUCTION

TheIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagementPlanforVava’uarchipelagointheKingdomofTongahasinvolvedconsulta=onswithmul=-levelandmul=-disciplinestakeholdersincludinglocal,pro-vincialandna=onalins=tu=ons,civilsocie=es,privateins=tu=onsandcommuni=es.

TheIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagement(IWCM)projectwasini=atedin2013asacon=nua-=onoftheverysuccessfulIntegratedWaterResourceManagementProjectinVava’ufrom2010-2012.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TheVava’uEnvironmentalProtec=onAssocia=onwishestogivespecialthankstoAustralianAidforthefundingoftheIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagementProjectandforthecon=nuedsupportfromtheAustralianGovernment.ThankyoutotheSecretariatofthePacificCommuni=esinFijiforthesupportandassistancethroughoutthisprojectaswellastotheGovernmentofTonga,especiallytheNaturalResourcesDepartmentoftheMinistryofLands,SurveyandNaturalResourcesfortheirkindassistanceandsupport.

ThesupportfromtheGovernorofVava’u,HisLordshipLordFulivai,throughoutthewholeprojectprovidedgreatassistancetothesuccessoftheconsulta=onsandinforma=ondeliverytodistrictandtownofficers.

TheIWCMProjectManagementUnit,MinistryofMeteorology,Energy,Informa=on,DisasterRisk,Environment,ClimateChangeandCommunica=onVava’u,theMinistryofLands,SurveyandNaturalResourcesVava’u,MinistryofTourismVava’uandboththeMinistryofFisheriesandMinistryofAgri-culture,ForestsandFoodsVava’ualsoprovidedgreatsupportandassistancetothisproject.

Wealsowishtoexpressourgra=tudetothecommunitypar=cipantsforthevitalinforma=ononthestateofnaturalresourcesinVava’ugivenduringthesurveys.Finally,ahugethankyoutothestaffandteamatVEPAforthehardworkthroughouttheproject.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TheIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagementPlan(IWCMP)hasbeenpreparedwithinforma=ongatheredthroughconsulta=onswithvaryingstakeholdersincludinglocal,provincialandna=onalin-s=tu=ons,civilsocie=es,privateins=tu=onsandcommuni=es.

Coastalareasincludesomeofthemostbiologicallydiverseecosystemsthatsupportamul=tudeofservicestohumanlivelihoodsincludingfoodsourcesandrawmaterials.


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Coastalareasworldwideareexploitedfortheirnaturalresources.Habitatdegrada=on,exploita=onofresources,unregulatedcoastaldevelopments,increasedpopula=onsalongcoastalareasandcli-matevariabilityandchangeareallplayingacri=calroleinthedemiseofcoastalareas.

IntegratedWaterandCoastalManagementPlansarebeingadoptedworldwidetodevelopacom-prehensiveandpar=cipatoryapproachtomanagingsectoralac=vi=esalongcoastalareasthatim-pactuponcoastalresources,thesesectoralac=vi=esincludeeconomicandsocialac=vi=esaswellasenvironmentalandecologicalissues.

InSmallIslandDevelopingStates,suchasTonga,themanagementofcoastalresourcesisparamounttosustainableresourceuse,economicgrowthanddevelopment.

TheGovernmentofTongaisasignatorytotheUnitedNa=onsMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsandtherecentSustainableDevelopmentgoalsbothofwhichemphasisetheneedforimprovedresourcemanagementforwatershedsandcoastalareas.TheGovernmentofTongaiscommi[edtoimprovingresourcemanagementhoweveritisunderresourcedtechnicallytocarryoutalloftherequiredmanagementprac=ces.

Alackofco-ordina=onbetweenministriesaswellasmul=pleministriesworkingtoa[aincoastalmanagementmeansthatreplica=onandmisinforma=onareleadingtoalackofrecogni=onbycommuni=esonsuccessfulandsustainableprac=ces.

Thereiscurrentlyli[leenforcementofcurrentlegisla=onsthatarelinkedtocoastalmanagementincludingtheFisheriesConserva=onRegula=ons2010andEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentAct2003,bothofwhicharecri=calinresourcemanagementandsustainable development.

CurrentpoliciesfromvaryingMinistriesneedtobeundertakenandincorporatedwithinIWCMandinterdepartmentco-opera=onwillbeparamounttothesuccessoftheIWCMP.

Thefollowingpolicyinterven=onsandstrengtheningworkisrecommendedtobeundertakenduringthefiveyearimplementa=onplan:

• Developaspa=alplanforVava’uundertheNa=onalSpa=alPlanningandManagementAct2012making provision for popula=on and development trends, current policy framework,land tenure, water catchments and drainage, provision of infrastructure, coastal low-lyingareas, climate change or other hazards, environmental capacity including land capability,heritageandcarryingcapacityandfootprintcapacity(futureproofingsurveys).

• UsetheVava’uspa=alplantodevelopanintegratedcoastalzoneplanforsustainabledevel-opment.

• Createabodyforintegratedmanagementofcoastalareas“Vava’uCoastalDevelopmentAu-thority”toactasafocalpointforallcoastaldevelopmentplanning/coordina=on/enquiries/permibng.

o Developmentofaforwardpolicyagendaandworkplanforcommi[eeo IntegrateNGOs,tourismandcommunityrepresenta=ves


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• Introduce ins=tu=onalmechanisms for informa=onsharingandstakeholderpar=cipa=on–aninforma=onrepository.

• Review,improveandenforceenvironmentallegisla=on.

• Increase public awareness on environmental policy, legisla=on and development require-ments(forbusiness,governmentandcommunity)

• Promotepar=cipatoryapproachestoencouragepar=cipa=onof localcommuni=es forsus-tainabledevelopmentofcoastalresources

• Formalisemeaningfulpublicconsulta=onprocessformajorcoastaldevelopment.Tobeinte-gratedwithEIAAct.

• Createa‘onestopshop’forcoastaldevelopers:o Capacitydevelopmentneededwithingovernmentdepartments to raiseawareness

ofotheragencymandatesinthecoastalareao Createintegratedchecklistforlegalrequirementforpermibng–formalisesequen-

=al process for all legal condi=ons to bemet and integrate to ensure compliancewithinallgovernmentdepartments.

o Produce informa=onpack fordevelopers to includeall legal requirements,processandpermitsnecessaryforundertakingdevelopmentandprovideorderofsequenceforthesepermitstobeappliedfor.

Strengtheningcoastalresourcesisalargeareaofworkforcoastalmanagerstoensurethatecologicalprocesses,produc=vityforeconomicbenefitsandresiliencetoclima=candhumanac=vi=es.AtpresentresourcemanagementislimitedwithinVava'uandthiswouldbestrengthenedthroughco-opera=veandpar=cipatorytechniquestobe[eru=lisesurroundingstakeholdersincludingresourceusers.

CurrentcoastalmarineresourcemanagementcentersaroundtwocommunitySpecialManagedAr-eas(SMA’s)inOvakaandTaungaunderaclimatechangeadapta=onfundforfisheries.TherearecurrentlyfivemoreSMA’sinprocesstobeestablishedin2016.Thereisli[leavailableecologicaldatatosupportthesuccessoftheSMA’s,howeverthecommunitycommi[eecommitmentshownespe-ciallyfromOvaka,provesthatcommunitymanagedresourcesareaviableandvaluableintegratedmanagementscheme.

Vava’ufacesmanylandbasedresourceissuesincludinglandbasederosionfrompoorlydesignedroadinfrastructureandcoastallandclearingareexacerba=ngcoralreefandmarineecosystemdemisethrougheutrophica=on(runoff)andpollutantsenteringthewater.Overexploitedmarineresourcesareweakeningvitalcoralreefecosystemsandreducingtheprovisioningservicesthatcoastalcommuni=esrequireforsubsistenceliving.

Thefollowingmissionforthefiveyearimplementa=onplanoftheIWCMPwasdevisedtoincorpo-ratepar=cipatorymanagementforimprovedcoastalresources.


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“Topromoteintegratedwaterandcoastalareamanagementprac=cesandsupportsustainableandbalanceduseandsocio-economicdevelopmentofthecoastalareasandnaturalresourcesoftheVava’uarchipelago,KingdomofTonga.”

Thismissionwillbeachievedthroughthefollowingfiveyearplannedac=vi=es::

ObjecCve:Developacoastaleco-tourismplanandimplementac=vi=esthatincorporatessustainabledevelopmentandresourceuse,u=lisingcoastalcommuni=esashostsforalterna=veincomegenera-=on

ProposedAc=ons- Conductafeasibilitystudyontheinstalla=onandmaintenanceofyachtmooringsbeingrun

asacommunitymicrobusinessoutsideoftheVava’uharbour.- Hold trainingworkshopsoncorrectconstruc=on,placementandmaintenanceofmoorings

forcommuni=es.- Conductsurveyofallislandresorts/hotelstoinspectcurrentwastewatermanagementpro-

cessesanddevelopastandardisedmethodtobeusedbyresortdevelopers.- Inves=gatepoten=al forproperlydesignedandmarkedcommunitymanagedcoastalhiking

trailsfortours.Holdworkshoponmethodsandstandardsofmakingtrails.- Hold tour guide training course targeted to nature hikes and local cultural highlights i.e

PuonoPark

ObjecCve:Tointroduceandimplementorganiccer=fica=onforfoodproducegrowninVava’uandreduceagrochemicalrunoffincoastalcommuni=es.

Proposedac=ons

- Workshoponorganicmethodsincludingtheuseofnaturalplantbasedpes=cides

- CollaboratewithDepartmentofAgricultureonthecurrentsurveysconductedtomapagro-chemicaluses.

- Iden=fycurrentorganicfarmersandprovidesupporttoimproveonthedomes=cfoodmar-ketforeconomicgrowth

- Establishcommunityorganicgardensincoastalcommuni=esthatsupportalterna=veincomegenera=onprograms

- Designmonitoringandevalua=onparametersforprojectmanagement

- Establishorganiccer=fica=onschemeforintegratedwaterandcoastalmanagementprogram

ObjecCve:Toundertakestocktakingandsocio-economicevalua=onofcoastalfisheriesresourcesinTheVava’uarchipelago

Proposedac=ons

- Developasocio-economicstudythatcanbeconductedatcommunitylevel


DRAFT

- SetupCatch-per-Unit-Effortmonitoringsystemsin2coastalcommuni=esoutsideofthespe-cialmanagementareaprogramsasapilotproject

- Developasustainablefishguideforrestaurantsandtouriststhathelpssupportsustainablefisheriesprac=ces

ObjecCve:Toestablishaquacultureasanimprovedindustryforincomegenera=onforcoastalcom-muni=es

Currentlyaquacultureremainsasmallscaledomes=cbasedindustrythatisrestrictedbyaccesstotechnicalandinfrastructureresources.

- Iden=fyalterna=veaquacultureopportuni=esthatcouldeconomicallyandecologicallybene-fitVava’u

- Iden=fypilotcommuni=estotrialaquacultureprogramsforimprovedfoodsecuritysuchas‘paka’mudcrabs

- Monitorandevaluatepilotac=vi=esandprepareadevelopmentplanforcoastalcommuni-=es.

ObjecCve:Toestablishpilotcoastalconserva=onareaswithineachdistrictforimprovedconserva-=onofecologicalresourcesandbiodiversity

Biodiversityisthekeytocoastalareasthatprovideecosystemservices,managementofcri=calbiodi-versityareaswithincoastalcommuni=esisparamounttoimprovedfoodsecurityandrawmaterialproduc=on.

- Evaluatetheeffec=venessofcoastalconserva=onareasandhowtheymightleadtoim-provedbiodiversity

- Iden=fyimportantbiodiversityareasofbothterrestrialandmarinevalues

- Designandimplementcommunityconserva=onareasinlinewithpreviouscommunityman-agedareassuchasthefisheriesSMAatOvaka

- Monitorandevaluatepilotac=vi=esforfutureimplementa=on

ObjecCve:Toestablishrainwaterharves=ngfacili=esforlivestockincoastalfarmingareasforim-provedanimalhusbandryandhealthofar=sanallivestockfarmers

Communi=esarereliantonfarmanimalssuchaspigs,cows,horsesandsheepforculturaltraitsandfoodresources,currentfarmingac=vi=esarefor“free-range”animalstocopeontheirownwithoutconstantsourcesofwater.Whenfrequentwaterisintroducedtoanimals,produc=vityandhealthoftheanimalrisesandtheirdestruc=vepa[ernssuchasdamagetowaterpipeswouldbereducedleadingtobe[erwatermanagement.

- Conductafeasibilitystudytosurveyarainwaterharves=ngopportuni=esforfarmanimalswithinaco-opera=vefarmarea.

- Implementpilotac=vityofarainwaterharves=ngplantforanimalsthatwouldincludetroughsandmonitoredwatersupply.


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- Monitorandevaluatetheeffec=venessofthepilotac=vi=esandtheimpactsupontheani-mals.

ObjecCve:Toestablishalargerainwaterharves=ngplantforlowrainperiodstoreducethepressureontownwaterandover-pumpingofwaterwells.

DroughtandlowerthanaveragerainfallperiodshavebecomemoreregularinthelastfewyearsandbadlyimplementedandmanagedrainwatercatchmentsystemsarecommonthroughoutVava’u.Implemen=nglargerrainwaterharves=ngplantscouldbringrefugetosmallhouseholdsin=mesoflowerrainperiodsandreducetheover-pumpingonwaterwells.

- Iden=fycommunityareasoffragilewaterresourcestatusanddesignandimplementarain-waterharves=ngsta=on

- Setupcommunitywaterharves=ngplanandcommi[ee

- Implementthewaterharves=ngfacilitywithinacoastalcommunityincludinggaugesandmeteringsystemsforimprovedmanagement.

- Monitortheeffec=venessofcommunitymanagedrainwaterresourcesta=onsforfutureimplementa=on

ObjecCve:Toiden=fypoten=alcoastalfloodinghazardsandareasofpoorcoastalprotec=onanddesigneffec=veenvironmentallyfriendlyinfrastructure

- Iden=fyandmapareasathighriskofcoastalfloodingandareaswithlownaturalprotec=onfromstormsurgeandheavyrains.

- Designandimplementacoastalprotec=onsysteminonepilotcommunitytoreducetheim-pactsofstormsurges,coastalinunda=onandflooding.

- Monitorandevaluatetheimpacts,changesinshorelineandcoastalvegeta=onandprepareacoastalrehabilita=onplanwhichcanbereplicatedinotherareas.

ObjecCve:Toraiseawarenessandbuildcapacityofresourceusergroupsandstakeholdersandtoimproveuponpar=cipatoryapproachestocoastalresourcemanagement.

Proposedac=ons

- Iden=fyresourceneedsthroughagapanalysisongovernmentdepartments,ins=tu=onsandNGO’s/civilsocie=es

- Runworkshopsoninforma=ongatheredfromgapanalysistoimproveupontechnicalandresourcecapacityatgovernancelevel

- Designanddeliverworkshopsandresourcesoncoastalareastocommunitygroups,youthgroupsandschools

- Runconsistentradioprogramsandtalkbackshowsonthecoastalareasandmanagementprogramsandac=vi=es


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Thefollowingfieldac=vi=esarerecommendedtobeundertakenorcon=nuedduringthefiveyearimplementa=onplan:

DevelopmentofaspathatcheryinVava’uforthePearlAquacultureindustryandstrengtheningofcurrentaquaculture.

CoastalFloraandMangroveForestrytoimplementgrowingofcoastalfloraincludingmangrovesbycommuni=estore-establishcoastalareasandtoreducetheharmfuleffectsofrun-offfromdefor-esta=on.

CoastalWaterMonitoringwhichshouldbecon=nuedforthecoastalwatersoftheNeiafuPortofRefugeandNeiafuTahi“OldHarbour”,thisestablishedbaselineisvitalformonitoringtherelatedworkstoreducepollu=onenteringcoastalwaters.

TheIWCMPwillbeachievedwiththesupportoftheGovernorofVava’u,LordFulivaiwhowillover-seetherenewedandstrengthenedCoastalManagementCommi[ee(CMC),thatwouldrevolvearoundtheintegratedpar=cipatoryapproachtocoastalareamanagement.ItisenvisionedthatthecoreCMCmemberswouldactasthefocalpointforIWCMimplementa=on,howeverfeedingintotheCMCwouldbeinputfromavarietyofstakeholdergroups.

The coreCMC itselfwould compriseof individuals fromvarying sectorswith regular responsibilityovernaturalresourcemanagementandcommunityengagement.Itwouldberesponsibleforimple-men=ng the annual ac=on plan and/or pilot projects as approved by thewider CMC stakeholdergroup. Itwouldalsobeusedasa focalpoint for theevalua=onof coastal issues thatariseand tou=liseawiderangeoflocalandinterna=onalknowledge,experienceandhumanresourcestoeffec-=velycreateanimproved,effec=veandproduc=vecoastalzonefortheVava’uarchipelago.

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

1. Regional and National Context

Onaglobalscale,produc=veandwealthycoastalareasaredenselypopulatedwhichhasledtoheav-ilydevelopedhumanac=vity,some=mewithveryfewcontrols.Thishasmadesuchareasvulnerable.Not surprisingly, there is a sharp conflict between needs for immediate consump=on or use ofcoastalresourcesandtheneedstoensurethelongtermsupplyofthoseresources.Thisisespeciallytrue in thePacific island regionwhere thephenomenon isheightenedby theoccurrenceofmanyislandstates.Withthisheightenedvulnerability,theprotec=onofcoastalareasofPacificislandna-=onsisfundamentaltotheirsustainedeconomicdevelopment.Damagetothecoastalenvironment


DRAFT

ofislandna=onshasanega=veeffectoneconomicdevelopment,publichealth,biodiversity,thelife-styleofislandcommuni=esandculturalprac=ces.

In1994,pacific leaders fromacross the regionmet todiscuss the issues thateachna=on faced inrela=ontotheircoastalenvironments.Fromthesemee=ngscameanunderstandingthattherewerespecificneedswhichhadtobeaddressedregionallyinorderforcoastalprotec=ontobesuccessful.Theseneedsincluded:mappinganddatacollec=on,IWCM,educa=onandpublicawareness,regula-toryregimes,socialandculturalprac=ces,alterna=vestocoastalderivedsandandgravel,considera-=onofeconomicvaluesandcoastalengineering(SOPAC,1994).

InspecifictermsofIWCM,thegovernanceprocessesthathavebeendevelopedconsistsofthelegaland ins=tu=onal framework necessary to ensure that development and management plans forcoastalzonesareintegratedwithsocialandenvironmentalgoalsandaremadewiththepar=cipa=onofthoseaffected.IWCMusesapar=cipatoryapproachtoensurethatanymanagementplansdevel-opedarebasedonacomprehensive,mul=-sectoralapproach to theplanningandmanagementofcoastal areas. It encompasses aprocessof assessment, planning andmanagement for sustainabledevelopment, mul=ple-use and conserva=on of coastal areas, resources and ecosystems (SOPAC,1994).Thistypeofmanagementhasprovidedaprovenresiliencetocoastaldamageoverthepast20yearsintheregion.IthasalreadybeenimplementedincurrentprogramsinthePacificandhasledtothedevelopmentoflongtermsolu=onsthatareappropriatetolocalissues.

Within Tonga, environmental changes in the coastal zones include land loss, shoreline retreat, re-ducedbeachvegeta=on(includingmangroves)whichwouldotherwiseactasbuffersagainsttheim-pactsofclimatechange.Muchoftheinfrastructureandsocio-economicac=vi=esinTongaarelocat-edonornearthecoastwhichmakesthemhighlyvulnerabletotheeffectsofclimatechangeandsealevelrise.Inunda=onandfloodinghazardsgeneratedbyextremeseastatesareamongthecommonthreatsfacingTonga’scoastaltownsandvillagesinthelowlyingareasofTongatapuandHa’apai.

ThegovernmentofTongahasrecognisedcoastalerosionasbeingasignificantenvironmental issuefacingTonga(JNAP,2010),par=allyasaresultofsealevelrise.Othercontribu=ngfactorshavebeeniden=fied as the low al=tude of some island groups, the increased denuda=on ofmangrove andcoastaltrees,livecoralremoval,illegalminingofbeachsandsandoffshoresanddredging.TheJNAP(2010) reporthasobserved thatano=ceable resultof theseac=vi=eshasbeena lossof landandinfrastructurealongthecoast.Recommenda=onsmadebyGovernmentMinistries/DepartmentandNon-GovernmentalOrganisa=onsaspartoftheJNAP(2010)consulta=onshavehighlightedtheneedtoformulatecoastalmanagementplansasanadap=vestrategyforcoastalareas.

2. The Vava’u Context


DRAFT

The islandgroupofVava’u,specificallythemaintownofNeiafu, isabout300kmnortheastofthemain city Nuku’alofa in Tongatapu. Vava’u itself is comprised of one largemain islandmeasuring90km²andover40outerislands.TheVava’ugroupmeasures21kmfromeasttowestand25kmfromnorthtosouth.Ithasacoastlinemeasuring362kmcoveringageographiclandareaof138km².

Thecoastline isa combina=onof raised limestonecliffs in thenorthandan irregular coastline to-wardsthesouththatopensintoacomplexnetworkofchannels,baysandislandsformingoneofthebestprotectednaturalharboursinthePacific.Onthesouthsideoftheislandgroup,therearemanysmallwaterwaysandislands.Thelargestoftheseisachannelcalled‘AvaPulepulekaiwhichextends11kminlandfromtheharbourofNeiafu.

The coastal areasofVava’u canbe classified into sixwater based resource ecosystems:mangroveforest,coralreefs,seagrassbeds,deepwater,non-coralreefflatsandbeaches.Supra=dalhabitatsontherockyareasabovethe=dalinfluenceandsca[eredli[oralforestareasarefoundontheexte-riorbarriersofthesca[eredcommuni=esalongthecoastalarea.Eachoftheseecosystemsprovidesimportant socio-economicbenefits to the local communi=es,allofwhom livewithin2.5kmof thecoast.Aswellasprovidingalivelihoodforcommuni=es,thecoastalareasandwaterwaysofVava’ualsoprovideshabitatforawidevarietyofmarinefloraandfaunamanyofwhichalsoformthebasisoftheislandgroups’tourismindustry.

Theneedforecosystembasedcoastalresourcemanagementhasbecomeapparentoverrecentyearswiththeinstancesofclimateinducedimpactsandover-exploita=onofnaturalresourcesincreasing,leadingtoincreasesinthevulnerabilityofthecoastlinehabitatsandassociatedecosystemservices.

OneofthekeydifferencesbetweenthecoastalresourcesintheKingdomofTongaandthemajorityofotherPacificislandna=onsisallofthecoastallandismanagedbythegovernmentanddoesnotbelongtoindividualcommuni=esorvillages,unlikethecoastaltenuresysteminmanyoftheothercountries. The benefit of this system is that anymanagement plans that are implementedwithinVava’ucanbedonethroughacentralbody,withthepar=cipa=onofthecommuni=es,andmanagedasasingleconnecteden=ty.

3. Current Status of IWCM in Vava’u:

TheGovernmentoftheKingdomofTongahasbeencommi[edtowardsthedevelopmentofanIWCMplansincethedevelopmentoftheIWRMNa=onalWaterPlanin20XXXX

UndertheUnitedNa=onsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,theUnitedNa=onsSustainableDevelop-mentGoalsandtheConven=ononBiologicalDiversityAichiTargets,Tongahasmadestrongcom-mitmentstowardstheimportanceofbiodiversityandenvironmentalsecurity.TheNa=onalBiodiver-sityStrategicAc=onsPlansandmanagementplansimplementedbytheMinistryofMeteorology,Energy,Informa=on,DisasterRisk,Environment,ClimateChangeandCommunica=on(MMEIDEC)outlinethecommitmentsandprogressmadetowardsthesegoalsandtheMinistryofLands,SurveyandNaturalResourceshavemadeparallelcommitmentstocoastalresourcesthroughboththeIWRMandIWCMprograms.


DRAFT

Tongaisasignatorytomul=plemul=lateraltrea=esthatincludeafocusonenvironmentalissueswithinthecoastalareas.Underthesetrea=esTongahasmadecommitmentstoimproveuponsocialwelfare,economicdevelopmentandenvironmentalsecurityalongsideclimatevariabilityandchange.

TheGovernmentofTonga isacutelyawareof itsvulnerability inthecoastalareatothe impactsofclimatechangeanddisaster risks. It is suscep=bleprimarilydueto itsgeographical,geologicalandsocio-economic characteris=cs. The government’s Na=onal Strategic Planning Framework 2011 –2014(NSPF)highlightstherela=onshipbetweenthesustainabledevelopmentofthecountryandthedetrimentalimpactsofclimatechangeandconsidersthemashighpriori=esintheNSPF.Oneoftheninecommitmentsmade intheframework is for“culturalawareness,environmentalsustainability,disasterriskmanagementandclimatechangeadapta=on,integratedintoallplanningandimplemen-ta=onofprograms”(TSDF,2011).

Tohelpachievethiscommitment,theTSDFhasdevelopedastrategytoimplementtheJointNa=onalAc=onPlanonClimateChangeAdapta=onandDisasterRiskManagement(JNAP)toreducevulnera-bilityandrisks;andtoenhanceresiliencetotheimpactsofclimatechangeandnaturalhazards.

Inthecoastalenvironment,thegovernmenthasrecognised,throughtheTSDFandJNAPthatyear-to-yearclimatevulnerability,suchasElNinoandextremeevents,e.g.droughtsandstorms,willcon-=nuetoposesignificantchallengestokeyeconomicsectorsincludingagriculture,fisheries,tourism,public health and safety, climate-sensi=ve resources such as beaches and coral reef, vulnerablecoastsandcri=calwaterresources(TSDF,2011)

TheMAFF,MoF,MMEIDECCandMoIhaveresponsibili=esinimplemen=ngthecommitmentsmadebytheGovernmentofTongatoimprovingthecoastalareasthroughtheseprograms.Whilethereislimited communica=on between the ministries, within the Fisheries and Environment Ministries,thereappearstobeahighlevelofintegra=onbetweentheirindividualprogramsandthestrategiessetoutinTSDFandJNAP.TheMinistryofInfrastructureappearstohaveintegra=onwithintheplansinNuku’alofaandHa’apai,however, the infrastructureworks takingplace in thecoastalcatchmentareasofVava’uappeartolackcoordina=onandplanningtoensuretheircompliancewiththecom-mitmentssetoutintheJNAP.Improvedalignmentbetweentheimplementa=onoftheplansandtheministrycommunica=onswiththeirouterislandgroupsisessen=altoensurethattheobjec=vesforimprovingresilienceinthecoastalareasaremet.

Attheprojectlevel,therehavebeenanumberofini=a=vesintheislandgroupswhichareinalign-mentwith the JNAPandwith theprinciplesof IWCM.ProjectssuchasRidgetoReef,coastal rein-forcement in Tongatapu, coastline for=fica=ons inHa’apai, SMAdevelopment, EbA coastal erosionmanagementinTalihauetc.alldemonstratetheabilitytoimplementsignificantcoastalmanagementprojectsinlinewiththeframeworksandpoliciesdeveloped.

Roomdoesexistforimprovementintheimplementa=onattheprojectlevelintermsofcommunica-=onsbetweenministries,between islandgroupsandbetweenmajorproject funders.Thiswillen-surethattheprojectsbeingimplementedarecoordinatedintheiroutputsandthatTongaisabletogainmaximumbenefitfromtheini=a=vesbeingundertakeninherislands.Addi=onally,inthecon-textofVava’u,thereisaneedtoimprovethedistribu=onofprojecteffortsandtoensurethatthemorevulnerableremotecommuni=esbenefitfromadapta=onini=a=vesasmuchastheurbancen-


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treofNeiafu.

4. Need of IWCM Plan:

Duetothegeologicala[ributesoftheVava’uarchipelagoandtheunequivocalpressureplacedonthecoastalresources,ecosystemsandwatershed,astrongworkingcoastalmanagementplanisre-quiredtoimproveandsustainthecoastalresourcesforimprovedecologicalandeconomicalbenefit.

5. Principles of IWCM:

TheprinciplesofIWCMaresimilartothoseofIWRMwiththekeyconceptsofintegra=on,decentral-isa=on,par=cipa=onandeconomicandfinancialsustainability(WorldBankIns=tute2006).IWCMplansaredesignedtobeuniquelysuitedforthelocalcoastalareaandthelevelofgovernancebothna=onallyandmunicipally.Theconceptsalsoaccountforlocalculturesandtradi=ons,currentandfutureeconomiccondi=onsandpoten=aldevelopmentareas.

ThemainprinciplesofIWCMprogramsare:

• Strengtheningprovisionalsectoralmanagementthroughincreasedtraining,strengtheningcurrentlegisla=onandhumanresources.

• Preservingandprotec=ngbiodiversityandecologicalprocessesofcoastalecosystems,throughre-ducingandpreven=nghabitatdestruc=on,pollu=onandoverexploita=onofresources.

• Promotesna=onalandmunicipaldevelopmentandallowsforsustainableusesofcoastalre-sources.

Theseprinciplesareachievedthroughprogramcharacteris=csthatinclude:

• Theabilitytomovebeyondna=onalapproacheswhichcandampenprogressthroughbeingtoofocusedonasinglefactor.IWCMprinciplesaimtomanagethecoastalareasasawholezoneusingecosystembasedmanagementwhereverappropriate.

• Allowsforacon=nuousadap=vemanagementprocessofadministeringthedevelopment,useandconserva=onofthecoastalareaanditsresourcestowardsagreedobjec=vesfromvaryingstake-holders.

CHAPTER – 2 COASTAL RESOURCES

1. Physical Environment:

TheKingdomofTongaliesbetween15°and23°30’Southand173°and177°WestintheCentralSouthPacificOcean.Tongahasacombinedlandandseaareaof720,000km2.andatotalof172is-landsdividedintofourmainislandgroupsTongatapuandEua,Ha’apai,Vava’uandtheNiuas.


DRAFT

AlongthewesternsideoftheKingdomofTongarunsalineofislandsofvolcanicorigin,steeperintopographyandofhighereleva=onthantheislandstotheeastwhicharegenerallylower-lyinglime-stoneandmixedgeomorphologyislands.TheTonganTrenchstretchesalongtheeasternsideoftheTonganarchipelagofromthenorthofNewZealandtosouthwesternSamoaandistheseconddeep-esttrenchintheworldwithmaximumdepth’sreaching10,882metres(35,702feet).

ThecoastalzoneinTongaiss=pulatedbythedeclaredexclusiveeconomiczone(EEZ)of200nau=calmilesfromtheoceanicfacinglandpoints.Thecon=guouszoneoftheKingdomofTongaisdeemedundertheMari=mesZoneAct,2009as“theareaofseabetweentheterritorialseaandalineeverypointofwhichisatadistanceof24nau=calmilesfromthenearestpointofthebaselines”.Theterri-torialseasaredepictedas12nau=calmilesfrombaselines(closestlandpoints).

TheVava’uarchipelagoissituatedbetween18.65000°Sand173.9833°WinthenorthernKingdom,Vava’uhasover40predominantlyraisedlimestoneislandswiththeexcep=onoftwovolcanicis-lands:FonualeiandLate,situatedtothenorthwestandsouthwestrespec=vely.

Vava’uliesuponasubmarinetrenchareawithcon=nentalshelvessituatedtothewestandeastofthearchipelago.

1.1 Geomorphology

TheTonganarchipelagoissituatedontheTonga-KermadecRidge,anac=vefore-arclayingtotheWestoftheTonganTrenchandeastoftheLauBasinthatseparatestwotectonicplates,theIndo-AustralianPlateandthePacificPlate.TheRidgeisformedbythedownwardmovementofthePacificPlateundertheeasternedgeoftheIndo-AustralianPlate.

TothewestoftheVava’ugroupandasmallerscaledepression(1,800mbelowsealevel),theTofuaTrough,liesthevolcanicoriginislandsofLateandFonualeiandtheislandstotheeastoftheTofuaTroughareoflowlyingcorallimestone.(FryandFalkland,2011).Theeasternislandsareolderthanthevolcanicislandstothewest.

ThemainVava’ugroup,consistsofemergedand=ltedlimestoneislandsfromthePliocene(5.2to1.64millionyearsago)andQuaternaryage(1,640,000yearsagoandpresentday)(Roy1990)withhigherelevatedlimestonecliffstothenorthernendandadown-=ltedshiwtothesouth.Thehighesteleva=onsonUtaVava’uarerecordedat210metersabovesealevel.

Thenortherncliffsareopentotheoceanandshowsignsoflong-termmarineerosionduetothescallopedplan-form,whereasthesouthernmarginishighlyirregularwithafragmentedappearance.

1.2 Climate

TheclimateofVava’uissemi-tropicalwithtwopredominantseasonsofsummer(NovembertoApril)andwinter(MaytoOctober)andexperiencesthesouth-easttradewindsthataveragebetween12-15knotsthoughwindspeedsincreaseduringthewintermonthswithaveragesof18-22knots.


DRAFT

AveragerainfallinVava’uis2150mmperannumwithMarchandApriltrendingasthewe[er

months.Thedrierwinterseasonseasaveragetemperaturesof25℃andsummer=meaveragetem-peraturesof28℃with85%humidityasshowninFigure1below.

Figure1.Graphshowingtheaveragemonthlyminimumandmaximumairtemperaturesandtheexpectedseatempera-turesforVava’u.

1.3NaturalHazardsandOccurrences

Naturalhazardsimpactuponecosystems.Eventhoughtheyarenotdirectlyrelatedtoclimatevariabilityandchange,thesenaturalhazardsplayaroleuponthecoastlinesandecologicalpro-cesses.

1.3.1 Volcanoes

Tongaissituatedonthe“RingofFire”,avola=leandac=veareaofunderwaterandterrestrialvolcanoesaswellasoceanandmountaintrenchesandhydrothermalvents.Approximately90%ofallearthquakesoccuralongtheRingofFireanditcontainsover75%ofalltheac=vevolca-noesonEarth.

Tongarecorded115earthquakesinthelast12monthperiod,51ofthoselocatednearNeiafu,withamagnitudeof1.5orgreater.

Volcanoesreleasegreenhousegassesintotheairduringac=veperiods,coveringlargeareasofoceansandlandwithashthatmaylimitfloragrowthanddamagelocalcrops;howevertheyalso


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benefitsomeecosystemsandinthelongertermscanprovidethelandwithrichsoil.Whensul-phur(S)ispredominantlyemi[edlocaltemperaturemaycoolandwhencarbondioxide(CO2)isemi[edlocaltemperaturesmaywarmforshortperiodsof=me.

Volcanicashimpactsontheoceanandcanbebeneficialintheeutrophiczonefoundwithinthefirst200m’sofoceanwater,howeveranincreaseinnutrientssimilartothosefromrunoffcanalsotriggerHarmfulAlgaeBlooms.

EarthquakescandamagethewaterboresinVava’uandisanindicatedcauseofthe50%ofwaterborescurrentlynotfunc=oning(pers.comm.ManageroftheTWB,Vava’u).

1.3.2Tsunamis

Tsunamiscanoccurdirectlyaweranearthquake,volcanicerup=on,landslide,ormeteorstrikeandwhenthepressureofover6.75ontheRichterscalehasbeenexerted.Abruptshiwingoftec-tonicplatescauseincreasedac=vityinearthquakesandvolcanoes.Atsunamiisaseriesofwavesthattravelfastthroughtheoceaninaseriesofdirec=ons,whenthewaveapproachesashallowslopingcoastalareaitbecomesasetoflargewavesthatcrashagainsttheshore.

Tsunamishavethepowertodevastateshorelinesandcoastalcommuni=esaswellashavinglargeimpactsonallcoastalecosystems.Theimpactscanbefeltthroughamul=tudeofindustriesincludingtourism,aquacultureandlow-lyingagricultureplots.

ThethreatoftsunamisfortheVava’uIslandsisnotasdirectasotherlow-lyingcoastalareasinTonga.Vava’uhasdeepwatersurroundingmostoftheislandsandhigherclifffacestotheNorthandEast.

Duringthe2009Samoaearthquaketheimpactsfromthetsunamiweredevasta=ngtothetwoislandsnorthofVava’uknownastheNiua’s,wherelossoflifewasexperienced.InVava’utheimpactswerefeltontheEasterncommunityofHoleva,wherethetsunamiwashedawaycarsthatwereparkedalongthecoastalarea.Somehouseswerealsomovedbythewaveswhichliw-edthemofftheirfounda=onsupports.Peoplealsoexperiencedrushingwatersthroughbuild-ings.Inthemaincommercialharbour,rapid=dalexchangesoccurred,withwaterrushinginandoutoftheharbourevery2minutes.

Theseextreme=dalexchangescans=llhaveimpactsoncoastalcommuni=esinVava’uandcancausedamagetopropertysuchasvesselsandhouses.The=dalexchangescanalsoimpactanddamagecoastalecosystemssuchascoralreefsandseagrassbeds.Aquacultureinfrastructure,duetoitslocalityinshallowwaters,faceslargepoten=alimpactsfromfastflowing=dalex-changessuchasthosewitnessedpreviouslyinVava’u.

1.3.3 Harmful Algae Blooms

Harmfulalgalblooms,whicharecommonlyreferredtoas“RedTides”,occurwhenthereisanincreaseinnutrientstothesurfaceofthewatersresul=nginanabundanceofphytoplanktonleadingtoasignificantalgalbloomthatcanpoten=allyimpacthumanhealthandmarinelifeduetotoxinscontainedwithinthealgae.


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Marinelife,especiallysessileanimalssuchascoralsandbenthicmarinelifesuchasmarineinver-tebratesareequallyimpactedfromthealgalbloom.Theseimpactsowenstemfromthealgae’sprocessofstrippingoxygenfromthewatercolumncausinghypoxicenvironmentsandmortalityofmarinelife.Toxinsfromharmfulalgaecancauselongtermimpactsonmolluskswiththetoxinremaininginsidethemolluskforextendedperiodsof=me.

1.3.4 Tropical Cyclones and Severe Storms

Tropicalcyclonesarelowpressureweathersystemsthatformovertropicalwaterswithsurfacetemperatureshigherthan26.5℃(80℉)andgaleforcewindswithsustainedspeeds63km/handgustsinexcessof100km/hnearthecentre.

ThetropicalcycloneseasonforTongaisbetweenNovemberandAprilwithanes=matedaverageofonetropicalcycloneaffec=ngtheislandgroupsperyear.Thises=ma=onchangeswithElNiñoyearsinwhichthefrequencyofcyclonesincreaseswithes=ma=onsoftwotothreecyclonesthatmayaffecttheKingdom.

Theeffectsofcyclonescanbedevasta=ngtocoastalecosystemsandresourcesandcanhampereconomicdevelopmentandlivelihoods.Stormsurgeduringcycloneac=vitythreatenscoastalcommuni=esinlowlyingareasaswellastheincreasedrainfallassociatedwithcyclonesystems.Freshwatersuppliesareatriskofbecomingcontaminatedwithsaltwaterintrusionandexces-siverunoff.

1.3.5 El Niño and La Niña

TheElNiño-SouthernOscilla=on(ENSO)occursnaturallyevery2-7yearsasanocean-atmos-phericinterac=oninthetropicalPacific.ElNiñocyclesimpactupontradewinds,oceantempera-turesandcloudandprecipita=onpa[erns.

DuringElNiñocyclesVava’uexperiencescoolerdryseasons(MaytoNovember)anddrierwetseasons(DecembertoApril).DuetotheincreasedoceansurfacetemperaturesduringElNiño,cyclonesarelikelytobemorefrequentwithes=matesof2ormorecyclonesandofhigherinten-sitythanLaNiñaorneutralseasons.

LaNiñaisreferredtoasthe“coldcycle”oftheENSObringingwarmerthanaveragetradewinds(MaytoNovember)andheavierrainfallat=mesthatmaycausefloodingandincreasedeutroph-ica=on.

2. Land Use:

OfVava’us40smallerislands,11containatotalof17villagesspreadamongstthem.ThemainislandofGreatVava’u(‘UtaVava’u)has23villageswiththegreatestconcentra=onofpeoplelivingintheurbanareasofNeiafudistrict.


DRAFT

TheGovernmentownstherightstothecoastalaccesslandsto15metersabovethehigh=demark,thislandmaybeleasedfromtheMinistryofLandsforwateraccess.

Within theNeiafuharbour, significant infrastructuredevelopmentshaveoccurredand includeslip-ways,commercialwharfs,smallerjebesandwharfs,landreclama=onandhoteldevelopment.ThisdevelopmenthasoccurredalongtheshorelineofNeiafutownitselfandtherestoftheharbourarearemainsrela=velyundevelopedwithonlyafewprivatejebesbeingconstructed.Outsideofthemainharbour, themajority of coastal developments consist of smallwharfs and jebes associatedwithcoastalvillagesortouristresorts.AslipwayhasbeenconstructedintheVaipuaareaofNeiafudistrictforhaulingpleasurecrawandthereareseveralbridgesandcausewaysthathavebeenconstructedtolinknearbyislandstothemainisland.

AseachmaleborninTongaisen=tledtoanallotmentoflandtofarmforfood,themainlanduseinVava’uisagricultural.Inaddi=ontothis,inpreviousyearstherewasanobliga=onofalllandholderstoplantat least200coconut treeson theirnewlyallocated land.Thishas resulted ina significantamount of the land being dominated by coconut planta=ons with mixed agriculture planta=ons.Thereare s=ll someareasofwoodland lewon themain island,however theseare found in smallpockets as thedemand for agricultural land con=nues to growasnewlyeligiblemalesmake theirlandclaims.

Significantareasofmangroveexistinthenorthernareasoftheislandgroupinshallowestuarytypehabitats.Insomeareas,thesemangroveshavebeguntoencroachoftheeverydaylifeofvillagesasaresultofincreasedsedimentbuildupdirectlyresul=ngfromthedesignofthelinkingcauseways.Intheseareas,theexpansionofthemangroveforestshasrestrictedtradi=onalaccesstothelocalfish-inggroundsandgreatereffortisnowrequiredtofishintheseareas.

In the smaller islands, coconut planta=ons are a dominant feature wherever there are villages.Smallerareashavebeenclearedforagriculturepurposeclosetovillages;however,theuninhabitedislandsareowencoveredinwoodlandorscrubland.Thecoastalareasofthesevillagesarecommonlycharacterisedbyshallowfringingreefsorreefflatsbeforesteeplydescendingintodeeperwaters.

3. Biodiversity (Ecosystem, Habitats and Species diversity):

Vava’uhassevendominantcoastalecosystemtypesspanningbothmarineandterrestrialareaswithalimitedanddegradingbiodiversityduetotheinterac=onwithhumanac=vi=es.Therearecurrentlynoprotectedareasorsanctuary’satthepresentdate,thoughfiveconserva=onareasarecurrentlyawai=ngapprovalfromCabinet.

DuetotheisolatednatureofthearchipelagoofTonga,speciesdiversityislowerintheKingdomofTongathanotherPacificIslandRegionssuchasPapuaNewGuineaandtheCoralTrianglearea,thisisdueinparttothelargeoceanicspacesbetweenislandgroupsandregionalislandna=ons.

Terrestrialecosystemshavebeendescribedassevenplantcommuni=es1)Li[oralstand;2)CoastalMarsh;3)MangroveForest;4)LowlandForest;5)ManagedLands;6)SuccessfulVegeta=onand7)SecondaryForest.


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WithinVava’uthereisli[leuninterruptedlowlandforestduetothemanagementoftheLandActundertheGovernmentofTonga

ThefloralcommunityofVava’uises=matedas262na=vevascularplantspecies(Whistler,A.2014)including188dicots,39monocots,2gymnosperms,30fernsand3fernallies.

Herpetofaunaincludes417terrestrialrep=lesofwhich11speciesarelizards.FourspeciesofmarineseaturtlesareindicatedinVava’uwithGreenTurtlesandHawksbillturtlesknowntonestontheouterislandbeaches(Vava’uTurtleMonitoringProgram,2014)

3.1 Micro Organisms:

MicroorganismscompriseofBacteria,Algae,FungiandProtozoathatallplayacri=calroleinbiologi-calprocessesalongthecoastalareasandsurroundingpelagicwaters.ThoughtheactualspeciesnumberisunknownforTonga.

Therearealargenumberofunderwaterventsinthedeep-waterssurroundingtheTonganTrenchtotheEastofVava’uthedeepwaterpelagiczonesthatareli[eredwithorganicma[er(deadanimals,algaeandothermicrobes)andbacteria,animportantfactorinthecarbon-cycleoftheoceans.

3.2.1 Benthic Community:

Benthiccommuni=esinvolveorganismsthatinhabittheoceanfloorincludinglobsters,crabs,worms,clams,spongesandstonycorals.Benthicanimalsarehighlyabundantandimportantinshallowcoastalwatersac=ngbothecologicallyandeconomically.

InVava’u,the“Beche-de-mer”industryhasbeenhighlyoverexploitedandacurrentfiveyearmora-toriumhasbeenputinplacebytheMinistryofFisheriesin2014toallowforstockstorecoverOth-erecologicallyandeconomicallyimportantbenthicspeciessuchasgiantclamsarealsobeingoverexploitedwithunsuccessfula[emptstodevelopaquacultureofclamswithintheSMA’s(pers.com-munica=onMinistryofFisheries).

Benthiccommuni=eswithinandadjacenttothemangroveareasareofvitalimportanceduetothemovementofdetritalma[er(decomposedplantli[er)totheli[oralzonethroughwaveac=onanddetritusfeederssuchasshrimp,finfishspecies.

3.2.2 Pelagic Community:

Thepelagiccommunityconsistsofpredatoryspeciesthathavefastlocomo=onandareprimarilycarnivorousindietaryfunc=ons,suchastuna,mahimahi,billfishspecies,barracudas,sharksandcetaceanspecies.ThepelagiccommunityalsoincludesthemigratorySouthPacificHumpbackWhale,


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Megapteranovaeangliaeandrep=lesspeciesofmarineturtlesandseacrates.Juvenilefishspeciesdevelopandinteractwithinmangroveandcoralreefareas.

ThepelagiccommunityalsoincludestheeconomicallyimportantDeepwaterSnapperspecieswhichisalargedomes=candexportedfoodfishspecies.

3.2.3 Supra Tidal Community:

Thesupra=dalisthedryhabitatareaabove=dalinfluenceandincludesflorathatrequiresveryli[lefreshwaterknownasxerophy=cflora.Speciessuchas‘fau’(Hibiscus3llaceus)dominatesupra=dalareas.Speciesdiversitywithinsupra=dalcommuni=esinVava’uconsistsofrodentspeciesRa5usra5us,Ra5usexpelunsandrep=lianspeciesofskinkandgeckos.Avifaunaalongthesupra=dalcon-sistsofbothmarineandterrestrialspeciesincludingtheKingfishers,WhiteRumpledSwiwlet,PacificHeron,Noddies,BoobiesandTernswhichwillnestinthetreesonthecliffs.TheTonganFruitBat,PteropustonganuscanowenbefoundalongcoastalareasinthePandanastrees.

4. Fisheries and Aquaculture:

ThefisheriesandaquacultureindustriesinVava’uaresmallinrela=ontoeconomicreturn,withcoastalfisheryac=vi=espredominantlyforsubsistenceanddomes=cmarkets..

Fisheryac=vi=esconductedalongthecoastalareasandnear-shorecoralreefsinvolvespearfishing(bothnightandday),placementofgillnetsalongnear-shorecoralreefsorlineandhook.Fishingboatsaregenerallysmallinsizeoflessthan10metresinlengthandrunwithoutboardengines.

ThedeepwatersnapperfisheryinVava’uhasonlytwolicensedvesselsthatfishthedeepwatersoffthenorthandwesterncoastlineofthearchipelago.Thefisheryofadroplinefisherythattargetsmul=plesspeciesfromthefamiliesofLutjanidae(snappers),Lethrinidae(emperorsandSerranidae(groupers)andisbasedprimarilyontheseamounts.Historicallysixtargetedspecieshoweverwithchangesinspeciescomposi=onotherspeciesarecurrentlyassociatedwiththedeepwaterfishery,thesespeciesareshowninTableXXXXXbelow

SpeciesName CommonName TonganName

Aphareusru3lans RustyJobfish palupolosi

Aprionvirescens GreenJobfish utu

Carangidae Trevalliesandjacks lupo

E3liscarbunculus Short-tailedredsnapper palumalau

E3liscoruscans Long-tailSnapper palutavake

Epinethelusmorrhua Cometgrouer ngatalapusi


DRAFTSincethedevelopmentofthefishingindustryinthe1980’stherehasbeenasharpdeclineinpar=ci-pa=nglicensedvesselswithonly14par=cipa=ngvesselsin2012fortheKingdom.Thedeclineinves-selsisinpartfromoverexploita=onoftheresourceandanincreaseinoverheadstopar=cipate.(FisheriesDivision,2013)

Juvenilefishspeciesandnon-exportablespeciessuchasthepalumaluaresoldinthedomes=cmar-ket.

Aquacultureiscomprisedoftwomainindustries:Mabepearlfarmingandtheseaweedfarmingforexport.TheMabepearlwereintroducedasanaquacultureprogrammetoTongainthe1980’sandarecurrentlyharvestedandsoldinthelocalmarketsinVava’utovisitors.

TheseaweedaquacultureispredominatelyforexporttoFijiandAsianmarkets.Vava’ufirststartedseaweedaquacultureinthe1990’sbutwassoonhaltedduetothelossofeconomicdemandfortheseaweedspecies.

Thoughaquacultureisdeemedahighlyimportantac=vitytoVava’u,progresstoexpandremainsslowandlimi=ngtosmallanddomes=cmarkets.Increasingaquacultureproductstoincludedesir-ableediblespeciessuchasthemudcrab“paka”maycreateaninternaldemandforimprovedre-sourcemanagementandimprovecurrentmanagementandecologicalroleofmangrovespecies.

4.1 Non Conventional Resources:

There are very few marine resources that are not utilized in Vava’u, with many marine species being over exploited through fishing practices and under resourced management.

Coastal fisheries in Vava’u are primarily based on reef and inter tidal species including reef fish species of groupers, snappers, emperor fish and many others and reef invertebrate species of lobster, crabs, sea cucumbers and mollusks including giant clams. There is over

Epinephelusoctofasciatus/septemfasciatus

Eightbar/Convictgrouper mohuafi

Pris3pomoidesfilamentosus Crimsonjobfish paluhina

Pris3pomoidesflavipinnis Goldeneyejobfish palusio’ata

Pris3pomoidesargyrogrammi-cus

Ornatejobfish

Lethrinuschrysostomus Sweetlipemperorfish manga

Paracaesiokusakarii Saddlebacksnapper palumutumutu

Gymnocraniusradiosus Silversnapper paluhina


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370 targeted species of fin fish recognised for Vava’u (BioRap 2014). Due to the nature of spear fishing in Vava’u, non conventional resources such as damselfish, pufferfish and other smaller fish species are also caught.

Gleaning activities that take place on the inter-tidal mud flats also target many species of mollusca and invertebrates that are not conventionally fished including “muli’one” the Blunt Edged Sea Hare (Dolabella aricularia).

Sea weed is produced for the export market through aquaculture and other species of sea weed such as “Limu” (Caulerpa racemosa) are eaten regularly at meals and cultural feasts.

4.2 Infra-Structure:

Intermsofthephysicalinfrastructureinthecoastalzone,theHalaevaluWharf,commonlyregardedastheFisheriesWharf,wasconstructedtoprovidedockingandworkingspacetothedomes=cfi-shingindustry.TheMinistryofFisheriesVava’uofficeislocatedonthewharfbehindasmallfishpro-cessingfactory.ConnectedtotheHalaevaluWharfisalargercontainershipandpassengerferrywharf.

AlongsidetheHalaevaluWharfaslipwaywasconstructedin2011toprovideanentryandexitpointforthelocalvessels.ThisprojectwasfundedbyEuropeanUnionundertheMAFFF-STABEXprojectandalsoincorporatednewquaran=nefacili=esonHalaevaluWharftoassistfarmersintheexportofwatermelonandotherproduce.Theopenstoragefacili=esbehindtheslipwayhavebeenleasedtomechanicalbusinessesthatassistthefishermen.

In2014,thefisheriesprocessingfacili=esandfisherieswharfwassignedoverformanagementtotheVava’uFisheriesCounciltotryandfurtherdevelopmentoffisheries.TheVFCisaimedtoimproveandexpandupontheseaweedaquacultureandtoprovidefisherswithinfrastructuretobeabletosafelystoreandsellfishproductsdomes=cally.Atpresenttherehavebeenissueswiththeicema-kingfacili=esandapercentageoffishersares=llsellingfishandcrustaceansfromcoolerbinsalong-sidethemainwharf.

ThebuildingpreviouslyoperatedbyAla=niFisheriesandlocatedadjacenttothe‘UtukalongaluMar-ket,wastakenoverbyTavakeFisheriesforthedomes=csaleandexportprepara=onofdeep-watersnapperspecies.

TheDepartmentofFisheriesbuildingbehindthefishprocessingplantshoststhreefisheriesofficersandonefinancialofficer.Aquaculturedevelopmentisalargealterna=veincomedriverforVava'uwiththeexportseaweedmarketandpearlshoweverduetoalackofinfrastructureandresourcesforeasyrestockingandspatdevelopmentprogramsinVava’u,growthoftheaquacultureindustryre-mainsslow.

4.3 Measures for Avoiding Over-exploitation of Fisheries Resources:

MarinefishandinvertebrateresourcesarebeingoverexploitedinVava’uthathasleadtodepletedstocksoflucra=vespeciessuchaslobster,sea-cucumberandfinfishspeciesofgrouper,snapperandemperorfishandmigratorypelagicspeciesoftunaandbillfish.


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Broadscaleawarenessandknowledgeexchangeprogramsneedtobeimplementedtoensurethesuccessofmarineresourcemanagementprogramsandsustainablefishingprac=cestoestablishim-provedunderstandingandconformitytocurrentFisheriesConserva=onRegula=ons.Grantsandmi-cro-financingcanhelpsupportfisherstransi=onstoimprovedcatchmethodsandfishinggear.

Improvingcatchmethodsandequipmentthatallowforselec=vefishing,suchasenforcingthebanonthespearingoflobsterspeciesandintroducinganalterna=vecatchmethod,wouldallowforim-provedmonitoringandcomplianceonsizelimitsandthereleasingoffemaleswithroeaspertheFisheriesConserva=onManagementRegula=ons2010.

Improveddatamanagementofcatchperuniteffort(CPUE)surveystofisherscanhelpmonitorandmanagefishstocks.Communityleadmanagementandco-opera=vemonitoringprogramsensurethatallpar=cipantsandresourceusergroupsconducteffec=veandsustainableprac=cesandhavealargerstakeintheecosystemsfuture.

Largemarinemanagedandmarineprotectedareasneedtobeimplementedwithcommunitysup-portandmanagementassistanceincludingspawninggroundsandimportantbiogeographicalregionsforlargerpredatoryfishspeciesneedtobeiden=fiedandincorporatedintomarinemanagedand“no-takeareas”.Thisallowsforbe[erregenera=onforspeciesthatmovedistancesandhabitatswithinthecoralreefecosystem.

Thecommercialdomes=cfisheriesneedtobestrengthenedandreducethenumberoflicencesgiv-entoforeignfishingvessels,ensuringthatemploymentandmarketsupportisbeneficialtoall.Fish-eriesmonitoringofficersneedtobeplacedonallvesselsatthecostofthevesselforensuredcom-pliancetoincensingandregula=ons.Theseofficers/monitorscanbetrainedfromcoastalcommuni-=es.

5.0 Water Resources:

FreshwaterresourcesinVava'uareeithergroundwaterfromfreshwaterlensesorrainwatercatch-ment.Waterresourcesarepredominantlyusedatthehouseholdlevelandannuallybytourismre-sortsandrestaurantfacili=es.

Inlimestoneislandscaverns,sinkholesandfissuresfoundatsealevelproduceareaswhereduetoalowerdensityfreshwatersitsontopofsaltwater,theseareknownasfreshwaterlenses.Theuppersurfaceofafreshwaterlensisreferredtoasthewatertable(IWRM,2013)

ThefreshwaterlensesareboredfromthesurfaceandwaterispumpedandpipedbytheTWBtonearbycommuni=esofNeiafu,MakaveandToularegions,with16boreholes/wellsinJuly2015,ofwhich8ofthoseboreholeshavesufferedcollapseandnolongeroperate.Othercommuni=eshavetheirownwellswhichalsopumpwatertothelocalhouseholds.

Salinityinfreshwaterisincreasingduetooverpumpingofboresandincreasedseallevelsfromcli-matevariabilityandchange.TheTWBplaceschlorineintogroundwatersuppliestoreducetheinfer-enceofchemicalsandbacteriafromsurroundingagricultureandhouseholdsewage.

Thereisanexcessivelossofupto71%intheNeiafuwatersupplyarea(FryandFalkland,2011).Theselossesprimarilyoccurduetomalfunc=oningandbrokenpipesthatareowenundetected.Re-portsofbrokenpipescomefromvoluntarysources.


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Rainwatercatchmentisthepreferredwaterresourceduetoconvenience,qualityandcost.Insur-veysconductedin2013undertheIWRM,twothirdsofhouseholdsinNeiafurelyonrainwaterforallac=vi=esandonlyonethirdrelyongroundwater.Groundwaterisusedasabackupduringdrierpe-riods.

Vava’uhasoneinternalbrackishlake,LakeAno,locatedintheHihifodistrictnearLongomapu.Thislakeprovidesnowaterresourceforlocalcommuni=es.

6.0Non-renewable(non-living)naturalresources

To the east of Vava’u lies the Tongan Ridge, a parallel line of ac=ve volcanoes and lying betweenVava’uandtheRidgeistheTongaTrough.Withintheseareasareknowntobemineraldepositscon-tainingcopper,zinc,goldandsilver(Natuilus2010).Deepseaexplora=onpermitshavebeenissuedto two mining companies within Tongan territorial waters following the confirma=on of SeafloorMassive Sulphide (SMS) deposits (SOPAC, 2013). In an=cipa=on of deep seamining ac=vi=es, theTongangovernmentin2014passedtheSeaBedMineralsActthatregulatesmineralexplora=onandpoten=alminingwithintheKingdom.

6.1 Tourism

6.1.1 Present Status

TourisminTongahasbeeniden=fiedbysuccessivegovernments,theprivatesectorandmanycom-muni=es inTonga, as themajoreconomicdevelopmentopportunity for the country. Tonga is cur-rentlyrankedninthoutoffiweenSouthPacificcountriesintermsofvisitorarrivals(TTSR2013).

Tourism isnowrankedas thegovernment’shighest revenueearner (5.6%GDP (WTTC,2013))andcurrently, the main driver for tourism within Vava’u is the Humpback whale swimming industry,whichaccountsforthemajorityofvisitornightswithintheislandgroup.Thedominanttourismmar-ket within Vava’u is from July to October and is linked to the breeding season of the humpbackwhales. Secondary tourismmarketsare the sailing industry,both fromcharterandcruisingyachtsandtherealsoexistsasmallamountofbusinesstravelertourismarisingfromthemanydonorfund-edprojectsintheislandgroup.

6.1.2 Vava’us share in regional and national tourism

ComparedtoTonga’sclosestneighbours(Fiji,Samoa,VanuatuandtheCookIslands),Tongareceivesthelowestnumberofvisitorswithapproximately45,000annuallycomparedwithcloseto,ormorethan,100,000perannumforeachoftheothercountries.

Oftheholiday-makertouristthat cometoTonga,themajorityvisitVava’uduringthewhaleswim-ming season between July andOctober, and of these, approximately 70-80% undertakes awhale


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watchtripduring their stay. It ises=matedthatof these tourists,approximately8%will choose toundertaketheirwhaleswimmingtripsoutsideoftheVava’uislandgroup(O’Connor,2008).

GrowthintheTongantourismindustryhasbeensteadily increasingsince1996.WithinVava’u, it ises=matedthatgrowthinwhalewatchtourism(totalnumberoftouristexcursionsbeingundertaken)hasbeen steadily increasingata rateof20%annually since the industrywasestablished in1998.ThiscomparesfavourablyagainsttheannualaveragegrowthrateofvisitorarrivalsintoTonga(byair)of 4.05%between 2000 and 2005. It is important to note that the strong growth ratewithin thewhalewatchindustryis, inpart,generatedbytouristsundertakingmul=pleexcursionsduringtheirstayinVava’u. It isalsoes=matedthatthewhalewatchtourismcurrentlygeneratesapproximatelyUS$1.9millionannuallythroughdirectandindirectspending.(O’Connor,2008)

6.1.3 Potential in coastal areas

Vava’uisformedofmanyislandsthatprovideextendedareasofcoastlineandcoastalhabitats.Inthenorthernislands,mostofthecoastisdominatedbycliffsorrockyshores.Asyoumovefurthersouththroughtheislandgroup,sandybeachesonsmallcoralislandsbecomemorenumerous.Thenorth-ernendoftheislandgroupalsoboastssomelargemangroveforestsandinlanddelta-typeenviron-ments.

Waterbasedac=vi=esformasignificantpartofthetouristexperience inVava’uwithmanypeoplechoosingtopayingtotakepart inwhaleswimming,sportfishing,sailingordivingac=vi=es.Thereareasmallnumberof landbasedtouristac=vi=esthatareavailablebutthesedonotformpartofthedrivingforcefortouristchoosingtovisitVava’u.

While Vava’u has a number of water based ac=vi=es, there is s=ll much poten=al for increasingtourismrevenuethroughawidervarietyofwatersports.Theforma=onoftheislandsandthepro-tec=on afforded by extended reef systems provide ideal environments for increased levels of alltypesofwatersportsandboa=ngac=vi=es.

Inaddi=ontothis,therealreadyexistanumberofestablishedanchoragesforvisi=ngandcharteredyachtswithinVava’u andpoten=al existswithin in this industry toboth strengthenenvironmentalprotec=onandincreaseeconomicpoten=albyinstalling,maintainingandren=ngmooringballswith-intheseanchorages.

6.1.4 Policy recommendations

The Ministry of Tourism has produced and extensive list of new legislations to be written and enacted to enable the advancement of the tourism industry in Tonga. The proposed list of leg-islations would provide a very robust framework for the development of the tourism industry, however, the process of developing and enacting these acts would be a costly and lengthy process. In the interim, the Tourism Act provides a framework for most tourism development with support of several other acts such as the Whale Watching Act which, if properly en-


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forced would provide an excellent basis for the further development of the industry.

7.0UrbanisationandSettlement

7.1 Demographic and Social Aspects

A2011 na=onal popula=on census showed a total popula=on of 103,036 for thewhole kingdom,with a popula=on of 14,922with 2,828 households declared for Vava’u. The popula=on in Tongagenerallystaysconsistentduetothehighlevelofemigra=onwhichtendstooffsetnaturalincreases(UNICEF,2006).WithintheKingdom,Tongatapuistheonlyislandgrouptodemonstrateanincreaseinpopula=onlevels(0.7%)whileVava’uhasshownapopula=ondecreaseof-3.8%betweenthe2006and2011census(Sta=s=csDepartment,2011).AtthedistrictlevelinVava’u,alldistrictsexceptMotuhaveshownapopula=ondecrease.Theen=repopula=onofVava’ucanbeclassifiedaslivingwithinthecoastalzoneduetothesmalllandareaandallvillagescanbefoundwithinatleast1.5milesofthecoastline.

The2011censusshowsthatthereare7,670peoplewithintheworkingagepopula=on(15-59yearsofage)with5,485peopleconsideredtobeemployedinVava’u.Oftheseemployedpeople,3,201aresubsistenceworkerswhoareunpaidbutrelyonfishing, farmingortradi=onalskillssuchashandi-crawstoprovidethemwithanincome.Withinthelabourforcepopula=onofVava’u,thereis0.8%unemployment;howeverthisincreasesto43.5%unemploymentwhenonlypaidemploymentiscon-sidered.

FishermeninVava’uworkallyearroundbuttendtooperateatthesubsistencelevel.Therearesomesmallfishingcompanieswhooffercommercialfishingservicesandselltheirfishatthelocalmarkets;howeverthisisonlyasmallpartofthefishingeconomyinVava’u.ThisisalsotypicalofthefarmingindustryinVava’u.Typically,eachfamilyhasanareaofbushlandthattheyfarmorraiselivestockontofeedtheirfamily.Someofthesefamilieshavetakenagriculturetoalargerscaleandselltheirpro-duceatthelocalmarkets,orinsomecases,exporttheirproducetoTongatapuforresale.HandicrawssoldinVava’uaredominatedbywood/bonecarvingsandtradi=onalweavingskillswhichareusedtomakebaskets,bowls,matsandtradi=onaldress.Tapaclothmakinganddecora=ngalsoformspartofthehandicrawmarket,althoughthisistoalesserextentthantheweaving.Inthemain,carvingisacrawdominatedbymalear=sans,whilethewomendominateintheweavingandtapaclothmakingmarketsectors.Allmaterialsforthesecrawsarelocallysourced.

7.2 Migration to other parts of Tonga

Almosttwothirdsofthepopula=onlivesonthemainislandofTongatapuandoftheseresidentsonly75%werebornthere.ThemajorityoftheseareconcentratedintheurbanareasofNuku’alofa.Ac-cordingtothe2006census,approximately19%oftheTonganpopula=onindicatedthattheirbirthplacewasdifferenttotheirplaceofresidencewithinTonga(TSD,2006).Vava’ulostmorepeoplethatit gained asmany peoplemoved to Tongatapu in search of be[er economic opportuni=es. In the2001-2006period,Tongatapuhadanetgainof636peoplefromVava’u.


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7.3 Status of Women

Within Tonga, the tradi=onal social order always allocates a higher rank to daughters than sons(UNICEF,2006),however, theydonothaveanyauthorityover theirbrothers so this ranking tradi-=onallyonly relates torespect,whilewomenremainsubordinatetomenas regardsauthorityandinheritedrightssuchaslandownership.Thecons=tu=onofTongaonlyallowsforlandtobegiwedtoorinheritedbymen.

Educa=oniscompulsoryandfreeofchargeforallTongansbetweentheageof6to14(JICA,2010)andthe literacy levels forbothgenders is in theregionof99%, thenetenrolment rate forgirls inprimaryeduca=onisslightlylowerthanforboyshoweversta=s=csareplacedabove90%.Secondaryschoolnetenrolmentissta=s=callyhigherforgirlsthanboyswithalowerdropoutrateforgirls.Ter-=arylevelenrolmentforwomenis7%over4%formales,howeverthemajorityoffemalegraduatesremainclosetothefamilyhome.

Economic development and increasing exposure to different cultures and values are impac=ngontradi=onal rolesandresponsibili=es.AsTonganwomentakeadvantageofopportuni=es forhigherlevelsofeduca=on,increasingnumbersofwomenarepar=cipa=nginpaidemploymentwithsomepar=cipa=ngataseniorandprofessionallevel.Asthestatusofwomenintheworkingenvironmentiselevated,theroleofmodernTonganwomeninthehomehasbeenseentoberisingwithmanyofthesewomenhavingagreaterroleindecisionmakingathomeandmanagingthefamilyincome.

TheroleofwomeninTongaisalsoimprovingatagovernmentallevelwithmorefemalecandidatesinvolvedinthe2014parliamentaryelec=onsthaninanypreviousyear(16outof106candidates).Inaddi=ontothis,2014alsosawthefirstWomen’sPrac=ceParliamentbeingheldinanefforttoen-couragemorewomentobecomeinvolvedinpoli=csintherunuptothe2014elec=ons.

8.0GovernmentandCommunityFacilities

8.1 Education

Thestandardofeduca=oninTongaisconsideredtobehighamongtheotherislandsofthePacific.Adultandyouthliteracyratesare99%(WDI,2015)andaccesstoeduca=onisfreeandcompulsoryforallchildrenuptotheageof14.Whiletheavailabilityoffreeandcompulsoryprimaryeduca=onisnotuniquewithinthePacificregion,Tongahashadgreatsuccessinenforcingthelegisla=onandprovidingahighlevelofimportanceoneduca=onwithinthecommunitystructure(UNICEF,2006)

InVava’ueduca=onisprovidedby30governmentschoolsatprimarylevelandonegovernmentandfivenon-governmentalchurchschoolsatthesecondarylevel.Alloftheouterislandvillageshaveaprimaryschoolwithineasyaccess,withmanyof thechildrenmoving to themain islandofVava’uduringtheweektocompletetheirsecondaryeduca=on.

8.2 Health


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Tongaenjoysa rela=velyhighstandardofhealthcare,comparedtoneighbouringcoun=es,withanes=mated100%ofthepopula=onhavingaccesstofreehealthcareatahospitalorhealthcarecen-treswithinonehours travel (WPRO,2004).There is s=ll considerableknowledgeanduseof tradi-=onalTonganmedicines,howevermostTonganshaveacceptedandwidelyusemodernmedicalfacil-i=es. Themain challenge facing the health care system in Tonga revolve around the reduc=on inprevalenceofnon-communicablediseases(TSDF,2011)

Thehealthcaresystemisdividedintofourdistricts,eachcoveringthemainislandgroups.Vava’uhasacentralhospitallocatedinNeiafuwithanes=mated61beds.Anewdentalclinicwasrecentlycon-structedwithinthehospitalgroundsprovidingfreedentalcaretoresidentsofTonga. Externalas-sistanceintheformofdonorfundingisvitaltotheTonganhealthcaresystem,contribu=ngtohealthcapital and running costs, training, technical assistance andmedical evacua=ons to New Zealand(CentralPlanningDepartment,2006:101-102).

8.3 Water Supply, Sanitation and Electricity

Freshwater supply inVava’u iseithervia rainwaterharves=ng,ofextracted froma thin freshwaterlenswithinthehighlyporouslimestonesubstrate.TheTongaWaterBoardmanagesthewatersupplythatispumpedfromaseriesofborestothemainurbanareasinNeiafu.Outsideofthemainurbanareas, someof the larger villageshave installed their own re=culatedwater systempumped fromboreswithintheirvillages.Forhomeswhicharenotconnectedtoacentralwatersystem,collec=onofrainwaterinconcreteorplas=cwatertanksistheonlysourceoffreshwater.Manyofthehomeson thecentralwater supplyalsohave rainwaterharves=ng systemson theirproper=es toprovidefreshwaterfordrinkingandcooking.

Vava’uhasnocentralre=culatedwastewatersystemandrelies,instead,ontheindividualhouseholdmanagement of all grey and blackwater. A commonmethod of disposal in residen=al areaswithplumbed runningwater is via sep=c tanks,which are usually inadequate single chamber systems.TherehavebeenproblemsrecordedinVava’uwiththissystemduetothelackofareliablepumpouttruck(SOPAC,2007).UndertheIWRMproject,asep=ctruckwaspurchasedin2010andiscurrentlymanagedandmaintainedbytheMMEIDECC.Whenpumpoutsareavailable,thewastematerialsaredisposed of in stabilisa=on ponds in themunicipal dump, however, these ponds are close to theshoreline and have been observed being infiltrated by =dal seawater. In outer islands and areaswherenopipedwaterisavailable,wastewateriseitherdiverteddirectlyintoasoak-awaysystem,or,inthecaseofhumanwaste,tradi=onalpitlatrinesarecommonlyused.Pilotprojectshaveinstalledcompos=ngtoiletsinsomeurbanareasofVava’uwithvaryinglevelsofsuccessandongoingsupportisneededtoensurethatfacili=esremainingoodorder.

Thereareanumberof issues thathavebeen iden=fiedwith this typeofhouseholdbasedwaste-water management, namely contamina=on of groundwater and marine pollu=on, human healthcomplica=ons,improperrawsewagedisposalandanimalwastemismanagement(SOPAC2008).

Theelectricity supply inVava’u ismanagedbyTongaPowerand is generatedbya combina=onofdieselgeneratorsandaphotovoltaicarray.Thesolarfarmwascommissionedin2013andits500kWarraycanprovideVava’uwith70%ofitsenergydemandsatnoon.Ba[eriesstorepartoftheenergygeneratedduringthedayanddischargeduringthepeakintheevening.


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ElectricityisreliablysuppliedthroughouttheurbanareasofNeiafuandintoseveralofthesurround-ing villages with a li[le over 3,000 homes connected to the power supply (Tonga Power, 2013).Homeswhicharen’tconnectedtothemainelectricitysupplyowenrelyonadieselpoweredsystem,either for individualhouseholdsor for communityareas suchas churchesandcommunityhalls.Aproject fundedbytheGovernmentof Japanandcommissioned in2013saw500small solarhomesystemsbeinginstalledinhomeson11outerislandsinVava’uaspartoftheTongaEnergyRoadmap.

9.0Current–InstitutionalandLegislativeArrangements

9.1 National Organisations

InVava’u thereare representa=vebranches fromtheMinistries inNuku’alofa,eachof thedepart-mentsismanagedbyan“OfficerinCharge”whoseworkanddirec=vecomesfromNuku’alofa.Table1belowshowstheMinisterialbranchesandobjec=ve.

Table1:Informa=onshowingtheMinistry=tleandcorrela=ngdepartmentswithMinisterialobjec=vesthatwerefoundondocumenta=onandwebsitestoshowhoweachoneplaysarolewithcoastalresources.

Ministry/PublicEn-terprises Department ObjecCves

Gover-nor'sOf-Dice

• DeputyMinisterofLandsforVava'u • TooverseetheministrydepartmentsinVava'u• TooverseedistrictandtownofDicers

MEIDECCEnvironmentandClimateChange

• Toeffectivelymonitorandsustainablymanagelands,naturalresourcesandenvironmenttoin-creaseresiliencetoclimatechangeandgeohaz-ardimpactsinTonga

MoH

• Tosupportandimprovethehealthofthenationbyprovidingquality,effectiveandsustainablehealthservicesandbeingaccountableforthehealthoutcomesofthepeopleoftheKingdomofTonga

MarineandPorts

• Safeandsecureshipsandports,cleanseasandaviablemaritimeindustry


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MoI

Infrastructure

• Toprovidewell-plannedandmaintainedin-frastructurethatimprovestheeverydaylivesofthepeopleandlowersthecostofbusiness

• Culturalawareness,environmentalsustainabili-ty,disasterriskmanagementandclimatechangeadaptation,integratedintoallplanningandim-plementationofprograms

MCTL

• Encouragingadynamic,sustainableandcompet-itivebusinessenvironment

• Advanceabusinessenvironmentthatiscon-ducivetogrowthyetatthesametimemitigateinefDiciencies,whichmaythreatenthelivelihoodandwellbeingofthegeneralpublic

MAFFF

Agriculture

• ToprovideleadershipandsupporttoagricultureandthecitizensofTongabyconductingregula-tory,service,researchandeducationalactivitiesthatassureprivatesectorconDidence,protecttheenvironmentandpromoteagriculture

Forests

• Topromotebalancedlanduseconsideringtheimportanceoftreesforsoilandwaterconserva-tion,woodproductionandshelter

• Topromoteoptimaluseofsenilecoconuttimberresources

• Toencourageprivatesectorinvestmentinrefor-estation

• Toencouragewoodlotplantingforindustrialandfuelwoodpurposes

Foods

• Toensurefoodsecurityandasafefoodsupplytoenhance,promoteandfacilitatepublichealthsafetyandtheeconomicdevelopmentofthefoodsectorinTonga

• Toinitiateresearchanddevelopmentinvalue-addingandagro-processingoflocalproduce

• Todevelopnationalfoodstandards,complywithlegalrequirementsandtopromotehealthiereat-ingstandards

Fisheries

• Conservation,management,developmentandsustainableutilizationoftheKingdom’saquaticresourcestoensurefoodsecurityandimprovethesocialandeconomicwell-beingofthepeopleofTonga


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9.2 Governors Office

Assetoutinthecons=tu=on,theroleofGovernorofVava’uisawardedtotheselectedGovernorbytheKingofTongabasedontherecommenda=onsofthePrimeMinister.Theprimaryfunc=onoftheGovernorisprovideavoiceforthepeopleofVava’uandrepresenttheirconcernsorneedstohigherlevelsof government and royalty. TheGovernor’sofficeprovides the sebng for TownandDistrictOfficermee=ngs,actsas the facilitator forpublic consulta=onsandprovidesoversight todevelop-mentac=vi=eswithintheislandgroups.WhiletheGovernorsofficedoesnotissuepermitsormakedecisionsatagovernmentallevel,itisabletoactasafacilitatorandconduittotheappropriategov-ernmentdepartmentfortheseprocesses.

TheGovernorofVava’ualsoholdstheposi=onofDeputyMinisterofLandsandwiththisrole,isabletoassistwiththeimplementa=onoftheLandsActinVava’u.

Community development projects are always undertaken in consulta=on with the Governor ofVava’u inhisroleasrepresenta=veofthepeopleandcaretakerofthe islands.Theofficeisableto

MLSNRLands,surveyandnaturalresources.

• Managinglands,mineralresourcesandenergyforthebeneDitofallitsstakeholdersanddevel-opingandimplementingprogrammesfortheen-vironment

TongaWa-terBoard • Utilitysupplierofwellwater

TongaForestProductsLtd

• LeadforestrydevelopmentintheKingdomofTongaandfromTonga'ssustainableforestre-sources,provideoptimalproduction,marketingandsellingofqualitylogsandwoodproductstothepeopleofTonga

• IncreaseforestrydevelopmentwithintheKing-domofTongatoprovideeconomic,socialandenvironmentalbeneDitstothepeople

TongaWasteAu-thority

• SustainableandefDicientwastemanagerdeliver-ingqualityservicestothecommunityandensur-ingallplaytheirparttoenableTongatobethemostclean,greenandhealthyislandnationinthePaciDic

TongaPowerLtd

• Providesafe,reliableandaffordablepowertotheKingdomofTonga


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provideacoordina=onpointforallmajorprojectstoensurethattheneedsandwishesofthepeopleofVava’uareinalignmentwithanydevelopmentorprotec=onmeasures.

9.3 Local Councils

Vava’u isoneof fourdistrictsof theKingdomofTonga, that isoverseenbyaGovernorwho isap-pointedbythePrimeMinister.ThelandsofVava’uaredividedintofivedistrictsthatincorporateNeia-fuDistrict(Central),Leimatu’aDistrict(North),HihifoDistrict(West),HahakeDistrict(East)andMotu(outer islands).Eachofthesedistrictshasanofficerthat iselectedbypopularvotewithinthedis-trict.Eachdistrictwillhaveanumberofcommuni=eswithintheirregionofwhicheachhasatownofficeappointedagainbythepopularvote.

ThetownanddistrictofficersworkundertheGovernor’sofficeanda[endregularmee=ngstore-ceiveupdatesfromtheGovernoroncurrentac=vi=esandupcomingevents.Monthlymee=ngsareheldincommuni=esbytheTownOfficers.

9.4 Non Governmental Organisation

Thereareanumberofregisteredcivilsocie=eswithinVava’u,showninTable2below,withwomen’sgroupsbeing thepredominant share.Majororganisa=onswithinTongasuchas theRedCrossandTongaTrusthavesmalldesignatedbranches inVava’uthatfocusonsocial issuesandhumanitarianefforts.TheVava’uEnvironmentalProtec=onAssocia=onistheonlyregisteredcivilsocietyinVava’ufocusedsolelyonenvironmentalissuesandnaturalresourceprotec=on.

Table2:A listofregisteredandopera=onalnongovernmentalandcommunitybasedorganisa=onsthatarestakeholderswithincoastalmanagement.

Society About

Tongan Red Cross Prevent and alleviate human suffering in Tonga, focusing on disaster man-agement, persons with disabilities, health promotion and humanitarian laws/values.

Tonga Youth Council

The Tonga National Youth Congress provides youth in the Kingdom of Tonga with skills, knowledge and opportunities to help them develop into highly ca-pable citizens. Through the council’s volunteer program many youth have ac-quired skills and moved into full time employment in various services around the Kingdom of Tonga.

Tonga Community Development Trust

The Tonga Community Development Trust (TCDT) is an indigenous, non-gov-ernmental development organization operating in the Kingdom of Tonga. TCDT's focus is on capacity building with special attention on the less devel-oped, more disadvantaged communities of Tonga including the poorest of the poor.


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CHAPTER – 3 THREATS TO VAVA’U COASTAL ECOSYSTEM

1. Introduction:

Vava’ucoastalecosystemsaresubjecttoavarietyofanthropologicalandclimatevariabilityandchangeinducedthreats.Coastalareasareheavilypopulatedworldwideplacingowenalreadyfragileresourcesunderincreasedpressureforintrinsicandeconomicvalues.

1.1 Population Growth:

Laione Develop-ment Association (Vava’u Lahi Lion’s Club)

TO EMPOWER volunteers to serve the Island of Vava'u in the Kingdom of Tonga, meet humanitarian needs, encourage peace and promote international understanding.

Tonga Health Promotion Foun-dation

An independent body to act as a link between the community, NGOs, and the Government to promote health by fighting Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). This is the government’s initiative to address the NCDs crisis in Ton-ga.

Tonga Family Health Association

The Tonga Family Health Association (TFHA) provides family planning, ma-ternal and child health support, fertility and counselling assistance through 20 service points: 2 permanent clinics and 15 community-based distributors/community-based service (CBDs/CBS) outlets.

Catholic Women’s League

To bring together the women to help nurture their social, spiritual, intellectual, physical and emotional growth. Through this, the women may be empowered with the knowledge, awareness and skills to cope with the threats to the wel-fare of the individual and family and challenges of a rapidly changing world.

Vava’u Environ-mental Protection Association (VEPA)

VEPA is the only environmental conservation NGO in Tonga, having been founded in 2009. VEPA is dedicated to the conservation of Vava’us natural beauty through educational awareness, sustainable development and collabo-ration.

Women and Chil-dren Crisis Center Tonga

The Women and Children Crisis Centre (the Centre, WCCC) is committed to the elimination of violence against women and children who are victims/sur-vivors of domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment and all forms of child abuse – and will work towards the elimination of all forms of violence in Ton-ga.

Society About


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Vava’uhasacensoredpopula=onof14,922(Census,2011)shownoverallandbyprovincialdistrictinTable3below,thepopula=onappearstofluctuatewithvaryingdegreespoten=allyduetoseasonaloverseasworkersbeingawayfromtheVava’ugroupduringcensus.

Table3:Informa=ontakenfromtheNa=onalCensusofTonga,2011thatshowsthepopula=onsperdistrictfortheyears1996,2006and2011.

1.2 Fresh Water Availability and Salinity:

ThemainsourcesoffreshwaterforVava’uareeitherrainwaterharves=ngorthroughwaterlenses(groundwater)thataresituatedwithinthelimestoneislandswhicharehighlyporousinnature.

Poormanagement,lackoffinancialresourcesandpoorlydesignedinfrastructurehamperstherain-waterharves=ngtoindividualhouseholds,governmentofficesandcommunityhalls.Brokenpipesandlimitedgu[ering,restrictedsome=mestoonlyonesideoftheroof,reducestheabilitytomax-imiserainwaterharves=ngandimproveonlongtermstoragefacili=esfordroughtperiods.

Thegroundwaterisoweninfiltratedwithsalinewaterfrombothover-pumpingduringlowrainanddroughtperiodstosaltintrusionfromrisingseallevelsandhigherthanaveragewaterlevelsduringpeaksonKing=des.ChlorineisaddedtothegroundwaterbytheTonganWaterBoardtoreducethesaltwatertastesandeliminatebacterialcontentfromleakageofsewagefromnearbytoiletfacili=es

1.3 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources by Coastal Communities:

Coastalandnaturalresourcesareoverexploitedforsubsistence,commercialandculturalac=vi=es.Thelackofadequatemanagementorenforcementexponen=allydecreasestherecoveryabilityofhabitatsandbiodiversity.

Division/District 2011 2006 1996

Vava’u 14,922 15,505 15,715

Neiafu 5,774 5,787 5,650

Pangaimotu 1,325 1,412 1,298

Hahake 2,297 2,422 2,291

Leimatu’a 2,436 2,742 2,753

Hihifo 2,105 2,267 2,375

Motu(outerisland)

985 875 688


DRAFT

Mangrovespeciesareoverexploitedduetothedesireforinhabita=ondirectlyuponwaterfrontproper=es,areasofmangrovesareremovedtobuildandreclaimcoastalareasforbuildings,wharvesandprivatejebes.Smallerareasofmangrovesareharvestedforfirewoodbyindividualhouseholds.

Mangrovespeciesarealsounsustainablyharvestedthroughringbarkingwhereastripofbarkforculturalac=vi=esincludinghandicrawsandmedicineisremovedfromthetrunk.Whenmangrovetreesareexposedinsuchaway,diseaseandintrusionbysaltwaterharmsandkillsthemangrove.

Themangrovespeciesdeemedimportantformedicinalpurposes,Lekileki,(Xylocarpussp.)hasbeendeclaredasendangeredbyMMEIDECC,(MESCAL,2012).

Coastalfisheriesareoverexploitedduetofishingpressuresandlowmanagementandmonitoringofsustainablefishingprac=cesandecologicallyimportantpredatoryspecies.

Sandminingheavilyimpactsuponcoastalresources,removingcri=calbiodiversity,habitatsandcoastalprotec=onofferedfromthebeaches.Sandminingisconductedforconstruc=onmaterialssuchasthepouringofconcreteandrepairingofroads.LicencesaretobeobtainedfromtheGover-nor’soffice,howeverunregulatedandunlicensedminings=lloccurs.

1.4 Marine and industrial pollution due to urbanisation and industrialisation

Neiafu is Vava’u’smain townwith a popula=on of about 6,000 people. It is an urban centre sur-roundedbyseverallargeresiden=alareaswhichfeedintoNeiafuandsuchitisthemostsignificantsource of coastal marine pollu=on within the island group. The geography of the main island ofVava’umeansthatmostmarinepollu=onorrunofforigina=nginNeiafuentersthewatereitherinthemainPortofRefugeharbour,orintheNeiafuTahiharbourarea.Therearenosignificantindus-trieson thecoastofVava’u, thereforemostpollu=onoriginatesasa resulturbanandcommercialwastewatermanagementandstormwaterrun-off.

DuetothelackofcentralsewagesystemsinTonga,allwastewaterismanagedbyon-sitesystems,withsupervisionfromtheMinistryofHealth(whenresourcespermit). Inthisrespect,wastewatermanagement is in the hands of the community or the individual business andpoorly constructedfacili=escan lead topathogensandnutrientsbeing released into thesurroundingenvironment. InNuku’alofa,excessnutrient loadsappear tobe impac=ng thenear shore reefs in theareaand thelagooningeneral.Algalgrowthcanbeseenintheseareasandthereareconcernsoverthepoten=alcontamina=onof shellfish (IWRM,2013).Aspartof the IWRMproject completed in2014,perma-nentwaterqualitytes=ngsta=onswereestablishedaroundthecoastalareasofNeiafutoenabletheMinistryofHealthtotrackthepathogenandnutrientloadinglevelsinthemarineenvironmentsas-sociatedwiththeurbancentre.

A further source of industrialisedmarine pollu=on in theNeiafu catchment area is that of repairworksonsmallfishingandrecrea=onalcrawwithinthePortofRefugeHarbour.Currently3slipwayswith tracks are opera=onalwithin Neiafu and are used to liw boats out of thewater temporarilywhilerepairworkiscarriedout.Therearenoenvironmentalmanagementstrategiesinplaceforthewastegeneratedbytheseworksandmuchofthematerialiswashedintothemarineenvironment.


DRAFT

There isalsoonenewhaulout facility in theVaipuaestuaryareawhich isdesigned for long termhardstandstorageofboats.ThisfacilityhasbeensubjecttoagovernmentapprovedEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentandhavemeasuresinplacetohandlepollu=ngmaterialsatthesite.Longtermmonitoringofthesiteispartoftheenvironmentalpermittoevaluatethesuccessoftheirpreventa-=vemeasures.

OutsideofNeiafu,pollu=onentersthemarineenvironmentincoastalareaswherelandclearinghasoccurredeitherfordevelopmentoragriculturewherepes=cidesandfer=lizersareusedabundantly(perscomm.,MinofAg).Themari=meindustryisalsoacontribu=ngfactortomarinepollu=onwithnoeffec=veregula=onofwastedumpedfromvisi=ngcommercialorrecrea=onalvessels.

Thereisalsoconcernoverlackofproperwastewatermanagementatislandresortsthataredevel-opedwithinvulnerable low lyingenvironmentswithnoeffec=veregula=onof theworks that takeplaceintheseremoteareas.

Marinepollu=oninTongaisregulatedthroughtheMari=mePollu=onPreven=onAct2002however,theenforcementoftheseregula=onsislackinginVava’u.

1.5 Lack of uniform legislation and coordination

Inter-departmental and inter-island group communica=on is lacking at the government level inVava’u.Keyopportuni=estobuildcapacitywithinVava’uareowenmissedduetolackofcoordina=onofgovernment trainingeffortsand lackof resources tosendstaffbetween islandgroups for train-ings. The emphasis formost project levelwork is in Tongatapu and lack of communica=ons owenmeansthatofficesinVava’uarenotawareofopportuni=esordevelopmentswithintheirownmin-istries.

FourMinistrieshaveresponsibili=esoverthecoastalarea(Fisheries,Environment,PortsandLands),however,astrategicplanforcoastalmanagementwhichencompassesalloftheseministriesislack-ing.Thishasledtoinstancesofministriesac=ngwithintheprojectareaofotherministrieswithnoadvanceno=ceorplanning,effec=velyunderminingtheworkthathadbeendonetodate(XXXneedtorewordthisXXX).ItisalsocommontoseeinfrastructuredevelopmentworksinVava’uundertakenwithoutconsulta=onwithotherministriesandoutsideofdevelopmentframeworks.

Comprehensiveenvironmentalanddevelopmentlegisla=ondoesexistinTongatofacilitatecoopera-=onand integra=onbetweengovernmentdepartments in the implementa=onof coastalmanage-mentprojects,howeverlackofeffec=vecommunica=onateverylevelisthegreatestbarriertosuc-cess.

1.6 Use of Destructive and Unsustainable Fishing Practices:

Unsustainableanddestruc=vefishingprac=cesarecommonthroughoutPacificIslandstates.InTon-ga,the“openaccess”ofmarineresourcesundertheLandsAct1988,hampersfisheriesmanagementprac=cesinimplemen=ng,developingandenforcingprotectedandmanagedareas.


DRAFT

Destruc=vefishingprac=cesincludingtheuseofthe“Feo”tree,ana=veassociatemangrovespeciesthatcontainsacompoundsimilartocyanide,iscrushedintoapowderandusedtostunorkillmarinespecies.

Despite,theFisheriesAct1998,declaringallfishingac=vi=esonSCUBAasillegal,therearenumer-ouscasesofharves=ngonSCUBAespeciallysurroundingtheBeche-de-merindustry(personn.commsMinistryofFisheries).TheuseofSCUBAallowsfordiverstoreachdeeperhabitatsandex-ploitthemarineresourcesfurther.

Unregulatedfishingprac=cesarewidespread,withli[letonodatacollec=ononcoastalfisherypro-duc=onoutsideofthesinglefunc=oningSMAatOvaka.Thereisli[letonoenforcementofcurrentfisheriesregula=ons.

1.7 Lack of Education & Awareness among People, Government & NGO/CBOs:

Common knowledge and awareness on the benefits and sustainable use of natural re-sources is lacking in Vava'u, this is not only limited to coastal communities but also amongst policy makers, social leaders and civil societies and institutions.

General awareness on specific projects is raised during the project timeframe to the direct benefactors that leaves a large knowledge gap to persons outside of the project and remote demographic areas. Human resource development within government ministries needs im-provement and training to further disseminate information and knowledge to important coastal sectors such as fisheries, aquaculture and infrastructure.

Vava’u has no institutions that conducts training on the marine environment and fisheries sectors and regular training to coastal communities would be beneficial to the sustainable use and management of coastal resources.

1.8 Unplanned development along the coast

Allmajordevelopmentprojectswhichareexternallyfundedbydonorsgothroughacomprehensiveplanning and environmental assessment stage as deemed necessary by the condi=ons set by thefunder.However,forlocallyorprivatelyfundedprojectsthereisli[leplanningorcoordina=onwhenitcomestocoastaldevelopment.

Vava’uislackingaSpa=alDevelopmentPlanandtherefore,developmentproceedswithoutanover-archingplaninmindorwithoutproperconsidera=ontothecoastalenvironment,itsusesand vul-nerability. In addi=on to this, many developments happen without the proper environmental orbuildingcodeapprovalprocessbeingfollowed.Legisla=onexiststoensurethateverycoastaldevel-opment must follow the regula=ons set out by the Environmental Impact Assessment Act 2003,however,limitedresourcesintheVava’uMinistryofEnvironmentofficemeansthatthisisrarelyen-forced.Itisowenthecasethatpubic(suchasroadbuilding)andaswellasprivate(resorts,houses,


DRAFT

jebes)developmentshappenonthecoastlinewithoutanyapproval fromorcommunica=onswiththeEnvironmentalAssessmentCommi[eewithintheMinistryofEnvironment.

Unplannedanduncoordinateddevelopmentalongthecoastmayhavemajorenvironmentalimplica-=onsforsustainablemanagementofmarinecoastalresources.Withoutthecorrectpermitsandap-provals inplace, there isnowayof trackingormonitoring thedevelopments thatareoccurring inVava’usouterislandsandtheministriesarereliantontheresidentsofVava’utoreporttothemanydevelopment that are giving rise to concern.Withuncheckedandunplanneddevelopment comesthe increasedriskofdamagetothecoastline, thereby furtherreducingtheecosystemsnatural re-siliencetochange.

AstheEIAActbecomesbe[erknownandtheenvironmentalimplica=onsofcertaintypesofdevel-opmentsarehighlightedtothecommuni=es,theinstancesofEIAinvolvementisgrowing.However,inVava’u,thisiss=llverymuchdependentonthedeveloperthemselvestocomeforwardandproac-=velystarttheEIAprocess.

1.9 Port Operations

Vava’uscommercialportislocatedinthemainharbourofNeiafu.Entranceisthroughalong,narrowanddeepchannel.AnnualreportsarepublishedbythePortsAuthority inNuku’alofadocumen=ngthe levelof commercial shipping ineachport.Onaverage, thereare150cargovesselsandcruiseshipsthatvisitNuku’alofaeachyear.NumbersforVava’uandHa’apaiaresignificantlylowerandin-cludetheinter-islandferryships(whichareexcludedintheNuku’alofafigures)butvarybetween10-12visitspermonthinHa’apaiandbetween13-15visitspermonthtoVava’u.

‘Noanchoring’areasaredefinedinNuku’alofaandVava’u,whichwillallowacertainlevelofprotec-=onforthenarrownearshorebandofreefwithintheharbour.ThePortsAuthorityinNuku’alofahasraisedthepossibilityoffuturedredgingintheshippingentrancetotheNeiafuharbour.However,itisimportanttonotethatthesehavebeenlongdiscussedplanswhicharenotyetscheduledandwhichdonotappearintheMinistryofInfrastructuresInvestmentPlan2013-2023.

1.10 Enforcement capabilities

Thecapacitytoenforcethecurrentlegisla=onandregula=onsisoneofthemostsignificantobstaclesfacingallof the relevantauthori=eswith jurisdic=onover thecoastalareasandzones.TheVava’ugovernmentandlawenforcementofficesarepoorlyequippedtodealwithinfringementsoccurringinanyloca=onoffthemainislandofVava’u.Manyofthesedepartmentsdonothaveaccesstoboatsorlacksufficientresourcestochartervesselswhenenforcementac=vi=esarenecessary.TheVava’uofficesof theministries involved in thecoastalareashaveshowncapabilityandwillingness toen-forcetheirregula=ons;howeverthefinancialandhumanresourcesarenotmadeavailabletothemtoexpandtheseeffortsintothemarineandoffshoreenvironments.Ac=vemonitoringorpatrolsofcoastalenvironmentsarenotpossibleundertheircurrentresourcelevelandtheyareheavilyreliantonci=zensorotherorganisa=onstoreportinfringements.


DRAFT

WithinthecommunitymanagedSMA’senforcementcommi[eeshavebeensetuptoenabletovil-lages communi=es to police their own areas and this has beenmet with some success in SMAswheretheresourcesandwillingnessallow.

CHAPTER – 4 IWCM PLAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Business as Usual:

IndevelopinganICZMplanforVava’u,wemustconsiderthe‘businessasusual’approach.Inotherwords,whatwouldbetheresultofnointerven=ononcoastalmanagementandallowingthesystemtocon=nueas it is.Characterisingthisprocess isnotasstraigh{orwardassimpleprojec=onsfromthecurrentstatebecause,realis=cally,thebiophysicalandsocio-economicsystems inthezonearenot likelytobesta=c(Salomons,2012),changingandadap=ngastheclima=candsocio-economicenvironmentschange.

Havingsaidthat,projec=ngthecurrenttrendswitha‘noIWCM’strategyoverthenexttwentyyearswouldlikelyresultindecliningcondi=onsfornaturalresources,environmentalhealthandsocio-eco-nomic opportuni=es. Current trends have seen the over harves=ng of coastal resources, such asbêche-de-mer,increasingandhavingadetrimentalimpactonthenaturalbalancewithintheirnicheenvironments. In the terrestrial coastal environment, instancesof unplanned coastal developmentarestar=ngtoincreaseasthetourismindustrygrowsandareleadingtoincreasedpollu=onandnu-trient loading,disrup=ons tonatural coastalprocesses,and increased instancesofcoastalerosion.Agricultural, industrial and urban development is also leading to increased opportuni=es for landbasedpollu=ontoenterthecoastalmarineenvironmentandthiswillcon=nuetoincreaseover=mewithouttheintroduc=onofanIWCMplan.

Theop=onof ‘businessasusual’ isnotanappropriatedirec=ontotake in islandssuchasthose inVava’uwherethecoastalareaandtheservicesitprovidesisfundamentaltotheenvironmentalandsocio-economicwell-beinganddevelopmentofthecommuni=es.

2. Purpose of Consultative Meetings:

TheIWCMprojectimplementedaconsulta=veprocesstoassistinthedevelopmentoftheintegratedwaterandcoastalmanagementplanthroughastakeholderconsulta=onplan(appendicesXXXXX).

Thepurposeoftheconsulta=onmee=ngswastogathertogetherpolicymakers,governmentrepre-senta=ves,civilsocietyorganisa=ons,districtandtownofficersandresourceuserstogatherandde-liverinforma=ononcoastalmanagementprocesses,ecologicalbenefitsofcoastalresourcesandvaryingimplementa=onmethodsforthedesignoftheintegratedcoastalmanagementplan.

Theconsulta=vemee=ngswereheldinthreepartswiththefirstasanintroductoryconsulta=onwithgovernmentofficers,districtandtownofficers.Thisconsulta=onwasdesignedtogatherinforma=on


DRAFT

fromleadersinVava’uandtodisseminatetheobjec=vesanddesignofthesurveysforresourceuserstakeholders.

Thesecondpartengagedcivilsocie=es,resourceusersincludingfishers,tourismbusinessoperatorsandcommunitymembers.Twoques=onnairesweredeliveredduringthesestakeholdermee=ngsthatgatheredinforma=ononecosystemservicesandhowtheresourceusersiden=fiedtheservicesthateachcoastalresourcesdeliverstothem;thesecondques=onnaireaskedresourceusersandstakeholderstoratetheimpactsofpre-iden=fiedissuesonthecoastalareas.Theseiden=fiedissueswereratedbothforsocio-economicandenvironmental/ecologicalimpactsthroughbothover-ex-ploita=onandpoten=alimpactsfromclimatevariability.

Duringthisstagein-depthinterviewswerealsoconductedwithresourcemanagersoftheTWBandofficerinchargerepresenta=vesfromMinistriesbothdirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedwithcoastalmanagement.

Afollowupconsulta=onwasconductedwithgovernmentofficers,townanddistrictofficers,re-sourceusergroupsandcivilsocie=estodisseminatetheresultsandtoofferarangeofac=onsandsolu=onsthatwillberecommended,modifiedandundertakenwithinthecoastalmanagementplan.

3. Issues Identification & Prioritization:

Forthesuccessfuldesignandprepara=onoftheIWCMP,thefollowingac=onsandpriorityac=onsinTable4belowwereusedasguidelines:

Table4:Stepsandpriorityac=onsguidelinesthatwereadaptedtofitwiththeVava’uIWCMSource:AdaptedfromGESAMP,1996andOlsenetal.1997.

Steps PriorityAc=ons

Step1.Issueiden=fica=onandassessment

• Iden=fyandassessenvironmental,socialandgovernanceissuesandimplica=ons;

• Iden=fymajorstakeholdergroupsandrela=veinterests;

• Definethegoalsoftheintegratedmanagementprogram;

• Selectandinviteresponseontheissuesandimplica=onsthemanagementplanwillfocusaround


DRAFT

CHAPTER – 5 INTEGRATED WATER and COASTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

1. Strategic Approach and Guiding Principles

Step2.Prepara=onoftheplan

• Documentbaselinecondi=ons

• Conductapubliceduca=onandstakeholderplanningprocess

• Developtheintegratedmanagementplanandins=tu=onalframeworkforimplementa=on

• Developrecommenda=onsforins=tu=onalcapacityandprojectstaffing

• Implementandtestmanagementstrategiesandac=vi=esatpilotscale

Step3.Formaladop=onandfunding

• ObtainformalendorsementofintegratedmanagementplanandMinistriesnecessaryforimplementa=on

• Obtainthefindingrequiredforprogramimplementa=on

Step4.Implementa=on

• Promotecompliancewithprogrampolicies

• Strengthenins=tu=onalcapacityframeworksandmanagementauthori=es

• Implementstrategiesforinteragencycoordina=on

• Capacitybuildprogramstaff’stechnicalandadministra=onskills

• Engagestakeholdersintopoliciesandimplementa=on

Step5.Evalua=on

• Assesstheprogram’simpactsonthemanagementissuesandframeworks

• Adaptandmonitortheprogramitlocalsocialandenvironmentalcondi=ons

• Conductexternalevalua=onsatregularintervalsandmajorimpl-menta=onswithintheprogramsdevelopment


DRAFT

Thecoastalareaandinclusivewaterbasedhabitatsareextremelyimportantsocio-economicandculturalbasedassets.Duetothefragilenatureofwaterbasedecosystems,highimpactareasfromurbanisa=onandunsustainableu=lisa=on,anyfurthera[emptstou=lisecoastalresourcesmayin-hibitcurrentandfutureeconomicdevelopmentsandreducetheefficiencyandproduc=vityofthecoastlinetolivelihoods.

Underintegratedecosystembasedmanagementpoliciesandprac=cesoveranextendedperiodof=me,coastalmarineresourcesareabletoincreaseinproduc=vityprovidingbeneficialincreasesinintrinsicandeconomicvaluebutalsoresiliencetoclimatevariabilityandchangeandcoastalprotec-=on.

1.1 Goal:

Topromoteintegratedwaterandcoastalareamanagementprac=cesandsupportsustainableandbalanceduseandsocio-economicdevelopmentofthecoastalareasandnaturalresourcesoftheVava’uarchipelago,KingdomofTonga.

1.2 Objectives:

Thefollowingpresenttheover-archingobjec=vesoftheIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagementstrategyforVava’u:

• Toadvocateforpolicychangeinimprovedandsustainableintegratedmanagementprac=cesforwatershedandcoastalresourcemanagementthrough:

1. adap=ngcurrentpoliciesintointegratedmanagementac=vi=esandworkingpolicies

2. adop=ngnewpoliciesforimprovedintegratedbalancecoastalresourcemanagement

• Toimproveoncurrentsolidwastemanagementprogramsandtoimplementsewagetreatmentprogramsthroughcompos=ngtoiletintegra=on

• Toimproveuponandfacilitatesustainablemanagementprogramsincludingaquacultureindustry;communitymanagedreef’sandmarineconserva=onareasandspeciesmanagement

• Tofacilitatecoastaldevelopmentinasustainableandeconomicallybeneficialmanner

• Topromotethefairandequitablesharingofthecoastalresources

• Tofacilitateworktowardsthepreven=on,reduc=onandmanagementofmarinepollu=on

1.3 Recommended Interventions

1.3.1 Policy Level Interventions

CoastaldevelopmentinVava’uiscurrentlylackingintegra=onwithallnecessarygoverningagencies.Developmenthasatendencytobeadhocandowenoccurswithoutanyconsulta=onorno=fica=on.


DRAFT

This is thecase forbothprivateandgovernmentdevelopments.The implementa=onandenforce-mentoftheexis=nglegisla=oninVava’uisofprimeimportance.Effec=vecommunica=onandcoor-dina=onbetweenministriesisneededtoensurethatcoastalandmarinelegisla=onisimplemented.

IndevelopingamanagementplanforIWCM,sectoraldepartmentssuchaswatermanagement,envi-ronment,fisheries,tourism,revenue,publichealthandinfrastructureshouldcontributetowardstheplan. Provision ismadewithin theNa=onal Spa=al Planning andManagement Act 2012 for plansgoverningspecificareastobedevelopedandsubmi[edforapproval.Afullypar=cipatoryapproachisneededindevelopingaIWCMplanforVava’uundertheframeworkofthisactandincorpora=ngrequirementsfromallotherActswithcoastalmandates.

It is important to consider three levelswhen developing a plan formanaging coastal resources –theseareenvironmental,economicandsocial.Bytakingeachoftheselevelsintoaccountthroughapar=cipatoryapproach, thenecessarypublicand ins=tu=onal support for theplanwillbe securedandwilleasetheimplementa=onoftheintegratedmanagementac=ons.

Sugges=onsforpolicylevelinterven=onstoallowfortheeffec=vemanagementofIWCMwouldbeasfollows:

• Developaspa=alplanforVava’uundertheNa=onalSpa=alPlanningandManagementAct2012making provision for popula=on and development trends, current policy framework,land tenure, water catchments and drainage, provision of infrastructure, coastal low-lyingareas, climate change or other hazards, environmental capacity including land capability,heritageandcarryingcapacityandfootprintcapacity(futureproofingsurveys).

• UsetheVava’uspa=alplantodevelopanintegratedcoastalzoneplanforsustainabledevel-opment.

• Createabodyforintegratedmanagementofcoastalareas“Vava’uCoastalDevelopmentAu-thority”toactasafocalpointforallcoastaldevelopmentplanning/coordina=on/enquiries/permibng.

o Developmentofaforwardpolicyagendaandworkplanforcommi[eeo IntegrateNGOs,tourismandcommunityrepresenta=ves

• Introduce ins=tu=onalmechanisms for informa=onsharingandstakeholderpar=cipa=on–aninforma=onrepository.

• Review,improveandenforceenvironmentallegisla=on.

• Increase public awareness on environmental policy, legisla=on and development require-ments(forbusiness,governmentandcommunity)

• Promotepar=cipatoryapproachestoencouragepar=cipa=onof localcommuni=es forsus-tainabledevelopmentofcoastalresources


DRAFT

• Formalisemeaningfulpublicconsulta=onprocessformajorcoastaldevelopment.Tobeinte-gratedwithEIAAct.

• Createa‘onestopshop’forcoastaldevelopers:o Capacitydevelopmentneededwithingovernmentdepartmentstoraiseawarenessofother

agencymandatesinthecoastalareao Create integrated check list for legal requirement for permibng – formalise sequen=al

processforalllegalcondi=onstobemetandintegratetoensurecompliancewithinallgov-ernmentdepartments.

o Produceinforma=onpackfordeveloperstoincludealllegalrequirements,processandper-mitsnecessary forundertakingdevelopmentandprovideorderofsequencefortheseper-mitstobeappliedfor.

1.4.1 Mangrove and Coastal Vegetation Plantation:

Mangrovereplanta=onprogramshavebeencompletedwithvaryingsuccesswithinVava’uanda“MangroveRehabilita=onManual”documentsthebestprac=ces.Ingeneralmostmangroveareasremainhealthydespiteunmanagedharves=ngforculturalac=vi=esincludingwood,handicrawpro-duc=onandtreeremovalforcoastaldevelopmentsofsmallprivatejebesandwharves.

Inorderformangrovestoworkefficientlyandeffec=velyasacoastalspecies,thereisaneedtopro-tectandenhancethesupra=dalzonearounddepletedcoastalareaswithinVava’u.Thiswouldaimtoreducethesedimenta=onfromcoastalrunofftomangroveareas.Thesupra=dalareaincorpo-ratesminorandassociatemangrovespeciesandhelpstoemphasisenaturalmangrovehabitatsandincreasemangrovehabitatproduc=vity.

Mangroveareasarealsoinundatedwithexcesssedimentsduetolackof=dalflowwithpoorlyde-signedandmanagedcausewaysystems.Severalnearshoreareasarebeingtakenoverbymangroveencroachmentduetothisresul=ngsedimentbuildup(Annex3).Thesemangroveareasneedreha-bilita=onworksconductedtorestorethewaterflowwithinthehabitatandincreasemarineresourceproduc=vityforsurroundingareas.

Communitymanagednurseryareascanprovideconsistentandimprovedrehabilita=onservicestoprogramsaswellassuppor=ngotheralterna=veincomegenera=ngprogramssuchassandalwood(Ahi)andPandanastreeplan=ngforweaving.

1.4.2 Coastal Aquaculture and Sustainable Fisheries:

TheaquacultureindustrywithinVava’uisslowlydevelopingasanalterna=velivelihoodprogramfordomes=candcommercialexportofproductssuchaspearlsandseaweed.Expandedaquacultureprogramscanalsobedesignedandimplementedalongcoralreefandinter=dalecosystemstoassistinreducingunsustainableprac=cesofcertainspecieswithinthesehabitats.


DRAFT

CurrentaquaculturedevelopmentinVava’uishinderedbyalackofresourcesandtechnicalsupport.Owenimplementa=onishinderedbyawai=ngspats,seedlingsandtechnicalsupportfromNuku’alo-fa.

1.4.3 Coastal Protection and Flood Control:

Coastal erosion occurs in foreshore areas due primarily to land based erosion and run off from cleared lands and poorly designed infrastructure with no flood control or drainage alongside roads.In areas where there is drainage infrastructure in place, there is often no maintenance and the drains are clogged with debris and rubbish which if passes through the drains ends up in the Port of Refuge Harbour..

Changes in longshore sediment movement have been identified from satellite imagery over the 3 year period 2008 - 2012. Communities on lower lying beach areas on outer islands ex-perience frequent movements in sand often attributing this to climate variability, instead of to natural occurrences exasperated by human activities such as poorly designed and placed jetties/wharves.

Islands whose low lying beach areas face the south-east trade winds will notice more sand shifts between May and November.

King tide periods that occur on the equinox moons bring higher than average tides which can impact upon reclaimed and low-lying coastal lands below the 10m land contour line as shown on the vulnerability maps produced for communities. Storm surge during high tide periods can cause increased erosion to low lying coastal areas and expose greater amounts of sandstone on beach areas.

Coastal protection measures can be in two phases with ecosystem based management looking to enhance and restore coastal habitats of mangroves and beaches and in-frastructure developments such as foreshores and improved causeways/bridges that will re-duce coastal and land based erosion. Infrastructure developments need to be in line with and support ecosystem management works and enhance rather than impact upon current coastal ecosystems.

1.5 Pollution Prevention Interventions

1.5.1 Sewage, Drainage, and Solid Waste Management

The SOPAC/GEFNa=onal IntegratedWaterManagement Plan outlines theGovernment of Tonga’sstrategy for improvement of integrated freshwater resource management which includes recom-menda=ons for themanagementofpollu=oncausingwater related to sewage,drainageand solidwaste.Thelinkagebetweenfreshwaterandcoastalwaterresourcesiswellestablishedandthepre-


DRAFT

ven=on of a large contributor ofmarine pollu=on is through effec=ve land basedwater resourcemanagement.

Preventa=verecommenda=onsmadeintheNIWMP,andendorsedbythis IWCMreportareasfol-lows:

• Incorpora=onofcontamina=on(includingsalina=on)risk/vulnerabilityassessmentandmi=-ga=onmeasuresintosub-regionalandlocalenvironmentandnaturalresourceplans.

• Sep=csurveysinvillagesthroughoutVava’u.• Implementa=onof sep=csystemmanagementaspectsofhouseholdwater safetyplanning

throughoutvillagesinVava’u.• Con=nueurbandrainagemanagementini=a=vesundertakeninNeiafu.• Closemanagementoftheuseoffer=lisers,herbicides,pes=cides,par=cularlyinareasclose

tobore-fieldsorwellheads.• Monitoringandmanagementofpoten=alhydrocarbon contamina=on frompetrol sta=ons

andotherstoragefacili=es.• Be[ermonitoring andmanagement of groundwater and near shorewater contamina=on

fromrubbishdisposalsandlandfills.• Incorpora=onofstandardcondi=onsonquarryingac=vi=estoavoidimpactsongroundwater

quan=tyandquality.• Developmentandimplementa=onofaplantolimitbacteriologicalcontamina=onofcoastal

andharbourwatersfromyachtsandships.

Inaddi=ontotherecognisedneedforthemanagementoffreshwaterresourcestopreventcoastalpreven=on,theMari=mePollu=onPreven=onAct2002istheresponsibilityoftheMarineandPortsdivisionof theMinistryof Infrastructure and is alignedwith theConven=on for thePreven=onofPollu=onfromShips(MARPOL).Itregulatesdirectpollu=onintothemarineenvironmentfromves-sels.TheActalsos=pulatestherequirementsofmarinerepairfacili=esandlegislatesagainstpollu-=onenteringthewaterwaysfrompaintsorothermarinerepairworks.WithinNeiafuthereisaneedfortheenforcementofthisactasseveralmarinerepairslipwaysandfacili=esareopera=onalwithinthemain harbour with no environmental management plans to prevent direct pollu=on into thecoastalwaters. Environmental controls havebeen imposedby the governmenton aboatyard andrepair facility in theVaipuaareaofNeiafu,butthisalsoshouldbeaddressedwithinthemainhar-bour.

1.6 Water Management Interventions:

Rainwaterharves=ngisapopularyetunderresourcedmanagementstrategyinVava’uandmustbestrengthenedtoreducethepressureonthewaterwells.

ImprovedmanagementandmonitoringofthefreshwaterboresasoutlinedintheIWRMNa=onalWaterManagementPlanwouldhelpfacilitatethemanagementac=onsandimprovethefacilita=onoftheTonganWaterBoardandCommunityWaterCommi[ees.

Reserverainwaterstorageareascanbeimplementedwithincoastalcommuni=esfordroughtperi-odsandclimaterelatedoccurrencessuchascyclones.Commi[eesupportformaintainingcurrent


DRAFT

rainwaterharves=ngfacili=esshouldbepriori=sedtoensuremaximumcapacityandcaptureofrainisestablishedoncommunityhalls,schoolsandchurcheswhichareowenusedasreservewaterfacili-=esforcommunitymembers.

1.7 Coastal livelihood/Micro-enterprise development initiatives

TheAsianDevelopmentBankandtheWorldBankhaveratedthequalityofTonga’spoliciesandins=-tu=onsas‘weak’,averaging3pointsontheirscaleof6.Theassessmentratesthepoliciescoveringeconomicmanagement,policiesforsocial inclusionandpublicsectormanagementandins=tu=ons(TSDF,2011).Intermsofeaseofdoingbusiness,Tongahasarela=velygoodra=ng,withtheWorldBanklis=ngitas52ndoutof183countriesplacingitinthetopthirdofcountriesincludedinthein-dex.

Inanefforttoimprovethesitua=onofthemacroeconomyinTonga,thegovernmentisfocusedonprovidingimprovedaccesstomicro-enterpriseac=vityatthecommunitylevel.Thegovernmenthascommi[edtofocusingonthedevelopmentofmicro-financeandfinancialinclusion,targe=ngthosewhoarepresentlynotwellservedbytheexis=ngfinancialsystem(TSDF,2011).

1.7.1 Eco-tourism

Micro-enterpriseopportuni=esforcoastaleco-tourismdoexistinVava’u.Thecoastlineoftheislandgroupisvariedthroughitsgeographicrangeincludingcliffs,mangroveforests,sandyshallows,coralreef,fringingbeachesandprotectedwaterways.Withintheseenvironmentsthereexistsanumberofopportuni=es for small scale tourist enterprises which have the poten=al to be successful at thecommunitylevel.

Opportuni=esexist forac=vi=es suchasnature tours through the largemangroveareas inVava’u.FeasibilitystudieshavebeenconductedbytheVava’uEnvironmentalProtec=onAssocia=onfortheconstruc=onofmangroveboardwalkstoenableaccessfortours.Alterna=vely,smallboatorkayaktours throughmangrove areas are par=cularly popular in other SIDS, areas such as the extensivemangroves inHolevaandKoloavillages,amongothers, createan idealenvironment formangrovekayaktours.Duringcertain=meofyear,Vava’uboastsextensiveseabirdnes=ngpopula=onsonthesmallouter islands,someofwhichare ideallysuitedtosmallscale lowimpactnaturetours.Therearelandbasedhikesaroundthecoastalareawhichalsoprovideagreatopportunityfornaturetoursandtrails.Totargetthevisi=ngyachts,manyoftheouterislandvillagewouldbenefitfrominstallinggoodqualityyachtmooringforovernightrental,thiswouldbothprovideanincomeandhelptomin-imisedamagetothecoralreefs.ThecoastalenvironmentofVava’uisrichandcomplexandtherearemanyopportuni=estoberealised.

Movingawayfromthecoast,opportuni=esalsoexistforlocalwomentostarttheirowntouristini=a-=ves,thelocalhandicraweconomycouldbeexpandedbyrunningclassesonhowtoweavebaskets,maketapacloth,etc.Inthesamevain,cookeryclassesfortradi=onalTonganfoodscanalsoberunatthemicro-enterpriselevel.


DRAFT

1.7.2 Setup Micro-credit Facilities

Microcreditfacili=esexistinTongathroughestablishedorganisa=onssuchasSouthPacificBusinessDevelopment(SPBD)whichisanetworkofmicro-financeorganisa=onsworkinginFiji,Samoa,TongaandtheSolomonIslands.

Experienceshowsthatmicro-financecanhelpthepoortoincreaseincome,buildviableenterprises,generatejobopportuni=esandreducetheirvulnerabilitytoexternalshocks.Itcanalsobeapower-fulinstrumentforself-empowermentbyenablingthepoor,especiallywomen,tobecomeagentsofchange (Kinivuwai, Fiji). In micro-finance programs all over the world, the clientele are primarilywomenwhoareproventobemorereliablethanmeninmee=ngloanobliga=ons.ThisisreiteratedbytheSPDBwhofocustheirmicro-financeac=vi=esaroundwomeninTonga.

Inaddi=ontoorganisa=onslikeSPBD,theTongaDevelopmentBank(TDB)launchedamicro-financeloanschemein2014fundedbytheAsianDevelopmentBankundertheJapanforPovertyReduc=onGrantAssistanceProject.ThestatedpurposeofthisschemeistoempowerthevulnerableinTongaespeciallywomenintheouterislandsanddisadvantagedcommuni=esinTongawithpreviouslylim-itedaccesstomicro-financeservices.TheTDBschemefocusesonincomegenera=ngac=vi=esandprovidesincen=vestochangebehavioursoftargetgroupssuchassavinghabits,financialandbusi-nessplanningandentrepreneurshipforincomegenera=onandwelfareimprovement.

1.8 Advocacy and Education Interventions:

1.8.1 Awareness Raising and Capacity Building:

Capacitybuildingneedstobeenhancedatthegovernmentdepartmentleveltoallofficersthatworkdirectlywithcoastalhabitats,landsandresources.Capacitybuildingneedstoincludeanimprove-mentininterdepartmentalco-opera=onforintegratedresourcemanagementtechniques.

NGO’sandothercivilsocie=esalsoneedtohavecross-overtrainingtoassistbothgovernmentde-partmentsandcommuni=esintheirrolesintheIWCMP.

Awarenessprogramsneedtoberunatcommunitylevelandwithinthesecondaryandprimaryschoolsonthefunc=onsandservicesofthecoastalareasandhowimprovedintegratedandpar=ci-patorymanagementtechniquescanbebeneficialforsocio-economicandlivelihoodsaswellasstrengtheningecologicalprocessandbiodiversity.

1.9 Community Level Use Zoning

Communitylevelusezoningisapar=cipatoryapproachtoestablishingmanagementareasandpublicpolicieswithinthecoastline.InVava’u,thiscouldbeconductedineachdistrictwithcommuni=esagreeingtoabidebyandsupportthemanagementrecommenda=onsandpolicyimplementa=ons.

Developingvisualtopographicalmodelsofhabitatsandecosystemscanemphasisetheneedforim-provedmanagementandinfrastructure.Decisionmakingthroughlanduseandresourceuseplan-ningcanbeenhancedthroughtheprovisionofmapsandspa=alplanningdata.


DRAFT

CHAPTER – 6 FIVE YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

1. Management Actions:

ObjecCve:Toadvocateforpolicyinterven=onsthatsupportintegratedwaterandcoastalmanage-menttechniquesforVava’u

Effec=velegisla=onisthebackbonetosuccessfulstrategiesandprojects.Currentlegisla=onneedstobeadvocatedtoresourceusersandstakeholdersandenforcedforimprovedresourcemanagementandcoastalprotec=on.Tongaisasignatorytomanyinterna=onalandregionalprotocolsandtrea=esthatcoastalprojectsneedtoensureareaidingandimplemen=ngna=onalandglobalstrategies.

Proposedac=ons:

- Designaenvironmentallegisla=onhandbookinEnglishandTonganthatcoversallthecur-rentlegisla=onsthatmandatethecoastalareaandresources

- WorkshopwithGovernmentofficers,DistrictandTownofficersonraisingawarenessofcur-rentlegisla=onsandactsforimprovedknowledgeinstakeholdergroups

- Thecoastalmanagementcommi[eewithimprovedknowledge,resourcesandstructurewilladvocateforimprovedpoliciesandna=onalworkingplansforwatershedandcoastalre-sourcemanagement

ObjecCve:Toachieveintegra=onoftheproperEIAapprovalprocesswithinallrelevantgovernmentdepartmentsforcoastaldevelopmentswithinVava’u.

ProposedAc=ons- Survey/consultwithallministrydepartmentsinvolvedwithdevelopmentpermibngtogauge

understandingandcurrentadherenceto legalEIAprocessandassesstheircurrentpermit-=ngprocesses

- Basedonconsulta=onsdesignprocessforintegra=ngEIApermibngprocessintopermibngprocessofotherministries/departments

- Consulta=onswith interna=onal funding agencies to gauge understanding of their ins=tu-=onalEIAcompliancepoliciesanddevelopprocesstointegratewithTonganEIAprocess

- Produceinforma=on‘package’onpermibngprocessesfordistribu=oninoutletswherefor-eigninvestorscanbenefit.

- Implementprogramofdevelopmentinspec=onsforEIAlegisla=oncompliance.- Secure support for applica=on of legal EIA process formajor donor funded developments

withattheCEOlevelwithingovernmentministries.


DRAFT

ObjecCve:Developacoastaleco-tourismplanandimplementac=vi=esthatincorporatessustainabledevelopmentandresourceuse,u=lisingcoastalcommuni=esashostsforalterna=veincomegenera-=on

ProposedAc=ons- Conductafeasibilitystudyontheinstalla=onandmaintenanceofyachtmooringsbeingrun

asacommunitymicrobusinessoutsideoftheVava’uharbour.- Hold trainingworkshopsoncorrectconstruc=on,placementandmaintenanceofmoorings

forcommuni=es.- Conductsurveyofallislandresorts/hotelstoinspectcurrentwastewatermanagementpro-

cessesanddevelopastandardisedmethodtobeusedbyresortdevelopers.- Inves=gatepoten=al forproperlydesignedandmarkedcommunitymanagedcoastalhiking

trailsfortours.Holdworkshoponmethodsandstandardsofmakingtrails.- Hold tour guide training course targeted to nature hikes and local cultural highlights i.e

PuonoPark

ObjecCve:Tointroduceandimplementorganiccer=fica=onforfoodproducegrowninVava’uandreduceagrochemicalrunoffincoastalcommuni=es.

Proposedac=ons

- Workshoponorganicmethodsincludingtheuseofnaturalplantbasedpes=cides

- CollaboratewithDepartmentofAgricultureonthecurrentsurveysconductedtomapagro-chemicaluses.

- Iden=fycurrentorganicfarmersandprovidesupporttoimproveonthedomes=cfoodmar-ketforeconomicgrowth

- Establishcommunityorganicgardensincoastalcommuni=esthatsupportalterna=veincomegenera=onprograms

- Designmonitoringandevalua=onparametersforprojectmanagement

- Establishorganiccer=fica=onschemeforintegratedwaterandcoastalmanagementprogram

ObjecCve:Toundertakestocktakingandsocio-economicevalua=onofcoastalfisheriesresourcesinTheVava’uarchipelago

Proposedac=ons

- Developasocio-economicstudythatcanbeconductedatcommunitylevel

- SetupCatch-per-Unit-Effortmonitoringsystemsin2coastalcommuni=esoutsideofthespe-cialmanagementareaprogramsasapilotproject

- Developasustainablefishguideforrestaurantsandtouriststhathelpssupportsustainablefisheriesprac=ces


DRAFT

ObjecCve:Toestablishaquacultureasanimprovedindustryforincomegenera=onforcoastalcom-muni=es

Currentlyaquacultureremainsasmallscaledomes=cbasedindustrythatisrestrictedbyaccesstotechnicalandinfrastructureresources.

- Iden=fyalterna=veaquacultureopportuni=esthatcouldeconomicallyandecologicallybene-fitVava’u

- Iden=fypilotcommuni=estotrialaquacultureprogramsforimprovedfoodsecuritysuchas‘paka’mudcrabs

- Monitorandevaluatepilotac=vi=esandprepareadevelopmentplanforcoastalcommuni-=es.

ObjecCve:Toestablishpilotcoastalconserva=onareaswithineachdistrictforimprovedconserva-=onofecologicalresourcesandbiodiversity

Biodiversityisthekeytocoastalareasthatprovideecosystemservices,managementofcri=calbiodi-versityareaswithincoastalcommuni=esisparamounttoimprovedfoodsecurityandrawmaterialproduc=on.

- Evaluatetheeffec=venessofcoastalconserva=onareasandhowtheymightleadtoim-provedbiodiversity

- Iden=fyimportantbiodiversityareasofbothterrestrialandmarinevalues

- Designandimplementcommunityconserva=onareasinlinewithpreviouscommunityman-agedareassuchasthefisheriesSMAatOvaka

- Monitorandevaluatepilotac=vi=esforfutureimplementa=on

ObjecCve:Toestablishrainwaterharves=ngfacili=esforlivestockincoastalfarmingareasforim-provedanimalhusbandryandhealthofar=sanallivestockfarmers

Communi=esarereliantonfarmanimalssuchaspigs,cows,horsesandsheepforculturaltraitsandfoodresources,currentfarmingac=vi=esarefor“free-range”animalstocopeontheirownwithoutconstantsourcesofwater.Whenfrequentwaterisintroducedtoanimals,produc=vityandhealthoftheanimalrisesandtheirdestruc=vepa[ernssuchasdamagetowaterpipeswouldbereducedleadingtobe[erwatermanagement.

- Conductafeasibilitystudytosurveyarainwaterharves=ngopportuni=esforfarmanimalswithinaco-opera=vefarmarea.

- Implementpilotac=vityofarainwaterharves=ngplantforanimalsthatwouldincludetroughsandmonitoredwatersupply.

- Monitorandevaluatetheeffec=venessofthepilotac=vi=esandtheimpactsupontheani-mals.

ObjecCve:Toestablishalargerainwaterharves=ngplantforlowrainperiodstoreducethepressureontownwaterandover-pumpingofwaterwells.


DRAFT

DroughtandlowerthanaveragerainfallperiodshavebecomemoreregularinthelastfewyearsandbadlyimplementedandmanagedrainwatercatchmentsystemsarecommonthroughoutVava’u.Implemen=nglargerrainwaterharves=ngplantscouldbringrefugetosmallhouseholdsin=mesoflowerrainperiodsandreducetheover-pumpingonwaterwells.

- Iden=fycommunityareasoffragilewaterresourcestatusanddesignandimplementarain-waterharves=ngsta=on

- Setupcommunitywaterharves=ngplanandcommi[ee

- Implementthewaterharves=ngfacilitywithinacoastalcommunityincludinggaugesandmeteringsystemsforimprovedmanagement.

- Monitortheeffec=venessofcommunitymanagedrainwaterresourcesta=onsforfutureimplementa=on

ObjecCve:Toiden=fypoten=alcoastalfloodinghazardsandareasofpoorcoastalprotec=onanddesigneffec=veenvironmentallyfriendlyinfrastructure

- Iden=fyandmapareasathighriskofcoastalfloodingandareaswithlownaturalprotec=onfromstormsurgeandheavyrains.

- Designandimplementacoastalprotec=onsysteminonepilotcommunitytoreducetheim-pactsofstormsurges,coastalinunda=onandflooding.

- Monitorandevaluatetheimpacts,changesinshorelineandcoastalvegeta=onandprepareacoastalrehabilita=onplanwhichcanbereplicatedinotherareas.

ObjecCve:Toraiseawarenessandbuildcapacityofresourceusergroupsandstakeholdersandtoimproveuponpar=cipatoryapproachestocoastalresourcemanagement.

Proposedac=ons

- Iden=fyresourceneedsthroughagapanalysisongovernmentdepartments,ins=tu=onsandNGO’s/civilsocie=es

- Runworkshopsoninforma=ongatheredfromgapanalysistoimproveupontechnicalandresourcecapacityatgovernancelevel

- Designanddeliverworkshopsandresourcesoncoastalareastocommunitygroups,youthgroupsandschools

- Runconsistentradioprogramsandtalkbackshowsonthecoastalareasandmanagementprogramsandac=vi=es


DRAFT

2. Monitoring and Evaluation:

Monitoringandevalua=onareintegralpartsofprojectsuccessesandbothcarryuniquecharacteris-=csindesignandproduc=onthatfeedintorepor=ngandenablethetrackingoftheexecu=onandperformancethroughouttheprojectandensuringthateachsec=onandac=vityisprogressingaspertheplanintermsof=meframes,financesandphysicaltargets.Monitoringandevalua=onalsoallowsformid-coursecorrec=onstobemadethroughrevisingresourceandfinancialalloca=onsandalter-inghumanresourcestomoreeffec=veandpriori=sedareas.

ThefollowingareasarerecommendedtobeincludedintheMonitoringandEvalua=onPlandevisedalongsidetheconfirmedac=onplan:

- Dataacquisi=on

- Datamanagement

- Informa=ongenera=on

- Informa=ondistribu=on

- Informa=onuse

TherearethreetypesofindicatorswithinaCMPthatareimportant:

1. Governanceindicators:theperformanceoftheprogramconceptsandtheprogressandqualityofinterven=onsalongsidethegovernanceoftheIWCMPitself;

2. Ecological/EnvironmentalIndicators:Monitoringofthecoastalresourcesenablestheprojecttoreflecttrendsinthestateofcoastalhabitatsandresources.Theindicatorsarethenusedasper-formanceindicatorsoncetheycomparetotargetedecologicalcondi=onsi.eimprovementofcoastalfisheriesthroughreduc=oninover-fishing;

3. Socio-economicindicators:theseindicatorsreflectthestateofthehumananddevelopmentalcomponentsoftheIWCMPandtherela=onshiptothecoastalareaandecosystems.Theseindi-catorsenablethemonitoringofhumanpressuresinrela=ontothecoastalareasinthattheyre-latetonotonlyimprovedecologicalbenefitsbutimprovedsocio-economicandsustainablede-velopment.

3. Field Activities:

Implemen=ngfieldac=vi=esisakeyelementofintegratedmanagementprinciples,par=cipatoryapproachesareeasilyestablishedandreinforcedduringconsistentfieldac=vi=eswhereownershipandinforma=ontoencourageinformeddecisionsisshared.Arangeofdemonstra=onandpilotprojectsarerecommendedbelow.Thesefieldac=vi=esincorporatearidgetoreefapproachwhere-byexis=ngandpoten=alimpactsonecosystemhealth(??)arereducedandmi=gatedacrossarange


DRAFT

ofecosystems.Thisintegratedapproachwouldhavethebenefitofreducingthespill-overeffectthatoverexploita=onofresourcesandincreasedclimatevariabilityhasuponresources,ecosystemsandbiodiversity.

Thefollowingfieldac=vi=esandstudiesarerecommendedtobeundertakenandimplementedthroughcon=nuedandpilotac=vi=esassomeoftherecommendedIWCMPapproaches.

3.1 Pearl Farming:

ThecurrentpearlcultureindustryinVava’uhasbecomestagnantduetoalowviabilityofspats,har-ves=ngspatsfromcoastalresourceshasseriouslydepletednaturalpopula=onsandthereisastrongneedtorehabilitatenaturalpopula=ons,whilstsuppor=ngandadvancingtheaquacultureproduct,demandandindustry.

Pteriapenguin,commonlyknownasMabepearlsaretheprimaryspeciesofpearlharvestedandculturedinVava’u,P.margari3feraweretrialedin1997anddespitebeinganeconomicallyeffec=vespecies,spattrialswereunsuccessful(Chandetal.2011).

DevelopingaspathatcheryinVava’u,wouldcreateeasieraccessforaquacultureprogramsandcouldbepoten=allyhousedandintroducedtocoastalcommuni=esasanalterna=vemethodandliveli-hoodtonaturalpopula=ons.Technicalworkshopscanbehostedthroughtheprojectmanagementunittoadvancethecurrenthumanknowledgeresources.

Pearlculturecanalsobeusedasanecotourismincen=veforislandandcoastalcommuni=es,wherevisitorscanseetheprocessofpearlculturefromtheseeding,throughthedevelopmentstageandthenthefinalprocessatwhich=mepurchasescanprovidedirectincometothecultureunit.

3.2 Sustainable Coastal Flora and Mangrove Forestry:

Publicawarenessontheimportanceofmangrovespeciesandmangroveecosystemsneedtoberaisedtoensurethatacommonunderstandingofthecoastalhabitatisunderstood.Mangroveecosystemshaveuniqueanddifferingfunc=onsaroundtheVava’ucoastalareaandeachhabitatcanhavemanagementplansandac=onscreatedforsustainableforestrysystems.

Thedevelopmentofnurseryplotswithincoastalcommuni=eswillproviderehabilita=onbenefitstothesupra=dalandmangroveforests.Speciesofhighculturaldemandandspeciesrequiredforcoastalprotec=onandincreasedecologicalbenefitcanberaisedasseedlingbycommunitygroupsandimproveoncoastalprocessesandreducelandbasederosionandeutrophica=ontocoastalwa-ters.Lekileki,(Xylocarpussp.),whichisprizedformedicinalquali=esandhenceforthhasbeenoverharvestedhasbeensuccessfullypropagatedundertheIntegratedWaterandCoastalManagement


DRAFT

Project.

Reducingtheunsustainableharves=ngofmangrovesfromringbarkingandimplemen=ngstripbark-ingharves=ngwillprotectmaturemangrovespeciesthatareessen=alincoastalprotec=onandeco-logicalprocessesandtheyprovidethenecessarysizeandmaturity.

Theuseofmangroveboardwalkscanbeimplementedincoastalareastoreducetheremovalofmangrovesforaccess,mangroveboardwalksalsoenhancemangrovehabitatsforecotourismdevel-opmentandnaturewalksandprovideaccesstoaquacultureandfishinggroundareas.

Monitoringandevalua=onareessen=altothesuccessofthesustainablecoastalfloraandmangroveforestryandshouldincludemul=-lateralpartnerstoensuresuccessandsustainabilitythroughcrosstraining.

3.3 Coastal Water Monitoring

Waterpollu=onisaneverincreasingthreattocoastalresources;eutrophica=onfromagrochemicalscanincreasetheoccurrencesofHarmfulAlgalBlooms,suchasthebloomthatoccurredinDecember2014.RegularwatermonitoringhaspreviouslybeencarriedoutundertheIWCMprojectandtheseac=vi=esshouldbecon=nuedforconsistency.

CoastalwaterqualityinNeiafuTahi,exceededtheWorldHealthOrganisa=ons,safeswimminglevelsforsewageonseveraloccasionsawerheavyrainshadoccurred.Watertes=ngshouldincludefecalbacteriates=ng,nitrateandphosphatesaswellastemperature,P.Hlevelsanddissolvedoxygentests.

Tes=ngshouldbeconductedevery3monthsawerheavyrainfallandathigh=deperiods.Extensivetes=ngmayberequiredshouldenvironmentalcondi=onschange.

4.1 Project Staff:

Thefollowingistherecommendedprojectstaffforafive-yearimplementa=onplan

ProjectManager:Willorganiseandmanagetheen=reprojectincludingrepor=ng,financesandfieldac=vi=es.Theprojectmanagerneedstobeabletoconductthemselvesvisuallyforpar=cipatorymanagementandshouldbeac=velypublicinraisingawarenessandconfidenceintheprogram.

ProjectAssistant:Theprojectassistantwillorganise,manageandruntheawarenessprogramsandcommunitymee=ngsandsupporttheroleoftheprojectmanager.

Procurement/FinancialOfficer:Aprocurementofficeisparamounttothesuccessinensuringthatfinancialcapacityisperformedtoahighstandardandon=me.


DRAFT

FieldAssistants:Twofieldassistantswouldbenecessaryformonitoringandimplementa=onofac=v-i=es,thefieldassistantswouldalsowithtrainingbeabletobevesselcaptain’sshouldtheprojectrequireavesselforouterislandac=vi=es.

4.2 External Consultants:

Externalconsultantsmayberequiredduringtheplantoassistintechnicalknowledgetoimplementfieldsandmanagementac=ons.Thefollowingisalistofinterna=onalandna=onalexpertsthattheprojectmightneedforsuccessandmonitoringandevalua=onprograms.

Aquaculturespecialist-Interna=onal

Pollu=oncontrolspecialist:Interna=onal

EnvironmentalImpactAssessors:Vava’uBased

Marinebiodiversityspecialists:Vava’uBased

Resourceeconomist:Interna=onal

MarineInfrastructure:Vava’ubased

4.3 Equipment:

The following table 5 shows the minimum requirements for the five-year implementation plan, for the management activities pertaining to pilot activities, the following are estimates for equipment and will be further analysed through the recommended feasibility studies as indicated above:

Table 5 shows the predicted equipment needed for the five year implementation project including staffing for the management unit.

Action/Management Strategy Equipment

Project Management Office space that is accessible and open to publicDesktop computers for office staff x 3 Printer and scanner Filing cabinets x 2 3 Desks

Field activities/monitoring (General) Vehicle Clipboards Waterproof Paper GPS


DRAFT5.0 Institutional Framework for IWCM Coastal Ecosystems

AnICWMplanwillneedtobepresentedtothepublicforconsulta=onandonceendorsedbycom-muni=esandtheGovernorofVava’u,itwillneedtobepresentedtoandendorsedbytheministerialdepartmentswhohavejurisdic=onoverthecoastalzone.EndorsementoftheIWCMplanatthere-gionalandna=onallevelwillthenallowforimplementa=onattheregionallevelusingtheproposedins=tu=onalframeworkpresentedinthischapter.

5.1 Coastal Management Committee Framework

Thecurrent legisla=onsandrelevantministerial jurisdic=onshavebeendiscussedearlier inthisre-port.Inthissec=on,aproposedframeworkisoutlinedtoenableeffec=veimplementa=onofanen-dorsedIWCMplanforVava’u.It is proposed that a CoastalManagement Commi[ee (CMC) be established within Vava’u whichwouldrevolvearoundtheintegratedpar=cipatoryapproachtocoastalareamanagement.Itisenvi-sionedthatthecoreCMCmemberswouldactasthefocalpointforIWCMimplementa=on,howeverfeeding into theCMCwouldbe input fromavarietyof stakeholdergroups.The followingdiagramillustratestheproposedstructure.

Pearl Culture (Spat Rearing Facility) Fibreglass/Concrete tanks (4-6) Water pumps (2) Lift Pump for salt water (2)

Rain Water Catchment Systems Fibreglass/concrete tanks 10,000 litre (4/6 per site) Water Pumps Water Meter (for monitoring distribution) Water troughs for livestock (3 per site) Float and toilet valve (for trough filling) Solar panels for water pumps Roofing for catchment and shade


DRAFT

� The coreCMC itselfwould compriseof individuals fromvarying sectorswith regular responsibilityovernaturalresourcemanagementandcommunityengagement.Itwouldberesponsibleforimple-men=ng the annual ac=on plan and/or pilot projects as approved by thewider CMC stakeholdergroup.Itwouldalsobeusedasafocalpointfortheevalua=onofcoastalissuesthatariseandtou=-lizeawiderangeoflocalandinterna=onalknowledge,experienceandhumanresourcestoeffec=ve-lycreateanimprovedandeffec=vecoastalzone.

Itisproposedthat,oncetheIWCMisapprovedandthecoreCMCisestablished,mee=ngsareheldwith thewidercoastal stakeholdergrouptodiscussandapprovetheannualac=onplan.Thisplanshouldinclude(butnotbelimitedto)proposedpilotprojectsfortheupcomingyear,proposedsur-veysthatmayberequiredbycommuni=esandanoutreachandeduca=onprogramfortheyear.Itwouldthenbeappropriatetomeetwiththelargerstakeholdergroupduringthemid-yearpointtoupdateontheimplementa=onoftheannualplanandupdate/reviewitasnecessary.

Within the core CMC, the implementa=on of the annual ac=on planwould be broken down intomanageable taskswithanassociated=meframeand responsibili=es.Mee=ngs for theCMCwouldthenbeheldeverytwomonthstoupdateeachofthecoreCMCteamonprogressandcomparethis

CoastalManagementCommi[ee(CMC)

CivilSocie=es/NGOs

Community

Representa=on

(resourceusers)

GovernmentMinistryRepresenta=ves

PublicSector:TongaWaterBoard,Tonga

Power,etc

PrivateSector:Tourismindustry

representa=ve,

Businesscommunit

y


DRAFT

tocommitmentsintheannualplan.Followingcomple=onoftheyear,amee=ngwouldbeheldwiththewiderstakeholdergrouptoadviseonprogressthroughtheyearandtoproposetheac=onplanfor the followingyear.Within thisprocess, theGovernorofVava’u shouldbe invited toactas thechairmanfor thestakeholderwidemee=ngandhisofficewouldberegularlyupdatedonac=vi=esandissuesastheyarise.Theoverallobjec=veoftheCMCwouldbetomonitorchangestocoastalresourcesthrougheffec=vedatacollec=onandknowledgeexchangeofprojects, impactsandmanagementproposals.Aportalwouldbe establishedby theCMC for effec=vedata sharingwithboth local andna=onal counter-parts.

ProposedCoreCMCStructureToensurethatallins=tu=onsarerepresentedwithinthecoreCMCteam,thefollowingmembershipisproposed:

- Governor’sOffice- VEPArepresenta=ve(NGO)- OICDepartmentofAgriculture- OICDepartmentofFisheries- OICDepartmentofEnvironment- OICDepartmentofLand- OICDepartmentofInfrastructure- OICDepartmentofTourism

Thesecorememberswouldberesponsibleforimplemen=ngtheannualac=onplanderivedfromtheIWCMplanandendorsedbythewiderstakeholdergroupmee=ngs.

5.2 Coordination

Ashighlighted throughout this report, coordina=onand communica=onbetween thedifferentde-partmentswith jurisdic=on over the coastal zone needs improvement. In addi=on to this, centralcontroloverVava’uprojectsfromtheNuku’alofaofficescanleadtologis=calandfinancialburdensthatmaynotbenecessarywithcarefulcoordina=onandtheimplementa=onoftheproposedCMCstructure.

OncetheIWCMhasbeenendorsedbytherelevantministriesinNuku’alofa,thecoordina=onoftheplan’s implementa=on would be driven by the CMC with significant input from the stakeholdergroupsandwithregularrepor=ngtoandconsulta=onwiththerelevantgovernmentdepartmentsinNuku’alofa.Overall governanceof the IWCMwould residewith the centraldepartments;howeverthisshouldmaintaininvolvementatthestrategiclevel,beingmainlyconcernedwiththeini=alplandevelopment,thestrategicvisionforcoastaldevelopmentandtheannualreviewoftheIWCMplanimplementa=on.The implementa=on levelofthe IWCMshouldreside inVava’uandtheCMCwiththefullpar=cipa=onofthecommuni=esandgovernmentdepartmentaloffices.


DRAFT

Effec=veannualplanningbytheCMCwillbecri=caltoensuringthattheIWCMcanbesuccessfullyimplementedandcoordinated.Theannualplan,whichwillbeinformedbythe5yearIWCMplanwillbethemaininstrumentbywhichtheyearsac=vi=esaresetoutandwillformthebasisfortheannu-alrepor=ng.It issuggestedthatVEPAtakeontheroleofsecretarywithintheCMCformee=ngor-ganisa=onandrecordkeeping,alongwithothertradi=onalcommi[eesecretaryroles.

5.3 Legislative and Contractual Requirements

Nochangeinthelegisla=onisenvisagedatpresentinordertoimplementthisplanforsustainablemanagement.Mostofthegovernmentorganisa=onshavethelegisla=vejurisdic=onoverthecoastalareasofVava’uandallof theseorganisa=onswillbe represented in theCMCat thedepartmentallevel. These organisa=ons already have the authority and the duty to conserve the na=onal re-sources.

5.4 List of Actions needed for Adoption of the Plan

- Formalisa=onofCMCstructure,processesandresponsibili=es- EndorsementoftheIWCMplanbytheVava’ustakeholdersandthenbyNUKauthori=es- Iden=fyfundingstreamforimplementa=on

BIBLIOGRAPHY Atherton,J.N,McKennaandWheatley,A.2015.RapidBiodiversityAssessmentoftheVava’uArchipe-lago,KingdomofTonga,SPREP.Apia.Samoa.SPREPLibrary/IRCCatologuing-in-Publica=onData312p

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Fry,NandFalkland,A.2011.NeiafuGroundwaterResourcesAssessmentandSustainableManage-mentReport.GEF-IntegratedWaterResourceManagementDemonstra=onProject,Neiafu,Vava’u,Tonga.


DRAFT

Hyland,K.2013.MidTermReportoftheTongaGEFPacificIWRMDemonstra=onProject:‘Improve-mentandSustainableManagementofNeiafu‘sGroundWaterResources‘.GEFPacificIWRM,Neia-fu.

Hyland,K.2013.NeiafuGroundwaterScenarioAssessment:ImprovementandSustainableManage-mentofNeiafu,Vava’u’sGroundwaterResources.SOPAC/GEFIWRMVava’uProject.January2013

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DRAFT

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URLs

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MAPS / SATELLITE IMAGERIES Annexure-I: Community Consultation Questionnaire


http://www.tongapower.to/customers/MonthlyUsage/VavauMonthlyUsage.aspx

http://www.wpro.who.int/chips/chips02/ton.htm

DRAFT

IntegratedWaterandCoastalManage-ment

InterviewQuesCons

Name

Title

PleasebrieDlydescribeyourpositionandduties.

WhatdoyoubelievearethebiggestclimatechangeissuesfacedbyTonga?

Doyoubelievecommunitiesareawareoftheseimpactsandissues?Whyorwhynot?

Isthereadequateintergovernmentaldepartmentcooperationonpoliciesandprojectsforclimatechangeadaptation?

DoesyourdepartmenthaveanycurrentclimatechangeprojectsinVava’u?

ProjectName Objective LocationinVava’u


DRAFT

Inyouropinion,docurrentpoliciesandlegislationadequatelyreDlectanunderstandingofclimatechangeimpactsandappropriatemitigationmethods?

Howcouldpoliciesandlegislationbeadaptedeffectivelyrespondtoissuesfromclimatechange?

UndertheNECC(NationalEmergencyCoordinationCenter),howeffectiveistheprocessinassessingclimatechangeimpactsandprovidingmitigatingstrategies?

Whoarethekeystakeholdersfacingthemajorissuescausedbyclimatechange?

Whatisyourvisionforthecoastalenvironmentwithinthenext10years?Bothintermsoftheeffectsofclimatechangeaswellaseffortstomitigatethoseeffects.

Arethereanyotherpointsnotcoveredinthisquestionnairethatyoubelieveshouldbediscussed?

Thankyouverymuchforyourtimeinansweringthesequestions.

Area Threats/Impacts

1noim-pact

2smallimpact

3mediumim-pact

4largeim-pact

5verylargeim-pact

Collapseordamageofmorethan2/3oftheNeiafubore-fields.

Poorconfigura=onofpumpingboresinNeiafuborefield,re-sul=nginunsustainablelocalpumpingratesandsignificantriskofgroundwatersalina=on.


DRAFT

FreshWaterSupply

UnacceptablewaterlossesintheNeiafuwatersupply.Es=-mated38%ofthewaterpumpediflostbetweenpumpsandstorageand33%lossindis-tribu=onbetweentanksandmetersorplumbing

Climatechangeanddrought

Lackofcoordinatedapproachtodevelopmentofemergencyanddroughtrainwatersuppliesfromcommunitybuildings

FreshWaterQuality

Sep=csystemsinthewatersupplycapturezones

Inappropriate/poten=allycont-amina=nglandusesinwatersupplycapturezones.

Localoverpumpingcausingsalina=on

Poordesignandmaintenanceofrainwaterharves=ngin-frastructure

CoastalProcessandHazards

Construc=onofcauseways,groynesandseawalls

Dredging

SandMining

Reclama=onofland

Naturalhazardscyclones,stormsurgesandtsunamis

Urbanstormwaterdrainage


DRAFT

CoastalWaterResourceandSedimentQual-

ity

Sep=csystemswithinthefore-shorezone

Nearshore/foreshoreconstruc-=on

Wastedisposalclosetofore-shore

Yachtandshippingwaste

Agriculturalchemicalrunoff(poten=al)

Fuelstorage(poten=al)

Nearshorenaturalre-ources

Mangroveremoval

Seagrassremoval

Reefdamagefromanchors

Unsustainablefishing,removalofshellfish

Poten=alsealevelrisesandin-creaseinseatemperature


DRAFT

Annexure -II-A: Combined Data Analysis of Social Issues

Annexure-II-B: Combined Data Analysis of Environmental Issues

Ecosystems Provisioning Regulating Cultural Supporting

MangroveWetlands

TidalFlats

SeagrassBeds

CoralReefs

Beaches

CliffEcosys-tems

Forests


DRAFT

Annexure-II-C: Combined Data Analysis of Economic Issues

Photographs:

Annexure-III: Proposed Composition of the Steering Committee

The steering committee would be overseen by His Lordship, Governor of Vava’u.

Chairperson Chief Justice Vava’uSecretary VEPAMember OIC Ministry of FisheriesMember OIC Department of EnvironmentMember OIC Ministry of AgricultureMember OIC Ministry of TourismMember OIC Ministry of ForestryMember OIC Ministry of LandsMember TWBMember OIC Ministry of InfrastructureMember District Officer Leimatu’aMember District Officer HihifoMember District Officer HahakeMember District Officer NeiafuMember District Officer MotuMember Tonga Red CrossMember Vava’u Youth CouncilMember Tonga Trust


national integrated water and coastal management plan, vava’u, … plan... · draft introduction...

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